KONSEP DASAR PENELITIAN
Pengertian Penelitian
Research, derived from the English word "research," refers to the process of gathering information aimed at enhancing, modifying, or developing an investigation or group of investigations Essentially, research is any process that generates knowledge.
Secara etimologis, istilah research berasal dari dua kata, yaitu re dan search
The term "research" combines the prefix "re," meaning to return or repeat, with "search," which signifies the act of seeking, exploring, or discovering meaning Therefore, research can be understood as the process of repeatedly seeking, exploring, or uncovering meaning (Sudarwan Danim and Darwis, 2003: 29).
Research is fundamentally an endeavor to discover, develop, and test the validity of knowledge through scientific methods Experts express varying opinions on defining research or investigation into a problem, emphasizing the pursuit of truth through scientific approaches.
Research is a systematic scientific activity aimed at solving problems, making it an essential part of problem-solving efforts The primary function of research is to provide explanations and answers to issues, as well as to offer alternatives for potential solutions These explanations and answers can be abstract and general, as seen in basic research, or they can be highly concrete and specific, which is typically found in applied research.
Basic research typically does not provide ready-to-use information for solving problems; instead, it focuses on developing models or theories that illustrate all related variables within a situation and hypothesizes about the relationships among these variables.
2 tersebut Oleh karena itu tidak jarang pemecahan permasalahan baru dapat dicapai lewat pemaduan hasil beberapa penelitian yang berkaitan
Research is generally defined as a systematic and logical process of collecting and analyzing data to achieve specific objectives It employs scientific methods, which can be quantitative or qualitative, experimental or non-experimental, and interactive or non-interactive These methods have been extensively developed through various trials, resulting in standardized procedures According to Ary, Jacobs, and Razafieh (1992), research is an scientific approach to problem examination, representing a systematic and objective effort to acquire reliable knowledge Moh Nazir (1997) notes that research utilizing scientific methods is termed scientific research, which always includes two essential elements: empirical observation and rational reasoning.
Research is an effort to advance knowledge and test theories In relation to knowledge development, Welberg (1986) outlines five essential steps in the research process: (1) identifying the research problem, (2) conducting empirical studies, (3) performing replication, (4) synthesizing and reviewing findings, and (5) utilizing and evaluating the outcomes (McMillan and Schumacher, 2001: 6).
Research can be defined as a methodical process of discovery through observation or investigation aimed at finding answers to specific problems According to Kerlinger (1986) as cited in Indriantoro and Supomo (2002:3), research is characterized by being systematic, controlled, empirical, and based on theory and hypotheses The outcomes of research can be categorized as either discovery or invention Discovery refers to findings that already exist and are supported by evidence, as noted by Sukardi (2005), who explains that discovery is the result of uncovering something that was previously known.
The discovery of America involved significant inventions, which can be defined as groundbreaking findings supported by factual research For instance, the cloning of extinct animals has led to the exploration of new species through scientific investigation.
Research, as defined by Leedy (1997) in Indriantoro and Supomo (2002:4), is a systematic process that involves the collection and analysis of information (data) to enhance our understanding of phenomena of interest Similarly, Dane (1990:4) describes research as a critical process of posing questions and striving to answer inquiries about the facts of the world According to Indriantoro and Supomo (2002:5), a correct understanding of research is that it is a systematic process, supported by data, aimed at providing answers to questions, solving problems, or gaining deeper insights into a phenomenon.
Scientific research is a systematic and objective process that incorporates reasoning and observation to discover, verify, and reinforce theories, as well as to address problems that arise in life.
Quantitative research is grounded in positivism and is widely applied across natural sciences, social sciences, economics, and education According to Sukardi (2005), key characteristics of positivist research include: a) a focus on universal objectivity that is unaffected by time and space, b) the interpretation of variables through quantifiable measures or numbers, c) a clear separation between the researcher and the subject of study, and d) an emphasis on statistical methods to address research questions.
Proses tersebut, yang sering disebut sebagai metodologi penelitian, mempunyai delapan macam karakteristik:
Research begins with a clear question or problem that defines its purpose It follows a specific procedural design and often breaks down the main issue into manageable sub-problems Driven by specific research questions or hypotheses, research operates under certain critical assumptions It requires the collection and interpretation of data to address the initial problems, and inherently, it follows a cyclical or helical process.
Gambar 1 Siklus Penelitian Sumber: Leedy (1997)
Tujuan Penelitian
Ada tujuan tertentu yang akan dicapai melalui penelitian Berdasarkankesimpulan tentang pengertian penelitian sebagaimana dikemukakan di atas dapat diidentifikasi tujuan penelitian, yaitu sebagai berikut:
The primary aim of research is to gather empirical data that can be utilized to formulate, expand, and verify theories, a goal characteristic of pure sciences Additionally, research seeks to address real-life problems, which is a fundamental objective in applied sciences.
The primary aim of research is to formulate questions and discover answers related to those questions Research objectives can lead to further inquiries, as no single individual can pose all possible questions or find all answers, even for one specific question Therefore, it is essential to narrow our focus by defining clear research goals One type of research objective is exploration, which serves to limit the scope of the investigation.
Researchers typically choose exploratory research for several reasons: (a) to satisfy initial curiosity and gain a deeper understanding, (b) to assess the feasibility of conducting more in-depth studies in the future, and (c) to develop methods for subsequent research based on exploratory findings Since exploratory research is inherently a preliminary investigation, it is often perceived as unsatisfactory This dissatisfaction usually relates to issues of sampling representativeness However, it is essential to recognize that exploration is a valuable step in the research process.
―pembukaan jalan‖, sehingga setelah ―pintu terbuka lebar-lebar‖ maka diperlukan penelitian yang lebih mendalam dan terfokus pada sebagian dari
―ruang di balik pintu yang telah terbuka‖ tadi b Deskripsi
Penelitian deskriptif berkaitan dengan pengkajian fenomena secara lebih rinci atau membedakannya dengan fenomena yang lain c Prediksi
Penelitian prediksi berupaya mengidentifikasi hubungan (keterkaitan) yang memungkinkan kita berspekulasi (menghitung) tentang sesuatu hal (X) dengan mengetahui (berdasar) hal yang lain (Y) Prediksi sering kita pakai sehari-hari,
When admitting new students, we establish a minimum score requirement, indicating that students who meet this threshold are more likely to succeed in their studies This reflects the predictive relationship between entrance exam scores and future academic success.
Explanatory research investigates the cause-and-effect relationships between two or more phenomena This type of research is used to determine the validity of a particular explanation regarding these relationships or to identify which among competing explanations is more valid For instance, explanatory research may aim to explain why a specific type of city experiences higher crime rates compared to other city types In contrast, descriptive research only highlights the difference in crime rates without addressing the underlying reasons for these disparities.
Action research aims to address specific objectives by establishing criteria to find solutions through practical actions This type of research typically involves conducting experimental actions and observing the outcomes to formulate solution criteria For instance, a phenomenon was observed where individuals continued to use air conditioning even when the outside temperature was cooler than the indoor temperature In the action research experiment, various reminder tools were developed to inform people that the outside air was cooler Ultimately, one of these tools proved to be the most effective Based on this finding, solution criteria were established to address the aforementioned phenomenon.
Fungsi Penelitian
Fungsi penelitian adalah mencarikan penjelasan dan jawababn terhadap permasalahan serta memberikan alternatif bagi kemungkinan yang dapat digunakan untuk pemecahan masalah Pemecahan dan jawaban terhadap permasalahan itu
7 dapat bersifat abstrak dan umum sebagaimana hanya dalam penelitian dasar (basic research) dan dapat spesifik seperti biasanya ditemui pada penelitian terapan
(applied research) a Mendiskripsikan, memberikan, data atau informasi
Research focused on describing symptoms and events occurring around us requires attention and intervention These symptoms and events can vary in scale, but their potential impact on future developments necessitates immediate consideration Additionally, it is essential to explain the data, conditions, or background that contribute to the occurrence of a particular event or phenomenon.
Research with the task of explanation is more complex and extensive compared to research focused on merely revealing events as they are This type of research examines the relationships between various factors and involves the formulation of theories.
Developing a new theory is a lengthy process that involves standardizing various instruments, procedures, populations, and samples It requires the ability to predict, estimate, and project potential events based on previously gathered data The information obtained is crucial for forecasting future possibilities Through research, data is collected to anticipate various occurrences or situations that may arise in the future, as well as to control the events and phenomena that take place.
Research allows for the control of events and phenomena by designing a study that effectively manages these occurrences The treatment is structured within a framework that implements control measures on other variables that may influence the event in question.
Karakteristik Penelitian
Research is a systematic and organized investigation aimed at developing knowledge The terms "systematic" and "organized" indicate that research employs specific, well-structured methods or procedures to achieve its goals Research methodology encompasses the knowledge that examines the principles governing the methods used in research Science is a component of knowledge that meets certain criteria.
Dengan demikian, mempunyai hubungan yang erat dengan Ilmu penelitian Penelitian pada dasarnya merupakan operasionalisasi dari metode yang digunakan untuk memperoleh pengetahuan ilmiah yang dikenal dengan metode ilmiah (scientific method)
The scientific method is a specific procedure used to acquire knowledge known as scientific knowledge Not all knowledge qualifies as science, as scientific knowledge must meet certain criteria In the realm of philosophy, the approach to gaining knowledge is referred to as epistemology Therefore, the scientific method serves as the epistemology of science, examining sources to obtain accurate knowledge This discussion of the scientific method is not exhaustive compared to the broader exploration within the philosophy of knowledge The focus here is on understanding the essence of research as the operationalization of specific procedures to obtain scientific knowledge.
Paradigma Penelitian
Research paradigms, particularly in the social sciences, serve as frameworks that outline how researchers perceive social realities and their approach to theories and knowledge These paradigms clarify how researchers comprehend specific issues and establish testing criteria as a foundation for addressing research questions.
Paradigma penelitian secara ekstrim dipisahkan menjadi :
Kedua paradigm tersebut dapat diuraikan sebagai berikut:
The quantitative paradigm, also known as the traditional, positivist, experimental, or empiricist approach, focuses on testing theories through the measurement of research variables using numerical data and statistical analysis This paradigm is characterized by deductive research aimed at testing hypotheses, making it a key type of quantitative research.
Kasiram (2008: 149) mendefinisikan penelitian kuantitatif adalah suatu proses menemukan pengetahuan yang menggunakan data berupa angka sebagai alat menganalisis keterangan mengenai apa yang ingin diketahui b) Asumsi Penelitian Kuantitatif
Quantitative research is based on several key assumptions (Nana Sudjana and Ibrahim, 2001; Del Siegle, 2005; Johnson, 2005) Firstly, it posits that the reality under investigation is singular, fragmented, and tends to be stable, allowing for predictability Secondly, it asserts that variables can be identified and measured using objective and standardized tools Additionally, the characteristics of quantitative research emphasize these foundational principles.
The characteristics of quantitative research include a deductive reasoning approach, aiming to understand phenomena by applying general concepts to specific instances Additionally, it employs positivistic logic, focusing on objective analysis while avoiding subjective elements.
The research process adheres to a predetermined procedure, aiming to establish nomothetic science, which formulates laws based on generalizations Subjects, data collection methods, and necessary data sources are meticulously planned in advance Data is gathered through objective and standardized measurements, ensuring the researcher remains emotionally detached from the subjects Data analysis occurs only after all information has been collected, resulting in generalizations and predictions that are independent of specific timeframes and contexts This outlines the procedures involved in quantitative research.
Quantitative research is conducted following a predetermined procedure that includes several key stages These stages are: identifying the research problem, conducting a literature review, developing a conceptual framework, defining variables, formulating hypotheses and research questions, designing the research, implementing sampling techniques, collecting and quantifying data, analyzing the data, and finally interpreting and communicating the research findings Additionally, there are various types of quantitative research that can be explored.
In conducting research, researchers can utilize specific methods and designs based on the research objectives and the nature of the problems encountered According to the characteristics of the issues, quantitative research can be categorized into several types (Suryabrata, 2000).
15 dan Sudarwan Danim dan Darwis, 2003 : 69 – 78) i Penelitian deskriptif ii Penelitian korelational iii Penelitian kausal komparatif iv Penelitian tindakan v Penelitian perkembangan vi Penelitian eksperimen f) Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif
The method used in quantitative research, particularly in analytical quantitative studies, is the deductive method This approach relies on established scientific theories as a foundation for further truth-seeking According to Suriasumantri (2000: 6), the scientific method fundamentally serves as a means for acquiring and organizing knowledge based on: i) a logical framework with consistent arguments aligned with previously established knowledge; ii) the formulation of hypotheses derived from this framework; and iii) the verification of these hypotheses to factually test the validity of their statements.
Jujun emphasizes that the scientific framework centered on the logico-hypothetico-verificative process consists of several key steps (Suriasumantri, 2005: 127-128) First, the formulation of the problem involves posing questions about a clearly defined empirical object, allowing for the identification of related factors Second, the construction of a conceptual framework leads to the development of a hypothesis, which serves as an argument explaining the potential relationships among various interconnected factors that shape the problem constellation This framework is rationally constructed based on scientifically validated premises while considering empirical factors.
The process involves several key steps: first, identifying relevant issues; second, formulating a hypothesis that serves as a preliminary answer or assumption to the posed question, based on the developed framework; third, testing the hypothesis by gathering relevant facts to determine if there is supporting evidence; and finally, drawing conclusions to assess whether the hypothesis is accepted or rejected.
Langkah-langkah atau prosedur penelitian tersebut kemudian oleh Suriasumantri divisualisasikan dalam bentuk bagan sebagai berikut:
Moleong (2005: 6) defines qualitative research as an approach aimed at understanding the phenomena experienced by research subjects, including their behaviors, perceptions, motivations, and actions This definition synthesizes various interpretations of qualitative research, emphasizing its focus on the subjective experiences of individuals.
13 secara holistic, dan dengan cara deskripsi dalam bentuk kata-kata dan bahasa, pada suatu konteks khusus yang alamiah dahn dengan memanfaatkan berbagai metode alamiah a) Asumsi Penelitian Kualitatif
Qualitative research is grounded in the understanding that reality is multi-dimensional, unified, and dynamic (Nana Sudjana and Ibrahim, 2001: 7) Consequently, it is impossible to create a detailed and fixed research design beforehand, as the research design evolves throughout the research process.
Qualitative research, also known as naturalistic research, phenomenological method, impressionistic method, and post-positivistic method, is characterized by several key features Firstly, it employs an inductive thinking pattern (empirical-rational or bottom-up) and is often used to generate grounded theory, which emerges from data rather than hypotheses, resulting in substantive theories Secondly, the emic perspective, or participant viewpoint, is highly valued, focusing on understanding perceptions and meanings from the participants' perspectives, which leads to the discovery of phenomenological facts Thirdly, qualitative research does not adhere to a fixed research design; instead, the design evolves throughout the research process Furthermore, the aim of qualitative research is to comprehend and seek meaning behind data to uncover various truths, whether empirical, sensual, or logical Lastly, the subjects, data collected, sources needed, and data collection tools may vary according to the research requirements.
Data collection is based on phenomenological principles, focusing on a deep understanding of the phenomena encountered The researcher acts as a data collection instrument, making their presence integral to the study Data analysis can occur both during and after the research process The research findings consist of descriptions and interpretations contextualized within specific timeframes and situations.
The implementation of qualitative research procedures is flexible, adapting to the specific needs and conditions of the field The main stages of qualitative research include: formulating the research problem as the focus, collecting data in the field, analyzing the data, formulating study results, and preparing recommendations for decision-making Additionally, there are various types of qualitative research.
Kriteria Ilmiah
Penelitian ilmiah mempunyai kriteria tertentu Berikut ini adalah penjelasan singkat mengenai kriteria suatu penelitian ilmiah yang baik:
2 Menggunakan landasan teoritis dan metode pengujian data yang atau berdasarkan pengungkapan data
3 Mempunyai kemampuan untuk diuji dari telaah teoritis atau berdasarkan pengungkapan data
4 Mempunyai kemampuan untuk diuji ulang (replikasi)
5 Memilih data sehingga hasilnya dapat dipercaya
Sumber-Sumber Ilmu Pengetahuan
Beberapa sumber ilmu pengetahuan yang tersedia sebagai hasil penelitian ilmiah terhadap masalah-masalah sosial Sumber-sumber pengetahuan tersebut dapat dikelompokkan menjadi 5 (lima ), yaitu:
Untuk lebih jelasnya berikut ini, secara singkat dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut: a Melalui pegalaman
Sebagaimana biasa kita dengar orang mengatakan ‖guru yang paling baik adalah pengalaman‖ Orang dapat belajar dari pengalamannya karena mereka melakukan, mengalami dan menghadapi masalah hidup
Sejumlah pengalaman tersebut dapat dikembangkan manusia dalam berbagai aktivitas atau usaha untuk dimanfaatkan dalam kehidupannya Misalnya, seorang petani bekerja langsung sebagai petani dan menjadi petani tanpa
From a young age, children who are exposed to trading by helping their parents at markets or at home develop valuable skills in buying and selling Through their experiences, often characterized by trial and error, they learn to refine their abilities and can even grow into successful entrepreneurs The more persistent and resilient these individuals are in the face of setbacks, the greater their chances of achieving success in life.
One way individuals learn through experience to master knowledge is by utilizing traditional methods that are prevalent in society For instance, in certain tribes, elders emphasize the importance of adhering to ancestral traditions, which are often considered sacred and must not be violated Violating these customs is seen as unacceptable and is often regarded as taboo within the community Parents prohibit their children from engaging in activities that contradict these traditions, viewing it as a form of education for the younger generation Additionally, learning through authoritative methods plays a significant role in this process.
This method is employed to master knowledge when experiential learning is not effectively applicable Alternatively, individuals can seek answers by asking questions or leveraging the experiences of others For instance, a student does not need to travel to the moon to understand its conditions; they can consult their professors or experts in the field Those with authority in the subject matter—such as experts, scholars, and researchers—can provide valuable insights and interpretations Mastering knowledge through authoritative sources is more efficient and feasible, especially when there are institutions or individuals nearby who meet the criteria of expertise.
The use of logical reasoning has been a fundamental method employed by scientists since ancient Greek and Egyptian times in the development and mastery of knowledge By applying nearly scientific logical reasoning, they advanced knowledge significantly, creating a body of work that remains relevant today These scholars utilized logical arguments to establish new propositions, laws, and theories.
Deductive reasoning is a method of thinking that seeks to acquire knowledge by moving from general principles to more specific conclusions Deductive logic organizes facts and reaches conclusions through logical argumentation For example, if all mammals have legs and all cats are mammals, it follows that cats have legs Thus, the conclusion is that cats are mammals.
This method involves a thinking process that begins with specific supporting facts and moves towards a more general conclusion For example, we observe that a black chicken has a heart, and a white chicken also has a heart Therefore, the conclusion is that every chicken has a heart.
In inductive reasoning, a researcher begins with observations, possibly through experimentation, to examine chicken hearts By studying various chicken colors, all of which possess hearts, the researcher draws a conclusion that represents a final form of generalization based on the observations of multiple chickens This process exemplifies the use of a scientific approach.
The scientific method is the most valid and precise approach for mastering and developing knowledge, surpassing other discussed methodologies It is highly recommended for researchers and professionals to consistently apply this approach in every opportunity Essentially, the scientific method integrates two forms of deductive logic.
18 dan induktif yang kemudian menghasilkan langkah penting sebagai strategi ilmiah.
Metode Ilmiah dan Non Ilmiah
The scientific method is a pursuit of the ideal of knowledge, aiming to uncover truths through logical considerations It seeks systematic interpretations of facts, employing a systematic skepticism to find answers about these facts Consequently, scientific research is closely linked to the scientific method, as it facilitates the exploration of general principles by addressing questions such as how far, why, and whether something is true.
Metode ilmiah dalam meneliti mempunyai kriteria serta langkah langkah tertentu dalam bekerja, seperti tertera dalam skema 1 di bawah ini
Supaya suatu metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian disebut metode ilmiah, maka metode tersebut harus mempunyai kriteria sebagai berikut: a Berdasarkan fakta
Keterangan-keterangan yang ingin diperoleh dalam penelitian, baik yang akan dikumpulkan dan yang dianalisa haruslah berdasarkanfakta-fakta yang nyata b Bebas dari Prasangka
The scientific method must be free from bias, objective, and devoid of subjective considerations It requires the use of facts that are supported by thorough reasoning and complete evidence, ensuring that conclusions are drawn objectively Additionally, it involves applying analytical principles to enhance understanding and validity.
Semua masalah haruslah dicari sebab serta pemecahannya dengan menggunakan analisa yang logis d Menggunakan Hipotesa
Hipotesa harus ada untuk mengumpulkan persoalan serta memadu jalan fikiran ke arah tujuan yang ingin dicapai sehingga hasil yang ingin diperoleh akan mengenai sasaran dengan tepat
Research and analysis must be presented using objective measurements Evaluations should not rely on feelings or personal conscience Considerations must be made objectively and with rational thinking, employing quantitative techniques.
Ukuran data yang lazim digunakan untuk ukuran kuantitatif adalah ton, mm per detik, ohm, kilogram dll
Gambar 3 Skema Kriteria dan Langkah-langkah Metode Ilmiah
Dalam metode ilmiah ini ada beberapa bentuk yang dapat digunakan, yaitu: a Akal sehat (common sense)
Akal sehat merupakan salah satu cara menerima dan memferifikasi pengetahuan pada umumnya Menurut conant seperti dikutip oleh Kerlinger (1973,3)
20 menyatakan bahwa akal sehat merupakan: serangkaian konsep dan bagan konseptual yang memuaskan untuk penggunaan praktis bagi kemanusiaan b Pendapat otoritas (authory)
Ada empat kriteria yang dapat digunakan untuk menentukan seseorang mempunyai otoritas ilmiah, yaitu:
Pertama: induvidu itu dikenal sebagai anggota dari provesi tertentu dalam kewenangan yang dipersoalkan
Kedua: individu yang dimaksud dapat diidentifikasi dengan jelas
The third aspect of authority is assessed through one's life within society, while the fourth aspect emphasizes that authority remains unbiased, meaning it reflects rational thought and aligns with reality in all circumstances Additionally, intuition plays a significant role in understanding authority.
Cara ini biasa digunakan dan dilakukan seseorang dalam memecahkan suatu kesulitan d Penemuan kebetulan dan coba-coba ( trials dan errors)
Dalam pelaksanaannya, seseorang yang menggunakan cara ini tidak menggunakan langkah-langkah tertentu yang harus ditempuh secara teratur
RUANG LINGKUP PENELITIAN BISNIS
Ruang Lingkup Penelitian Bisnis
Research is a systematic activity adhering to established principles aimed at discovering truths and resolving issues in the fields of science, technology, and the arts Research methods refer to the scientific techniques employed to gather data for specific purposes and applications These methods are characterized by being rational, empirical, and systematic Rationality ensures that research is conducted in a logical manner accessible to human reasoning Empirical aspects involve techniques that can be observed through human senses, allowing others to witness and understand the methods used during the research process Lastly, a systematic approach indicates that the research follows specific, logical steps throughout its execution.
Empirical data obtained through research must meet valid criteria, indicating the accuracy between actual data and what researchers collect To ensure valid research results, the validity can be assessed through reliability and objectivity testing of the gathered data Generally, reliable and objective research data tend to yield valid results Reliability refers to the consistency of data over a specific time interval, while objectivity relates to interpersonal agreement among multiple individuals Validity can be achieved by using appropriate research instruments, selecting adequate and accurate data sources, and employing correct data collection and analysis methods To obtain reliable data, the research instruments must also be reliable, and to ensure objectivity, a large sample size or data sources close to the population size should be utilized.
22 dilakukan tahap pengumpulan data maka instrument penelitian terlebih dahulu diuji validitas dan reliabilitasnya
The purpose of conducting research is to utilize the findings effectively Generally, research outcomes are expected to aid in understanding, solving, and anticipating issues Understanding involves clarifying problems or unknown information, leading to knowledge acquisition Solving refers to minimizing or eliminating problems, while anticipating means taking proactive measures to prevent issues from arising.
Business research methods refer to the scientific approaches used to gather valid data aimed at discovering, validating, and developing knowledge Ultimately, these methods help in understanding, solving, and anticipating problems within the business field.
Penjelasan selanjutnya ialah berkenaan dengan ruang lingkup bisnis Bisnis merupakan proses pengelolaan sumber daya untuk mencapai tujuan secara efektif dan efisien, terdiri dari unsur-unsur berikut:
1 Proses pengelolaan ke dalam fungsi-fungsi manajemen (perencanaan, pengorganisasian, penggerakan, dan pengontrolan),
2 Sumber daya yang dikelola, meliputi 7 M (man, money, materials, methods, mechines, market, minute), dan
3 Kriteria pencapaian tujuan (efektif dan efisien) Efektivitas merupakan landasan untuk mencapai sukses (pekerjaan yang betul yang dikerjakan) Efesiensi merupakan sumber daya minimal yang digunakan untuk mencapai kesuksesan itu (mengerjakan sesuatu dengan betul)
Business can be applied across various activities, whether individually or within organizations, with the aim of achieving set goals effectively and efficiently It is defined as the study of managing private organizations.
In general, business involves the management of entrepreneurial activities aimed primarily at generating profit The scope of business research can be categorized into several fields, including general business.
23 pemasaran, keuangan (finance), manajemen dan perilaku organisasional, sistem informasi manajemen, manajemen operasi, dan manajemen sumber daya manusia Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh topik utama dalam penelitian manajemen :
• Bisnis Umum : peramalan jangka pendek dan jangka panjang, tren bisnis dan industri, inflasi dan penentuan harga, akuisisi, ekspor, dan perdagangan internasional
• Pemasaran dan penjualan : potensi pasar bagian dan segmentasi saluran distribusi promosi penjualan, perilaku konsumen
• Keuangan : anggaran, sumber-sumber pembiayaan, modal kerja, investasi, tingkat bunga dan resiko kredit, biaya modal penilaian analisis biaya, lembaga keuangan, merger, dan akuisisi
• Manajemen dan Perilaku Organisasi : manajemen mutu terpadu, motivasi dan kepuasan kerja, gaya kepemimpinan, produktivitas tenaga kerja, efektivitas organisasional, budaya dan komunikasi organisasi, studi gerak dan waktu, serikat pekerja
• Sistem Informasi Manajemen, antara lain meliputi studi mengenai : sistem informasi eksekutif, sistem komunikasi bisnis, sistem dukungan keputusan, aliansi fungsi sistem informasi, personel sistem informasi, perkembangan sistem informasi.
Klasifikasi Penelitian Bisnis
Research activities across various disciplines generally employ similar research methods In practice, research may involve multiple disciplines and combine different research methodologies The diverse perspectives and approaches used for classifying research can lead to confusion and overlap in identifying research types However, understanding research classification is essential for recognizing research categories and studying the characteristics of each research type.
24 diklasifikasikan berdasarkan berbagai sudut pandang, diantaranya berdasarkan : (1) Tujuan Penelitian, (2) Karakteristik Masalah, (3) Jenis Data.
Penelitian dibedakan berdasarkan tujuannya
Tujuan penelitian, seperti yang telah dibahas di muka, meliputi: pengembangan teori dan pemecahan masalah Berdasarkan kedua tujuan tersebut, penelitian dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai:
1 Penelitian Dasar, yaitu penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengembangkan teori
Basic or fundamental research is a type of investigation focused on addressing theoretical problems rather than directly influencing policies, actions, or specific performance outcomes The primary aim of basic research is to develop and evaluate theoretical concepts The findings from this type of research are expected to contribute significantly to the advancement of theory.
Penelitian dasar selanjutnya dapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan pendekatan yang digunakan dalam pengembangan teori, yaitu:
Penelitian Deduktif adalah tipe penelitian yang bertujuan untuk menguji
Hypothesis testing involves validating theories or applying them to specific situations This type of research utilizes a priori hypotheses, which are based on theory rather than empirical facts, to guide the selection, collection, and analysis of data A key distinction between deductive and inductive research lies in the development of hypotheses; deductive research formulates hypotheses from theoretical frameworks, while inductive research derives them from factual evidence The results of data testing serve as a foundation for drawing research conclusions, determining whether to support or reject the a priori hypotheses developed through theoretical examination.
Deduction is the process of drawing conclusions based on valid reasons derived from data analysis This method relies on accurate and credible premises to reach a conclusion The process of deducing conclusions by testing hypotheses with empirical data is known as deduction.
(deduction) dan metodenya disebut metode deduktif (deductive method) dan penelitiannya disebut penelitian deduktif (deductive research) Proses deduksi selalu digunakan pada penelitian yang menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif (scientific)
Deduksi dikatakan tepat jika premis (alasan) dan konklusi benar dan sahih, hal ini berarti:
1 Alasan (premis) yang diberikan untuk kesimpulan harus sesuai dengan kenyataan (benar)
2 Kesimpulan harus diambil dari alasan-alasannya (sahih)
Berikut ini contoh sederhana tentang proses pengambilan kesimpulan berdasarkan deduksi:
Semua dosen yang telah mengikuti pelatihan metodologi penelitian dapat membuat proposal penelitian dengan baik (Premis 1)
Erlina adalah dosen yang telah mengikuti pelatihan metodologi penelitian (Premis 2)
Erlina adalah dosen yang dapat membuat proposal penelitian dengan baik (konklusi)
A deductive process is considered valid if all premises are true and the conclusion is drawn correctly A conclusion can only be accepted if all premises are accurate and valid If any premise does not align with reality, the deduction cannot be accepted For instance, in the example provided, Erlina participated in research methodology training but is not a lecturer; therefore, the premise is incorrect, leading to the rejection of the conclusion.
Inductive research is a type of study aimed at generating theories or hypotheses through the discovery of facts This approach emphasizes the truth and reality of data to avoid confusion from theories or opinions Glaser and Strauss describe this research method as one focused on developing grounded theory through systematic data collection and analysis in social research The inductive process is also applied in studies that utilize interpretative approaches.
Induction is defined as the process of drawing conclusions or forming hypotheses based on one or two pieces of evidence This approach differs significantly from deduction, as there is no strong connection between the reasoning and the conclusion The process of forming hypotheses and drawing conclusions based on observed and collected data is known as the induction process, with its methodology referred to as the inductive method.
The inductive method, known as inductive research, involves collecting data before formulating a hypothesis, which may be created if desired, or drawing direct conclusions if a hypothesis is not utilized This process is primarily applied in qualitative research approaches.
Penalaran induksi merupakan proses berpikir yang berdasarkan kesimpulan umum pada kondisi khusus Kesimpulan menjelaskan fakta sedangkan faktanya mendukung kesimpulan
Teguh seorang manajer pemasaran PT Pertamina di Kota Medan Hasil penjualan pelumas di Medan paling rendah di antara kota yang lain
Based on this data, we can tentatively conclude (hypothesize) that Rudi's issue is his lack of activity in promotion However, we can also draw alternative conclusions based on other evidence.
Kemampuan menjual Teguh rendah sehingga efektivitas penjualan menurun
Daerah pemasaran Teguh tidak memiliki potensi pasar yang sama dengan daerah lain
Teguh kurang berbakat bekerja di bagian pemasaran produk pelumas
Pesaing di wilayahnya mampu memberi informasi tentang kelebihan produk mereka sehingga konsumen lebih memilih membeli produk pesaing
All hypotheses are induced from the sales records of Teguh In this context, researchers must seek evidence that is believed to be true A significant part of a researcher’s role is to identify the types of evidence needed and to evaluate the various pieces of evidence.
Penelitian-penelitian akademik oleh mahasiswa (student research) sebagai tugas akhir yang dilaporkan dalam bentuk skripsi, tesis, dan desertasi umumnya merupakan tipe penelitian dasar
2 Penelitian Terapan, yaitu penelitian yang menekankan pada pemecahan masalah
Applied Research focuses on solving practical problems and aims to answer specific questions to inform policy decisions, actions, or performance evaluations The findings typically provide essential information for decision-making in addressing pragmatic issues, which may arise within existing business organizations that require immediate solutions or improvements Applied Research can be further classified into three categories: Evaluation Research, which supports the selection of alternative actions in business decision-making by assessing activities or programs; Research and Development, aimed at creating new products or processes for product generation; and Action Research, designed to develop new skills or approaches while addressing specific, relevant issues in the current work environment.
Penelitian dibedakan berdasarkan karakteristik masalah 29
Historical research involves the study of issues related to past phenomena The primary goal of historical research is to systematically, objectively, and accurately reconstruct past events to explain current phenomena.
To anticipate future phenomena, researchers rely on historical data sources These sources include primary data, which is derived from the researcher’s direct observations of recorded events, and secondary data, which comes from the observations of others.
Descriptive research focuses on current issues by examining factual data from a specific population Its primary aim is to test hypotheses or answer questions related to the current status of the subjects being studied This type of research often involves opinions from individuals, groups, or organizations, as well as events and procedures Common data collection methods include surveys, which gather and analyze opinions from respondents through question-and-answer formats Surveys can be conducted using two main approaches: questionnaires, which involve written questions that can be administered directly or via mail, and interviews, which can take place face-to-face or over the phone.
Case and Field Study is a research method characterized by its focus on the background and current conditions of the subjects being studied, which may include individuals, groups, institutions, or specific communities The primary aim of a case study is to conduct an in-depth investigation of a particular subject to provide a comprehensive overview The scope of the research may relate to a specific life cycle stage or focus on particular factors, elements, or overall events.
Case studies typically examine a larger number of research variables with a relatively small sample size, in contrast to survey methods that tend to analyze fewer research variables with a larger sample size Variables are defined as elements that can take on various values, such as age, education level, and motivation.
Correlational research is characterized by its focus on the relationships between two or more variables The primary goal of this type of research is to determine whether a correlation exists among the variables or to make predictions based on these correlations This research emphasizes the assessment of the strength of these relationships, which can also be used for predictive purposes A relatively high correlation between variables may indicate a causal relationship.
Hubungan antar variabel yang berupa sebab-akibat dapat diteliti melalui tipe penelitian causal-komparatif dan eksperimen
Causal-Comparative Research is a type of study that examines the cause-and-effect relationships between two or more variables Researchers observe the consequences of these relationships and trace back to identify the underlying factors contributing to them This type of research is classified as ex post facto, meaning it involves analyzing data collected after an event has occurred In this approach, researchers can identify the affected variables (dependent variables) and investigate the influencing factors (independent variables).
Experimental research is a type of study that shares characteristics with causal-comparative research, focusing on the cause-and-effect relationships between two or more variables In experimental research, the researcher manipulates or controls at least one independent variable, whereas causal-comparative research does not involve any treatment of the independent variable by the researcher This manipulation or treatment is a defining feature of experimental research, intentionally conducted to observe its effects on the dependent variable To assess the impact on a dependent variable, researchers conduct experiments by comparing two groups of subjects.
30 peneliti melakukan treatment terhadap variabel independen kelompok yang satu sedang variabel independen kelompok yang lain tidak dimanipulasi
Opinion Research involves studying facts in the form of individuals' or groups' opinions The aim is to explore respondents' views, perceptions, or evaluations regarding specific issues, reflecting their responses to personal or environmental conditions and changes Utilizing survey methods, this research collects detailed, current information, identifies problems or justifies existing conditions and practices, and facilitates comparisons and evaluations Based on the data collection methods, this type of research can be categorized as descriptive research.
Empirical research focuses on factual evidence obtained through direct observation or experience, requiring the researcher to engage personally with the subjects without intermediaries This type of research prioritizes the investigation of behavioral aspects over subjective opinions, emphasizing real occurrences rather than individual perceptions of events Common examples of empirical research include case studies, field studies, and experimental research.
MASALAH PENELITIAN
Identifikasi, Penentuan, dan Perumusan Masalah
Problems often arise from gaps or discrepancies between expectations and reality, such as the difference between what is needed and what is available Currently, there are significant gaps in knowledge and technology, with insufficient information and inadequate technology to meet demands Therefore, research is conducted to minimize these gaps, even if they cannot be completely eliminated.
The problem statement must describe the background of the issue, including the factors that contribute to its significance It should also provide a rationale or justification for the study Additionally, any legal or ethical implications related to the problem should be discussed and addressed.
Many students face challenges in identifying problems when writing their final assignments In reality, problems are always present and plentiful, but they require keen observation to identify, select, and formulate Sources of problems can be derived from readings, academic meetings, authoritative statements, casual observations, personal experiences, and intuitive feelings.
Identifying research problems is crucial for any researcher Once a problem is identified, it is essential to define it accurately, as misidentification can hinder achieving research objectives or prolong the process significantly Additionally, researchers may encounter multiple issues after initial identification.
Determining problems accurately is crucial, as illustrated in everyday life For instance, a student needs to retrieve a book from a locked cabinet but discovers the key is missing upon returning home He must quickly decide whether to focus on getting the book or finding the lost key If he prioritizes retrieving the book, he may resort to forcibly opening the cabinet However, if he chooses to search for the key, he cannot solve the issue of accessing the book until the key is found.
Conducting research is similar to real-world investigations; for instance, if someone aims to study the poor academic performance of students in a school, they must first identify the problem accurately They need to determine whether the issue lies in input factors, teaching methods, administrative challenges, or other areas If the researcher misidentifies the problem, the underlying issues affecting student performance will remain unresolved.
To facilitate effective research on a problem, it is essential to select issues that attract attention and require resolution The chosen problem should allow for easy data collection and exploration related to the issue at hand Additionally, it should enable the observation of relevant facts that may be key to addressing the identified difficulties Lastly, there should be existing literature that provides a theoretical foundation for forming assumptions, which will serve as the basis for hypothesis development.
Meskipun seseorang telah menemukan dan menentukan masalah penelitian, namun satu hal lain yang harus dipertimbangkan dalam melaksanakan suatu penelitian, adalah layak atau tidaknya masalah tersebut diteliti Pertimbangan untuk
33 menentukan layak tidaknya suatu masalah untuk diteliti, pada dasarnya dapat dilihat dari dua arah, yaitu: a) Arah masalahnya atau dari sudut objektifnya
Considerations will be based on how the research contributes to the development of theory in the relevant field, grounded in its theoretical framework and practical problem-solving The feasibility of a research problem is relative and depends on the specific context of the study, as what may be a viable issue in one context might not be applicable in another There are no definitive criteria for this; the decision relies on the researcher's ability to conduct a thorough and critical evaluation Additionally, researchers must contemplate potential methods for gathering relevant data to address the identified problems and research questions.
When considering a research problem, potential researchers should evaluate its feasibility based on factors such as budget, available time, access to necessary tools and equipment, existing literature or theoretical foundations, and mastery of required methods Therefore, it is crucial for every prospective researcher to ask themselves if they can meet these criteria If not, it is advisable to either select a different issue or modify the current problem to ensure its viability for research.
Pertimbangan-pertimbangan juga harus dilihat dari dua hal, yaitu:
1 Pertimbangan personal a Apakah masalah penelitian sesuai dengan tujuan yang diharapkan dan harapan-harapan yang lain? b Apakah saya benar-benar tertarik dengan permasalahan tersebut?
When considering a research project, it's essential to evaluate whether I possess the necessary skills, knowledge, and background to address the issue at hand Additionally, I must assess if I have access to the required equipment, laboratories, and materials for the research Time and budget constraints are also crucial factors to determine if I can complete the study effectively Ensuring the accuracy of the data I can obtain is vital, as is confirming the significance of the research problem to the institution where I will submit my report Lastly, I should consider if I can secure administrative support, guidance, and collaboration to successfully carry out the research.
2 Pertimbangan sosial a Apakah hasil penelitian ini dihargai dan memiliki kontribusi terhadap pengembangan pengetahuan di lapangan? b Apakah temuan-temuan yang diperoleh memiliki nilai terhadap para pendidik, orang tua, dan para pekerja social, dan yang lainnya? c Apakah penelitian ini akan merupakan petunjuk bagi pengembangan penelitian- penelitian yang lain? d Apabila judul ini telah diteliti apakah perlu diperluas di luar keterbatasan yang ada sekarang? e Akankah peralatan dan teknik yang tidak cukup reliable dalam melaksanakan penelitian ini, maka kesimpulan-kesimpulannya akan memiliki nilai yang diragukan?
Once the problem is identified, it must be formulated effectively However, the questions posed should be considered good questions Common mistakes in problem formulation include: a Collecting data without a clearly defined purpose or plan, and b Selecting existing data groups and attempting to adapt research questions to fit them.
The article highlights several common pitfalls in research practices, including overly vague definitions and ambiguous terms that lead to divergent interpretations and unreliable conclusions It emphasizes the importance of conducting thorough literature reviews relevant to the research problem and establishing a solid conceptual framework and theoretical foundation Clear assumptions must be articulated for evaluation purposes, and researchers should acknowledge any limitations in their approach, whether implicit or explicit, as well as the constraints on their conclusions and their applicability to other contexts Additionally, it is crucial to anticipate alternative hypotheses to strengthen the research validity.
There are no strict guidelines for formulating research problems; however, it is recommended that the problem statement be framed as a question, which serves as half of the answer to the issue being investigated It should be concise and clear, providing direction for potential data collection Additionally, it should include at least two types of variables: independent variables, which influence the outcome, and dependent variables, which are affected by the independent variables.
This article presents examples of problem formulations, such as: What are the differences in learning outcomes between second-grade high school students taught using inquiry methods versus discussion methods?
Variabel bebas : Metode inkuiri dan metode diskusi
Variabel terikat: hasil belajar siswa SMA Negeri 1 kelas 2
Tipe Masalah Penelitian
The type of research problem varies based on the discipline and area of interest of the researcher Essentially, a research problem is a situation that requires a solution In the context of business research, four potential types of problems can be identified: (1) current issues within an organizational environment that need resolution, (2) specific areas within an organization that require solutions, (3) theoretical questions that necessitate research to explain or predict phenomena, and (4) research questions that demand empirical answers.
Organizational issues that require solutions are practical problems typically examined in applied research These practical problems can arise at any level and function within an organization.
Agar penelitian dapat mengarah ke inti masalah yang sesungguhnya maka diperlukan pembatasan penelitian sehingga penelitian yang dihasilkan menjadi lebih fokus dan tajam
The image above illustrates that the type of problem is not a significant concern in research; rather, all types of problems converge on the core issue Therefore, it is essential to clearly and thoroughly define the core problem, which is derived from a general collection of all issues This involves narrowing down the focus using existing theories to identify the central problem effectively.
Kriteria Masalah
Identifying a research problem is a challenging task that requires careful consideration of several criteria Firstly, the problem should be an engaging topic within the field of study Secondly, it must hold theoretical or practical significance Thirdly, the research problem should be testable through data collection and analysis Lastly, it is essential that the problem aligns with the available time and budget constraints.
1 Bidang masalah dan topik yang menarik
Research initiatives can originate from researchers or sponsors funding the projects When the research idea comes from the researcher, it typically focuses on areas that capture their interest and align with their expertise Factors such as educational background, thought processes, and the disciplines they pursue influence the selection of research topics and the researcher’s understanding of the issues at hand This selection process guides the researcher in determining the specific topic or problem to investigate.
2 Signifikasi secara teoritis atau praktis
Researchers must evaluate whether the research problem and topic of interest hold theoretical significance for basic research or practical significance for applied research The considerations used to determine the significance of the research problem relate to three key aspects.
1 Adanya dukungan konsep-konsep teoritis dari penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya yang mempunyai topik sejenis
2 Tersedianya dan dapat diperolehnya data yang relevan dengan topik penelitian
3 Kontribusi penelitian terhadap pengembangan teori atau pemecahan masalah praktis
3 Signifikasi secara teoritis dan praktis
Researchers must evaluate whether the research problem and topic of interest hold theoretical significance for fundamental research or practical relevance for applied studies The considerations used to determine the significance of the research problem are related to three key aspects.
1 Adanya dukungan konsep-konsep teoritis dari penelitian-penelitian yang mempunyai topik sejenis
2 tersedianya dan dapat diperolehnya data yang relevan dengan topik penelitian
3 Kontribusi hasil penelitian terhadap pengembangan teori atau pemecahan masalah praktis
4 Diuji melalui pengumpulan dan analisis data
A good research problem must not only be interesting and significant theoretically or practically but also be testable through data collection and analysis Problems that are too broad often involve numerous variables and require extensive data, making interpretation challenging for researchers To facilitate testing, researchers should narrow down general issues into specific problems that clearly identify the variables being studied and the units of analysis Units of analysis can include individuals, groups, parts of or entire organizations, industries, and countries.
5 Sesuai dengan waktu dan biaya yang tersedia
Spesifikasi masalah yang diteliti, disamping berdasarkan pertimbangan agar masalahnya dapat diuji, juga karena pertimbangan waktu dan biaya
Limiting the scope of a research problem can be achieved through various aspects, including the observation time period, the elements involved (variables being studied), and the environment of the research subjects Typically, the funding for basic research comes from the researchers themselves Although the time aspect is more flexible compared to applied research, careful consideration is still essential.
39 peneliti perlu mempertimbangkan biaya yang diperlukan untuk melakukan penelitian
Kriteria masalah dalam hal ini dibatasi dengan "masalah yang baik" dan
"masalah yang tidak baik" a Permasalahan yang baik:
1 Bermanfaat, permasalahan penelitian setidaknya harus bermanfaat secara teoritis maupun empiris bagi instansi atau tempat dilakukannya penelitian
2 Dapat dilaksanakan, pembuatan masalah penelitian harus bisa dilaksanakan oleh peneliti
3 Adanya kemampuan teori dari peneliti, pembuatan penelitian harus mempertimbangkan kemampuan dan penguasaan teori yang dimiliki peneliti
4 Tersedianya waktu, dalam pembuatan masalah penelitian, peneliti harus mempunyai waktu untuk menyelesaikan masalah penelitian tersebut
5 Tersedianya tenaga untuk meneliti, Selain waktu, dalam membuat masalah penelitian harus juga dipertimbangkan tenaga yang dimiliki peneliti
7 Adanya faktor pendukung, faktor pendukung dalam hal ini adalah adanya instansi yang relevan sebagai tempat untuk meneliti, referensi jurnal yang cukup, Dll
8 Tersedianya Data, data yang dibutuhkan dalam penelitian adalah data yang cukup dalam segi kualitas dan kuantitas untuk dilakukan analisis
9 Tersedianya ijin dari pihak yang berwenang b Permasalahan yang kurang baik
1 Masalah yang tidak jelas asalnya
2 Masalah yang terlalu luas, sehingga kurang relevan untuk penyesuaian
3 Masalah yang tidak ada data pendukungnya
4 Masalah yang membutuhkan waktu relatif lama untuk diselesaikan
5 Masalah yang sudah lama dan saat ini kurang relevan untuk di bahas
Sumber Penemuan Masalah
Sumber masalah penelitian yang utama, seperti yang telah disebutkan di muka, beralaskan dari pengalaman dan literatur Sumber masalah penelitian yang berasal dari :
1 Literatur yang dipublikasikan, antara lain dalam bentuk: buku teks, jurnal, atau /ex/-database
2 Literatur yang tidak dipublikasikan, antara lain berupa : skripsi, tesis, disertasi, paper atau makalah-makalh seminar
Textbooks are a significant type of published literature that provide extensive information for identifying research problems Researchers can utilize the reference lists within textbooks to select original articles or relevant books related to their research issues.
Journals are a type of literature that feature articles examining various theoretical concepts Articles published in professional journals can be either theoretical discussions or empirical research findings This includes journals that focus on accounting and management topics.
A Text Database is a type of literature that compiles lists of books, journals, magazines, or other periodically published materials These databases can exist in various formats, including printed books, diskettes, magnetic tapes, laser disks, compact disks (CD ROMs), or be made available online through websites on the internet.
Metode Penemuan Masalah
Identifying research problems typically stems from previous research issues Researchers generate ideas by expanding on these earlier problems Key aspects that can be developed from past research challenges include the dimensions or perspectives of the research issue and the research methodologies employed.
Ide untuk menemukan masalah penelitian dapat diperoleh melalui dua pendekatan : formal dan informal Pendekatan formal secara umum dinilai lebih baik dibandingkan dengan pendekatan informal
Ada enam metode untuk menemukan masalah dengan pendekatan formal, yaitu :
This method utilizes knowledge gained from research in one field to identify research problems in a related area By employing analog concepts, researchers can effectively formulate research questions inspired by the successful application of a theory or method in a specific domain.
This method allows researchers to identify research problems by improving or replacing less relevant theoretical components or methods with more effective alternatives For example, the implementation of an audit program based on financial reporting methods could be transformed using information system methods The research aims to test whether this substitution can eliminate theoretical components of the audit process that are deemed less relevant.
This method identifies research problems by proposing developments to existing theories or methods, focusing on the application of alternative theories or methods For example, the measurement method based on general price level accounting can be suggested as an alternative to historical cost accounting during inflationary periods The research question could be framed as: "Does general price level accounting provide better financial information during inflation compared to historical cost accounting?"
Metode ini merupakan metode formal yang digunakan untuk menemukan masalah penelitian yang saling berhubungan dalam bentuk matrik Setiap sel merupakan potensi elemen-elemen masalah yang dapat diteliti
Based on this method, research problems are identified by breaking them down into more specific elements Researchers can select research issues based on particular elements For example, the accounting issue of leasing can be divided into several more specific components.
(1) dasar pengukuran (biaya historis atau nilai sekarang)
Berdasarkan dekomposisi masalah akuntansi beli-sewa tersebut peneliti dapat menentukan masalah dengan topik penelitian misal: "studi terhadap penerapan teori nilai sekarang dalam akuntansi beli-sewa" f Metode Agregasi
This method is the opposite of the decomposition method, as it utilizes findings or theories from various research fields to address a more complex research problem For example, it involves investigating research issues that examine:
(1) penerapan analisis input-output, teori utilitas, dan teori motivasi secara simultan untuk pcngukuran kinerja manajerial
(2) penerapan teori nilai sekarang dalam akuntansi beli-sewa dan akuntansi sumber daya manusia
Ada empat metode yang dapat digunakan untuk menemukan masalah penelitian dengan pendekatan informal, yaitu: a Metode Perkiraan (Conjecture Method)
This method identifies business research problems based on the decision-maker's intuition regarding specific situations believed to have potential issues However, the determination of problems using this approach is less supported by sufficient evidence, as it relies solely on the decision-maker's estimates Factors influencing the decision-maker's intuition include various relationships.
43 dengan lingkungan disekitarnya, imajinasi, persepsi, dan kemampuan membuat kebijakan (judgement)
Losses due to the disappearance of volatile products can occur during the purchasing, storage, or selling processes Research problem identification can be directed towards improving the purchasing or sales systems of these products Additionally, employing the Phenomenology Method can provide valuable insights into these issues.
This method identifies research problems through observations of facts or events, which can lead to the formulation of a hypothesis Observing phenomena in the business environment, such as the background of organizational behavior and the operational performance of companies, is crucial For instance, investors may analyze historical financial data of a company or multiple companies within an industry to establish research topics, such as the benefits of financial ratios in predicting profit growth or the informational value of cash flow statements for investment decision-making.
Research problems can be identified through the presence of consensus or conventions in business practices These consensus or conventions are habits observed in the business world that lack a foundation in established concepts or theories.
Misal, kriteria untuk menentukan materiality dalam pengakuan dan penyajian informasi akuntansi atau auditing, kemungkinan dapat digunakan sebagai dasar untuk menentukan masalah penelitian
Masalah penelitian, seperti yang telah disebut di muka, diantaranya dapat ditemukan berdasarkan pengalaman perusahaan atau orang-orang dalam perusahaan
Misal, pengalaman perusahaan dalam menghadapi kesulitan likuiditas atau reaksi konsumen kemungkinan dapat mengarahkan pada penemuan masalah penelitian yang berkaitan dengan peningkatan kemampuan kas atau perubahan teknik pemasaran.
Perumusan Masalah
The significance of research problems lies in their role as the foundation for conducting research, as they are outlined in the research background and require answers or solutions The background begins with general concepts and gradually narrows down to more specific issues.
Pentingnya masalah ini juga sangat terkait dengan pemecahan masalah Seorang peneliti harus tepat dalam menentukan masalah, agar pemecahannya juga tepat dan benar
Identifikasi masalah ada batasnya sehingga penelitian tidak keluar dari tujuannya Identifikasi masalah terdiri dari 2 langkah pokok yaitu : a Penguraian latar belakang masalah
1) Untuk menjelaskan mengenai latar belakang mengapa sesuatu dianggap sebagai permasalahan Fenomena apakah yang tampak di mata peneliti / yang terjadi sehingga memerlukan penelitian
2) Penguraian masalah harus berawal dari latar belakang yang bersifat umum
Walaupun kerangka referensi yang luas, uraiannya harus sistematis, spesifik dan terpusat pada pokok persoalannya b Rumusan masalah Artinya:
Menanyakan mengenai hubungan antara sedikitnya 2 (dua) variabel
Dinyatakan secara jelas dalam bentuk kalimat tanya
Harus dapat diuji oleh metode empirik yaitu data yang digunakan untuk menjawab harus dapat diamati / dikaji / diakui / diperoleh
The formulation of research problems or questions is the final stage of discovery after researchers select their field and the core issues to investigate A good research criterion requires well-defined research problems or questions.
To facilitate researchers in defining theoretical concepts and selecting appropriate data testing methods, research problems should be articulated as clear questions that explicitly express the relationships between two or more variables Additionally, the formulation of research problems can encompass multiple questions.
As previously mentioned, research questions often contain ambiguous terms that can lead to misinterpretation by readers To clarify these research questions and ensure the intended meaning is clear, there are three effective strategies that can be employed.
1 Definisi istilah: cara ini umumnya menggunakan pendekatan kamus Para peneliti ―simply‖ menggunakan kata lain untuk mengatakan lebih jelas apa maksud dari kata tersebut Akan tetapi seringkali definisi istilah tersebut masih kurang menjelaskan apa yang dimaksud dalam pertanyaan penelitian, misalnya: istilah ―hasil belajar‖ Pengertian ini bila dilihat dari kamus, mungkin berbeda dengan yang dimaksud oleh si peneliti
2 Melalui contoh: Contoh dapat juga digunakan untuk meluruskan suatu istilah yang bermakna ganda Contoh dapat berupa bendanya atau proses
3 Definisi operasional: Hal tersebut dilakukan, selain untuk meluruskan pengertian atau arti dari suatu istilah dalam pertanyaan penelitian, juga digunakan sebagai petunjuk bagi orang lain untuk melakukan hal yang serupa apabila dia mau melakukan penelitian yang sama Dengan demikian, orang yang akan melakukan penelitian tersebut tidak akan salah dalam mengartikan istilah yang terdapat dalam pertanyaan penelitian Sebagai contoh: istilah ―hasil belajar‖ yang dimaksud dalam pertanyaan penelitian hendaknya didefinisikan secara jelas: apakah hasil post tes atau gain, adakah nilai-nilai atau komponen lain seperti nilai tugas, aktivitas selama proses pembelajaran, dan lain-lain yang menentukan hasil belajar tersebut
Definisi operasional adalah definisi-definisi yang didasarkan atas sifat-sifat yang didefinisikan dapat diamati dan dilaksanakan oleh peneliti lain Ada tiga macam cara menyusun definisi operasional, yaitu:
1 Menekankan pada pada kegiatan apa yang perlu dilakukan Contoh: Metode diskusi adalah metode tanya jawab yang dilakukan oleh kelompok siswa di bawah bimbingan guru Mungkin pengertian metode diskusi menurut kamus berbeda dengan definisi operasional itu
2 Menekankan pada bagaimana kegiatan itu dilakukan Contoh: Metode diskusi adalah metode tanya jawab yang dilakukan oleh kelompok-kelompok siswa yang setiap kelompoknya beranggotakan 5 orang Secara bergantian masing- masing kelompok tersebut mempresentasikan mempresentasikan hasil diskusinya di depan kelas selama 10 menit
3 Menekankan pada sifat-sifat statis dari hal yang didefinisikan Contoh: Siswa yang hasil belajarnya baik adalah siswa yang hasil belajarnya lebih atau sama dengan 80, aktif dalam mengikuti proses pembelajaran, tepat waktu dalam menyelesaikan tugasnya.
Kesalahan Umum Dalam Penemuan Masalah
Isac dan Michael mengemukakan beberapa kesalahan umumnya dilakukan peneliti dalam tahap penemuan masalah penelitian, diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut:
(1) Peneliti mengumpulkan data tanpa rencana atau tujuan penelitian yang jelas
(2) Peneliti memperoleh sejumlah data dan berusaha untuk merumuskan masalah penelitian sesuai dengan data yang tersedia
(3) Peneliti merumuskan masalah penelitian dalam bentuk terlalu umum dan ambiguitas sehingga menyulitkan interpretasi hasil dan pembuatan kesimpulan penelitian
(4) Peneliti menemukan masalah tanpa terlebih dulu menelaah hasil-hasil penelitian sebelumnya dengan topik sejenis, sehingga masalah penelitian tidak didukung oleh kerangka teoritis yang baik
(5) Peneliti memilih masalah penelitian yang hasilnya kurang memberikan kontribusi terhadap pengembangan teori atau pemecahan masalah praktis
Judul Penelitian
Setelah permasalahan diidentifikasikan dengan tepat, langkah berikutnya adalah memberikan nama penelitian "Judul Penelitian"
Dua orientasi dalam memberikan judul penelitian:
Contoh: ―Analisis Kualitas Pelayanan Jasa Perbankan”
“Analisis Pengaruh Pelayanan Terhadap Kepuasan Nasabah pada Bank-Bank Pemerintah di Surabaya tahun 2016”