TIẾNG ANH HÀNG hải và THỰC HÀNH

DEADWEIGHT AND FREIGHT CARRYING CAPACITY

2.1 Record unknown terms in your vocabulary notebook Use your dictionary to check the meaning. 2.2 Vocabulary – study definitions below.

Displacement refers to the volume of water that a vessel displaces at any given waterline, which is determined by the underwater portion of the vessel and the density of the surrounding water.

Lightship mass – This is the mass of the ship itself when completely empty.

Deadweight - This is the mass that a ship carriers It can be made up of fuel oil, fresh water, ballast water, stores, crew, lashing equipment and cargo.

2.3 Translate into your native language:

1 In order to decrease the lightship mass, hull structure should be designed with great care, and light, compact equipment installed.

2 Lightship mass is evaluated by conducting a draught survey normally just prior to delivery of the new vessel.

3 Loose equipment such as loose lashing, removable tweendeck panels, strong beams are not part of the lightship mass.

4 The actual weight of a ship and location of the centre of gravity depends on her loading condition.

MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl

THEORETICAL MEAN DRAUGHT “D H ” AND DRAUGHT MARKS

Centre of flotation (LCF) – The geometrical centre of the waterplane It may be aft, forward or even at amidships LCF is the point about which the ship trims.

Hydrostatic data – The various items of hydrostatic information.

Trim - The difference between the draught at the forward perpendicular (FP) and the draught at the aft perpendicular (AP).

1 The theoretical mean draught “d H ” does not change if the vessel is trimmed by shifting weights fore and aft.

2 The mean draught amidships “d M ” changes with trim unless the centre of flotation is at amidships.

3 Theoretical draught is used mainly by naval architects Draught extreme is used mainly by masters, mates, port authorities and dry-dock personnel.

4 When a ship moves from water of one density to the water of another density, without there being a change in her mass, the draught will change.

Draught marks amidships and “All Seasons Load Lines” mark as used for vessels with enlarged freeboard

SHIP STABILITY

Metacentric height GM – The vertical distance between the centre of gravity G and the metacentre M.

Vertical centre of buoyancy KB and metacentric radious BM depends on geometrical form of ship, vertical centre of gravity KG depends on loading of ship.

A stiff ship is characterized by a large metacentric height (GM), allowing it to return to an upright position rapidly This quick recovery can lead to excessive strain on cargo lashings, posing risks to the stability of the cargo Additionally, the ship's stiffness can create an uncomfortable environment for the crew on board.

Tender ship – A tender ship is one with a very small GM caused by KG being too large.

4.3 Match the words with correct definition.

Angle of heel - _ Angle of list - _ Angle of loll -

The angle at which a ship with negative initial metacentric height will lie

• at rest in still water.

The inclination of a ship to one side by the action of an external force, such as wind or waves.

The inclination of a ship to one side by the action of an internal force.

1 The height of metacentrum M above the base plane depends on geometry of ship.

The center of gravity (KG) of a loaded ship is determined by calculating the total mass of the empty vessel, including cargo, stores, spare parts, lashing, and ballast water, along with their respective moments in relation to horizontal, transverse, and longitudinal planes.

Ships that are either under ballast or loaded with steel possess a significant metacentric height (GM), resulting in a "stiff" vessel This characteristic leads to a short roll period, causing these ships to roll quickly and violently, which is an undesirable condition for stability and safety.

A ship with a GM (metacentric height) between 0.16m and 0.20m experiences a prolonged roll period of 25 to 35 seconds, making it "tender." This condition is unfavorable, and measures should be implemented to enhance the GM for improved stability.

FREE SURFACE EFFECT

5.1 Record unknown terms in your vocabulary notebook Use your dictionary to check the meaning. 5.2 Translate into your native language:

1 For all loading conditions, the initial metacentric height and the righting lever curve should be corrected for the effect of free surfaces of liquids in tanks.

2 Free surface effects should be considered whenever the filling level in tank is less than 98% of full condition.

When filling or discharging water ballast tanks during a voyage, it is essential to calculate the free surface effects, considering the most critical transitory stage of these operations.

When ballasting a vessel, it is essential to fill only one transverse pair or a single centerline ballast tank At sea, ballast tanks should ideally be completely full or empty Additionally, wide double bottom tanks must always be filled to 100% capacity when ballasted.

5.3 Find a logical ending for each of the beginnings.

1 If the tank is partially filled, the position of the centre of gravity

2 A liquid in partially filled tank always decreases

3 The free surface effect can

the initial metacentric height, the righting lever and the range of stability.

• lead to a negative metacentric height.

• of the liquid will change as the ship is inclined.

HULL STRENGTH

Midship section – A drawing showing standard cross sections of the hull at, or near, amidships and pre- senting the scantling of the primary structural members.

Sheer strake – The top strake of a ship side shell plating.

Shell expansion – A plan showing the seams and butts, thickness and associated welding of all plates.

6.3 Choose the correct words or phrases and label marked components:

Inner bottom, Tranverse bulkhead, Floor, Longitudinal bulkhead, Sheer strake, Bilge plating

Transverse section in way of cargo hold

1 The total buoyant force is equal to the total weight but the distribution of the weight and buoyancy along the length of the ship are not similar.

2 The difference between the weight and buoyancy at any point is the load at that point.

3 In some cases the load is an excess of weight over buoyancy and in others an excess of buoyancy over weight.

4 If the buoyancy amidships exceeds the weight, the ship will hog.

5 If the weight amidships exceeds the buoyancy the ship will sag.

STEERING SYSTEM

7.1 Record unknown terms in your vocabulary notebook Use your dictionary to check the meaning.

Flap, Heading box, Rudder blade, Rudder stock, Rotary vane steering gear, CP propeller

7.3 Match the words with correct definitions.

A pivoting structure which acts as a control surface to direct a ship’s movement in a horizontal plane.

The shaft which connects the rudder blade to the steering gear.

A bearing which carries the whole weight of the rudder blade and the tiller.

The machinery which provides a movement of the rudder in response to a signal from the bridge.

Picture courtesy of Van der Velden

7.4 Manoeuvring information Translate into your native language

1 Manoeuvring information contains the pilot card, wheelhouse poster and manoeuvring booklet.

2 The pilot card is intended to provide information to the pilot It should describe the current loading condition of the ship, propulsion and manoeuvring equipment.

3 The wheelhouse poster, describing the manoeuvring characteristics of the ship, should be permanently displayed in the wheelhouse.

4 The manoeuvring booklet should be available on board and should contain details of the ship manoeuvring characteristics and other relevant data.

STEERING GEARS

8.2 Choose the correct words or phrases from the terms below and label the photos:

Ram-type steering gear, Tiller, Power pack, Rotary vane steering gear

A welded construction or a casting providing support for the rudder blade and minimizing

• the bending moment in the rudder stock.

An arm attached to rudder stock which turns the rudder blade.

A hydraulic cylinder or a hydraulic motor which converts hydraulic pressure into mechanical action to move

8.4 What type of steering gear is being described in each of these sentences?

A hydraulic mechanism features a vaned rotor that rotates within a vaned stator, creating chambers between the rotor's vanes and the stator's vanes The rotor's movement is initiated by supplying oil to specific chambers while simultaneously removing it from others.

8.5 Rules Translate to your native language.

1 Steering gear control shall be provided both on the navigational bridge and in the steering gear compartment.

2 A means of communication shall be provided between the navigation bridge and the steering gear compartment.

3 The steering gear compartment shall be readily accessible and, as far as possible, separated from machinery spaces.

4 Handrails and gratings or other nonslip surfaces shall be arranged to ensure suitable working conditions in the event of hydraulic fluid leakage

9.2 Label the elements marked in the photo.

1 The fishtail rudder improves both the course keeping and the vessel control characteristics.

2 The semi-spade rudder is supported by a horn.

3 The cone coupling is used to fasten the rudder blade to the rudder stock.

4 Rudder blade sole should be rounded at the leading edge in order to avoid local cavitation and erosion.

5 Rotary steering gears have the rudder carrier integrated.

Photo J BabiczPhoto courtesy of Becker Marine Systems

9.4 Match the words with the correct definitions.

A device used to indicate the actual position of the rudder blade to ship’s personnel and pilots in the wheel-

• house, bridge wings and engine control room.

A rudder with a part of the blade surface put forward of the axis so the water pressure on this portion counter-

• balance that on the aft part.

A new type of spade rudder comprising a special asymmetrical section offset to port and starboard at the

A high-lift rudder with a pivoting flap installed on the blade trailing edge.

10.1 Find unknown terms and record them in your vocabulary notebook Use your dictionary to check the meaning.

10.2 Label marked elements in this photo.

Combined windlass/mooring winch with split drum

7 _ 8 _ 9 _ 10.3 Translate into your native language:

The anchoring equipment includes two high-holding power bower anchors, each linked to 495 meters of 44mm diameter anchor chain The forecastle features two combined windlass/mooring winches, equipped with split drums and warping heads, while the aft ship is fitted with an additional mooring winch and a combined winch for the stern anchor and mooring The anchor/mooring winch includes a warping head, a mooring drum, and a wire drum specifically for the stern anchor All winches are powered by a high-pressure hydraulic system, with the power pack located on deck.

10.4 Fill the gaps with the correct words.

1 The mass of is not to be less than 60% of the total mass of the anchor.

2 required by rules is not designed to stop a ship which is moving or drifting.

3 Before releasing anchors, a check should be made that no is under the bow.

4 The shall be bolted down to a substantial foundation.

10.5 Match the words with the correct definitions

Cable lifter – Chain stopper – Chain locker – _

A device used to hold the anchor cable in place while the ship is at anchor.

A compartment located under the windlass where the anchor chains are stowed.

A steel casting in the form of a barrel with specially shaped “snugs”.

Electric mooring winch with split-type drum on the Forecastle Deck

5 6 7 8 11.2 Choose the correct words and label the photo

Mooring wire, Reduction gear, Windlass, Storage drum, Cable lifter, Band brake, Tiller,

Brake anchor, Warping end, Flange, Mooring line, Tension drum, Power pack

1 Mooring winch with split-type drum can maintain a constant brake holding capacity.

2 Winch drum is driven by a motor through a reduction gear.

3 For safety reasons, it is highly desirable to lead mooring lines from winch drums directly to the shipside fairlead.

To ensure optimal performance, the distance between the winch drum and the fairlead must be maintained to prevent the fleet angle from exceeding 1.5 degrees This angle represents the maximum deviation of the line from a perpendicular direction relative to the drum axis.

Bollard – Mooring and Towing Manual - _

A document with index and characteristics of machinery, equipment, shipboard fittings and ropes available

Bollards and bitts, fairleads, rollers and chocks used for the normal mooring of the ship and similar compo-

• nents used for the normal towing of the ship.

A rectangular base upon which two vertical bitts are welded.

The hull structure supporting mooring equipment and fittings (capstans, winches, etc.) used for the normal

11.5 Vocabulary: mooring lines Study definitions below and label lines in the sketch.

Breast lines – Mooring lines leading ashore as perpendicular as possible to the ship fore and aft line. Head lines – Mooring lines leading ashore from the fore end of a ship.

Spring lines – Mooring lines leading on a nearly fore and aft direction to prevent longitudinal movement: headsprings prevent forward motion and backsprings - aft motion.

Stern lines – Mooring lines leading ashore from the after end of a ship.

12.2 Read the sentences below and label mooring fittings marked in the photos

Use a dictionary to help you if necessary.

Bollards are used to secure the mooring lines.

Panama-type chocks are either deck mounted or bulwark mounted.

Rollers can be installed at the deck's edge to function as roller fairleads, or they can be positioned on a pedestal elsewhere on the deck to ensure a proper lead to a winch drum or warping head.

Universal roller fairlead consists of several cylindrical rollers.

1 All personnel involved in mooring operations should wear suitable

2 _ lines should be oriented as parallel as possible to the longitudinal centre line of the ship.

3 Mooring lines should be arranged as symmetrically as possible about

4 When the ship is in its final position the mooring lines are secured to onboard.

5 should be frequently inspected for wear.

Mooring lines – Breast lines – Head lines – _ Messenger line – _ Spring lines –

Mooring lines leading ashore as perpendicular as possible to the longitudinal centre line of the ship.

Ropes or wires used to secure a ship at a berth.

Mooring lines leading ashore from the fore end of a ship.

Mooring lines leading in a nearly fore and aft directions to prevent longitudinal

A light line attached to the end of a main mooring line and used to assist

• in heaving the mooring to the shore.

1 It is recommended to provide closed chocks, associated bollards and warping ends for a number of sec- ondary lines equal to at least 50% of the ship’s primary mooring lines.

2 Mooring fittings require adequate clearance for routine operations, and winches have to be arranged to provide an adequate fleet angle for the drum.

3 The minimum distance between a bollard and fairlead should be 1.8m in order to provide adequate space for the application of rope stoppers.

4 The minimum distance from the drum to the fairlead should be approximately 19 times the drum width.

13.1 Look at the photos and translate the text below into your native language.

The vessel features two pontoon-type steel hatch covers, capable of supporting a maximum load of 1.75t/m², designed with a closed underside to comply with grain cargo regulations These covers are equipped with stainless steel quick-acting cleats for secure fastening and are lifted and stacked using a gantry-type hatch cover crane, which also manages the removable grain bulkheads.

2 Gantry-type hatch cover crane

13.2 Study the illustration and complete the following sentences:

1 The hydraulic cylinders for of hatch covers are located at the end of hatch coaming.

2 The trailing pair is operated by connected to bell crank arms at the sides of the covers.

3 The are designed to accept container stack loads up to 45t/40ft units.

4 Battening of all covers to the coaming is effected by manual

Multi-folding covers operated by external hydraulic cylinders and bell crank arms

Lifting wheel for trailing pair

External hydraulic cylinder for bell crank

External hydraulic cylinder for leading pair

Crane house, Jib, Pedestal, Adaptor, Block, Ramshorn hook, Jib support, Cabin

Wire-luffing cranes for handling containers and general cargoes

Lifting capacity, Max working radius, Min working radius, Hoisting speed, Luffing time, Slewing speed, Slewing angle, Weight

Hoisting – Lifting the crane hook.

Luffing – A term which denotes the movement of a crane jib or derrick boom to move up or down I.e “Luff up” or “Luff down”.

Slewing – Rotation about a vertical axis in a horizontal plane.

Cranes can perform hoisting, luffing, and slewing motions independently, allowing them to operate at full speed and maximum capacity simultaneously across all three movements.

15.2 Complete the following sentences with words: buoyant smoke signal, immersion suit, lifeboat, rocket parachute flare, lifejacket.

1 When lowering a no mechanical assistance apart from gravity is applied.

2 Try out the before an emergency occurs.

3 An _ designed to be worn without a lifejacket shall be fitted with a light and the whistle.

4 The shall, when fired vertically, reach an altitude of not less than 300m.

5 The shall emit smoke of a highly visible colour at a uniform rate for a period of not less than 3 min.

Dropping a davit-launched lifeboat from the falls into the water is prohibited, as even a drop from just one meter can lead to severe personal injuries and potential structural damage to the lifeboat.

Simulated launching of free-fall lifeboats -

Strops attached to a strong point other than the hook on the boat and to the fall block during launching and

• recovery procedures or an approved metal pin inserted in the on-load release hooks to prevent inadvertent release.

Means of training the crew in the free-fall release procedure of free-fall lifeboats and in verifying the satisfac-

• tory function of the free-fall release system without allowing the lifeboat to fall into the sea.

On-load release mechanisms designed to permit the release of the lifeboat from fall wires when ship is still

• making way through the water or in rough sea.

1 There are reported to be about 80 types of on-load release hooks in service Some of these systems are described by accident investigators as “inherently unsafe” or “unstable”.

2 Many of the original manufactures of these systems are no longer trading and this leads to a situation where spare parts are not available creating problems with proper maintenance.

3 Testing the on-load release mechanism must be carried out by equipment manufacturers or their author- ized representatives.

4 All Shat-Harding cruise tenders and lifeboats are fitted with the new generation on-load release hooks.

16.2 Liferaft launching stations Choose the correct words or phrases and label elements marked in the photos

Cradle, Hydrostatic release unit, Ramp, Embarkation ladder, Painter

Every cargo ship must ensure that its davit-launched liferaft is designed to allow all personnel to board within three minutes of receiving the boarding instruction.

16.3 Personal life-saving appliances Choose the correct words or phrases and label the photos

Lifebuoy, Lifebuoy with self-igniting light, Self-activating smoke signal, Lifejacket, Immersion suit, Thermal protective aids, Anti-exposure suit

Make sure the following happens on your vessel:

1 The liferaft is NOT stowed in an area where rigging will prevent the liferaft from being able to leave the vessel.

2 The liferaft is NOT stowed in a cradle that is too tight to release the liferaft in an emergency.

3 There is NO cover over the liferaft that may stop it from inflating.

4 Gear is NOT stowed around the liferaft, making manual operation difficult and reducing the liferafts ability to deploy.

5 Easy access IS provided to the liferaft when it is stored in a difficult location, e.g the wheelhouse roof.

17.2 Choose the correct words from the terms below and label the photo

Davit-launched lifeboat, Rescue boat, Embarkation ladder, Rescue boat davit, Free-fall lifeboat, Lifebuoy, Embarkation station

17.3 SOLAS requirements Translate into your native language.

1 Rescue boat shall be stowed in state of continuous readiness for launching in not more than 5 min., in a position suitable for launching and recovery.

2 Recovery time of the rescue boat shall be not more than 5 min in moderate sea conditions when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment.

3 Rescue boat embarkation and recovery arrangements shall allow for safe and efficient handling of a stretcher case.

17.4 Find logical ending for each of the sentences.

The rescue boat davit is composed of a davit arm, column, and winch, which work together to efficiently deploy the rescue boat The process of slewing out the manned rescue boat is initiated from within the boat itself, allowing for precise control during deployment Lowering the boat is achieved through a gravity-assisted mechanism, ensuring a smooth descent Recovery of the rescue boat and its crew is a critical operation that can be performed swiftly and safely Additionally, hoisting the boat can be executed manually or through a remote control pull wire, providing flexibility in operation.

• by means of accumulated power from a hydraulic power pack unit.

• by using the crank handle of the winch.

• and built-on hydraulic power pack unit.

• controlled by means of a remote control pull wire.

• realized by using the electric driven winch.

Rescue boat with davit and liferafts on AHTS

UNIT 18 GLOBAL MARITIME DISTRESS SYSTEM

Cospas-Sarsat is an international satelite-based search and rescue system, established by Canada, France, the United States, and Russia.

Navtex is an international, automated system for instantly distributing maritime navigational warnings, weather forecasts and warnings, search and rescue notices and similar information to ships.

1 The 406 MHz Emergency Position-Indicating Beacon (EPIRB) is an element of the GMDSS designed to operate with Cospas-Sarsat system.

2 EPIRBs are tracking transmitters which aid in the detection and location of ships, aircraft and people in distress.

3 EPIRBs are designed to transmit to alert rescue coordination centers via the satellite system from anywhere in the world.

4 Digital Selective Calling (DSC) is intended to initiate ship-to-ship, ship-to-shore and shore-to-ship radiotel- ephone and MF/HF radiotelex calls.

19.1 Record unknown terms in your vocabulary notebook Use your dictionary to check the meaning. 19.2 Look at the photo and fill the gaps in sentences below with the correct words.

Shafts are connected to each other by means of

The support the weight of the shafts.

The propeller shaft connects the shafting system inside the ship with

The guides the propeller shaft through the hull.

In the sterntube the is supported by two oil-lubricated bearings: the aft and forward bearing.

19.3 Find a logical ending on the right for each of the beginnings on the left.

The diesel engine is the most prevalent power source in maritime transportation, ensuring reliability and efficiency Gas turbines are frequently utilized in various marine applications for their high power-to-weight ratio and quick start-up capabilities LNG carriers and naval vessels may have advanced propulsion systems to enhance performance and meet environmental regulations Additionally, the majority of large cargo vessels are equipped with a diesel mechanical drive, which provides robust and effective power for long-distance voyages.

• a steam turbine as prime mover.

• prime mover in the merchant marine

Transmission components in a diesel direct drive with shaft generator

Fixed pitch propeller, Voith-Schneider propulsor, Azimuthig thruster, Waterjet

1 Fast catamaran ferries are usually propelled by _

2 Tugs can be provided with screw propellers, azimuthing thrusters or _

3 The most common propulsor is the _

4 _ are used for dynamic positioning in the offshore industry.

20.2 Choose the correct words and phrases from the list below and use them to mark the elements in the illustration below

Flexible coupling, Shaft bearing, Main engine, Propeller shaft, Forward sealing, Rope guard, Hydraulic coupling flange, Sterntube, Reduction gear, CP propeller

Geared mechanical drive Controllable pitch propeller is connected to the shaft line by a flange and bolts.

1 A improves the torsional behaviour of the installation.

2 A is installed in order to reduce the revolutions of the engine to the revolutions required for efficient operation of the propeller.

3 The bearing carries the shaft and propeller weight.

4 A is connected to the flange of the propeller shaft by bolts.

Illustration courtesy of Wọrtsilọ Corporation

20.4 Study the photos below and find a logical ending for each of the beginnings.

1 Blade, 2 Hub, also boss, 3 Boss cup, 4 Face, 5 Leading edge, 6 Trailing edge

1 A CP propeller consists of a hub with _

2 Propellers of the CP-type have larger hub compared with FP propellers _

3 If a ship is viewed from aft, the side of the propeller blades facing aft _

4 A propeller is said to be right-handed if viewed from aft

5 The edge of the blade facing the flow of water _

6 The flow leaves the blade is the face or the pressure side of the propeller,

• because the hub has to have space for a hydraulically activated mechanism for control of the

• rotates clockwise during sailing ahead.

• when rotating is the leading edge.

Right-handed controllable pitch propeller Left-handed CP propeller

21.1 Record unknown terms in your vocabulary notebook Use your dictionary to check the meaning. 21.2 Find a logical ending for each of the beginnings.

1 The components in electrical drive: generators, electric motors, _

2 In many cases, the total efficiency of the electric drive will be lower due to

3 The main advantage of an electric concept is that a number of generator sets

4 A practical advantage of an electric propulsion is the flexibility in the arrangement of the equipment the efficiencies of the electric motor, the generators and converters.

• because the prime mover is not mechanically linked to the propeller.

• provide efficient and flexible operation.

• distribution systems and converters, add to the overall costs.

Frequency converter – A device which adapts the voltage and frequency of the power supply to the electric motor as required for the desired motor speed

21.4 Diesel- electric propulsion Translate into your native language:

The electric plant comprises key components including four 2400kW generators, a 690V main switchboard, and 450V and 230V distribution switchboards It features two Low Loss Concept (LLC) units in the switchboard room, frequency converters, and a pair of 3500kW electric propulsion motors that drive two Azipull propulsors, a bow tunnel thruster, and a retractable azimuthing thruster The LLC units ensure a 12-pulse system with low total harmonic distortion and a low short circuit level, supplying power to the 450V switchboard.

22.2 Choose the correct phrases from the list below and mark the illustrations

Swing-up thruster, Retractable thruster, Tunnel thruster, Podded propulsor

Pictures courtesy of Rolls-Royce

22.3 Main components of an azimuthing thruster Read the unit and match the words in bold with num- bers in the illustration below.

An azimuthing thruster shown below consists of the following main components:

1 Fixed pitch propeller in the nozzle.

2 Propeller gearbox containing a bevel gear set This gear set, supported by bearings, transmits the power from the vertical input shaft to the propeller shaft.

3 Upper gearbox also contains a bevel gear set Power generated by the main engine is transferred from the horizontal input shaft to the vertical shaft.

The stem section of the thruster, positioned between the upper gearbox and the propeller gearbox, extends from the hull and houses all components necessary for rotating the thruster around its vertical axis This includes essential elements such as the steering gearbox and the steering angle feedback unit.

5 Auxiliaries: these contain the power pack for the steering system and the lubrication.

6 Controls: these include the control cabinet, monitoring and alarms, and starters for the E-motors driving the hydraulic pumps.

1 Azipod incorporates an electric AC motor mounted directly on a very short propeller shaft driving a fixed pitch propeller.

2 The motor is controlled by a frequency converter, which produces full nominal torque available in either direction over the entire speed range.

A diesel-electric power system is implemented with four MaK/ABB diesel-alternator sets, each generating 2880kW to meet the ship's electrical needs and to power the 4088kW drive motors of two ABB Compact Azipod units, positioned on either side of a central skeg at the stern.

Strut, Pulling propeller, Rotor, Stator, Propeller shaft

UNIT 24 VOITH-SCHNEIDER PROPELLER (VSP)

Dynamic positioning – A system that is utilized to maintain a vessel in a designated position and/or with a designated heading in order to provide a stable platform for different tasks.

Roll stabilisation refers to the damping of a ship's rolling motion, which can be achieved through various systems Active stabilisation systems utilize controlled machines, such as fin stabilisers, to generate a counteracting moment In contrast, passive systems enhance roll resistance by employing mechanisms like bilge keels.

1 Offshore Support Vessels (OSV) are fitted with dynamic positioning systems.

2 Quick and precise steering, fast stopping, as well as high acceleration make the VSP a perfect device for DP operation.

3 Very rapid thrust variation and generation of high moments makes it possible to use the VSP for efficient reduction of the ship rolling motion.

4 The reduction gear and the bevel gear supply energy from the engine to rotate the rotor casing.

1 The profiled blades of the azimuthing propulsor

2 The power required to move the casing of the rotor _

4 Most often the Voith-Schneider Propellers _ are used on double-ended ferries, passenger ships and floating cranes.

• is delivered by the reduction gear and the bevel gear.

• project from the bottom of the ship.

• is used to regulate the pitch to adjust to the motion of the ship.

1 The rudder servomotor is used

2 The VPS allows while the ship _

3 The rotor casing is axially _

4 The position of the lower end of the pivoting control rod determines _

5 The control rod is actuated by the and the

Illustration courtesy of Voith Turbo

1 For high-speed vessels, water jets can be more efficient than propellers.

2 Unlike propellers, waterjets are installed on the transom.

3 Waterjets are usually fitted with thrust deflectors for steering, making rudders unnecessary

4 A waterjet with an inlet diameter of 1300mm is selected for a ship design speed of around 40 knots at full power.

Duct, Hydraulic actuator, Steering nozzle, Reversing bucket, Stator housing, Shaft

Illustration courtesy of Rolls-Royce

Running gear of a low-speed engine

26.2 Look at this picture and find a logical ending for each of the beginnings.

2 The piston crown is made of heat-resistant

3 The piston rod is of forged steel and has

4 The connecting rod is made of forged or cast steel and

5 The crosshead and crankpin bearing caps are secured to the connecting steel and has four ring groves.

• rod with studs and nuts tightened by means of hydraulic jacks.

• hardened running surface for the stuffing box.

• piston crown and piston skirt.

• provided with bearing caps for the crosshead and crankpin bearings.

1 The piston skirt is of cast iron with a bronze band.

2 The piston rod is connected to the crosshead with four screws.

3 The stuffing box is a seal that surrounds the piston rod and protects the oil sump against contamination due to leaks from the combustion chamber.

4 The crosshead bearing consists of a set of thin-walled steel shells, lined with bearing metal.

5 The crankshaft is made of forged steel.

1 Crosshead engines, also called two-stroke engines, operate at lower speeds, than (usually between 90 and 200rpm).

2 are in-line engines, i.e all cylinders are positioned in a line.

3 are also built with two lines of cylinders in a V-configuration.

4 Larger than trunk engines, burn more fuel per stroke, and are capable of producing more power.

5 System oil in crosshead engines is, however, less susceptible to contamination than in trunk engines thanks to crosshead engines’

UNIT 27 CONSTRUCTION OF SLOW-SPEED ENGINE

Cross section of the small-bore two-stroke engine S35ME-B

27.2 Choose the correct words or phrases and label the picture

Piston, Crankshaft, Exhaust valve, Bedplate, Cylinder frame, Connecting rod, Piston rod, Frame box, Piston rod stuffing box, Scavenge air receiver

27.3 Fill the gaps with suitable words.

1 At the aft end of the there is a collar for the thrust bearing.

2 The is provided with bearing caps for crosshead and crankpin bearings.

3 The is provided with cast steel guide shoes.

4 A blocking device prevents the main engine from starting when the is engaged.

5 The consists of a piston and housing located forward of the foremost main bearing.

1 The bedplate is a welded structure.

2 Nodular cast iron is used for the cylinder frame.

3 The crankshaft is a semi-built structure.

4 The piston is bore-cooled and the piston-crown shape has been carefully designed to cope with the engine increased power.

5 The exhaust valve is activated by a light camshaft driven by a chain drive placed in the aft end of the engine.

27.5 Match the words with correct definition

A device which prevents crankcase oil from coming up into the scavenge air space.

A reciprocating block which usually slides in guides and connects the piston rod and the connecting rod.

The upper part of the piston exposed to hot gases in the combustion chamber.

A shaft which changes reciprocating motion of the piston into circular motion.

A component of slow-speed engines which relieves crankcase pressure and prevents flame from escaping from

The vessel is equipped with two bunker stations positioned aft of hold No 2, featuring connections for Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO), Marine Gas Oil (MGO), and Lubricating Oil (LO) The HFO storage tanks are strategically located between the cargo holds and in front of the Engine Room, ensuring efficient fuel management.

2 Fuel Oil Bunkering, Storage & Transfer System receives and stores fuel oils and delivers it to settling tanks

3 The Fuel Oil Treatment System consists of centrifugal separators, feed pumps, heaters and related control systems.

ANCHORING EQUIPMENT

10.1 Find unknown terms and record them in your vocabulary notebook Use your dictionary to check the meaning.

10.2 Label marked elements in this photo.

Combined windlass/mooring winch with split drum

7 _ 8 _ 9 _ 10.3 Translate into your native language:

The anchoring equipment includes two high-holding power bower anchors, each linked to 495 meters of 44mm diameter anchor chain cable The forecastle features two combined windlass/mooring winches with split drums and warping heads, while the aft ship is equipped with one mooring winch and a combined winch for the stern anchor and mooring The anchor/mooring winch is designed with a warping head, a mooring drum, and a wire drum for the stern anchor, all powered by a high-pressure hydraulic system with the power pack located on deck.

10.4 Fill the gaps with the correct words.

1 The mass of is not to be less than 60% of the total mass of the anchor.

2 required by rules is not designed to stop a ship which is moving or drifting.

3 Before releasing anchors, a check should be made that no is under the bow.

4 The shall be bolted down to a substantial foundation.

10.5 Match the words with the correct definitions

Cable lifter – Chain stopper – Chain locker – _

A device used to hold the anchor cable in place while the ship is at anchor.

A compartment located under the windlass where the anchor chains are stowed.

A steel casting in the form of a barrel with specially shaped “snugs”.

MOORING WINCHES

Electric mooring winch with split-type drum on the Forecastle Deck

5 6 7 8 11.2 Choose the correct words and label the photo

Mooring wire, Reduction gear, Windlass, Storage drum, Cable lifter, Band brake, Tiller,

Brake anchor, Warping end, Flange, Mooring line, Tension drum, Power pack

1 Mooring winch with split-type drum can maintain a constant brake holding capacity.

2 Winch drum is driven by a motor through a reduction gear.

3 For safety reasons, it is highly desirable to lead mooring lines from winch drums directly to the shipside fairlead.

To ensure optimal performance, the distance between the winch drum and the fairlead must be maintained to prevent the fleet angle from exceeding 1.5 degrees This angle represents the maximum deviation of the line from a perpendicular direction to the drum axis.

Bollard – Mooring and Towing Manual - _

A document with index and characteristics of machinery, equipment, shipboard fittings and ropes available

Bollards and bitts, fairleads, rollers and chocks used for the normal mooring of the ship and similar compo-

• nents used for the normal towing of the ship.

A rectangular base upon which two vertical bitts are welded.

The hull structure supporting mooring equipment and fittings (capstans, winches, etc.) used for the normal

11.5 Vocabulary: mooring lines Study definitions below and label lines in the sketch.

Breast lines – Mooring lines leading ashore as perpendicular as possible to the ship fore and aft line. Head lines – Mooring lines leading ashore from the fore end of a ship.

Spring lines – Mooring lines leading on a nearly fore and aft direction to prevent longitudinal movement: headsprings prevent forward motion and backsprings - aft motion.

Stern lines – Mooring lines leading ashore from the after end of a ship.

MOORING GUIDELINES

12.2 Read the sentences below and label mooring fittings marked in the photos

Use a dictionary to help you if necessary.

Bollards are used to secure the mooring lines.

Panama-type chocks are either deck mounted or bulwark mounted.

Rollers can be installed at the deck's edge as roller fairleads or positioned on a pedestal elsewhere on the deck to ensure a proper lead to a winch drum or warping head.

Universal roller fairlead consists of several cylindrical rollers.

1 All personnel involved in mooring operations should wear suitable

2 _ lines should be oriented as parallel as possible to the longitudinal centre line of the ship.

3 Mooring lines should be arranged as symmetrically as possible about

4 When the ship is in its final position the mooring lines are secured to onboard.

5 should be frequently inspected for wear.

Mooring lines – Breast lines – Head lines – _ Messenger line – _ Spring lines –

Mooring lines leading ashore as perpendicular as possible to the longitudinal centre line of the ship.

Ropes or wires used to secure a ship at a berth.

Mooring lines leading ashore from the fore end of a ship.

Mooring lines leading in a nearly fore and aft directions to prevent longitudinal

A light line attached to the end of a main mooring line and used to assist

• in heaving the mooring to the shore.

1 It is recommended to provide closed chocks, associated bollards and warping ends for a number of sec- ondary lines equal to at least 50% of the ship’s primary mooring lines.

2 Mooring fittings require adequate clearance for routine operations, and winches have to be arranged to provide an adequate fleet angle for the drum.

3 The minimum distance between a bollard and fairlead should be 1.8m in order to provide adequate space for the application of rope stoppers.

4 The minimum distance from the drum to the fairlead should be approximately 19 times the drum width.

HATCH COVERS

13.1 Look at the photos and translate the text below into your native language.

The vessel features two pontoon-type steel hatch covers, each designed to support a maximum load of 1.75t/m², ensuring compliance with grain cargo regulations through their closed underside Equipped with stainless steel quick-acting cleats, these covers are efficiently lifted and stacked using a gantry-type hatch cover crane, which also manages the removable grain bulkheads.

2 Gantry-type hatch cover crane

13.2 Study the illustration and complete the following sentences:

1 The hydraulic cylinders for of hatch covers are located at the end of hatch coaming.

2 The trailing pair is operated by connected to bell crank arms at the sides of the covers.

3 The are designed to accept container stack loads up to 45t/40ft units.

4 Battening of all covers to the coaming is effected by manual

Multi-folding covers operated by external hydraulic cylinders and bell crank arms

Lifting wheel for trailing pair

External hydraulic cylinder for bell crank

External hydraulic cylinder for leading pair

Crane house, Jib, Pedestal, Adaptor, Block, Ramshorn hook, Jib support, Cabin

Wire-luffing cranes for handling containers and general cargoes

Lifting capacity, Max working radius, Min working radius, Hoisting speed, Luffing time, Slewing speed, Slewing angle, Weight

Hoisting – Lifting the crane hook.

Luffing – A term which denotes the movement of a crane jib or derrick boom to move up or down I.e “Luff up” or “Luff down”.

Slewing – Rotation about a vertical axis in a horizontal plane.

Cranes can operate at full speed with all three movements—hoisting, luffing, and slewing—functioning independently of one another, allowing for maximum capacity and efficiency in their operations.

15.2 Complete the following sentences with words: buoyant smoke signal, immersion suit, lifeboat, rocket parachute flare, lifejacket.

1 When lowering a no mechanical assistance apart from gravity is applied.

2 Try out the before an emergency occurs.

3 An _ designed to be worn without a lifejacket shall be fitted with a light and the whistle.

4 The shall, when fired vertically, reach an altitude of not less than 300m.

5 The shall emit smoke of a highly visible colour at a uniform rate for a period of not less than 3 min.

Dropping a davit-launched lifeboat from the falls into the water is strictly prohibited, as even a fall from just one meter can lead to severe personal injuries and potential structural damage.

Simulated launching of free-fall lifeboats -

Strops attached to a strong point other than the hook on the boat and to the fall block during launching and

• recovery procedures or an approved metal pin inserted in the on-load release hooks to prevent inadvertent release.

Means of training the crew in the free-fall release procedure of free-fall lifeboats and in verifying the satisfac-

• tory function of the free-fall release system without allowing the lifeboat to fall into the sea.

On-load release mechanisms designed to permit the release of the lifeboat from fall wires when ship is still

• making way through the water or in rough sea.

1 There are reported to be about 80 types of on-load release hooks in service Some of these systems are described by accident investigators as “inherently unsafe” or “unstable”.

2 Many of the original manufactures of these systems are no longer trading and this leads to a situation where spare parts are not available creating problems with proper maintenance.

3 Testing the on-load release mechanism must be carried out by equipment manufacturers or their author- ized representatives.

4 All Shat-Harding cruise tenders and lifeboats are fitted with the new generation on-load release hooks.

16.2 Liferaft launching stations Choose the correct words or phrases and label elements marked in the photos

Cradle, Hydrostatic release unit, Ramp, Embarkation ladder, Painter

Every cargo ship's davit-launched liferaft must be designed to accommodate its full capacity of individuals within three minutes of the boarding instruction being issued.