Description of the spanish energy system

INTRODUCTION

The COMET project focuses on assessing the techno-economic feasibility of integrating carbon dioxide transport and storage infrastructures in the West Mediterranean region, specifically in Portugal, Spain, and Morocco The feasibility study will explore various energy system development scenarios from 2010 to 2050, considering the locations of major CO2 point sources and the geological storage potential in each country Long-term energy system development in Portugal, Spain, and Morocco will be modeled and analyzed using the technical economic models MARKAL/TIMES.

This report provides a comprehensive overview of the Spanish energy system and its policies, focusing specifically on the year 2005 It presents both quantitative and qualitative data necessary for modeling Spain's energy system Additionally, this report serves as a complement to technical note 5.3.3., which details the TIMES-Spain model.

A comprehensive literature review has been conducted to gather quantitative data for updating the Spanish energy system model, focusing on energy supply technologies, end-use demand devices, carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies, and relevant energy and environmental policies This data, alongside socio-economic drivers, is essential for creating alternative projections of energy service demands The integration of these elements is approached from a systems perspective, as outlined in Tosato (2009).

This report compiles data from various national and international sources, primarily gathered until November 2010, with updates made in December 2012 to reflect recent developments in the Spanish energy system.

TN 5.2.3 – Description of the Spanish energy system and policies

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY

Spain, situated in the South-Western region of Europe, covers an area of 504,645 km² and occupies 85% of the Iberian Peninsula The country also includes the Balearic and Canary Islands, along with the African cities of Ceuta and Melilla.

Figure 1 Map of peninsular Spain

Source: Dpto Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio, University of Zaragoza The average temperature in 2011 for the Iberian Peninsula was 16 ºC Year 2011 was the hottest year since

Figure 2 Historical temperatures in Spain

Source: Spanish Meteorology Agency, AEMET: http://www.aemet.es/es/noticias/2012/01/climaticoano2011

Spain's climatic indicators, particularly Heating Degree Days (HDD) and Cooling Degree Days (CDD), significantly differ from the EU27 averages Spain records 1267 HDD and 261 CDD, while the EU27, along with Croatia, Norway, Turkey, and Iceland, averages 2921 HDD and 91 CDD (CICETO, 2009) Additionally, Figure 3 illustrates the evolution of HDD in Spain since 1990, highlighting its comparison with the average, maximum, and minimum values across Europe.

European Union (27 countries) max min Spain

Figure 3 Heating degree days evolution

MACRO AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DRIVERS

Population

By November 2011, total population reached 46.8 million, with growth of almost 6 million persons in a decade mostly due to the large flow of immigrants (5.3 million in 2011)

The average population density is 93 inhabitants/km 2 although it is very variable across regions (EU27 is

According to Eurostat (2010), Spain has a population density of 117 inhabitants per square kilometer, with a significant concentration in coastal regions and the metropolitan area of Madrid Notably, 32% of the total population resides in seven major metropolitan areas, while the inner regions of Spain exhibit very low population density.

Figure 4 Population density in Europe

Source: IIASA European Rural Development (ERD) Project: http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/ERD/DB/mapdb/map_9.htm

The Spanish Statistics Institute (INE) reports a significant slowdown in population growth, with rates declining from 1.2% annually in 2008 to just 0.3% in 2010, and remaining stable until 2020 Projections indicate that growth will fall below 1% in subsequent decades, leading to an estimated population of approximately 48 million by 2050 In contrast, Eurostat presents a more optimistic outlook, suggesting that population growth will persist in line with current trends.

Over the past 17 years, the population is projected to exceed 53 million by 2050, largely influenced by varying assumptions regarding immigration rates As these rates are currently declining, the projections made by the INE appear to be more realistic.

20 50 m ill io n i nh ab it an ts

Historical series INE Long term population projections Eurostat Population projections

Figure 5 Long term population projections

Economy

Spain became a member of the European Union (EU) in 1986, experiencing significant economic growth until 2007 However, recent data from 2012 indicates a decline, with a negative growth rate of -1.6% attributed to the global crisis, as reported by the Spanish Statistic Institute (INE) The evolution of GDP in constant Euros, with 2008 as the reference year, illustrates these changes over recent years.

Figure 6 GDP evolution in Spain from 2005

Spain is currently grappling with significant economic challenges, including the need to overcome the ongoing crisis, reduce the high unemployment rate, and align its monetary and economic policies with those of a unified Europe Inflation has fluctuated, with the consumer price index (CPI) growth rate recorded at 3.4% in 2005 and 2.1% in 2012 compared to 2011 Additionally, public debt was estimated to be around 55% of GDP by 2010 Since the implementation of the Euro in 2002, Spain has shared its currency with most EU member countries.

GDP per capita in Purchasing Power

Standards % with respect to EU27 (100) 97 102 104 99

Annual GDP growth annual % growth 5.0 8.1 -3.7 0.1

GDP in Million Euro Million Euro current prices 629,907 909,298 1,048,060 1,048,883

GDP per capita Euro current prices - 20,900 22,394 22,412

Table 1 Main demographic and economic indicators

Sources: Eurostat and INE database

Recent data on Spain's GDP and macroeconomic indicators reveals significant fluctuations over the years As illustrated in Figure 7, the GDP per capita has shown notable changes since 1990 The country faced a recession in 2009, marked by a GDP decline of over 3% compared to 2008 Although there was a slight positive growth in 2010, Figure 6 indicates that this did not lead to a sustained economic recovery, as negative growth resumed in 2012 Additionally, the GDP per capita in Spain has been impacted by changes in purchasing power standards over the past year.

(2010) was 1% lower than the average of the EU-27.

Evolution of GDP per capita in current prices

European Union (27 countries) European Union (15 countries) Spain

Figure 7 Evolution of GDP per capita

In 2009, the composition of GDP revealed that the industrial sector accounted for 12% of the total GDP while employing 28.6% of the workforce Meanwhile, the services sector made a significant contribution of 67% to the GDP, with trade, transport, and communications representing 26% of this total, alongside business and financial services.

The agriculture sector contributes 3% to the GDP and employs 5.7% of the working-age population, while services and industry account for 22% and 19% respectively, employing 65% of the population Although the GDP shares are similar to the EU average, agriculture and services slightly exceed it, while the industrial share is marginally lower.

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT AT MARKET PRICES 909298 985547 1053161 1087788 1048060

- Final consumption expenditure of general government 24% 24% 24% 25% 27%

- Acquisitions less disposals of valuables 0,4% 1% 0,9% 1% 2%

Exports of goods and services 233387 259130 283331 288217 250667

Imports of goods and services 281289 321800 354119 351497 270189

Net taxes on products and imports 11% 11% 10% 8% 7%

Table 2 GDP composition in million Euros

Source: INE www.ine.es

NPISH : Non-profit institutions serving households

After experiencing a recession in 2008 and 2009, GDP growth returned to positive territory in 2011 with a rate of 1.4%, only to decline again in 2012 to -1.6% National sources, including IDAE (2010), projected an optimistic GDP growth of approximately 2.2% for 2011, 2012, and 2013, with expectations of around 2.5% from 2014 to 2020 Additionally, alternative GDP projections indicated even higher growth rates, as illustrated in Table 3, which presents long-term scenarios derived from GEM-E3 and EUROSTAT data.

Table 3 Projections of the GDP growth (%)

Source: International Monetary Fund (http://www.econstats.com/weo/CESP.htm)

Other socioeconomic drivers

According to the data from the last census of populations and dwellings (INE, 2001), in the decade from

Between 1990 and 2000, the number of households increased by 20%, significantly outpacing the 5% growth in population This shift can be attributed to changes in household structure and size, including a rise in single-person households and a decline in families with four or more children, alongside an increase in childless couples.

From 2000 to 2006, Spain's residential sector experienced significant growth driven by economic expansion, which led to an increase in new housing construction This surge in construction not only contributed to the housing market but also had a substantial multiplier effect on the economy, making it a crucial factor in Spain's economic development during a time of favorable financing conditions.

2 Household: group of people living in the same dwelling Dwelling: house intended to be occupied as a residence

In recent years, the construction sector was a key driver of economic growth in Spain; however, the economic crisis reversed this trend, leading to a significant decline in demand for new homes and a slowdown in construction activities By 2009, it was estimated that there was an accumulated unsold stock of approximately 688,000 dwellings.

During this period, Figure 8 illustrates the balance between newly constructed and demolished dwellings, with a demolition rate of approximately 0.21% of the total housing stock This data highlights the trends in the overall number of dwellings in the country throughout the specified timeframe.

New and demolished dwellings in the period 2002-2008

Number of dwellings evolution in the period 2001-2008

Residential use Second residence or other uses

Figure 8 New and demolished dwellings in the period 2002-2008 and evolution of the number of dwellings in the period 2001-2008

Source: Statistics of the Ministerio de Fomento(http://www.mviv.es)

According to national figures, the average surface area of the Spanish dwellings is around 120 m2 (Source: Statistics of the Ministerio de Fomento, http://www.mviv.es)

In recent years, the occupation of dwellings has been analyzed by examining the ratio of the population to the number of primary residential units, excluding second homes and other uses This analysis reveals a decline in the number of residents per dwelling until 2007, after which the trend reversed, resulting in an average of approximately 2.75 inhabitants per dwelling.

Figure 9 Evolution of the number of inhabitants per dwelling in the period 2001-2008

Sources: Statistics of the Ministerio de Fomento (http://www.mviv.es), and INE

OVERVIEW OF THE ENERGY SYSTEM

Overview

In 2005, Spain's energy balance revealed that primary energy sources were predominantly crude oil and gas, with lesser contributions from coal, nuclear energy, imported oil products, and biomass A significant portion of the oil and gas was imported, while 42% of coal was produced domestically Renewable energy accounted for approximately 12% of the primary energy supply, resulting in only 26% of the total primary energy being sourced from within Spain For a visual comparison, refer to Figure 10, which illustrates the energy balance for the year 2010.

Crude oil is refined into products primarily for the transport sector, with the industrial sector also being a significant consumer Natural gas is predominantly utilized by the industrial sector, with 23.5% of its consumption dedicated to electricity and combined heat and power (CHP) plants Coal is primarily used for electricity generation, with minimal use in the industrial sector Renewable energy sources are mainly harnessed for electricity production, while solar energy, biomass, and waste energy also contribute to the residential and industrial sectors.

In 2005, the electricity system held an economic value of 31,682 million Euros, representing 1.24% of the GDP, while the overall energy system was valued at 70,806 million Euros, accounting for 8% of the GDP.

Oil products Gas Nuclear Hydro Geotherm

Table 5 Energy balance for 2005 in PJ Assumption for non fossil energy use 1:1 primary: final

Figure 10 E-sankey diagram representing the national energy balance in 2010, Source: (SEE, 2011)

Primary energy

Spain's primary energy supply in 2000, 2005, and 2010 highlights a reliance on petroleum products, accounting for approximately 50%, and gas products at around 24% The share of coal in the energy mix has significantly declined due to reduced power production, falling demand, and the rise of renewable energies and gas combined cycle power plants In fact, coal consumption in 2010 was 20% lower than in 2009 While nuclear energy has remained stable in absolute terms, renewable energies still contribute a modest portion to the primary energy supply, with wind energy showing notable growth in recent years.

Renewables 262.1 7.0 292.9 5.6 371.9 6.1 615.0 11.1 biomass (MSW, biomass and biogas) 169.6 4.3 n.a n.a 210.5 3.4 211.4 3.8 biofuels n.a n.a n.a n.a 11.1 0.2 60.4 1.1 geothermal 0.1 0.0 n.a n.a 0.3 0.0 0.9 0.0 hydro 91.5 2.3 106.2 2 70.5 1.2 142.0 2.6 wind 0.04 0.0 n.a n.a 766.4 1.3 157.8 2.8 solar n.a n.a n.a n.a 2.9 0.0 42.8 0.8

Total Primary Energy Supply (PJ) 3921.7 100 5225.1 100 6115.7 100 5566.0 100

Table 6 Total primary energy supply by energy carrier (PJ)

Final energy

In 2009, final energy demand dropped by 7.4% compared to 2008, primarily due to reduced consumption in the industry and transport sectors, with industrial energy demand falling by 11.2% as a result of decreased activity This trend was also observed in other sectors, including commercial and transport Additionally, milder climate conditions in 2008 contributed to the lower energy demand However, the situation changed in 2010.

The discrepancies between the national data presented here and the figures in Table 6 from the IEA stem from variations in data compilation methods utilized by these two sources.

25 energy demand grew 2.3% regarding 2009, with an increase of 5.6% consumption in industry and a decrease of 1.7% in transport

In 2010, coal consumption increased by 22.9% compared to 2009, rebounding from a significant decline the previous year The iron and steel industry emerged as the largest consumer, with a 28.3% rise in coal use, followed by the cement industry at 15.8% and the residential sector.

In 2010, oil product consumption fell by 1.5% compared to 2009, primarily due to reduced goods transportation and a stagnant car fleet, which resulted in lower petrol and diesel usage Additionally, a slowdown in construction activities and a shift towards natural gas in the residential sector contributed to decreased demand for LPG and diesel used for heating.

In 2010, gas consumption surged by 11.7%, marking a return to pre-2009 levels following a significant decline the previous year This increase can be attributed to milder climate conditions compared to 2009, along with heightened activity in both the commercial and industrial sectors.

Energy Intensity

Primary Energy intensity (Primary energy/GDP) in 2010 was 7163GJ/€2000 Table 7 and Figure 11 show the evolution of energy intensity from 1980 to 2010

From 1980 to 1998, primary energy intensity fluctuated between 195 and 193 toe/Mill Euro (8171 and 8087 GJ/€) After 1998, it stabilized above 190 toe/M€ before beginning a decline in 2005, with a slight increase in 2010 This downward trend prior to the economic crisis can be attributed to overall economic expansion and reduced primary energy consumption Despite the ongoing economic crisis, energy intensity continues to decline, suggesting that structural or technological factors are at play Notably, energy intensity began its decrease in 2005, while GDP growth persisted until 2008, as shown in Table 7.

Table 7 Primary energy consumption per GDP in toe/Mill Euro 2000

Figure 11 Evolution of the primary energy intensity in Spain from 1980 to 2010

Energy intensity (EI) in Spain has shown an opposite evolution trend than in other European countries (Figure 12)

Figure 12 Evolution of the primary and final energy intensity in Spain and EU-15 from 1995 to 2009

In 1995, Spain's energy intensity (EI) was comparable to that of the EU-15; however, a significant rise in energy consumption followed, driven by the convergence to European standards, increased demand for electric equipment, and a growing number of vehicles per household, coupled with low energy prices This surge outpaced GDP growth, leading to a widening gap between Spain's EI and that of the EU-15, peaking in 2004 before Spain's EI began to recover.

Final energy intensity evolution by subsector between 1995 and 2008 is shown in Table 8 and Figure 13 below (Mendiluce, 2010) In this period there are two differentiated phases, the first one from 1995 to

From 2004 to 2005, the Energy Intensity (EI) exhibited a growth trend that contrasted with the EU-15's trajectory However, after 2005, various factors led to a decline in energy consumption and a subsequent decrease in EI.

• Power sector has presented a very positive evolution due to deep changes in the energy mix with increased penetration of renewable energies and natural gas combined cycles.

Since 2006, refineries have experienced a notable increase in energy intensity (EI) due to a significant rise in gas consumption, coupled with a decline in revenue from crude oil and gas extraction activities.

Between 2004 and 2023, the energy intensity (EI) of the industrial sector in Spain experienced a significant shift, growing by 8% prior to 2004 and then declining thereafter A similar trend is observed in the agriculture sector A key factor influencing this change in industrial EI is the cement industry, which, while being a major contributor to energy consumption, does not significantly enhance the sector's gross added value The cement industry is closely tied to the construction sector, which plays a crucial role in Spain's industrial framework The expansion of the construction sector and the subsequent rise in demand for energy-intensive cement products have driven this trend Eventually, saturation effects may account for the observed improvements in energy intensity.

The transport sector has demonstrated a two-phase behavior, marked by a significant reduction in energy intensity (EI) in recent years This decline can be attributed to substantial advancements in vehicle energy efficiency.

• Services sector has increased its energy intensity the most (+31%), but its energy intensity is still low compared to that of the EU15

The residential sector's energy intensity (EI) experienced a 10% rise until 2004, followed by a decline in subsequent years Since 1995, the overall EI has increased by 5% This rise in energy consumption is likely attributed to the convergence to European standards regarding electrical equipment and the number of vehicles per household, coupled with low energy prices.

Table 8 Evolution of the energy intensity in Spain by sub sector from 1995 to 2008

Evolution of the energy intensity of different subsectors between

Figure 13 Evolution of the energy intensity in Spain by sub sector from 1995 to 2008

In conclusion, the Spanish economic crisis significantly impacted the energy sector, as evidenced by a notable decline in primary energy consumption, which fell by 8.3% in 2009 compared to 2008, following a 3.1% decrease from 2007 Similarly, final energy consumption mirrored this trend, decreasing by 7.4% in 2009 relative to 2008 and by 2.3% from the previous year.

In 2008, final energy consumption decreased compared to 2007, primarily due to reduced activity in the transport and industrial sectors This decline continued into 2009, affecting residential and commercial sectors as well, largely attributed to milder climatic conditions However, the significant drop in 2009 was subsequently followed by a recovery.

2010 but in 2011 final energy demand went down again in all the sectors with a final decrease of 4.4% regarding 2010 Primary energy demand fall was lower than in final energy, 0.6% regarding 2010

This decrease in the final energy in 2011 has led to an important change in the power generation structure

In 2011, electricity generation with coal and lignite went from 24691 GWh in 2010 to 43248 GWh At the same time wind power and hydropower generation decreased from 44165 GWh and 45488 GWh in 2010 to

SUPPLY SECTORS

Upstream sector

Spain has very scarce fossil fuel reserves According to national data (IGME, 2008a) and WEC (WEC, 2010), proven reserves of coal and lignite in 2008 were as follows:

Source Coal and lignite reserves (PJ) Coal Lignite

IGME, 2008a Likely and very likely reserves 23.8 e+03 20.6 e+03

WEC, 2010 Likely and very likely reserves 5.87 e+03 9.7 e+03

Table 9 Coal and lignite proven reserves in Spain, year 2008, expressed in PJ

When comparing national data with the World Energy Council (WEC) figures, it's evident that the International Geothermal Energy Model (IGME) presents significantly higher values The conversion factor applied, as recommended by WEC, is 1 tonne of coal equivalent equal to 29.3 gigajoules (GJ).

National coal production is experiencing a decline, primarily due to the reduction of subsidies, which are expected to end in 2014 Between 2004 and 2008, production decreased by 17.3% Additionally, brown lignite production ceased in 2007 following the closure of the last two mining operations In 2005, total coal production reached 8 million tons.

Mt and lignite 11 Mt Translated into energy terms it meant 235 PJ and 323 PJ respectively

In 2008, total coal imports decreased by 14.3% to 21 million tons, while the cost surged by 38.1% to €2062.29 million, resulting in an approximate energy import cost of €5.38 per gigajoule The primary exporters of anthracite were Ukraine (35.5%), Russia (25.1%), and Colombia (18.2%), while South Africa (40.7%), Russia (21%), and Colombia (13.7%) dominated the bituminous coal market.

Regarding exports, these were 1844 Mt and 173.82 M€, what is a quite insignificant amount when comparing with imports Main importing countries were UK (40.3%), Netherlands (27.2%) and Portugal (16.9%)

In 2005, 89% of the total coal was consumed in the thermal power plants

In recent years, the coal usage in the power sector has seen a significant decline, reaching a low of 9% of electricity generation by 2010 However, this trend reversed in the past three years due to subsidies benefiting the coal industry, leading to an increase in coal production and a subsequent rise in greenhouse gas emissions.

Figure 14 Evolution of electricity generation with coal in Spain

Source: own elaboration with data from Red Elộctrica Espaủola (REE)

Anyway, it is difficult to estimate how the future consumption of coal in the electricity sector will be because it is strongly dependent on the policies and subsidies

In 2010, the EU prohibited continued aid to the coal industry beyond 2014, extending the deadline to 2018, which significantly impacted Spain, where nearly all coal mines rely on such support By 2012, the Spanish economic crisis and EU fiscal requirements resulted in a 63% reduction in direct mining development aid, leaving the future of coal in the power sector uncertain Despite additional assistance for reactivating mining regions and supporting power plants that use national coal, without public support, Spanish coal struggles to compete with cheaper and cleaner imported alternatives The outlook for the coal industry in Spain remains unclear.

According to the Oil and Gas Journal (EIA, 2008), proven reserves of oil have been quantified in 0.150 billion oil barrels (918 PJ) and natural gas reserves in 0.090 trillion cubit feet (92 PJ)

There are four oil fields in Spain, one onshore and three offshore The level of extraction of domestic oil in

In 2005, Spain extracted 166,014 tonnes of oil, equivalent to 7 PJ, using a conversion factor of 1 tonne of oil equivalent = 42 GJ as recommended by the World Energy Council By 2008, oil extraction decreased to 127,286 tonnes, with exploration and exploitation costs reaching €7.2 million and €37.72 million, respectively The domestic oil exploitation costs ranged from €5.26 to €6.68 per GJ However, these domestic figures were minimal compared to the significant oil imports of 59.9 million tonnes in 2005 and 59.5 million tonnes in 2008 The primary oil import sources for Spain were Mexico, Russia, and Nigeria in 2005, while in 2008, the main suppliers shifted to Russia, Mexico, and Saudi Arabia.

Since the 1990s, the transport sector has been the largest consumer of oil, followed by the industrial and commercial sectors However, oil consumption in power plants has been declining since 2007 and is projected to cease by the end of this decade.

Table 10 Crude oil imports (PJ) in 2005 and 2008

For the refining, there are ten refineries (see Figure 15 below), nine of which receive the oil by ship, the other by one pipeline

In 2010, the total refining capacity was 70.8 million tons per year (Mt/y), with a Fluid Catalytic Cracking equivalent of 28.3 Mt/y Refineries processed 58 Mt of raw materials, and key characteristics of nine refineries are detailed in Table 11 Notably, ASESA specializes in asphalt production through the treatment of heavy oil.

Figure 15 Refineries in Spain Capacity and FCC

La Coruủa Reforming/FCC/coker - 360000 686

Puertollano Reforming/mild-hydrocracker/FCC/coker 110000 300000 1044

Bilbao Reforming/FCC/visbreaker/mild-hydrocracker - 350000 1122

Table 11 Characteristics of the Spanish refineries

Source : Own elaboration with data from (CNE, 2011)

Figure 16 illustrates the refining costs in Spain and the EU, measured in $/Billion Barrel, with the IEA's new methodology implemented since 2004 The cost structure is based on a blend of 30% NWE Brent and 70% MED Ural, alongside a combination of 20% Hydroskimming and 80% Cracking Although there are currently no plans to construct new refineries, industry players are actively investing in enhancements to existing facilities Notably, in 2008, Repsol YPF invested significantly in La Coruña and Puertollano to establish new diesel desulphurization units achieving 10 ppm, while Cepsa allocated €168 million to upgrade its refineries in Gibraltar, La Rábida, and Tenerife.

The storage of oil products is managed by various refineries, prominently featuring the Central Logística de Hidrocarburos (CLH), a major player in oil transportation and storage, alongside 43 smaller facilities Figure 17 illustrates CLH's logistics, highlighting airport storage in light green, other CLH storage locations in red, and the extensive oil pipeline network depicted in yellow.

Figure 16 Refining in Spain and EU from 2003 to 2008

Spain has six gas fields, including one offshore, and two underground storage facilities Domestic natural gas extraction peaked at 6.2 PJ in 2005 but significantly declined to 2.3 PJ by 2010, leading to the country importing over 99% of its gas needs In 2005 and 2008, imports reached 1001 PJ and 1443 PJ, respectively, with approximately 66% of these imports being liquefied natural gas (GNL) in both years, while the remainder was in gaseous form (GNG).

United Arab Emirates GNL United Arab Emirates GNG

Table 12 Natural gas imports (PJ) in 2005 and 2008

The main supplier is Algeria followed by Nigeria and Qatar The cost of the imports in 2008 was 10.57 billion € The cost of imported natural gas was 5.98€/GJ

In 2005, the power thermal plants accounted for 30% of total natural gas consumption, while the industrial sector emerged as the largest consumer at 54% By 2008, the share of natural gas used for electricity generation increased to 42%, while industrial consumption saw a decline of 10%.

Next map shows the Spanish Natural Gas system (IGME, 2008c)

Figure 18 Map of the Iberian Peninsula Natural Gas System

Spain's last uranium mine closed in 2002, leading the country to rely on imports primarily from Russia (45%), Australia (22%), and Niger (20%) (Foro Nuclear, 2010) The Energy State Department (SEE) classifies Spain's nuclear fuel supply as entirely national, asserting that uranium supply security is ensured through supplier diversification and stable international market prices.

In Spain, a nuclear fuel factory produced 325 tonnes of uranium (tU) in 2009, with 245 tU designated for Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) and 82 tU for Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) Notably, 71% of this production was exported to countries including France, Germany, Finland, Belgium, and Sweden The accompanying data illustrates the factory's annual production and export figures from 1985 to 2009, highlighting a significant increase in both production and exports, particularly since 2005.

Figure 19 Production and exports of Uranium in Spain

Since its establishment in 1992, a low and medium activity repository has disposed of 30,042.895 m³ of radioactive waste, reaching 61.61% of its total capacity by the end of 2009 In that year alone, the repository received 1,646.22 m³ from nuclear facilities and 179.45 m³ from hospitals, laboratories, and research centers Currently, there is an ongoing project for the first Centralized Interim Storage Facility (Almacén Temporal Centralizado) to accommodate high-level radioactive waste, although the location remains a contentious issue in Spain's nuclear debate and has yet to be finalized.

Power sector

Next figures represent the electricity demand in Spain during some days in the four seasons (source: REE)

Figure 21 represents four winter days Two peak demands can be seen at 11h and 20h and the valley at 4h- 5h Maximum demand in the four days was 39.31 GW/h

Figure 21 Electricity demand for four winter days

Figure 22 represents four spring days Two peak demands can be seen at 12h-13h and 21-22h and the valley at 3h-5h Maximum demand in the four days was 34.39 GW/h

Figure 22 Electricity demand for four spring days

Figure 23 represents four summer days Mainly, one peak demand can be seen at 13h and the valley at 4h-5h Maximum demand in the four days was 40.81 GW/h

Figure 23 Electricity demand for four summer days

Figure 24 illustrates the demand profile over four autumn days, highlighting two peak demand times at 13:00 and 21:00, with a notable low point between 4:00 and 5:00 The maximum demand recorded during this period reached 36.23 GW/h, resembling the demand patterns observed in spring.

Figure 24 Electricity demand for four autumn days

Spain's electricity generation relies heavily on fossil fuels, primarily natural gas, alongside hydroelectric power and renewable energy sources Significant investments in wind energy have surged, with nearly 10 GW installed by 2005, accounting for 18% of the total capacity, and reaching 20 GW by 2010 Additionally, there has been a substantial increase in natural gas combined cycle power plants, achieving an installed capacity of 25 GW in 2010, which represents 24% of the country's total electricity capacity.

Fuel oil-Gas oil CHP n.d n.d 1.48 1.9 1.14 1.1

(1) Special regime includes renewable and cogeneration facilities

Table 15 Breakdown of installed electricity generation capacities between 1990 and 2009 (GW)

According to the Register of Ordinary Regime Production Facilities of the Spanish Industry Ministry

As of November 2010, the energy landscape included a 320 MW Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) plant, alongside 10.7 GW of installed coal steam turbine capacity and an 80 MW combined cycle plant utilizing black lignite.

In 2012 there were 39 solar thermal plants in Spain with a total capacity installed of 1954 MW and an estimated generation of 5138 GWh/y The first one became operational in 2005

In 2010, fossil fuels accounted for the largest share of electricity production at 34.5%, with natural gas increasing its role while coal and fuel contributions declined Although nuclear electricity remained stable in absolute terms, its relative importance diminished Renewables saw significant growth, particularly wind power, which represented 14.6% of total electricity generation by the end of 2010 Additionally, solar thermal generation surged by 570% in 2010, while hydroelectricity production varied significantly based on annual hydrological conditions.

Between 2001 and 2003, hydro generation peaked with productions exceeding 40,000 GWh However, in the subsequent six years, production levels fell below 30,000 GWh, with 2010 being an exception as it marked another strong year for hydro generation.

Hydro Ordinary Regime and total

Figure 25 and Figure 26 Hydro power production in the period 2000-2010

Fuel oil-Gas oil CHP 6967 2.4 4333 1.4

Table 16 Electricity production between 1990 and 2010 (GWh)

In 2010, Spain's electricity net consumption reached 278 TWh, marking a 1.5% increase from 2009 Following a significant 30% growth in demand from 2000 to 2005, the growth rate slowed, leading to a decline of 5.8% from 2008 to 2009, marking the first decrease in electricity consumption in Spain's history In 2010, the average electricity consumption per inhabitant was approximately 19.27 GJ (5339 kWh), with an electricity intensity of 1161 GJ per €2000.

Spain's electricity generation operates under two distinct regimes: the Ordinary Regimen (R.O.) for conventional generation and the Special Regimen (R.E.) for renewable energy and Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants The Special Regimen utilizes a feed-in tariff promotion mechanism to support renewable energy In 2005, electricity generation under the R.O totaled 228 TWh, while the Special Regimen contributed 66.5 TWh to the overall production.

Next table shows the international power interchanges from and to Spain in GWh Net balances include coordinated actions between the countries, contracts, support interchanges and regulation deviations

Imports Exports Balance Imports Exports Balance

(1) Includes also other European countries

Table 17 International power interchanges in GWh

Source: (REE, 2006,2011) Figure 27 and Figure 28 show the evolution of imports and exports in the period between 2006 and 2010

Figure 27 Evolution of power imports in GWh

Figure 28 Evolution of power exports in GWh

5.2.5 The Iberian Power Market (MIBEL)

The MIBEL was set up in 2004 through an agreement between Spain and Portugal and came into force in

MIBEL, established in 2006, encompasses all organized and unorganized markets for electricity transactions in the Iberian Peninsula, aiming to create a unified power market where all participants share equal rights and obligations Achieving a single electricity price across the region is contingent upon eliminating capacity restrictions in the Spain-Portugal interconnections Currently, MIBEL operates with market splitting, allocating resources based on agent offers and efficiently utilizing available capacity within a daily framework The existing maximum capacity stands at approximately 1600 MW from Spain to Portugal and 1300 MW from Portugal to Spain, with plans to enhance this to 3000 MW in both directions by 2014 through the construction of two new 400 kV corridors along the northern and southern borders.

Following the launch of MIBEL, initial responses from the Spanish market are subtle and challenging to assess Spain's nuclear and renewable energy resources, which Portugal lacks, appear to create a significant energy flow from Spain to Portugal during off-peak hours In 2010, the average electricity price in Spain was €45.36 per MWh.

More info can be found in the first descriptive report on the MIBEL operation (Consejo de reguladores del MIBEL, 2009)

Next, some relevant data on cogeneration for 2005 and 2008 are presented:

- There were 673 cogeneration plants in Spain with a total capacity installed of 5869 MW which generated

- Most of the cogeneration plants were working in the industry sector, and within this sector, in the food, chemical and paper industries

- Regarding the technologies, internal combustion engine is the dominant one (43% of the installed capacity) followed by the combined cycle (24%)

- The main fuel used in cogeneration was the natural gas with a share of 75%, followed by fuel oil, 12%, and refinery gas, 4%

In 2010, there were 693 cogeneration plants with a combined capacity of 6,305 MW, generating 24,936 GWh, which represents a 10.5% increase from the previous year and accounted for 8.6% of the total electricity supplied to the grid Despite this growth in generation, the overall net balance of installed capacity in the industry was negative, as many plants were shut down due to the economic crisis The accompanying figure illustrates the evolution of total installed capacity (MW) and annual capacity by sector from 1997 to 2010.

Figure 29 Evolution of the capacity installed in cogeneration in Spain

- Most of the cogeneration plants are working in the industry sector, and within this sector, in the food (18% of the total capacity), paper (15%), and chemical (15%) industries

- The main fuel used in cogeneration is the natural gas with a share of 80%, followed by fuel oil and renewables as can be seen in Figure 30

- Regarding the technologies, internal combustion engine is the dominant one (49.5% of the installed capacity) followed by the combined cycle (19.4%)

Figure 30 Power generation in cogeneration plants in Spain in 2010 by fuel

Next, some relevant data on renewable for 2005 and 2010 are presented:

- Total primary energy consumption was 145816 ktoe Renewable energies primary consumption was 8849 ktoe which meant 6.1% of the total primary energy The main technologies were biomass (3.4%), wind power (1.2%) and Hydro (1.2%)

- Total final energy consumption was 106940 ktoe Renewable energies final consumption was 3.6% of the total final energy The main technology was biomass, electricity not included

In total, electricity production reached 294,066 GWh, with 66,360 GWh generated under special regimes, accounting for 22.6% of the total output The primary renewable sources included wind power at 7.2%, hydro at 7.8%, and biomass and municipal waste (MWS) at 2.8% Notably, small hydro contributes 1.3% to the special regime, while cogeneration plays a significant role with an 11.3% contribution.

In 2009, total primary energy consumption increased by 1.2%, while the consumption of renewable energies surged by 21%, reaching 14,678 ktoe (615 PJ) and accounting for 11.1% of total primary energy The leading renewable technologies included biomass at 3.8%, wind power at 2.8%, and hydro at 2.6% Of the total renewable energy consumed, 63% was utilized for power production, 27% for heat, and 10% for biofuels.

Total final energy consumption increased by 2.3% compared to 2009, while the consumption of renewable energies surged by 11.1% Renewable energies accounted for 5.4% of total final energy consumption, primarily derived from biomass and biofuels, excluding the contribution of electricity generated from renewable sources.

In 2009, total gross electricity production increased by 1.5%, with electricity generated under special regimes rising by 7.1%, reaching 96,527 GWh, which accounts for 32.1% of the overall output Key contributors to this growth included wind power at 14.6%, small hydro at 2.3%, and solar energy at 2.4%, alongside a significant contribution from cogeneration, which made up 11.5% of the total electricity production.

Spain's renewable energy development has thrived under a successful feed-in tariff system; however, in January 2012, the government enacted Royal Decree-Law 1/2012, which removed support for new renewable facility construction to address the electricity rate deficit Importantly, this decree does not impact existing renewable energy facilities.

Energy resources

This chapter has been partially taken from the chapter Potencial físico, técnico y económico (Mundial, EU,

Espaủa in Tratado de Energớas Renovables, Vol I (Cabal H., Labriet M and Lechún Y., 2010)

Fossil and Uranium resources have already been described in section 5.1 Upstream sector This section is focused in renewable energy resources and potentials

Table 18 illustrates the technical potential of various renewable technologies in Spain, ranging from 500 to 3,400 TWh per year This potential represents 20 to 135 times the country's energy consumption in 2005, with solar power leading as the most promising technology, followed closely by wind energy.

Table 18 Technical potential of the different renewable technologies in Spain in TWh

Source: (Cabal, H et al., 2010) Figure 32 shows the technical potential share of the different renewable technologies

% f ro m t h e t o tal r en ew ab le p o ten ti al

Biomass Wind Hydro Thermosolar Solar PV Ocean

Figure 32 Technical potential share of the different renewable technologies in Spain

In July 2009, the Institute for Diversification and Saving of Energy (IDAE) released the Wind Atlas for Spain, which highlights the country's wind energy potential This comprehensive resource covers the entire national territory and extends to 24 nautical miles off the coastline The Atlas features detailed wind maps that display average annual wind speeds measured in meters per second at various heights, specifically at 30 and 60 meters.

The study examines wind power density measured in W/m² at heights of 80m and 100m, alongside key variables such as stationary wind resource in m/s, average annual air density in kg/m³, average annual atmospheric pressure in hPa, and average annual temperature in ºC, all at the 80m level Additionally, the analysis includes geographical factors such as latitude and surface roughness, both measured in meters.

A study conducted by UNESA and the University of Zaragoza (Dopazo y Fueyo, 2008) utilizing the MM5 meteorological prediction model reveals significant potential for both onshore and offshore wind energy The theoretical onshore wind potential is estimated at 13,543 TWh/year, with geographical potential at 8,872 TWh/year, technical potential at 1,111 TWh/year, and economic potential ranging from 191 to 591 TWh/year, depending on turbine spacing For offshore wind power, the theoretical potential is 2,403 TWh/year, geographical potential is 2,199 TWh/year, technical potential is 301 TWh/year, and economic potential varies between 56 and 106 TWh/year.

The article analyzes potential scenarios for the introduction of renewable energies in the energy system for 2020 and 2030, in line with the European Renewables Directive In 2020, onshore wind power production is projected to increase from 22.79 TWh/y to 161.21 TWh/y, while offshore wind power is expected to rise from 0 TWh/y to 51.63 TWh/y These projections reflect a nuclear scenario achieving a 20% reduction in CO2 emissions, alongside a high demand scenario where 20% of final energy comes from renewables and 5% from biofuels For 2030, the projections shift due to greater uncertainty, with onshore production increasing from 33.85 TWh/y to 144.4 TWh/y, and offshore from 0 TWh/y to 40.72 TWh/y The first scenario indicates a low-cost approach meeting the former National Renewable Energies Plan objectives, extending the life of nuclear plants, and phasing out coal Alternatively, a transition scenario aims for 50% renewable energy by 2030, targeting 100% by 2050, without relying on nuclear or coal power.

Greenpeace’s report on renewable energy potential in Spain (Greenpeace, 2005) estimates a maximum wind power potential between 1902 y 2285 TWh/y for onshore and 334 TWh/y for offshore by 2050

Finally, the European Energy and Transport- Trends to 2030 (EC, 2008) estimates the wind power production in Spain in 7150 TWh/y by 2030

From all the literature reviewed, the technical wind power potential in Spain could be between 1400 and

A study conducted by the University of Zaragoza (Dopazo y Fueyo, 2008) estimates the theoretical hydropower potential at 137.4 TWh/y, with a geographical potential of 127.9 TWh/y Additionally, the technical potential is assessed at 89.2 TWh/y for flow-regulated plants and 69.6 TWh/y for run-of-river plants.

In the evaluation of potential scenarios for the integration of renewable energy sources in the energy system for 2020 and 2030, hydropower production is projected to remain consistent across all scenarios, estimated at 24.75 TWh per year.

Greenpeace’s (Greenpeace, 2005) estimates the small hydropower potential 6.91 TWh/y and 30.71 TWh/y for plants bigger than 10MW by 2050

Finally, European Energy and Transport- Trends to 2030 (EC, 2008) gives a hydropower production of 29.68 TWh/y by 2030

According the literature, the hydropower technical potential in Spain would be between 70 and 90 TWh/y and the production in 2030 for the different policy scenarios between 25 and 30 TWh/y

Greenpeace estimates the maximum power production from biomass to reach 50.9 TWh/y from residual biomass and biogas, 35.2 TWh/y from energy crops, and varying outputs from short rotation wood crops based on slope—14.4 TWh/y for slopes below 3%, 38.2 TWh/y for slopes below 10% Additionally, biomass from scrub yields 9.4 TWh/y on slopes below 4% and 17.2 TWh/y on slopes below 10% The total technical potential for biomass energy ranges from 109.8 TWh/y at the lowest slope to 141.5 TWh/y at the highest slope.

A study conducted by the University of Zaragoza (Dopazo y Fueyo, 2008) reveals that the theoretical potential of biomass, including energy crops and agricultural and forest residues, for electricity generation is approximately 7.3 EJ/y The geographical potential is estimated at 5.5 EJ/y, while the technical potential ranges between 319 and 488 TWhe/y, considering the best available technology Additionally, the economic potential for biomass energy is projected to be around 55.8 TWhe/a.

The study examines two scenarios for energy crop allocation: the EI10 scenario, which restricts energy crops to 10% of total agricultural land, and the EI25 scenario, allowing for 25% The technical potential for energy production ranges from 60.5 to 105.5 TWhe/y, while the economic potential is estimated between 14.4 and 28.8 TWhe/y For biofuels, the technical potential varies from 109 to 272 PJ/y, with an economic potential ranging from 52 to 124 PJ/y for both scenarios.

European studies estimate that by 2030, 4.7 million hectares (25% of total agricultural land) and 1 million hectares (13% of pastures) will be allocated for biofuel production The energy potential from various crops includes 174 PJ from rapeseed, 215 PJ from starch crops, 300 PJ from sugar crops, 438 PJ from herbaceous crops, and 235 PJ from wood crops; however, these potentials cannot be combined as they may overlap in the same areas.

A study by the University of Zaragoza estimates Spain's theoretical energy potential at approximately 769,605 TWh/year, with a geographical potential of around 481,449 TWh/year It also evaluates the theoretical potential of photovoltaic systems in buildings at 10,552 TWh/year and the geographical limit at 988 TWh/year The technical potential for photovoltaic plants ranges between 10,857 and 21,413 TWh/year, while the Institute of Technology Research (ITT) provides a technical potential of 1,382 TWh/year.

The economic potential for photovoltaic plants ranges from 3,293 to 6,960 TWh/year, with costs estimated below 44.6-47.4 cEuro/kWh In contrast, thermosolar facilities have a potential output between 615 and 3,089 TWh/year, with costs below 20.5-21.5 cEuro/kWh.

Finally, some studies give data on implementation potential by 2020: 8.5 TWh/y for thermosolar electricity (Dopazo y Fueyo, 2008; IIT/Greenpeace, 2006) and 2.85 TWh/y for photovoltaic electricity (Dopazo y Fueyo,

Solar heating potential, according to the European Project RES2020, is between 4.0E-02 and 5.3E-02 TWh/y (RES2020a-b, 2009)

An analysis conducted by the Institute of Technology Research (IIT/Greenpeace, 2006) reveals the average annual potential of wave energy in Spain, utilizing swell data from state port stations The study indicates that the average wave power along the Atlantic and Cantabrian coasts ranges from 38 to 88 kW/m, while the Mediterranean coast shows a lower average of 3.8 to 12.4 kW/m.

Using these data and technical data from Pelamis (http://www.pelamiswave.com/), total wave energy potential was quantified in 81 TWh/y by 2050

According to Dopazo and Fueyo (2008), Spain's theoretical potential for energy generation is estimated at 1110 TWh per year, while the geographical potential is slightly lower at 1093 TWh per year Utilizing data from Pelamis, the technical potential is determined to be 38.8 TWh per year, with an economic potential of 15.1 TWh per year.

OPTRES Project (Resch et al, 2006) estimated the implementation potential by 2020, based on expert committees, in 13.23 TWh

END-USE SECTORS

Transport

In 2005, for cars and for the total road vehicles, petrol share was bigger than the diesel oil one (see Figure 33)

By 2010, diesel fuel had become the dominant choice for vehicles, excluding motorcycles, due to its lower cost and better fuel efficiency Although diesel prices were cheaper at that time, the price gap has narrowed in recent years In 2010, the average price for unleaded gasoline was 116 €cent/l.

Figure 33 Use of fuels (petrol in light grey and diesel oil in dark grey) by type of road vehicle in 2005 in Spain

Figure 34 Use of fuels (petrol in green and diesel oil in orange) by type of road vehicle in 2010 in Spain

In 2005 and 2010, the primary features of road, rail, air, and navigation transport in Spain were highlighted in Tables 19, 21, and 22, as reported by the Public Works Ministry (MFOM, 2011).

2010 there were 165,787 km of roads in Spain (see Table 20 ) from which 7% were big capacity highways

Total number of road vehicles 27,657,276 31,086,035

22,145,364 14,115,695 16,528,513 Passengers mobility (Mill passengers/km)

Freight mobility (Mill ton/km) 329,702 272,730

Table 19 Main characteristics of road transport in Spain in 2005 and 2010

Table 20 Total road network in Spain

1,619 (86% electric) Passengers mobility (Mill passengers/km)

Freight mobility (Mill ton/km) 11,641 7,872

Table 21 Main characteristics of rail transport in Spain in 2005 and 2010

Table 22 Main characteristics of air and navigation transport in Spain in 2005 and 2009/2010

In 2010, Spanish commercial airports experienced significant passenger traffic, with Madrid-Barajas emerging as the busiest airport, followed by Barcelona and Palma de Mallorca Notably, apart from Madrid, the airports with the highest traffic volumes are situated along the Mediterranean coast and in the Canary Islands.

Figure 35 Traffic of passengers in the commercial airports in 10 3 passengers in 2010

In 2010, the traffic of goods reached 10.3 million tonnes, with Algeciras, Valencia, and Barcelona being the leading ports in Spain for cargo input and output Algeciras, located in the south, along with the Mediterranean ports of Valencia and Barcelona, played a crucial role in the country's maritime trade.

Figure 36 Traffic of goods in the commercial ports in 10 3 tonnes of goods in 2010

Table 23 below shows the final energy consumption of the Spanish transport sector in 2005 (Eurostat database)

Oil Heavy Fuel Oil Biofuels Electricity Total

Table 23 Final energy consumption of the Spanish transport sector in 2005 in PJ

In the first quarter of 2010, biodiesel accounted for 4.29% of total transport consumption, surpassing the 3.9% target set for that year, while bioethanol fell short at 3.79% Overall, the combined share of 4.2% remained significantly below the 2010 goal of 5.83% These statistics are visually illustrated in Figure 37, with light blue indicating the target and dark blue representing actual consumption.

Figure 37 Fulfillment of the biofuels commitments in 2010 (1 st quarter)

Residential

In 2008, final energy consumption in the residential sector reached 690 PJ, reflecting a 4% increase from the previous year (IDAE, 2009a) The share of renewable energy has stabilized at 14%, with solar energy seeing increased adoption since 2008 Additionally, electricity's contribution to energy consumption rose from 36% in 2005 to 41% in 2010, driven by the growing prevalence of electrical appliances in homes.

Evolution of final energy consumption in the residential sector 2005-2010

Electricity Biomass and waste Solar/wind/other Gas

Oil products Coal and coal products

Figure 38 Evolution of final energy consumption in the residential sector

Source: own elaboration using data from Eurostat

Energy consumption distribution by end-use highlights that space heating is the most significant demand in the residential sector, primarily utilizing oil, followed by biomass and gas As individual heating systems, which are generally less efficient than collective systems, become more prevalent, an increase in energy consumption for space heating is anticipated Water heating ranks as the second-largest energy consumer, predominantly powered by gas and oil, with solar energy primarily used for this purpose as well Cooking energy consumption is mainly divided among gas, electricity, and oil.

Space heating Cooking Water heating Electric equipment Lighting

Figure 39 Energy consumption by end-use in the residential sector in 2010

Source: own elaboration using data from (IDAE, 2011)

Coal Oil Gas Solar Geo Biomass Electricity

Oil Gas Solar Geo Biomass Electricity

Figure 40 Space heating, water heating and cooking energy consumption disaggregated by energy type in 2010

Space cooling accounts for just 1% of energy demand in the residential sector, yet it plays a significant role in peak electricity demand during summer Implementing current policies focused on enhancing building energy efficiency can help mitigate this peak demand impact.

Electric equipment represents over 20% of energy consumption in residential homes, with refrigerators leading at 31%, followed by washing machines and TVs, each accounting for 12% Additionally, significant energy is consumed by devices in standby mode.

Refrigerators Frezzers Washing machines Dish washing machines Cloth dryers

Oven TV Computers Stand by consumption Other equipment

Figure 41 Electric equipment consumption by type in 2010

The prevalence of dwellings equipped with air conditioning systems has risen significantly in recent years, with current statistics indicating that 35.5% of homes have such cooling solutions This figure varies widely across different regions, with some areas reporting as high as 63.9% of residences utilizing air space cooling systems.

The energy intensity of this sector is around 40 GJ/household (see Figure 43), 40% below the European average mainly due to the better climate

Percentage of dewllings with cooling system

The regions of Spain include Asturias, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castilla y León, Castilla-La Mancha, Catalonia, Comunidad Valenciana, Extremadura, Galicia, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, País Vasco, and La Rioja, along with the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla.

Figure 42 Percentage of dwellings with space cooling in the different Spanish regions

Source: own elaboration using data from (INE,2010b)

EU-15 EU-27 France Germany Greece

Italy Sweden Portugal Spain UK

The Netherlands Ireland Belgium Denmark

Figure 43 Energy intensity of residential sector corrected by climate

The evolution of thermal and electric energy intensity in the residential sector indicates that electric intensity has been increasing at a faster rate than thermal intensity, primarily due to the rising number of electric appliances in homes However, since 2006, this trend has shifted, showing a decline that suggests a saturation pattern in energy consumption.

Thermal intensity (toe/household) Electric intensity (kWh/household) Number of households

Figure 44 Thermal and electric energy intensity in the residential sector 1990= 100

Source: IDAE (http://www.idae.es/boletines/boletin48/index.html#32)

The implementation of the efficiency measures outlined in the 2008-2012 Action Plan, along with recent legislative changes affecting both new and renovated buildings, is anticipated to significantly enhance building efficiency in the medium to long term.

Gas and electricity prices for the residential sector are shown in the following figures in comparison with those of other European countries

Electricity prices in residential sector

Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom are all countries located in Europe, each with its unique culture, history, and contributions to the continent.

Eur o/ kW h consumption of 3500 kWh/year consumption of 7500 kWh/year

Figure 45 Electricity prices in residential sector

Source: http://www.energy.eu/#Domestic

Gas prices in residential sector

Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom are all countries located in Europe, each contributing to the continent's rich cultural and historical diversity.

Figure 46 Gas prices in residential sector

Source: http://www.energy.eu/#Domestic

Commercial

In the commercial sector, final energy consumption rose to 424 PJ in 2010, reflecting a consistent upward trend in recent years Notably, the consumption of oil products declined from 25% in 2005 to 14% in 2010, while the use of gas, solar energy, and electricity saw significant increases Specifically, electricity's share surged from 65% in 2005 to 75% in 2010, highlighting a shift towards more sustainable energy sources in the commercial industry.

Evolution of final energy consumption in the commercial sector 2005-2010

Electricity Biomass and waste Solar/wind/other Gas

Oil products Coal and coal products

Figure 47 Evolution of final energy consumption in the commercial

Source: own elaboration using data from Eurostat

Offices and commercial spaces are the largest consumers of energy, primarily in the form of electricity Recent policies focused on enhancing energy efficiency in commercial buildings are anticipated to lower electricity demand for cooling and lighting, contributing to more sustainable energy use in these sectors.

Offices Hospitals Commerce Restaurants and hotels

Figure 48 Energy consumption by different activities and fuels in the commercial sector year 2008

Figure 49 illustrates the evolution of energy intensity in the sector, which has improved by 8.4% This enhancement is attributed to a reduction in energy consumption alongside a sectoral economic growth of 2.2%.

Figure 49 Evolution of the energy intensity in the commercial sector

The energy intensity in Spain's commercial sector aligns closely with the European Union average, yet it remains lower than that of various countries, including Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany.

Figure 50 Comparison of the energy intensity in the commercial sector in the European countries

Spain currently exhibits the highest electricity intensity among European countries, with a rising trend attributed to its significant electricity consumption for cooling purposes This trend is expected to moderate as the use of natural gas in the energy mix of this sector increases, potentially reducing the upward trajectory of electricity intensity.

Figure 51 Comparison of the electricity intensity in the commercial sector in the European countries

Industry

In 2010, the industrial sector's final energy demand, excluding non-energy uses, rose by 7% compared to the previous year, totaling 978 PJ and reversing the declining trend observed over the past three years.

Evolution of the final energy consumption in the industry sector in the period 2005-2010

Figure 52 Evolution of final energy consumption in the industry sector in the period 2005-2010

The highest energy demand concentrates in four sub-sectors: chemical industry; food beverages and tobacco industry; cement industry; and iron and steel industry

Non -Fe rrou s M eta ls

Ch em ica l a nd Pe tro ch em ica l

No n-M et all ic M ine ral s

Mi ning and Q ua rry ing

Fo od and T oba cc o

Te xti le a nd Le ath er

Pa pe r, P ulp a nd Pri nt

Tra ns po rt E qui pm en t

W oo d a nd W oo d P ro du cts

Co ns tru cti on

Coal Oil Gas Electricity Solar Biomass and renewable wastes Geothermal Energy

Figure 53 Final energy consumption by different activities and fuels in the industry sector in year 2010

The highest energy demand concentrates in four sub-sectors: chemical industry; food beverages and tobacco industry; non metallic industry; and iron and steel industry

Coal primarily fuels the iron and steel industry, whereas renewable energy sources are predominantly utilized in the paper and printing, food and beverage, construction, and wood products sectors Additionally, gaseous fuels have significant usage in the chemical and cement industries, which also rely heavily on oil products.

Electricty consumption (PJ) Fossil fuel consumption (PJ)

Figure 54 Electricity and fossil energy consumption evolution in the industry sector

The industrial sector has seen a significant rise in the consumption of both electricity and fossil fuels, with fossil fuels playing a crucial role in meeting the thermal energy demands Over time, electricity consumption has also experienced a notable increase, highlighting the growing energy needs of the industry.

The energy intensity of the sector is around 0.15 ktoe/MEuro Energy intensity increased significantly from

2003 until 2005 but afterwards it sharply decreased and started to increase again after 2007

Energy consumption (PJ) Gross added value (Meuro) Energy intensity

Figure 55 Evolution of the final energy consumption, energy intensity and economic growth of the industry sector

A comparative analysis reveals that Spain's industrial sector exhibits higher energy intensity than the EU-27 average, yet remains lower than that of countries like Belgium and Portugal While the EU-27 average shows a downward trend, largely influenced by Germany and the UK, this decline has not yet been observed in Spain.

EU-15 EU-27 Belgium France Germany Italy Spain Sweden Greece Portugal UK

Figure 56 Evolution of the energy intensity of the industry sector in several European countries

The cement industry significantly contributes to Spain's high energy intensity, while its impact on the sector's gross added value remains limited This industry is closely tied to the construction sector, a crucial component of Spain's industrial landscape In contrast, other European nations prioritize less energy-intensive industries, such as capital goods The growth of the construction sector in Spain, alongside the rising demand for energy-intensive cement products, elucidates the current energy consumption trends in the industry.

The energy intensity indicator reveals that thermal intensity, primarily driven by fossil fuels and increasingly supplemented by natural gas and renewable energy sources, plays a more significant role than electric intensity, as illustrated in Figure 57.

Thermal intensity Electricity intensity Energy intensity (ktoe/Meuro)

Figure 57 Evolution of thermal and electric energy intensity of the industry sector

The electric intensity in the industrial sector has stabilized, indicating a close relationship between the evolution of final energy intensity and thermal intensity in this sector.

An analysis of the unitary energy consumption across key sub-sectors reveals a significant downward trend in energy use per tonne of product, attributed to technological advancements and structural changes within the industry.

Iron and steel Cement Paper

Figure 58 Evolution of unitary consumption of some sub-sectors of the industry sector

It is expected that the efficiency measures in the Efficiency Action Plan 2008-2012 will contribute to the improvement of the energy efficiency of this sector

Gas and electricity prices for the industry sector are shown in the following figures in comparison with those of other European countries

Electricity prices in industrial sector

Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom are all countries located in Europe.

Figure 59 Electricity prices in the industrial sector

Source: (http://www.energy.eu/#Domestic)

Gas prices in industrial sector

Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom are all countries located in Europe, each contributing to the continent's rich cultural and historical tapestry.

Figure 60 Gas prices in the industrial sector

Source: (http://www.energy.eu/#Domestic)

Agriculture

From 1997 to 2004, final energy consumption in Spain's agriculture sector rose consistently, but began to decline afterward In 2005, the sector consumed 130 PJ of energy, which decreased to 114 PJ by 2008, according to Eurostat data.

Figure 61 Evolution of final energy consumption of the agriculture sector

Final energy consumption by fuel type reveals that oil products dominate the sector, comprising over 70% of total usage, primarily driven by agricultural machinery Electricity follows, predominantly utilized in irrigation systems.

Evolution of final energy consumption in the agriculture sector 2005-2008

Electricity Biomass and waste Solar/wind/other Geothermal Gas Oil products

Figure 62 Final energy consumption of the agriculture sector by fuel in years 2005 to 2008

National data from 2003 indicates that approximately 46% of final energy consumption in the agricultural sector was attributed to agricultural machinery, while irrigation systems accounted for about 22% and fishing activities for around 27% Projections for 2012 suggest a shift in this distribution, with irrigation systems expected to increase their share of energy consumption to 31%, while the contribution from fishing activities is anticipated to decline to approximately 19%.

Final energy consumtion by subsectors in the agricultural sector in

Estimated final energy consumtion by subsectors in the agricultural sector in 2012

Figure 63 Distribution of final energy consumption of the agriculture sector by subsectors in years 2001 and 2012

EMISSIONS

POLICIES

Tiêu đề	Description of the Spanish Energy System and Policies
Tác giả	Helena Cabal, Yolanda Lechún, D. Garcớa, N. Caldộs, Maryse Labriet, GianCarlo Tosato
Trường học	Centro Investigaciones Energôticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)
Chuyên ngành	Energy Systems Analysis
Thể loại	technical report
Năm xuất bản	2012
Thành phố	Madrid

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