Einleitung
Themenauswahl
Language is a fundamental aspect of human development and is deeply intertwined with community life Its significance cannot be overstated, as it serves as a vital tool for communication, fostering social unity, and enabling the creative advancement of society Renowned German scholar Wilhelm von Humboldt famously stated, "The language of a people is its soul," highlighting the connection between language and cultural identity Each nation possesses its own language, reflecting the unique identity and essence of its people As long as diverse languages exist, translators play an essential role in facilitating effective communication and understanding across linguistic boundaries.
As a student in the Faculty of German Language and Culture at the Foreign Language University of Hanoi, I understand the challenges faced by all students in translation My goal is to discover effective solutions that will contribute to the translation careers of future generations of students.
Every language has its own characteristics that can create challenges when translating into the target language, particularly with relative clauses in German This sentence structure is widely used not only in spoken language and everyday communication but also frequently appears in newspapers, literary works, and novels However, many students become confused when encountering such sentences, often resulting in translations that are mechanical rather than genuinely Vietnamese.
Als ich in Deutschland war, las ich versehentlich den Roman von Thomas Mann
In "Death in Venice," I faced significant challenges in understanding the relative clauses due to the complexities of German grammar, which complicates the reading experience for both readers and translators Fortunately, Nguyen Hong Van's translation provided clarity and insight Inspired by this, I have decided to analyze the translation methods employed by this translator to assist myself and other students in effectively translating relative clauses into Vietnamese.
This work addresses the question of which translation methods are employed when translating the German relative clause into Vietnamese in Thomas Mann's novel "Death in Venice."
My research in both theory and practice supports not only third- and fourth-year students studying translation and interpreting but also other learners facing challenges with relative clauses during their language studies This work enhances their understanding and mastery of the subject matter Additionally, I explore appropriate translation methods for relative clauses to enable future translators and interpreters to convey these structures more easily and efficiently in the target language.
Successful research requires suitable and effective methods Before writing the article, I analyzed the corpus by reading two novels, the German and Vietnamese versions I then conducted preliminary research by extracting relative clauses and their Vietnamese translations, which I organized into a summary table of translation methods Concurrently with the research process, I also needed to look up theories and technical terms, summarizing these theories in my research report.
Forschungsfrage
This study addresses the question of which translation methods are employed when translating the German relative clause into Vietnamese in Thomas Mann's novel "Death in Venice."
Forschungsziele
My research in both theory and practice supports not only third and fourth-year students studying translation and interpreting but also other learners who face challenges with relative clauses during language acquisition It aims to enhance their understanding and depth of knowledge in the subject Additionally, I am exploring effective translation methods for relative clauses to enable future translators and interpreters to convey these structures more easily and efficiently in the target language.
Forschungsmethode
Successful research requires suitable and effective methods Before writing the article, I analyzed the corpus by reading two novels, the German and Vietnamese versions I then conducted preliminary research by extracting relative clauses and their Vietnamese translations, which I organized into a summary table of translation methods Concurrently with the research process, I also had to look up relevant theories and technical terms, summarizing these theories in my research report.
Forschungsaufbau
My work is divided into three parts The introduction consists of six sections: topic selection, research subject, research questions, research objectives, research methods, and research structure Initially, I address the theoretical foundation of translation, exploring translation methods and relative clauses, and analyze the translation techniques used in the novel "Death in Venice." Finally, I conclude with my findings on this research.
Hauptteil 1 Theorietische Grundlage
Theorie des ĩbersetzens
Es gibt eine Vielzahl von Definitionen des ĩbersetzens Fỹr das Wort
“ĩbersetzen“ werden in der Fachliteratur der folgenden ĩbersetzungswissenschaft und der ĩbersetzungsdidaktik verschiedene Begriffe verwendet: ĩbersetzung, Translation, ĩbersetzungsprozess.
J.C.Sager (Snell- Hornby: 334) hat ĩbersetzen wie folgt definiert: ”ĩbersetzen lọòt sich als zweifacher Kommunikationsakt bezeichnen Der ĩbersetzer ist Empfọnger der ausgangssprachlichen Botschaft und zugleich ihr zielsprachlicher Sender.”
According to J Levy (Wilss 1981: 219), translation is a communication process aimed at conveying the original text's meaning to the target language reader From a pragmatic perspective, the translation process involves decision-making, where the translator faces a series of consecutive situations—akin to moves in a game—that compel them to choose from a specific set of alternatives.
W.Wilss(1977: 72) zufolge hieò es: ” ĩbersetzen ist ein Textverarbeitungs- und Textverbalisierungsprozeò, der von einem ausgangssprachlichen Text zu einem mửglichst ọquivalenten zielsprachlichen Text hinỹberfỹhrt und das inhaltliche und stilistische Verstọndnis der Textvorlage voraussetzt ĩbersetzen ist demnach ein ein sich gegliederter Vorgang, der zwei Hauptphasen umfaòt, eine Verstehensphase, in der der ĩbersetzer den ausgangsprachlichen Text auf sine Sinn- und Stilintension hin analysiert, und eine sprachliche Rekonstruktionsphase, in der der ĩbersetzer sen inhaltlich und stilistisch analysierten ausgangssprachlichen Text unter optimaler Berücksichtigung kommunikativer Äquivalenzgesichtspunkte reproduziert.“
E.A Nida/ C.R Taber (1969: 12) haben auch eine Definition gegeben: Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms off meaning and secondly in terms of style.
Laut Urich Kautz (2002: 48) ist „ĩberetzen eine komplexe, funktional bestimmte,planmọòige, sowohl rekreative wie auch kreative Tọtigkeit im Rahmen der transkulturellen sprachlichen Kommunikation zwischen verschiedensprachigenPartnern.“
Theorie der ĩbersetzungsmethoden
Typically, a translator selects a translation method before starting the translation process Schreiber (1998:151) explains that the function of various translation methods influences how the source text is translated The type of text and the purpose of the translation directly impact the choice of translation method utilized by the translator.
Im Laufe der Zeit wird viel ỹber ĩbersetzungsmethoden untersucht JederSprachwissenschaftler findet unterschiedliche Methoden, die dem ĩbersetzer zurVerfügung stehen Hierbei nenne ich einige Beispiele wie folgt:
Koller (2004) classified translation methods based on two aspects: cultural contact and linguistic contact Under the cultural contact aspect, translation methods are divided into adaptive translation and transfer translation The linguistic contact aspect includes integrative translation and foreignizing translation.
Friedrich Schleiermacher aus dem Jahr 1813 (Schleiermacher 1973) gab zwei ĩbersetzungsmethoden beim ĩbersetzen, nọmlich: freie ĩbersetzung (verfremdende ĩbersetzung) und wửrtliche ĩbersetzung (einbỹrgernde ĩbersetzung).
Hửnig/Kuòmaul (1982) bezeichnet ĩbersetzungsmethoden als eine Strategie der ĩbersetzung, dabei spielen Textyp und Skopos eine groòe Rolle.
Newmark (1988: 81) distinguishes between translation methods and translation procedures, noting that a translation method encompasses the entire text, while translation procedures are applied to sentences and sub-sentential units According to Newmark, translation methods address the relationship between the form and content of the source and target languages at the text level, influenced by both languages In contrast, translation procedures focus on the relationships between form and meaning at the sentence level and below Recognizing that translators require methods for translating relative clauses at the sentence level, this discussion will concentrate solely on sentence-level translation methods, rather than word-level or entire text considerations.
Basierend auf den Forschungen von Ulrich Kautz und Stolze werden fünf ĩbersetzungsmethoden in meiner Forschungsarbeit erwọhnt, mit denen ĩbersetzer die deutschen Relativsọtze ins Vietnamesische ỹbersetzen kửnnen. ĩbersetzungsverfahren ĩbersetzungsprozeduren
There is a distinction between the translation method and the translation procedure The translation method applied pertains to the entire text, and the choice of one method over another depends on both the type of text and the purpose of the translation Additionally, academic literature often differentiates between these concepts.
„wửrtlichen“ bzw der sogenannten „freien ĩbersetzung“ unterschieden Hierbei wird jedem angehenden Translatologen die Maxime „so wửrtlich wie mửglich, so frei wie nửtig“ mit auf den Weg gegeben.
In contrast to the translation method, the term "translation procedure" refers to specific techniques used in translation, particularly for smaller text segments According to the "Langenscheidt's Large Dictionary of German as a Foreign Language" (2008), the term procedure is defined as a synonym for method Schreiber (2006: 151-154) notes that translation procedures are influenced by the language and cultural pairs involved.
The classification of translation methods is a subject of debate in the literature According to Ulrich Kautz (2002: 128), it is essential to distinguish between methods that replace content and form with largely equivalent text elements and those that involve significant content and/or formal changes to the source text elements in the target language.
According to Schreiber (1998: 151-154), text translation involves various procedures across areas such as lexicon, grammar, semantics, and auxiliary methods In the lexicon domain, he identifies three methods: lexical borrowing, lexical substitution, and lexical structural change Grammar encompasses word-for-word translation, sentence restructuring, expansion or reduction of word count, intracategorial change (internal grammatical function modification), transposition (changing word class), and transformation (altering syntactic structure) In the semantic area, four methods are highlighted: semantic borrowing, modulation (changing perspective through verbalization of different content features), explication/implication (increasing or decreasing the level of explication), and mutation (altering denotative content) Auxiliary methods include annotations, as well as prefaces and postfaces in the translation process.
According to Schreiber (see "Handbuch Translation" 1998: 151-154), contextual translations are those where external invariants play a significant role This includes the correction or reconstruction of the message when there are defects in the source text (ST) and the adaptation or adjustment to the target culture to achieve situational equivalence.
Researchers in the field of French translation studies prefer the term "translation procedures" over "translation methods." These procedures include emprunt (direct borrowing), calque (loan translation), traduction littérale (literal translation), transposition (change of word class), modulation, equivalence, and adaptation (shifts in content perspective) According to Stolze, the first translation procedures are categorized under literal translation, while the last four fall under non-literal translation.
Um die Satzstruktur in der ĩbersetzung nọher an die Zielsprache zu bringen, mỹssen die ĩbersetze die syntaktische Transformation benutzen.
(13) „Schmuck, der in der Tat kaum schọtzbar war“
„Những món đồ trang sức gần như vô giá“.
Im obigen Beispiel wurde der Nebensatz mit einem am Ende stehenden Verb in einer anderen Reihenfolge umgeschrieben, um der vietnamesischen Struktur zu entsprechen.
The term "procedure" refers to a series of actions In translation, it helps overcome language barriers and highlights the structural differences between languages, with procedures illustrated through examples at the level of speech.
Stolze (2008: 76) zufolge sind ĩbersetzungsprozeduren nur zum Teil mit denen der Stylistisque comparộe vergleichbar Sie sind nọmlich nicht deskriptiv, sondern als
Translation rules are prescriptive and semantically focus on the conversion of words rather than stylistic phenomena Translating is not a natural human ability; it requires various language elements, repetitions, and routine processes to transform the source language into the target language Each language presents different translation possibilities influenced by the context of the sentence, the author's style, and even the translator's approach Therefore, it is essential to establish a classification that enhances the translator's understanding.
The stylistics of comparative analysis focuses on the interlingual linguistic operations that translators can employ to ensure that content is conveyed in a stylistically and substantively appropriate manner during the translation process This approach aims to neutralize structural differences between languages.
After numerous translations between the language pairs of English-French and German-French, seven main categories of translation procedures have been defined: borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation Among these, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation are classified as shifts in content perspective.
Seven main classes of translation have been divided into two groups The first group, known as literal translation, involves procedures where the surface text of the source language can be transferred more or less linearly into the target language In contrast, the second group, referred to as non-literal translation, includes procedures that require more complex methods due to the asymmetry between languages.
Die ĩbersetzungsprozedur Entlehnung ( -emprunt), Lehnỹbersetzung ( -calque) und wortgetreue ĩbersetzung ( -traduction littộrale) gehửren zur Direktỹbersetzung (traduction directe) bzw wửrtlichen ĩbersetzung.
Da die definierten Begriffe in derStylistisque comparée nicht ganz klar dargestellt werden, schlọgt WILSS (1977:121) eine hierarchische Anordnung vor.
As previously mentioned, I will focus solely on methods for translating sentences Therefore, I have selected several key methods, including literal translation, dilution (which falls under transposition), concentration, and equivalence.
Traduction littộrale (wortgetreue ĩbersetzung) bedeutet die Ersetzung ausgangsprachlicher syntaktischer Strukturen durch formal entsprechende, inhaltlich sinngleiche syntaktische Strukturen in der ZS Dies entspọche WILSS wửrtlicher Transferprozedur.
Hintergrundinformation des Romans
Thomas Mann is a renowned German author known for his monumental works, including "The Magic Mountain" (1924), "Buddenbrooks: The Decline of a Family" (1901), and "Joseph and His Brothers." Although "Death in Venice" is a shorter and more concise piece compared to his other books, its themes are profound The story follows Gustav von Aschenbach, a great writer who travels to Venice seeking an escape from his life, only to find himself captivated by a beautiful boy resembling an angel.
Like many of Thomas Mann's works, the plot of "Death in Venice" is rooted in reality The story features a gondolier, a boy named Tadzio, and his family, with the journey hindered by lost luggage, a cholera epidemic, a sincere travel agency clerk, and the boisterous troubadours of the artist, all reflecting real-life elements.
The novel is structured into five chapters: the first chapter introduces the theme, the second chapter presents the main character, the third chapter outlines the context of the incident, the fourth chapter develops the incident, and the fifth chapter culminates in a tragic ending.
The theme of this book may be challenging for readers, yet emotions are not always the ultimate goal of literary art in academic literature "Death in Venice" is less complex than the author's other works, such as "The Magic Mountain" and "Buddenbrooks." Set in Venice, the story unfolds in a hot, cramped, and epidemic-stricken environment, where an aging writer is suddenly confronted by a fleeting beauty Unlike "Lolita," which often explores themes of love, this narrative focuses solely on the internal developments of the main character It reflects the regrets of youth, the disparity in life's stages, the desperate and helpless yearning for unattainable beauty, and the desire to live happily, regardless of the circumstances.
Mehr oder all das ist diese Broschüre immer noch eine der eindringlichsten Hymnen der Schửnheit.
Untersuchungsergebnisse
Durch 260 deutsche Relativsọtze und ihre Entsprechungen auf Vietnamesisch fand ich die ĩbersetzungsmethoden wie folgt: ĩbersetzungsmethoden Sọtze Prozent (%)
The table indicates that the overall percentage exceeds 100%, with the number of sentences increasing to 278 This suggests that the author, Nguyen Hong Van, employed multiple translation methods when translating German relative clauses into Vietnamese, rather than relying on a single approach.
Dabei wird ein Diagram ỹber die Anzahl der ĩbersetzungsmethoden erstellt Die
Nguyen Hong Van predominantly uses literal translation for translating relative clauses, with 183 out of 260 German relative clauses translated this way, accounting for 70% of the total Additionally, the focus on general translation, represented by 33 sentences, ranked second, comprising 12.6% of the overall translations.
Diagramm 2: Die Anzahl der ĩbersetzungsmethoden 2.2.2.1 Syntaktische Transformation
Diagramm 2: Die Anzahl der syntaktischen Transformation
The sentence structure in Vietnamese and German exhibits distinct characteristics, requiring translators to sometimes alter the sentence structure during translation to align with the target language's usage Although this adjustment accounts for only 11% of 260 sentences, failing to implement it can result in sentences that are difficult to understand and culturally incompatible with the target language.
(17) „er hielt jeden, der sich ihm nọherte“.
„Cứ có ai lại, là hắn túm chặt áo“.
In this example, the two clauses were swapped The correct structure should be "hắn tỳm chặt ỏo kẻ nào lại gần hắn." However, the translator translated the subordinate clause first, followed by the main clause.
Diagramm 3: Die Anzahl der Traduction littérale
The prevalence of literal translation methods indicates a tendency among translators to favor word-for-word translation This approach is commonly utilized because it assists translators in retaining the majority of the original information.
(18) „Ein englisches Matrosenkostüm, dessen bauschige Ärmel sich nach unten verengerten“.
„Bộ đồ lính thủy Anh, vai bồng, ống tay xuống dưới chiết hẹp“.
Durch das obige Beispiel wird die absolute Loyalitọt der ĩbersetzerin gegenỹber dem Zielstext gezeigt Die Wửrter werden wửrtlich in ein gleichwertiges Eins-zu-Eins- Format konvertiert.
(19) „Er erinnerte sich eines kleinen Seebades nicht weit von Triest, das man ihm rühmlich genannt hatte“.
„Ông nhớ đến một bãi tắm nhỏ không xa Trieste mà người ta đã quảng cáo rùm beng với ông“.
Die ĩbersetzerin hat alle grammatikalischen Merkmale des Relativsatzes beibehalten, nur das Verb wurde geọndert, um der Grammatik des Vietnamesischen zu entsprechen.
In Anbetracht des gesamten Satzes hat der ĩbersetzer jedoch die wửrtliche ĩbersetzung verwendet, um den deutschen Satz ins Vietnamesische umzuwandeln.
Diagramm 4: Die Anzahl der Konzentration
Due to discrepancies between languages and the rules of grammar, semantics, and pragmatics, the translator omitted certain elements from the sentence during the translation process to avoid making the sentence overly complex.
(20) „Aschenbach verstand nicht ein Wort von dem, was er sagte“.
„Aschenbach chẳng hiểu cậu nói mô tê gì“.
Instead of translating every word in the relative clause, the author chose to condense the sentence and adapt it freely into a target language closely related to Vietnamese The term "Mụ tờ" highlights the misunderstanding in Vietnamese.
Diagram 5: Die Anzahl der Modulation
Although modulation constitutes only 10% of the total 260 sentences, this translation method plays a crucial role when the cultures and societies of the source and target languages differ, helping to make the sentence more contextually appropriate.
Similar to example (20), the translator has deviated from a literal translation However, she has narrowed the sentence and adapted it to everyday language suitable for Vietnamese culture As a result, we can observe that the sentence has become a common expression.
Diagram 6: Die Anzahl der Équivalence
Redewendungen und Sprichwửrter kommen in jeder Sprache vor Wọhrend deutsche Sprichwửrter họufig im Alltag verwendet werden, sind Sprichwửrter in der vietnamesischen Literatur in vielerlei Hinsicht vorhanden Als ein literatischer
Roman hat die ĩbersetzerin Nguyen Hong Van manchmal einige vietnamesische
Redewendungen und Sprichwửrter in seine ĩbersetzung eingebracht, die wie folgt erwọhnt werden kửnnen:
(21) „was họtten sie zu seinem ganzen Leben gesagt, das von dem ihren so bis zur Entartung abgewichen war?“.
„Nhưng mà, họ có thể nói gì được về cả cuộc đời ông, theo cách nghĩ của họ chỉ là một cuộc đờithoái hóa sa đọa?“.
(22) „Denn wie sollte wohl der zum Erzieher taugen, dem eine unverbesserliche und natürliche Richtung zum Abgrunde eingeboren ist“.
Một người có thiên hướng sa ngã và luôn quay về những con đường cũ liệu có đủ tư cách để đảm nhận vai trò của một người thầy hay không?
This study examines translation methods within 260 sentences, highlighting the potential for further analysis of additional relative clauses Before concluding, the results will be summarized in relation to the objectives, and the research question will be addressed.
The analysis focuses on the translation methods used in the novel "Death in Venice." Five primary translation techniques are identified within the text: syntactic transformation, literal translation, concentration, modulation, and equivalence.
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Anhọnge deutsche Relativsọtze Ins Vietnamesische ĩM den entlastenden Schlummer nicht gefunden, der ihm, bei zunehmender Abnutzbarkeit seiner
Krọfte, một lần vào ban ngày, cảm thấy cần thiết hơn bao giờ hết Ông không thể chợp mắt dù chỉ một giây để thư giãn như thường lệ - giấc ngủ trưa rất quan trọng cho tình trạng sức khỏe đang suy giảm của ông hiện tại.
"Beim Aumeister, wohin stillere und stillere Wege ihn geführt, hatte
Aschenbach eine kleine Weile den volkstümlich belebten Wirtsgarten überblickt, an dessen Rande einige
Aschenbach lặng lẽ đi dọc những con đường mòn vắng vẻ đến khu Aumeister, nơi anh dừng lại để ngắm nhìn khung cảnh nhộn nhịp với các quán ăn ngoài trời và những chiếc xe ngựa chờ đợi bên lề đường.
Schienengeleise sich einsam gleiòend gegen Schwabing erstreckten
Both Führinger Chausee and Unger Street, where the solitary, gleaming railway tracks stretch toward Schwabing, capture the attention of T as he returns from his daydreams In the portico above the two apocalyptic creatures guarding the grand staircase, he notices a man with an unusual appearance.
