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The term "terrorism" lacks a universally accepted definition, as various countries and agencies interpret it differently For instance, the FBI defines terrorism as the unlawful use of force or violence against individuals or property to intimidate or coerce a government or civilian population for political or social objectives Similarly, the American Department of Defense describes it as the calculated use of unlawful violence or threats to instill fear, aiming to coerce society toward political, religious, or ideological goals These differing definitions stem from individual perspectives, as one person may view an individual as a terrorist while another may see them as a freedom fighter Despite the lack of agreement on a single definition, there is a growing consensus on the nature of terrorism and the means employed by terrorists Their actions typically involve violence or the threat of violence directed at unarmed civilians, creating a psychological atmosphere of fear and unrest that extends beyond immediate victims Ultimately, terrorism is characterized by its broader impact on society, instilling horror and anxiety among the general population.
“terrorism isnotdirectedtovictimsofitactivities,buttothe peoplewhoeventuallygetinformationabouttheireffectand thosewhoseetheresult”.OnthiscontextTavares(2014) classifiedthegoalsofterroristorganizationunderthree(3) broadtacticalgoals: i DrawingAttention:terroristdrawnattentionofpublic therebytargetingprominentfiguresandstrategicplacessuch ii Causingpoliticalinstability:terroristperformedtheir operationsinordertocausepoliticalunresttherebyrevolting theremovalofgovernmentinpower;and iii Imposingdamageoneconomy:terroristalsodestroythe economyofthecountrythroughtheirbrutaloperationsjust becauseforeignandevenlocalinvestorstobediscouragedon theireconomicactivities.
TheproblemsofterrorismandNigeriansecurityinzamfara statehasbecomesubstantialpointofcontentioninputtingin placenoteventotalkonforeigninvestmentbutevendomestic businessinzamfarastate.Recentresearcher’srevealsthat suchchallengesineconomic,social,political,healthand educationsectorsthatspinaroundthehubofNigeriansecurity mattershavebeenseriouslyunderminedbydangerousact terrorism
Toaddressthethreattonationalsecurityandcombat,the increasingwaveofcrimebythefederalgovernmentofNigeria tomakehugeamountofbudgetallocationtosecurity challengesovertheyears.Despitetheplethoraofsecurity measurestakentoaddressthechallengesofterrorism and insurgencyintheaffectedareas,atthenorthernregionofthe countrysuchas:ofrecentcaseofBOKOHARAMinBorno, Adamawa,yobe,Kaduna,Abujaamongothersstate.Andnow cattlerustlingandarmbanditrycaseinzamfaraandits neighbouringstatesuchas:katsina,sokotoandKadunastate.
Althoughsomepeoplemighthavearguedthatprevious governmenteffort(ofAbdul-AzizYari)donotproducedthe desiredresultinthecaseofzamfarastate.Butwiththecurrent situationofinzamfarastate,onecanconfidentlysaysthat;the presentgovernmentefforttowardtheconflictresolutionis gettingpositiveresultinrestoringpeaceandharmonyin zamfarastate.
Besidethedeterioratingsecuritychallengesinzamfara state,alsothestateisconfrontedwithdauntingdevelopment challengewhichposesseriousthreattosocio-economic development.Thesedevelopmentalchallengesinclude; endemicruralandurbanpoverty,highrateofunemployment, lowindustrialoutput,lossoflifeandpropertye.t.ctheaffected areasbythemassivekillingscattlerustlingandkidnappingin zamfarastatehavebeendevoidofvirtuallyalltheeconomic activitiesinthestate.
Addressingtheissuesofterrorism inzamfarastatetoday isveryexpensiveandcrucialinordertoexecutesuccessful developmentalresearchersagoaloftheresearcher.Because,i firmlybelievesthateverycountryshouldaspiretoreachapoint ofsecuritybyprotectingitscitizen’slifeandtheirpropertyfrom structuralviolencecrimeandsocialinsurgency.Indeedwithout thesafetyofcitizens,allgovernmentdevelopmentalplansbeen iteconomic,politicalorsocialwouldbeasuseless.
Theemergenceofcattlerustlingandarm banditryinzamfara stateintroducedaterroristdimension,hithertounknown,into thecriminalspaceinnorthernregionofthecountryjustlikeof recentcaseofBokoHaram.Seriesofkillingsandkidnapping havebeencarriedoutday-to-dayinzamfarastateoverfive(5) yearsnow.Inrichaswellaspoorcountries,terroristattacks exertaheavycostonnationaleconomies.
Itcouldbevividlyseenthatinrecentyears,terrorism hasshows newpatterns,shiftingincreasinglyfrommilitarytargetto civiliantargetincluding;individualsandcommercialsactivities centres.Theeconomicconsequencecanbelargelybroken downinto;directandindirecteffecttothelocalandnational economy.
Thedirecteconomiccostofterroristattackinclude; destructionofinfrastructures,lossoflifeandproperty, responsestothehighinflationrate,provisionoftemporary livingassistance,aremostpronouncedintheimmediate aftermathoftheattacksandthusmattersmoreinbothshort andlongruns.Thedirecteconomiccostsarelikelytobe proportionatetotheintensityoftheterroristattacksof innocent’shumanbeingmajorityinShinkafi,Birnin-Magajiand kaura-namodaandotherslocalgovernmentofzamfarastate. Therefore,thecontinuedriseofterroristattacksinzamfara statehadtheybeennotproperlycheckedandcontrolled;may resulttoagreaterapathyforthenationaleconomy.
Thekeyobjectiveofthisstudywastoexploretheimpactof terrorismonlocalinvestmentinzamfarastate,Nigeria.The specificotherobjectivesarelistedbelow: zamfarastate. ii Toexaminetheeconomicandsocialeffectofterrorist attacksinzamfarastate. iii Toascertainthemeasurestakenbygovernmentintackling terrorisminthestateinordertoattractlocalinvestors. iv Torecommendthestrategiesthatmayifcanbeputin place,itwilltackletheproblemsofterrorisminordertoattract localinvestorsinzamfaraandothernorthernstateofNigeria.
Thisstudywasguidedbythehelpofthefollowingresearch questions: i Howdoesaterroristattackaffectlocalinvestmentin zamfarastate? ii Whataretheeconomicandsocialconsequencesofrecent iii Isthereanyimprovementintacklingtheterrorisminthe statebythepresentgovernment,comparetotherecent previousgovernment? iv Howterrorismcanbetackleinzamfarastateandother northernstateofNigeria?
Theimportantofthisstudyisthat,theadvertofterrorismin zamfarastateofNigeriahashadunforeseenconditionsand changedtheentirelifeofallresidencesofzamfaraandsome othersnorthernstateofNigeria.Althoughthoseconditionsare notclearlydocumented,whichmostofthemreportedasthey occurredandsoonforgotten.Thisstudythereforedocumented thespecificincidentsofterroristactivitiesinsomeselected localgovernmentofthestate,andhowitimpactedonlocal investmentandliveofthepeopleofzamfarastate.Thiswill makeitpossiblefortherelevantauthoritiesspecificallysecurity personnel’sandgovernmentitselftocomeupwithtactical strategiesofevacuatingterroristactivitiesinthestateand otherpartofthecountryasawhole.Alsothiswillhelp governmentofthefederationtoensurethatvitalgovernment servicesarecontinuedtorenderintheaffectareas.
Themajorlimitationofthiswasthatmuchoftheinformation’s requiredareclassifiedundersecuritymattersthatarenot readilyavailablefortheciviliansusesuchastheresearcher.As such,theresearcherfinditverydifficultinaccessingsomeof theterroristrelatedinformation’sthatarekeptbythesecurity personnel’s.
Toovercomethischallenge,theresearcherstrivetocollectthe informationthatarefreelyavailablewiththepublic,compareit withwhateverlittleinformation’swasprovidedbythesecurity personnel’sandlocalinhabitant,thenusedthemtoinferother possibleinformation’sthatwerenotbeenallowedtoaccess.
Furthermore,thestateisquiteexpansiveontotalarea landmassofabout39,762km 2 Duetothedistancein transportationwiththelimitedknowledge,timeandfinancial means(moneyforfeeding,transport-fareandaccommodation) whilecollectingdata’s,theresearcherwasnotabletocovered theentireareasofthestate.Forthattheresearcherselected somefewaffectedlocalgovernmentareasofthestateindata collection.
Thisstudycoverssomefewselectedlocalgovernmentareas whichincludeKaura-Namoda,ShinkafiandBirnin-Magajilocal governmentareasduetothelargemarketplacestheyhasto givesaclearunderstandingonhowterrorism impactedthelife andlocalinvestmentofzamfarastateNigeria
TheareatodaycalledzamfarastatewasoneoftheoldHausa city-statesjustlikeKano,Katsina,Gobir,Kebbi,Sokotoand Zazzauamongothers.Theearliestinhabitantsofzamfarawere saidtohavebeenhuntersandgiants.Theyestablishedtheir firstsettlementatDutsiwhichwasthefirstcapitalofzamfara.
River-KaintheSouth-West.Zamfarakingdomwasfirst establishedinthe11 t h centuryandflourishedupto16 t h century asacity-state.Itscapitalhasshiftedwiththefortunesofthe kingdomfrom placetoplacelikeDutsiandBirnin-Zamfara.In thefirsthalfofthe18 t h century,itsthencapitalBirnin-zamfara wasdestroyedbyGobirkingdom andnewcapitalwas establishedinAnkabythesecondhalfofthe19 t h century. Zamfarahadmanycentresofcommerceandscholarshipsthat attractedmanyscholarslikeYANDOTOCITY.Itbecomespart ofSOKOTOCALIPHATEafterthe1804movementofUSMAN DAN-FODIO.
AtthewakeofBritishcolony,theemergingtownofGusau becameanimportantcommercialandadministrativecentre withroadandrailwaypassingthroughit.Withthecreationof statesduringYAKUBUGOWONadministration,zamfara kingdombecamepartofthenorth-weststatesandlaterthe SOKOTOstate.ZamfaraispopulatedwithHausa/Fulanipeople. MajorgroupsofpeoplearethezamfarawamainlyinAnka, Gummi,Bukuyum andTalata-Mafaralocalgovernmentareas. GobirawapopulatedinShinkafiL.Gthoughsomeearly historiansstatedthatGobirawasactuallymigratedfrom the Gobirkingdom.BurmawaarefoundinBakuraL.GandFulaniin Bungudu,Maradun,Gusau,andscatteredinalloverpartofthe state
Autonomy.ItwasnotuntilOctober,1996thatthemilitary administrationoflaterGen.SaniAbachadetachedthezamfara statefromsokotostate.Thestatecoversthetotalarea landmassofabout39,762km 2 It’sborderedinthenorthby
NigerRepublic,tothesouthbyKadunastate,totheEastby KatsinaandtotheWestSokotoandNigerstate.Ithasa populationof3,278,873accordingtoPHC(2017)reporton
II Localinvestment:meansallocationofresourceswiththe expectationofgettingreturnattheparticularplaceorsmall area.
III Insurgency:meansarmedrebellionagainstaconstituted authoritywhenthosetakingpartintherebellionarenot recognizedaslawfulcombatants.
IV.Attack:istheactoftakingaggressivemilitaryactions against(placeorinnocent)livingthings.
0 Li t er at ur eRevi ew
Thischapterreviewedliteratureonimpactofterrorismon localinvestmentbroadly.Thechapterbeginsbydiscussingan overviewofterrorism beforereviewingtheconceptual, theoreticalandempiricalframeworkonterrorism.Itthenlooks attheliteratureonterrorism;motivations,itseconomiceffects andsocialimpact.Andwindupbyexaminingterrorism activitiesinzamfarastateandothernorthernstateofNigeria.
Theterm “terrorism”doesnothaveacceptableuniversal definitionandthus,becomeoneofthemostcontested conceptsintheglobetoday.Thedefinitionusedbydifferent scholarsdiffers;itmaybeasaresultoftheinfluencesforthe totalnumberofattacksinaparticulararea.However, measuringthevulnerabilityofmacroeconomicandsectoral economicstructurelargelydependuponthepossibilityoffuture attacksand,thusdependonscenariothinking(Hellstrom,2010).Terrorismisahumanimposeddisasterwhichpurposefully aimsatmaximum random destructionandwhichisplannedto systematicallycircumventpreventivemeasures.
Local terrorism, as defined by Zinkota (2015), is the systematic use of threats or violence within a community to achieve political goals or convey messages through fear and intimidation of non-combatants It significantly impacts the supply and demand dynamics, creating harmful effects on a state's economic system Terrorist attacks have both direct and indirect effects The direct effects include immediate business consequences experienced by individuals or firms, which can accumulate and only become apparent over time, leading to long-term changes such as a decline in consumer demand and disruptions in the value and supply chain Indirect effects pose an even greater threat to local investors and the broader community, affecting their economic activities and overall well-being.
Terrorismcanhavedifferentimpactdependingonthe economicsituationofagivingcountry.Theycanreducethe economicactivities,ortheterrorism canbereducedbycreating moreemploymentopportunitieswherethecountryeconomyis developed.Thiscreationofjobopportunitiescanreducethe incentivetoindelugeinterroristactivitiesbytheyouth.
AccordingtoBloomberget.alarguedthat“theimpactof terrorismoneconomicgrowthisnegative”itmayresultin shiftingofresourcesfrom investmentspendingtogovernment spending,therebyreducingtheeconomicgrowthdueto reductiononlocalinvestment.AccordingtoSandlerandEnders (2015)alludetothisviewthat“developedcountrieshavevast economyandanyterroristactivitiesmayresulttoreallocation ofresourcesamongthevarioussectorsoftheeconomy.
Theimpactofwaronterrorism ontheglobaleconomyis quitemonumental.Thisincludesthepullingoutofprivate researchanddevelopmentexpenditurefromresearchactivities tothemilitarytocounterterrorism,therebyreducingthe economygrowth.Inadditiongovernmentmeasurestakingto counterterrorism,impliesincreaseingovernmentexpenditure onsecurity.Agoodexampleofthiscanbeseenintable2.2.4 (tenyearstrendofNigerianationalbudgetallocationtodefence) inthischapter.LikewiseInternationalCorporationwith investmentinterrorism pronecountries,evaluatetherisk associatedwiththeterroristattacksinthosecountriesand spenthigheronsecurity,therebyactingasabarriertotheflow ofinvestmentinthosecountries.
AccordingtoBayoAdetifa(2013)definedinvestment“as theeconomicactivitiesthatareconsciouslydesignedwiththe aimsofincreasing,improvingandmoisteningtheproductive qualityofanexistencestockofcapital”from theabovescholar pointofviews,aquestionmayarisethat“isalltheeconomics activitiesdesignedtoincrease,improveandmaintainthe productivequalityoftheexistingcapital?”thereforetheanswer tothisnoblequestionis“NO”because,foranyeconomic activitytoberegardedasinvestment,itmustbeconsciously plannedandundertakenandbeseentocontainthesefeatures ofinvestment.
BayoAdetifaonhisbooktitle“corporatefinanceand investmentstrategies”writtenin(2013)furtherarguedthat
Thisistheregularstream offuturecashinflowscalled expectedfuturebenefitofinvestmentactivitiesorthenetcash flowinanyofthefollowingforms: a) Dividend b) Interest c) Bonusshares d) Rightissues
Inconsistencyindividendpaymentbyacompanycouldportend dangerastothesecurityoftheinvestmentitself,becausethe higherthevarianceoftheactualincomewhencomparedwith theexpectedincome,thehighertheriskofsuchinvestment. SECURITYOFCAPITALINVESTED
Therearethreemajortypesofinvestmentbroadly: i Cashinvestment ii Securityinvestment iii Realpropertyinvestment
Cashinvestmentherearenotundertakenforthepurposeof increasingthestockoftheexistingcapital,buttomaintainit. Therefore,it’snotsurprisingtoobserveacorrelationbetween therateofinflationandinterestrategenerally.Theinterest generatedoncashinvestmentistoenableaninvestorto recoupthataspectofhis/hercapitalthatcouldpossiblybelost toinflation;thisexplainswhymostrationalinvestorspreferto borrowfrombankthankeepinghugedeposit.Althoughsome
Nigeriainvestorsundertakecashinvestmentactivitiesforthe purposeofincreasingthestockofexistingcapital,thereby demandingforexcessivelyhighratefromdeposittakerswhich bringaheavypressureonthefinancialsystem.Thefollowing arepresentlymajorcashinvestmentproductinNigeria a Bankersacceptance(B/A) b Savingwiththeconventionalbankers c Callandfixeddeposit d Commercialpapers e Treasurybills
Allcapitalmarketinstrumentsarelong-timeintenorand thereforereferredtoassecuritiesinvestment.Security investmenthereincludesshareandstockontheonehandand debenture,loanandbondontheotherhand.Whilethemajor concernedofinvestorsonstockandsharesiscapitalgains withareasonablelevelofdividendsthatofloadsdebentures, andbondsiscentredoninterest,becausepaymentofcapitalis securedwithoutcapitalgains.
SECURITYINVESTMENTINSTRUMENT a) Ordinaryshares b) Preferenceshares c) Debenture d) GovernmentBond
Thegoodexampleofthisisinvestmentinlandandbuilding whichcouldbeeitherafreeholdorleasehold.Inafreehold;the investorsbuytherighttobothlandandbuildinguseactof1978, interestinlandisvestedinthehandofgovernmentandany alienationmustbewithitsconsent,thisimpliesthatindividuals canonlyownbuildingbutnotland.
Basicallytherearetwomethodofinvestmentbroadly,whichas follows: a) Directinvestment;and b) Indirectinvestment.
ADVANTAGEOFDIRECTINVESTMENT a Easeofvaluation b Marketability c Easeoftransferability d Liquidityoftheholder
Indirectinvestmentoccurswhenaninvestmentismade throughfinancialintermediariesforthepurposeof diversificationandbetterportfoliomanagement.Thisoccurs particularlytoasmallinvestorwhocannotaffordthehuge capitaloutlayneededforfunctionaldiversificationorthetime andskillrequired.
ADVANTAGEOFINDIRECTINVESTMENT a) Flexibilityandliquidity b) Diversification c) Convenience d) Expertise
Themainpurposeandaimsofanysuccessfulinvestor,isto earnincomefollowedascapitalappreciationasareturnsalso forthecontinuityandgrowthofsuchinvestment,withthat considerbeforetakingaviableinvestmentdecision;onwhatto invest?,wheretoinvest?,andwhentoinvest?NwankwoG.O (2013)arguedthat“therearetwomajorvariablesthatcan affectinvestment:
1 Internal(controllable)factors;whichinclude a) Amountofcapitaltobeinvest b) Labourforcestrength c) Competencyandskills d) Knowledgeandexperience e.t.c
2 External(uncontrollable)factors;whichinclude a) Governmentpolicies b) Politicalinstability c) Economicsituation d) Socio-culturalbelieveofthetargetmarket e) Technology f) security g) Legalaspecte.t.c
Terroristattackstodayinzamfaraanditsneighbouringstate suchassokoto;katsinaandKadunahavebecomethetopicof thefrontpageofeverydaynewspaperandmainheadlinesof televisionnews.Thereforenottotalkbeyondthelimitof knowledgeandexperienceoftheresearcherparticularlyonthis study,terrorisminzamfarastatewhichinclude;cattlerustling, masskillingandkidnappinghaveseriouslycausealotof damagesonlossoflife,propertyandeconomicdestructionof theandthenationasawhole.
Theresearchertendstobasicallycategorisetheimpactof terrorismonlocalinvestmentinzamfarastateinto;economic andsocialeffecttothelocalinvestorsaswellaslocal inhabitantsofthestate.Thiscanbefurtherdiscussingbelow:
Terrorismaffecteverysectorofeconomynegativelyinevery nationintheworldwhichincludetheperpetratorsofthe terrorismthemselvesasthereisalwayssomeformof repercussiontotheterrorist/ortheirsupporters.Howeverin theeventofterrorism,underdevelopingcountriesareaffected developedcountrieshavestrongereconomiestotheextentthat terrorismcanonlyleadtoredistributionofwealthofthenation tothelessaffectedsectorofeconomy.Onthecontrariwise, developednationhaveahigherconcentrationofwealthin specificareas,suchthatitbecomedifficulttoredistributethem toothersectorofeconomy(Sandler.TandEnders.W,2015).As theeconomicimpactofterrorism onlocalinvestmentin zamfarastateandthecountryatlargeinclude;longandshort, directandindirectcost.
Nigeriahaveestimatedtospendsixtrillionnairaondefence sectorjustineleven(11)years,from 2008to2018.Seethe tablebelow:
Years Budget(N) trillions Allocationto defence(N) Percenta ge(%)
2018 9.12 6.098billion 6.36% Total 58.001 6.098trillion 10.51% Source:VarguardJuly29,2019
ThetableaboverevealsthehugeallocationofNigeria nationalbudgettothesecuritychallengesof(11)years.Analyst notedthat;thegovernmenthugeallocationtosecurityspent hasadirecteconomyopportunitycostwhichimpliesless spendinginotherdevelopmentalsectorsoftheeconomy,such healthcareservicesections
I mpor t at i on/ Expor t at i on
I mpor t at i on/ Expor t at i on
I nvest ment /or sour ceofr evenue
I nvest ment /or sour ceofr evenue
Beside,theabovediagram simplyshowstheindirect economicimplicationsofterroristactivitiestothenational economy.Whereaswheneverterroristattackaparticular locationormarkettherewillbelossoflifeandproperty.
Thereforethatwillcreatefearinthemindoftheremaining survivorsandpotentialinvestorsthatwillmakethemtolose confidenceforinvestingtheirfundinthatparticularlocation eveniftherewillbeahighlevelofdemand.Andpartiallythis willequallyaffectthegoodsandserviceswhichareproducing inthatparticulararea.Thatistosayimportationand exportationwilldecreaseandassuchitwillaffectGross
Apartfromthefactthat,terrorismhasamajorimpacton theeconomyofthecountry,itthenalsohasaseveralsocial implicationonthewayoflifeofanygivingsociety.Itcausesthe problemsoflawlessness,therebyleadingtoabreakdownof society.Incidentofmurder,killings,torture,mutilationand kidnappingofaninnocenthumanbeingcreatedanenvironment ofdoubt,apprehensionpanic.Thecertaintyoflifegraduallyis reducingespeciallywhentheterroristattackandkillscivilians, childrenaswellaswomen.Thisgiverisetosocietaldissonance, atthesametimetheinteractionbetweendifferentterrorist groupgiverisetoillegalcurrenciesandencouragesmugglingof illegalgoods.
Whenaterroristlaunchanattackinaplaceofhuman activities,theimmediateimpactislossoflifeandproperty.It therefore,makesthesurvivalchildrentobeparentless.
However,toacertainextendRichardsonandGordonargued thatterrorismactivitiescreatejobasaffectedcountries increasedefencespendingtopreventfutureacts.Assuch, moresecuritypersonnel’sarerecruitedintothevariousdefence forcesasameansofpreventionagainstterroristattackinthe future.Theyfurtherarguedthatlikenaturaldisaster,thingsthat aredestroyedwhichareeventuallyreplaced.Theprocessof replacingdestroyedthingsincreaseGrossDomesticProduct(GDP).
Kaduna,1984inYolaand1985inBauchi.Thesecrisesmarked thefirstattemptofterrorism ontheaccountofIslamicreligion sinceNigeriabecameanindependentstatein1 st October1960. Followingthemaitatsinecrisestherewasotherterrorismthat occurredintheregionwhichinclude;thenationwidecrisesover
NigeriamembershipintheorganizationoftheIslamic conferenceinJanuary/February1986atKafanchan/Kaduna/ Zaria/funtua.Kadunapolytechnicriotof1988,Zangon-Kataf Murdersof1992,theKanocivildisturbanceofDecember1991 andJoscrisesofApril1994(Imo1995)
Similarlybetween1999and2008,28otherconflictwere reported,themostprominentbeingtheShagamuconflictof July1999andJoscrisesin2001,althoughalmostallthecrises mentionedabovehavebeensubsumedunderreligiousand explainedbyevensomescholarsasreligiousfactor,it’s apparentthatotherextraneousandunderlyingfactorslike economicdisequilibrium/inequality,povertyamongyouthinthe region(humanRightWatch,2011)
In2009Bokoharam cameonboardasthemajorproblem facingNigeriansecuritysector.TheBokoharamsectisa radicalIslamicfundamentalistorganizationfundedinBorno stateNigeria,undertheleadershipofMalam.Yusufwhowas laterkilledin2009bytheNigeriangovernment.BokoHaram translatedas“westerneducationisasin”whoclaimedtofollow astrictinterpretationofIslamicreligion.BokoHaramdoctrinal foundationmakesthem tolookssimilarto;Al-shabaab,
Ansarudeen,Hezbullah,theIslamicstateandothers,whose causealotofmenacesinthemiddle-eastandotherpartofthe world.TheaffectednorthernstateinNigeriabyBokoHaram terrorisminclude;Borno,Adamawa,Kaduna,Yobe,Bauchi, Abujaamongothers.
On11 t h February,2019,143peoplewerereportedkilledin kajuruLocalgovernment,Kadunastate.AccordingtoGovernor NasiruEl-RufaiwhilebriefingthenewsmeninKaduna,hours beforetheNigerian2019,generalelection“thatthekillingswas launchonFalunipeoplebyAdarapeoplewhichresulttothe deadof11Adaraand132fulaniheadmen”
Apartfromallthosecrisesabove;zamfarastatecattle rustling,kidnappingandkillingshappenstobethemajor terrorismactivitiesthatdrawntheattentionofinternational communitysince2014today.Thousandsofhumanbeingwas killedandsomearedriveoutoftheirhomelandbyarm banditry inthestate.Althoughitseem tobeverydifficultforthecivilians, armedforceoranyothersecuritypersonnelortraditionalruler toputafiguretothetotalnumberofpeoplewholosetheirlife andpropertyduetotheterroristattackslaunchinsomepartof thestatefrom2014tojuly,2019(Marafa,2019)
Althoughtheformerzamfarastate,ABDUL-AZEEZYARI said“thatatotalof3,526personshavebeenkilledbyarmed banditsinthestatefrom 2014to10April,2019”Hefurther addedthat“Nearly500villageshavealsodevastatedand8,219 peoplewereinjured,somearestillincriticalcondition”hesaid.
AccordingtoHoffman“itnolongerseemstobethefocusof terroristtohavelargeaudiencewatching.Buttheirprimary concernnowbecome;creatingmoredamageanddestruction ofeconomythaninthatpatandalesserfocusonsendinga messagetothecommunity.Hoffmanfurthersuggeststhisis alsothereasonwhytheneweraofterrorismhasmoreofa tendencytothreatensocietywiththeuseofweaponsofmass destruction.Thedevelopmentofthistypesofdestructive warfaremeansthat,therewillbeanincreaseinfatalitiesbydue terrorism.
Hoffman.B(1998)statedthat;religiousterroristcontent that“violenceisfirstandforemostasacramentalactordivine dutyexecutedindirectresponsetosometheologicaldemandor imperative”essentially,thisisstatingthat,theactofviolence committedbyterroristareperpetratedinresponsetosome religiousobligationordemandallegedlyastheyclaim.Inmost ofthecasestodayterroristactivitiesareknowntobeonthe accountofreligion.
Butinzamfaraterrorism,ithasbeencametosurpriseto theresearcherbelievesthatitseemtobequitedistinctfrom thoseterroristgroupsactivitiesinsomepartoftheworldsuch asBoko-Haram,alqa’idah,alshabaab,ansare.t.caccordingto
-westgeo-politicalregionwhichinclude;Kaduna,Kano,katsina,Kebbi,Jigawa,SokotoandZamfarastate;fromJanuarytoApril,
2018atotaldeathoccurredintheregionstoodofto1208 personscausebyterrorism whichmostofthoseoccurredin zamfarastatewhichrecorded576death.Andmajorcausewas armedrobbery/gunmen.Uptilltothemomentforthe compilationofthisresearchwork,armedrobberyandgunmen attacksareendemicinzamfarastate,althoughwiththepresent administrationofGov.MuhammedBelloMatawellefairlyone cansaythatthingsaregettingbetter.
Recent research, including insights from Samaila Suleiman (2019), highlights that the conflict in Zamfara State is largely driven by competition over gold deposits, pitting those involved in illicit gold mining against local communities and powerful mine owners with alleged government ties However, some believe the conflict has spiritual roots, viewing the challenges faced by Zamfara as a "test from God." Competing narratives also suggest that the brutality in the region is exacerbated by climate change, particularly the decrease in rainfall, which leads to a scarcity of arable land and pastures This decline, combined with rapid population growth, intensifies competition for land and fuels conflict between pastoralists and farmers who depend on land access for their livelihoods.
Realism isclosingrelatedtosuchterminologyasthebalanceof powerandrealpolitic.Realism believethathumanmust undergopoliticalstrugglesincehumanhaveinbuiltdarkside. Politicalstruggleamonghumanareinvisible,becausehuman aninherentdarkside,asexpressedbythepoliticalphilosophers; likeThomasaccordingtoHobbes“humanhaveinbuiltdarkside thaturgesthemtodesiresomethingthatbothofthemcannot getitatsametime,enmitydevelopbetweenthemandtheytry toobliterateandconqueroneanother.Inthecontextof terrorism,theterroristbelievedthattheirviewisthemost righteousandanyotherpersonwhodoesnotagreewiththeir viewisanunbelieverthatshouldbeeradicatedfromtheworld. Thus,theytrytoeliminatetheentireunbelieverfrom earth throughmassmurder.
Idealists argue that the international system is characterized by disorder and antagonism among various actors, rather than being shaped by human nature They view the system as comprised of autonomous state and non-state actors, each pursuing their own objectives and welfare through any means necessary, often resorting to brutality, as the stronger party tends to prevail Idealists believe that the lack of an overarching authority leads to a lawless environment, prompting international players to resort to war to achieve their goals In the context of terrorism, terrorists utilize violence as an effective strategy to fulfill their aims, often unaccountable to anyone except their sponsors, making it a primary method for achieving their objectives.
Priorto11Sept,2001attackonunitedstateofAmerica; terrorismwasofminorconcerntogovernment,policymaker andacademia.Assuchdifferenceresearchhadbeencarried outday-in-day-outbydifferenceresearcherswiththeaimsof determiningthecause,effectandmeasurestobetakeninorder tocounterterrorism intheglobe.Thefollowingaresomeofthe fewresearchers’findingsintherelatedareaofstudyon terrorismbroadly;
“terrorism;anewchallengestoNigeriastabilityinthe21 st century”arguethathisstudydiscoveredthat“terrorismin
Nigeriaisaconsequenceofmyriadofdomesticsproblemsand externallymotivateddivergingviewofthepeopleoncertain feelingswhichareinimicaltoNigerians,secondlyterrorismhas beenintoexistenceforquitelongagoandfinally;ithas surfacedagainthroughunhealthypoliciesofmajorpower towardweakerandpoorernations.Thisresearcherconcluded that“despitethepotentiallyofthecountry,itwillnottakethe fulladvantageofitwealthtodevelopiteconomyinorderto makethelifeofitscitizensmeaningfulunlessitundertake energeticefforttoresolvethereligiousandpoliticaldifferences overnationalissuesamongthecountrygovernance”
Uzochukwu.M(2014)onhisresearchtitle“challengeof terrorisminNigeriaandsolutiononhowtosolvethem” discoveredthatonMay1,2014,acarbombblastinAbujabus station,atleast19peopleweredead.Thesummerof2014has beenespeciallyviolent,withbombingmassacresandmass shootingbeingcommittedonanearweeklybasis.
“Effectofterrorism onEnjoymentofHumanrights”thisreport focusesontwomainterroristgroupnamely;ISISinthemiddle eastandBOKOHARAMinNigeriaandsomewestAfrican states.Thereportpresentsthescopeoftheatrocities committedbybothterroristgroupandeffectoftheatrocities ontheenjoymentofhumanrightintheaffectedregionand beyond.Theresearcherconcludedthat“themagnitudeofand theincreaseinnumberofattacksandtheirlocalityhavea significanteffectontheenjoymentofhumanrightinthe affectedregion.However,astheattackshavebecomemore frequentandwidespreadatthemostinnorthernregionof
According to Adedire et al (2016), there is a distinct difference between terrorism and insurgency Terrorism is characterized as an advanced stage of a failed political process, rooted in inequities and injustice, which escalates from frustrated reform attempts to violent political confrontations The primary goal of terrorist violence is to instill fear in civil society and gain recognition, while insurgency focuses on military objectives, aiming to weaken enemy forces through continuous attacks and garner support from marginalized populations The research identifies common causes for both phenomena, including corruption, unemployment, poverty, weak institutional structures, ethnicity, and social frustration Ultimately, the study concludes that acts of terrorism and insurgency contribute to economic decline, loss of lives and property, deter foreign investment, and threaten national unity.
Thischapterreviewedthedocumentedinformationontext books,journal,newspapersandsomeinternetwebsites regarding“terrorism”and“localinvestment”.Thechapterlater looksatthevariousworksandopinionsofsomescholars, writersandresearchersontherelatedareaofstudy.Italso discussedaboutthetwomajorvariableofthestudyi.e.
“terrorism”and“localinvestment”whereasdifferentscholars tendtodefinethevariablesindeferenceperspectivesbasedon theirwayofreasoningandexperience.Besidethechapter categoricallyfocusonthreemajorliteratureframeworknamely; conceptual,theoreticalandempiricalframeworks.
Conceptualframeworkreviewedtheliteraturedocumentson conceptofterrorism,conceptofinvestment,impactof terrorismonlocalinvestmentinzamfarastateandterrorism activitiesinnorthernNigeria.Differentauthorsandresearchers workwerereviewed.
Theoreticalframeworklooksatthevarioustheoriesthat thoughtaboutterrorism andlocalinvestment.Althoughthose theoreticalframeworksusegeographicallocalasaproxyfor differentimpactofterroristactivitiesonlifeofthepeoplebut theirfindingscanbeapplicablemoregenerallytoanyother effectedareaoftheterroristattack.
0 Resear ch
Thischapterdiscussedalltheresearcherdidingatheringthe requireddataandinformationforthisstudy.Thischapter startedbydiscussingresearchdesign,populationunderthe study,samplesize,instrumentusedinfordatacollection, methodforadministrationofquestionnaires,methodofdata collectionandanalysisandfinallywindupbystatingthe statisticaltooluseintestinghypothesisofthestudy.
Thisdealwiththemethod,system andproceduresadoptedby theresearcherinobtainingthenecessaryrequireddataand informationforthecompletionofthisresearchwork.The researchermakeusedofquestionnaire,personalinterviewing andobservation.
Thepopulationofthisstudycomprises(10)securitypersonnel, (5)Traditionalrulers,(105)localinvestors,and(150)local inhabitants(consumers)from eachofthe.threeselectedlocal government,ofzamfarastate.Assuchthepopulationofthis studycanbedetermineasfollows:
Thesamplingtechniqueusedinthisstudyisthesimplerandom probabilitymethodwhicheveryunitofthepopulationhasequal chancetobeselected,sothatthesamplesizecanbe accuratelydetermine
X 2 =chi-squarefor5%degreeoffreedomatthedesired confidence level(0.05=3.841)
P=thepopulationproportion(assumedtobe50%sinceitwould providethemaximum samplesize)
Thedataanalysiswasdesignedtodonethroughtheuseof tablebysummarizingtheopinionoftherespondentsinterms ofpercentage(%).87questionnaireswereadministeredtoeach ofthethreelocalgovernmentnamely;Birnin-Magaji,Kaura- NamodaandShinkafilocalgovernmentareasofzamfarastate. Thisgaveatotalnumberof87x3&1questionnaires administeredwhichisequaltothesamplesizeofthestudyout majorityviewisconsideredastherespondent’sopinion.The formulausedinanalysingtheopinionis
Theresearchermakeusedofchi-square(X 2 )formulaintesting thehypothesisofthisstudyformoreaccuracyoftheresearch findings.
0 Dat aAnal ysi sandFi ndi ngs
Thischapterdealswiththepresentationandanalysisofdata collectedfromvariousrespondents,whichincludesecurity personnel,traditionalrulers,localinvestors,andlocal inhabitantsofzamfarastate.atotalnumberof261 questionnairewereadministeredtothreeselectedlocal governmentoutofwhichonly188werefilledandreturneddue deficienciesinsideoftheresearcher.
Thetable4.1.1aboveshowsthat,61(33%)ofthe respondentsarefrom Birnin-Magaji,51(27%)fromShinkafiand 98(76%)werefrom Kaura-Namodalocalgovernmentarea respectively.
Thisindicatesthat,themajorityoftherespondentsthatfilled andreturnedthequestionwerefromKaura-Namodalocal government.
Thetable4.1.2aboveindicatesthat,161whichrepresent86%oftherespondentswereMale,whiletheremaining27(14%) wereFemale.
Agedistribution Frequencies Percentage(%) Below-18years 0 0
Thetable4.1.3aboveshowsthat,47(25%)ofthe respondentswerebetweentherangeof18-30years,68(36%) arebetweentheageof31-40years,35(19%)arebetweenthe ageof41-50years,29(15%)arebetweentheageof51-60years and61(5%)arebetweentheageof61yearsandabove,while thereisnon-respondentswhoarelessthan18yearsofage.
Thetable.4.1.4aboveshowsthat,8whichrepresent4%of therespondentsweresecuritypersonnel,4whichrepresent2% ofwhichweretraditionalrulers,73whichrepresent39%were localinvestorsand103whichrepresent55%ofthetotal respondentswereconsumers.
Question1:Doyouthinkthat,terrorism havenegativeimpact onlocalinvestmentinzamfarastate?
Thetable.4.2.1aboveindicatesthat,128whichrepresent68%ofthetotalrespondentsstronglyagreethat,terrorismhave negativeimpactonlocalinvestmentinzamfarastateand49 whichrepresent26%oftherespondentAgreewhile11(6%)of therespondentsdisagree.
Question2:From whichyeardoyouthinkterrorismactivitiesof cattlerustling,kidnappingandarm banditryhavestartedin zamfarastate?
Thetable4.2.2aboverevealsthat,51(27%)ofthe respondentsbelievesthatterroristactivitiesofcattlerustling, kidnappingandarmbanditryhavestartedinzamfarastate sincebefore2008,15(8%)oftherespondentsbelievesthatit hasstartedbetween2008-2011,94(50%)outofwhichbelieves thatithasstartedbetween2012-2016and9(5%)outofwhich believesthatithasstartedaround2017todate,while19(10%) werenotsure.
Question4:Apartfrom soleproprietorshipbusinessclosurein thestate,doesotherpartnershipandcompaniesshutdown theiroperationsinzamfarastateasaresultoftheterrorist attack?
Thetable.4.2.4aboveshowsthat,126(67%)ofthe respondentsstronglyagreethatotherspartnershipbusiness andcompanieshaveshutdowntheiroperationinzamfarastate asaresultofterroristattacks,11(6%)oftherespondentsagree, 13(7%)disagree,15(8%)stronglydisagreeand23(12%)outof whichwerenotsure.
Thisindicatesthat,thereissomanybusiness(local investment)thatshutdowntheiroperationinzamfarastate.
Thetable.4.2.5aboverevealsthat,90(48%)ofthe respondentsstronglyagreethat,terrorisminzamfarastate bringabouthighinflationrateinthestatemarketand21(11%) agree,while13(7%)oftherespondentsdisagreeand7(3%) stronglydisagreewere57(30%)arenotsure.
Thetable.4.2.6aboveindicatesthat,104(55%)ofthe respondentsstronglyagreethatterrorismhasaffectedthe agriculturalactivitiesinzamfarastate,5(2%)oftherespondents agree,18(10%)disagree,and7(3%)stronglydisagreewhile
Thetable.4.2.7aboveshowsthat,86(45%)ofthe respondentstronglyagreethat,terroristattacksmainlytargeted areaswithGoaldepositinthestate,7(4%)agree,23(12%)ofthe respondentsdisagreeand72(38%)oftherespondentswerenot sure.
Table.4.2.8:ImpactofTerrorism onHealthcareservicesector Opinions Responses Percentage(%)
Thetable.4.2.8aboverevealsthat,85(45%)ofthe respondentsstronglyagreethatterrorismhasaffectedthe respondentsagreewhile77(41%)werenotsure.
Thetable.4.2.9aboveindicatesthat85(45%)ofthe respondentsstronglyagreethatterrorismaffectedthe educationsectorofzamfarastate,26(14%)agree,while77(41%) oftheremainingrespondentssaidthattherearenotsure.
Thisimpliesthat,terrorism havegreatlyaffectedthe educationsystem ofzamfarastate.
Thetable.4.2.10aboveshowsthat,98(52%)ofthetotal sociallifestyleofzamfarastatecommunity,45(24%)agreed, whileonly4(2%)oftherespondentsdisagreedand41(22%) saidthattherewerenotsure.
Question11:Towhatextentwouldyouagreethatterrorist activitieshavealinkagewithsomepoliticiansofthestate? Table.4.2.11:LinkageofTerroristgroupwithPolitics
Thetable.4.2.11aboveshowsthat,109(58)ofthetotal respondentsstronglyagreethatterroristgroupinzamfarastate hasalinkagewithpoliticiansofthestate.5(3%)furtheragreed, but14(7%)disagreed,9(5%)stronglydisagreedand51(27%)of theremainingrespondentssaidthattherewerenotsure.
Table.4.2.12:LinkageofTerroristgroupwithTraditionalRulers Opinions Responses Percentage(%)
Source:QuestionnaireAdministered,2019 respondentsstronglyagreedthatterrorismactivityinzamfara statehasalinkagewithsomeofthetraditionalrulers,105(56%) agreed,while4(2%)oftherespondentsdisagreed,2(1%) stronglydisagreedand71(38%)saidthattherewerenotsure.
Question13:Doyouagreethat,terroristgrouphasalinkage withsomelocalinhabitantandsecuritypersonnelinzamfara state?
Thetable.4.2.13aboveshowsthat,108(57%)ofthe respondentsstronglyagreedthatterroristgrouphasalinkage withlocalsandsecuritypersonnelofzamfarastate,12(6%)also agreed,but24(13%)disagreedand44(24%)oftherespondents werenotsure.
Thetable.4.2.14aboverevealsthat,177(94%)ofthe respondentsstronglyagreedterroristattackscauselossoflife andpropertyofthelocalinhabitantsandinvestorsofzamfara state,9(5%)agreed,while2(1%)oftherespondentswerenot sure.
Thetable.4.2.15aboveshowsthat,58(32%)saidyesthatthere isadequatesecuritysupplyintheirlocality,90(48%)saysno and40(20%)werenotsure.
Question16:besidethecurrentgovernmenteffortto counterterrorism,isthereanymeansthatyouthinkifemployed wouldtackledtheterroristactivitiesinzamfarastatetoday? Table.4.2.16:meanstocounterterrorism inzamfarastate
Thetable.4.2.16aboveshowsthat,90(48%)oftherespondents agreedthat,thereareanothermeansandstrategythatif employed,ifwillcounterterrorism inzamfarastate.47(26%) saidNo,while51(27%)werenotsure.
Thisindicatesthat,thereareotherstrategiesthat,if governmentemployed,itwouldtackledthemenaceinzamfara state.
Question17:Istheremutualcooperationbetweenthesecurity agencies,traditionalrulersandlocalinhabitantsinfighting againstterrorisminzamfarastate?
Thetable.4.2.17aboveshowsthat,174(935)ofthetotal respondentsagreedthat,thereismutualcooperationbetween thesecurityagencies,traditionalrulersandlocalinhabitantsin fightingagainstterrorism inzamfarastate.Whileonly8(4%)of therespondentssaidNoand6(3%)werenotsure.
Question18:comparetoten(10)yearsback,howwouldyourate thegrowthleveloflocalinvestmentandothercommercial activitiesinzamfarastatewiththecurrentsecuritychallenges? Table.4.2.18:Investmentcomparisonfortenyearsback
Thetable.4.2.18aboverevealsthat,108ofthetotal respondentswereintheopinionthat,comparetotenyearsback, localinvestmentandothercommercialactivitiesinzamfara statearepoor,64(34%)saidthatitisverypoor,while8(4%) believethatitisgoodor/andsameasbefore.
Source:ResearcherComputation,2019 totestthehypothesisofthisstudy.Thus,theexpected frequencytablewereobtainedbyusingthefollowingformula:
CT=columnTotal RT=rowtotal GT=generaltotal
Note:ifthevaluecalculatedisgreater(>)thanthetabulated valuewerejectthenullhypothesisandacceptthealternativeif notwedootherwise.
Sincethecalculatedvalue(48.42)isgreaterthanthetabulated value(9.49)werejectthenullhypothesis(H 0 )andacceptthe alternativehypothesis(H 1 )
1.Itwasdiscoveredthat,terrorism activitiestoadyinzamfara statenegativelyimpactednotonlythelocalinvestmentof thestate,butalsoitmaylikelyaffectedthenational economicsystemasawhole.Thisbringsaboutdecrease ingovernmentsourceofrevenueandimpliesincreasein governmentexpenditureespeciallyonsecuritymatters.
2.Itwasfindoutthat.Terrorism inzamfarastateputdeadto thousandsofinnocenthumansandlossofbillionsof naira’spropertyofzamfaraanditneighbouringstates. Currentthereisnosingleauthenticandreliableauthority thatgivesareportfortheexactnumberofpeoplethatloss theirlifeandamountofpropertydamageandstolebythe terroristgroupinzamfarastate.Thisreallyaffectedthe entirelifeoflocalinhabitantsofzamfarastatewithlotof fearandanxiety.
3.Thisstudyalsodiscoveredthat,therewasalinkageof secreteaffairsamongthesecurityagencies,traditional rulersandlocalsinhabitantswiththeterroristgroupor organization.
4.Itwasdiscoveredthatcurrently,governmentefforttoward tacklingthemenaceofterroristactivitiesinzamfarastate areproducingthedesireresultcomparetorecentyears ago.
Thisstudywasguidedbyfourobjectives,thesewere;to examinehowterrorism affectedthelocalinvestmentin zamfarastate,todeterminethesocialandeconomicimpactof terroristattacksinzamfarastate,toascertainthetakenbythe governmentintacklingtheterrorism inordertoattractlocal investorsinzamfarastateandtorecommendthestrategyto putinplaceinordertoattractlocalinvestorinzamfarastate.
Itwasfoundthat,somanylocalinvestorhaveshutdown somelimittheiroperationacrossthestateduethefearand anxietyoftheterroristattack.Thismaybringaboutdecreasein productionlevelandsupply,whiledemandincrease.This,ifnot properlycheckedandcontrol,itmaylikelygoingtoincrease highcostoflivingforthelocalcommunitiesofthestate.
Thisstudydiscoveredthat,terroristattackandactivitiesin zamfarastatehavenegativelyaffectedtheircommercial havebeenlosstheirlifeandpropertiesofbillionsofnairain zamfarastate.Ithadbeenfindoutthat,agriculturalpracticeis themajoreconomicactivitiesofthelocalsinhabitantsofstate. Thousandcattle’swererustledandpeoplewerebeen kidnappedwithransom ofbillionsofnaira.
Thisstudyfoundthat,inspiteofthegovernmenteffortin tacklingthemenace,butyettherearesomesecuritypersonnel, traditionalrulersandlocalsinhabitantsthatengagementin perpetratingsuchterroristactivitieswithinthecommunitiesof thestate.Ifjusticecanbedone,onecanconfidentlyarguethat, forwhatevereffortgovernmentcouldmade,itcanproducethe desiredresultintacklingthemenaceinzamfarastate.
Basedontheavailableliteratureandresultunderthisstudy,it canclearlyshowsthatterrorism lookingat,fromdifferent perspectiveisaseriousthreattoanycountryorcommunity economyespeciallyonbothinternationalanddomestic(local) business.Thequestionthatmayarisehereisthat,whatcanbe donetoaddresstheproblem ofterrorismnotonlyinzamfara statebutalsoinmostofthenorthernstatesofNigerianjustlike arecentcaseofBokoHaram inBorno,Yobe,Adamawae.t.c havenknowthegenesisandtheimmediatecaused?–issues like;neglect,poverty,lackofqualityeducationalbackground, andunemploymentamongtheyouthinzamfarastateand northernstate,governmentshouldbraceuptoitresponsibility byaddressingtheproblem.
In conclusion, the impact of terrorism in Zamfara State has significantly affected local investment, economic stability, social lifestyles, education, and healthcare services The local population bears the brunt of these challenges, as skilled professionals in these sectors often leave the state, while others can relocate to safer areas It is evident that terrorism has drastically influenced the economic and social lives of Zamfara residents Some local communities have been implicated in this menace, leading to a perception that terrorism is primarily perpetrated by the Fulani, the native tribe of the region Consequently, the people of Zamfara have often faced prejudice and negative associations with terrorism However, it is important to note that terrorism is not exclusive to the residents of Zamfara State, as many perpetrators from the Fulani tribe originate from both Zamfara and neighboring states.
Thefactstillremainthesame,thatdespitethepartthat, thesecuritysituationofzamfarastateandothernorthern statesareaffectingtheotherbranchesofthebusinessesin southernregionofthecountry.Becausemostbusiness investmentareintertwinedandinterconnectedthatwhateveris happeninginthenorthernstateitmaylikelygoingtoaffectthe southernbranchesoperations,suchasbanksand communicationnetworks.
The researcher suggests several key recommendations to address pressing issues Firstly, job creation for the youth is essential, as unemployment remains a significant concern, with rates reaching 8% in Lagos, 9% in Oyo, and alarmingly higher in northern states like Borno (27%), Yobe (39%), and Zamfara (33%) Secondly, the government should enact stringent laws to penalize individuals who perpetrate or support terrorism Education must also be prioritized, especially in northern states, where the quality of education lags behind other regions; northern governors are urged to invest in revamping their educational systems Lastly, local investors are encouraged to conduct comprehensive SWOT analyses and feasibility studies before initiating business ventures to ensure the safety and security of their investments and properties.
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I,MIKAILUISHAKUasaprojectsupervisortoMUAHMMEDIDRIS herebyattesttoyouthatthispersonisanundergraduatestudent intheabovementioneddepartmentandinstitution.Whois conductingaresearchassignmenton“IMPACTTERRORISMON LOCALINVESTMENTINZAMFARASTATE,NIGERIA”Which servesasapre-requisitefortheawardofhisHigherNational
1.Localgovernment a)Birnin-Magaji [ ] b)KauraNamoda [ ] c)Shinkafi [ ]
3.Age: a)Below18years [ ] b)18-30yearsold [ ] c)31-40yearsold [ ] d)41-50yearsold [ ] e)51-60yearsold [ ] f)61-aboveyears [ ]
4.Postofresponsibility/occupation a)Securitypersonnel [ ] b)Traditionalruler [ ] c)Localinvestor [ ] d)Consumer [ ]
1.Doyouthinkthat,terrorism havenegativeimpactoncommercial activitiesinzamfarastate? a)Stronglyagree [ ] b)Agree [ ] c)Disagree [ ] d)Stronglydisagree [ ]
2.From whichyeardoyouthinkterrorism activitiesofcattle rustling,kidnappingandarm banditryhavestartedinzamfara a)Sincebefore2008 [ ] b)2008-2011 [ ] c)2012-2016 [ ] d)2017-date [ ] e)Notsure [ ]
Nigerianationeconomy? a)Stronglyagree [ ] b)Agree [ ] c)Disagree [ ] d)Stronglydisagree [ ] e)Notsure [ ]
4.Apartfromsoleproprietorshipbusinessclosureinthestate, doesotherpartnershipandcompaniesshutdowntheir operationsinzamfarastateasaresultoftheterroristattack? a)Stronglyagree [ ] b)Agree [ ] c)Disagree [ ] d)Stronglydisagree [ ] e)Notsure [ ]
5.Doyouagreethatterrorism inzamfarastatebringabouthigh inflationrateinzamfarastatemarket? a)Stronglyagree [ ] b)Agree [ ] c)Disagree [ ] d)Stronglydisagree [ ] e)Notsure [ ]
6.Towhatextentwouldyouagreethatterrorismhasaffected agriculturalactivitiesinzamfarastate? b)Agree [ ] c)Disagree [ ] d)Stronglydisagree [ ] e)Notsure [ ]
7.DoesaterroristtargetedareahaveGoaldepositinthestate? a)Stronglyagree [ ] b)Agree [ ] c)Disagree [ ] d)Stronglydisagree [ ] e)Notsure [ ]
8.Doesterrorismaffectedhealthservicesectorofthestate? a)Stronglyagree [ ] b)Agree [ ] c)Disagree [ ] d)Stronglydisagree [ ] e)Notsure [ ]
9.Doesterrorisminzamfarastateaffectededucationsectorofthe state? a)Stronglyagree [ ] b)Agree [ ] c)Disagree [ ] d)Stronglydisagree [ ] e)Notsure [ ]
10 Towhatextentwouldagreethatterroristattackaffected sociallifeofzamfarastatepeople? a)Toalargeextent [ ] b)Tosomeextent [ ] c)Tosignificant [ ] d)Notsure [ ]
11 Towhatextentwouldyouagreethat,theterroristactivities haveagreatlinkagewithsomepoliticiansofthestate? a)Stronglyagree [ ] b)Agree [ ] c)Disagree [ ] d)Stronglydisagree [ ] e)Notsure [ ]
12 Towhatextentwouldyouagreethattheterroristactivities haveagreatlinkagewithsomeoftheTraditionalRulerofthe state? a)Stronglyagree [ ] b)Agree [ ] c)Disaygree [ ] d)Stronglydisagree [ ] e)Notsure [ ]
13 Doyouagreethattheterroristgrouphasalinkagewith someofthelocalinhabitantandsecuritypersonalsofthestate? a)Stronglyagree [ ] b)Agree [ ] c)Disagree [ ] d)Stronglydisagree [ ] e)Notsure [ ]
14 Doestheterroristattackscause,lostoflifeandpropertyof theinhabitantandtheirlocalinvestorsinzamfarastate? a)Stronglyagree [ ] b)Agree [ ] c)Disagree [ ] d)Stronglydisagree [ ] e)Notsure [ ]
15 Isthereadequatesecuritysupplyinyourlocalityto counterterroristattacks? a)Yes [ ] b)No [ ] c)Notsure [ ]
16 Besidethecurrentgovernmenteffortnow,isthereany meansorstrategieswhichthinkifgovernmentshouldemploy,it willtackleterroristactivitiesinzamfaraanditneighbouringstate? a)Yes [ ] b)No [ ] c)Notsure [ ]
17 Istheremutualco-operationbetweensecurityagencies, traditionalrulers,localinvestorsandthelocalcommunityin fightingagainstterroristattacksinzamfarastate? a)Yes [ ] b)No [ ] c)Notsure [ ]
18 Comparetotenyearsback,howwouldyouratethegrowth leveloflocalinvestmentandothercommercialactivitiesin zamfarastatewiththecurrentsecuritychallengesfacing? a)Excellentthanbefore [ ] b)Goodthanbefore [ ] c)Samethanbefore [ ] d)Poorthanbefore [ ] e)Verypoorthanbefore [ ]