INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the study
Throughout history, literature has been essential for human communication, serving to raise awareness, educate, and express artistic viewpoints American literature, in particular, has garnered global attention due to its significant impact Among its most influential figures is Ernest Hemingway, whose works resonate with readers worldwide As a Nobel Laureate, Hemingway's writings have been translated into numerous languages and are widely taught in educational institutions.
In 1954, Ernest Hemingway made significant contributions to literature with his diverse writings, particularly known for his objective and terse prose style Among his works, "The Old Man and the Sea" stands out as a prime example of his unique writing approach Mellouki and Berriha (2016) highlight the simplicity and naturalness of Hemingway's language as a key feature of this novel He employed the Iceberg Theory, where much is implied rather than explicitly stated, allowing deeper meanings to emerge beneath the surface These elements combined to make "The Old Man and the Sea" a global masterpiece, captivating readers worldwide.
The Appraisal Theory, established by Martin and White in 2005, is widely utilized in discourse analysis to examine written language This framework effectively investigates how language conveys evaluations of emotions, judgments of human behavior, and appreciation of various phenomena.
Attitude, along with Engagement and Graduation, forms the Appraisal
The system of interpersonal meaning in language is essential for effective communication It encompasses three key subsystems: Affect, which conveys feelings and emotions; Judgement, which evaluates human behaviors; and Appreciation, which assesses objects and entities.
The language used by renowned authors serves as valuable and authentic linguistic resources for both language learners and researchers Numerous studies have explored the linguistic elements within literary works, particularly through the lens of Appraisal Theory, which examines various discourse features A considerable amount of research has focused on attitudinal resources, investigating diverse types of discourse, including speeches by American leaders (Le Thi Van Tue, 2017).
In recent studies, various forms of written expression have been explored, including travel advertisements by Nguyen Tiet Hanh (2015), readers' opinions analyzed by Vo Thi Kim Thao (2017), and holiday reviews from travelers documented by Nguyen Thi Lien (2017) Additionally, Le Thi Bao Chau (2017) examined letters of complaint, while Phan Thi Thanh Hoa (2017) focused on film reviews Environmental news was reported by Ngo Ai Quynh Nhu (2017), and advertising slogans were analyzed by Nguyen Thi Minh Ngan (2017) Furthermore, love song lyrics were explored by Nguyen Thi Ngan (2018), and the expressiveness of judges was discussed by Le Huu Loc.
This study focuses on the attitudinal resources in Ernest Hemingway's "The Old Man and the Sea," aiming to uncover his perspective on life through its interpersonal meanings While the novel has been extensively analyzed from various viewpoints, it has yet to be examined through the lens of Appraisal Theory By conducting an attitudinal analysis, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the emotional and evaluative language used in the story, highlighting its significance in literary scholarship.
Aim and objectives
This research explores the attitudinal values in "The Old Man and the Sea" through the lens of Appraisal theory, focusing on the author's evaluations of the story's plot.
To achieve the aims, these following objectives are focused on:
- To investigate the sub-types of attitudinal resources in the novel including Affect, Judgement and Appreciation;
- To find out the frequency of occurrence of these values and determine which of them are widely used in the story.
Research questions
To fulfill the aims and objectives of the study, the following research questions are focused on:
1 What sub-types of Attitude are employed in the novel “The Old Man and the Sea”?
2 What are the frequencies of their occurrence of Attitudinal resources in the novel?
Scope of the study
Attitude, along with Engagement and Graduation, forms a comprehensive evaluation of language in discourse It encompasses three semantic areas: emotions, ethics, and aesthetics, which are crucial for conveying the author's viewpoints through the plot, content, and characters of a novel This study aims to explore the Attitudinal resources in Ernest Hemingway's "The Old Man and the Sea," examining emotional, ethical, and aesthetic dimensions to uncover how the author expresses his unique writing style and the distinctive features of the novel.
Significance of the study
This study focuses on analyzing Attitude, which is concerned with feelings, including emotional reactions, judgments of behavior and evaluation of things, and its effectiveness in the story
The study emphasizes the importance of Appraisal Theory as a framework The learners of English can know how to use attitudinal resources effectively and naturally in communication.
Structure of the thesis
The thesis consists of five chapters
Chapter 1, “Introduction” presents the rationale, aims, and objectives, research questions, the scope of the study, the significance of the study, and the organization of the study
Chapter 2, “Literature Review”, briefly reviews the literature of previous studies relating to this study This chapter also provides the theoretical background of the study
Chapter 3, “Methodology”, deals with the research methods, the description of the data, data analysis, and research procedures
Chapter 4, “Findings and Discussions”, presents the results of the data analysis, discusses Attitudinal resources employed in the novel The Old Man and the Sea
Chapter 5, “Conclusion and Implications” summarizes the results of the study It also offers implications for writing and mentions the limitations of the study and the suggestions for further research
LITERATURE REVIEW
Appraisal theory
Appraisal has evolved over the past thirty years as a framework for examining how language is utilized to evaluate, adopt stances, and manage interpersonal relationships Rooted in the interpersonal function of language as described by M.A.K Halliday in Systemic Functional Linguistics, it has been further developed by linguists led by James Martin According to Martin and White (2005), Appraisal is a key discourse semantic resource that conveys interpersonal meaning, alongside involvement and negotiation This framework focuses on evaluation, exploring the attitudes negotiated within a text, the intensity of the emotions expressed, and the alignment of values with readers (Martin & Rose, 2007).
The Appraisal system, as outlined by Butt et al (2012), emphasizes how speakers and writers engage their audience by conveying emotions (Affect), making judgments about behaviors, and expressing appreciation for various phenomena This is achieved through the strategic selection of phonological and lexico-grammatical patterns in evaluative language.
As White (2015) mentioned, Appraisal Theory (AT) is an effective framework for analyzing attitudes expressed and interpersonal meanings in
The article discusses the analysis of language in various literary and academic contexts, focusing on how it reflects the speaker's attitudes and positions It highlights the framework of Appraisal Theory, which examines the language of evaluation and the expression of authorial identity Vo Duy Duc (2017) describes 'Appraisal' as a comprehensive term encompassing the semantic resources—such as words, phrases, and structures—that individuals use to convey emotions, judgments, and valuations Within semantics, Appraisal Theory is categorized into three interconnected domains: 'Attitude', which plays a crucial role in this evaluative process.
The domains of Engagement and Graduation are intricately linked through the central role of Attitude, which encompasses our emotional reactions, behavioral judgments, and evaluations Engagement focuses on the sourcing of attitudes and the interplay of opinions in discourse, while Graduation addresses the nuances of grading feelings and categories (Martin & White, 2005) Each of these systems can be further divided: Attitude includes three types of feelings—Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation; Engagement is categorized into Monoglossia and Heteroglossia; and Graduation is divided into two aspects—Force and Focus.
Engagement, as defined by Martin and White (2005), refers to the intersubjective stance and dialogistic positioning that shapes discourse It encompasses the expression of attitudes and the range of opinions, enabling the identification of specific dialogistic positions linked to particular meanings This process is crucial for understanding how a speaker's or author's voice interacts with different propositions and proposals in communication.
Engagement in text can be categorized into two types: Monoglossic and Heteroglossic Monoglossic engagement presents assertions without acknowledging other perspectives, focusing solely on factuality In contrast, Heteroglossic engagement recognizes and incorporates alternative viewpoints, allowing for a more dialogic approach An overview of Appraisal Theory illustrates these distinctions.
The following examples illustrate the two types of the domain Engagement
Table 2.1 The Monoglossic and the Heteroglossic
Monoglosic (no recognition of dialogistic alternatives)
Heteroglossic (recognition of the dialogistic alternatives)
The banks have been greedy
There is the argument though that the banks have been greedy
In my view the banks have been greedy
Callers to talkback radio see the banks have been greedy
The chairman of the consumer‟s association has stated that the banks have been greedy
There can be no denying the banks have been greedy
Everyone knows the banks have been greedy The banks haven‟t been greedy
Table 2.1 illustrates that Monoglossic examples present information as unquestionable, lacking acknowledgment of other perspectives In contrast, Heteroglossic examples convey the writer's viewpoints, using phrases like "in my view" and "there can be no denying." These expressions highlight the context of prior statements, alternative opinions, and anticipated reactions, enriching the discourse.
Heteroglossic discourse is divided into two main categories: dialogic contraction and dialogic expansion Dialogic contraction focuses on narrowing the range of alternative viewpoints and textual voices, encompassing two subcategories: disclaim, which includes refusals and concessions.
The sub-type of Proclaim encompasses expressions that enhance dialogic alternatives, including Entertain and Attribute Entertain reflects individual subjectivity and the author's voice, while Attribute conveys propositions through the perspective of an external voice.
Graduation is a system that amplifies feelings and blurs categories, as described by Martin & White (2005) It operates on two scalability peaks: grading based on intensity or amount and prototypicality and precision This system reflects the general properties of Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation, interpreting a broad spectrum of positivity and negativity Graduation can be divided into two key forms: Force, which involves strengthening or weakening, and Focus, which pertains to sharpening or softening.
Force encompasses gradable assessments related to intensity and quantity, categorized into two subtypes: Intensification and Quantification Intensification assesses the degree of intensity across qualities, processes, and verbal modalities, exemplified by phrases like "slightly hot," "extremely hot," or "it’s just possible that." In contrast, Quantification measures the presence or mass of entities based on characteristics such as size, weight, distribution, proximity, or number, illustrated by terms like "small school," "large amount," and "a few days."
From an experiential viewpoint, graduation is viewed as a non-gradable resource Focus encompasses both the enhancement and reduction of value, where enhancement involves the potential for upscaling the identified aspects.
Prototypicality indicates a strong positive evaluation, as seen in expressions like "a real mother" or "a true friendship." In contrast, Softening is employed to diminish the impact of a statement that implies marginal membership with a negative connotation, such as "they sort of play jazz" or "they are kind of jealous." Softening techniques, often categorized as "hedges" and "vague language," stand in contrast to sharpening techniques, which include intensifiers, boosters, and amplifiers.
The Attitude subsystem is a key component of the Appraisal framework, playing a crucial role in shaping interpersonal meaning through discourse semantics It encompasses our emotional responses, evaluations of behavior, and judgments about various entities According to Martin and White (2005), Attitude is categorized into three distinct areas: Affect, which focuses on emotional reactions; Judgment, which evaluates behavior based on normative standards; and Appreciation, which assesses the value of objects and experiences, including natural phenomena and signs.
Affect, Judgement, and Appreciation, as described by Thompson & Hunston (2000), represent an interconnected system of emotional evaluation These elements are driven by affectual responses, with Judgement reflecting emotional positioning related to human behavior, and Appreciation focusing on feelings towards products and processes At the core of this framework lies affect, which serves as the foundation for institutionalized emotions, highlighting the dynamic interplay among these three attitudinal categories.
Figure 2.2 Judgement and appreciation as institutionalised affect
Attitude, one of the three sub-systems of Appraisal framework, has drawn more attention for researchers than two other ones The following figure shows the sub-systems of Attitude
Figure 2.3 Typology of Attitude subsystems (Liu & Thompson, 2009)
Previous studies on Appraisal Theory and The Old Man and the
Recent studies have increasingly utilized Appraisal Theory as a framework for discourse analysis, with notable contributions from researchers such as Li (2016), Netty et al (2019), and Tran Van Phuoc (2019) The novel "The Old Man and the Sea" has been a focal point for various analytical approaches, reflecting its significant thematic and content-driven impact on literature.
Li (2016) explored Appraisal devices to uncover Attitude resources within English song discourse, revealing that Affect and Appreciation are crucial elements This emphasis highlights the influence of Western humanistic thought, as English culture prioritizes individuality, deeply embedding human emotions and thoughts in its artistic expressions.
English culture significantly shapes the use of Attitude resources for Affect and Appreciation in song lyrics This emphasis highlights not only the intense emotions of the author but also their role as an active participant in expressing these feelings.
Netty et al (2019) identified three key attitudinal aspects—Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation—in the written works of Indonesian migrants in Hong Kong Their research revealed that negative attitudinal lexis significantly outnumbered positive expressions, with Affect being more prevalent than Judgment and Appreciation This higher incidence of negative sentiment suggests that the writers experienced challenges in their relationships with their parents, highlighting differing perspectives on various subjects, attitudes, behaviors, and events.
Tran Van Phuoc (2019) utilized the Theory of Language of Evaluation by Martin & White (2005) to analyze the Affectual Values chosen by five Vietnamese writers in evaluating the emotions of five main characters across various short stories The study focused on identifying lexical and grammatical elements that reflect four domains: (1) Happiness, (2) Satisfaction, (3) Security, and (4) Desire, examining both positive and negative, as well as explicit and implicit expressions of affect Additionally, the article offers recommendations for students and aspiring writers on effectively conveying their perspectives in writing.
Several master's theses have explored Appraisal Theory in English, focusing on attitudinal resources across diverse types of discourse, including speeches by American leaders (Tran Thi Thuy Tien, 2017; Le Thi Van Tue).
2017, Vo Thi Ngoc Hien, 2014), travel advertisements (Nguyen Tiet Hanh,
2015), readers‟ opinions (Vo Thi Kim Thao, 2017), travellers‟ holiday reviews
In recent years, various studies have explored diverse forms of written expression, including letters of complaint by Le Thi Bao Chau (2017), film reviews by Phan Thi Thanh Hoa (2017), and environmental news by Ngo Ai Quynh Nhu (2017) Additionally, Nguyen Thi Minh Ngan (2017) analyzed advertising slogans, while Nguyen Thi Ngan (2018) focused on love song lyrics Vo Thuy Trieu (2019) conducted an analysis of evaluative language in the film "Gone with the Wind" through the lens of appraisal theory Furthermore, several comparative studies have emerged, highlighting the richness of language across different genres.
This article examines two significant studies: Phitsakhone Tansavath's 2019 research on the attitudes expressed in English and Laotian love stories, and Le Huu Loc's 2019 analysis of the expressive attitudes of judges on The Voice UK compared to The Voice Vietnam Both studies provide valuable insights into cultural expressions of love and judgment in music competitions, highlighting the nuances of emotional communication across different contexts.
Ernest Miller Hemingway (1899-1960) was a renowned American novelist, journalist, and short-story writer, celebrated for his significant contributions to literature during the mid-1920s He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954 and is best known for his iconic novels, including "The Sun Also Rises," "A Farewell to Arms," and "For Whom the Bell Tolls."
Ernest Hemingway's "The Old Man and the Sea" is a significant work in literature, recognized for its unique writing style and depth, which contributed to Hemingway receiving the Nobel Prize The novel has been extensively studied due to its literary merits, attracting the attention of numerous critics and researchers, including Meyers (2005), Bloom (2008), Ali and Qadir (2009), Tripathi (2016), and Mellouki & Berriha (2016) These analyses explore various critical and analytical methods, highlighting the richness of Hemingway's narrative techniques and the novel's enduring impact on literary discourse.
Meyers (2005) highlights the significant influence of Hemingway's writing techniques and style on modern European authors He provided a unique perspective for capturing and expressing experiences, aligning with the beliefs of his contemporaries.
30 art is a means of telling the truth He also demonstrates that a heroic piece of narrative in „The Old Man and the Sea‟ told with a simplicity which shows that
Mr Hemingway is essentially an imaginative writer, and his imagination has never displayed itself more powerfully than in this simple and tragic story
Bloom (2008) highlights the significance of narrative focus in Hemingway's novel, The Old Man and the Sea, noting its effective use of uninterrupted focus on a single character The story is fully dramatized, with Hemingway introducing the old man, the boy, and the sea at the outset, allowing the narrative to develop organically Additionally, Ali and Qadir (2009) examined the heroic actions of the Old Man and the fate that awaits him.
In "The Old Man and the Sea," the exploration of free will and fate reveals the complex interplay between human instinct and predetermined destiny This article delves into the novella's key themes, examining how the protagonist's struggle embodies the essence of free will while confronting the inevitability of fate Through this analysis, readers gain a deeper understanding of the modern fictional narrative and its profound commentary on the human condition.
Triphathi (2016) examines the theme of human relationships through the interdependence of Santiago and Manolin, highlighting their strong bond that enhances their ability to face life's challenges The author effectively elucidates the unique relationship between Santiago and Manolin, showcasing how their connection fosters resilience and support in their struggles.
In 2016, a study examined the relationships of four main characters in the novels of Ernest Hemingway, utilizing a qualitative approach and Formalism criticism to analyze the figures of speech employed in his works.
Writing style of Hemingway was a topic studied by Torres ( 2019) From
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methods
Various approaches involving qualitative, quantitative, analytic, synthetic, descriptive, and inductive techniques of data interpretation are applied during the study process
A qualitative approach was utilized to analyze and describe the attitudinal resources within the story's text Subsequently, a quantitative approach was employed to determine the frequency of Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation, along with their sub-classes This quantitative analysis aimed to elucidate the functions of the attitudinal resources present in the data.
The analysis employed both analytic and synthetic techniques to enhance the scrutiny process The analytic approach focused on identifying and isolating specific elements, such as Attitudinal resources, which were examined through typology (Affect, Judgment, or Appreciation), polarity (positive or negative), and strategy (inscribed/explicit or invoked/implicit) Conversely, the synthetic approach emphasized the interconnectedness of these components, exploring how they function collectively as a cohesive unit.
The study highlights the effectiveness of descriptive and inductive techniques in data analysis Specifically, the descriptive method offered an in-depth examination of data related to Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation, while the inductive approach was instrumental in synthesizing the findings and formulating explanations.
Description of data
The Old Man and the Sea, first published in Great Britain in 1952 by Jonathan Cape and later by Arrow Books in 2004, spans 97 pages, beginning on page 3 and concluding on page 99 This novel exemplifies the intricate interplay of essential elements such as plot, characters, theme, and narration, which collectively create a cohesive narrative world Hemingway’s distinctive writing style, characterized by a focus on dialogue over narration, the use of stream of consciousness, and simple sentence structures, revolutionized English literature The richness of the story is evident in the dialogues, events, and narrative expressions that define The Old Man and the Sea.
The novella centers around Santiago, an aging fisherman, and his relationship with the sea, represented as a vital character alongside Manolin, a young Cuban boy, and the majestic marlin Set against the backdrop of Cuba, the narrative follows Santiago's solitary journey as he battles an elusive marlin for three days, reflecting Hemingway's own struggles for redemption Despite his triumph in harpooning the marlin, Santiago faces heartbreak as sharks ultimately destroy his hard-earned prize, symbolizing the relentless challenges of life and the quest for personal victory.
Santiago ventured farther than ever before, successfully catching a massive fish that promised significant profit However, during his return to the harbor, relentless sharks devoured his hard-earned prize, leaving him with nothing but a worthless skeleton Despite this loss, Santiago exemplified courage and composure, embodying the belief that “A man can be destroyed, but not defeated.” This article delves into the attitudinal aspects of the main characters, focusing on Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation.
Data analysis
The Attitude system in AT served as the theoretical framework for analyzing data from the novel, categorizing Attitudinal resources by typology (Affect, Judgment, Appreciation, and their sub-categories), polarity (positive or negative), and strategy (inscribed/explicit or invoked/implicit) Each value was meticulously analyzed line by line, highlighted, and labeled according to its Attitudinal type The author utilized Navigation functions to determine word frequency and, after careful examination of texts with dual values, employed Word's counting functions for accuracy Data were imported into Microsoft Office Word and Excel, where statistics were organized into tables and figures, allowing for precise calculations of frequency and proportion for each class The exported data were summarized and presented descriptively, enhancing the clarity of the findings.
The analysis of sample data is demonstrated in the following extracts
“-” is the abbreviation of negative ;
“+” is the abbreviation of positive
An old man fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream, enduring eighty-four days without a catch, which marked him as "salao," the worst kind of unlucky Initially, a boy accompanied him, but after the first forty days of failure, the boy's parents insisted he leave to join another boat that successfully caught fish This change saddened the boy, who still helped the old man with his gear each day, witnessing his empty return The old man's patched sail resembled a flag of defeat, reflecting his persistent struggle His thin, gaunt figure and deep wrinkles told a story of resilience in the face of adversity.
The sun's reflection on the tropical sea left brown blotches on his cheeks, a testament to the skin cancer it brought These marks extended down the sides of his face, while his hands bore deep creased scars from years of handling heavy fish However, these scars were not new; they resembled the ancient erosions found in a fishless desert.
Despite his age and the weariness that surrounded him, his eyes shone with a cheerful, sea-like hue, reflecting a spirit that remained undefeated and tenacious.
As they ascended the bank where the skiff was secured, the boy expressed to Santiago, "I could definitely join you again since we've earned some money."
The old man (- Judgment, Normality, Explicit) had taught the boy to fish
37 and the boy loved (+ Affect, Happiness, Observed) him
"No," the old man (- Judgment, Normality, Explicit) said "You're with a lucky boat (+ Appreciation, Valuation) Stay with them."
"But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks."(+Judgment, Tenacity,
"I remember," the old man said "I know you did not leave me because you doubted." (- Affect, Insecurity, Observed)
Research procedures
The study was conducted through these following steps:
- Choosing the suitable research topic after revising the previous studies; it involves selecting the relevant materials such as books, thesis, and research related to the topic;
- Applying the framework and qualitative approach to identify and describe the attitudinal resources in the corpus;
+ Counting the total number of each sub-type of Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation;
+ Calculating the percentage of each sub-category and presenting them in tables or charts;
+ Investigating which Attitude value occurs most frequently and then ranking them in order;
+ Proving some examples recently analyzed and extracted from the novel as examples for the process of analysis in the study;
+ Discussing the ways the writer used Attitudinal resources to convey his messages toward life
- Suggesting some implications for writing and making speeches
Reliability and validity of the study
Reliability and validity are essential for ensuring data quality The reliability of the data is guaranteed as it was sourced from a well-known novel, while the theoretical frameworks for attitudinal analysis were developed by reputable experts Additionally, the data meets the critical requirements for validity, confirming its originality for the research.
Chapter 3 outlines the theoretical framework for data collection and analysis, detailing research methods, procedures, and the study's validity and reliability In contrast, Chapter 4 focuses on presenting and discussing the research findings.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Affect
Affect refers to how individuals convey their emotions regarding the content of texts or messages, representing their emotional responses to people, events, or situations It encompasses four sub-types of emotions that play a crucial role in communication.
Affect encompasses various emotional states, including Un/Happiness, Dis/Inclination, In/Security, and Dis/Satisfaction (Martin & White, 2005: 48-51) Un/Happiness reflects a spectrum of emotions related to personal relationships, such as sadness, hate, happiness, and love In/Security pertains to feelings of confidence and anxiety related to our environment.
Dis/Satisfaction shares the feelings of attainment and disappointment about the engaging activities, including our parts as either participants or observers; and
Dis/Inclination relates to motivations that are unrealized, and these concepts can be expressed through various lexical elements, including verbs, adjectives, emotional adverbs, nominalizations, and clauses The distribution of affectual instances identified in the novel "The Old Man and the Sea" is illustrated in Figure 4.1.
Figure 4.1 Attitudinal Resources of Affect in the data
UN/ HAPPINESS IN/SECURITY DIS/ INCLINATION DIS/SATISFACTION
The analysis of Affectual values in the novel reveals that In/Security, Dis/Inclination, and Un/Happiness dominate, comprising over 95% of the total values In/Security is the most prevalent, accounting for 38%, followed by Dis/Inclination at 29.4% and Un/Happiness at 28% In contrast, Dis/Satisfaction is the least represented, with only 4.6% This distribution indicates the writer's tendency to express greater confidence or anxiety regarding future events.
The most common type of the Affectual instances found in the novel is
The In/Security items in the text convey a sense of certainty and comfort regarding the old man's state The writer skillfully uses affectual language, including words like comfortable, sure, confident, afraid, believe, and doubt, to illustrate the feelings of insecurity and unrest This choice of vocabulary highlights the unstable emotions and apprehensions associated with recent events, emphasizing a blend of fear and confidence in the narrative.
The demonstration of the common use of In/Security in the data is presented in the following examples:
(4.1) The sack cushioned the line and he had found a way of leaning forward against the bow so that he was almost comfortable
With each gentle turn, the fisherman steadily gained line, confident that in just two more turns, he would have the opportunity to strike with the harpoon.
(4.3) “How did you sleep old man?" the boy asked He was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep
"Very well, Manolin," the old man said "I feel confident today."
(4.4) "But I fear the Indians of Cleveland."
(4.5) I wonder if he has any plans or if he is just as desperate as I sin?
The old man was anxious that the creature, whose tail resembled a sharp scythe, would sever the line due to its proximity.
The old man's determination to embark on a challenging fishing trip reflects his quest for security and certainty amidst the uncertainties of life Despite the difficulties of aging and the solitude of his journey, he resolutely sets out to the sea, driven by the hope of catching a truly big fish.
In the novel, Dis/Inclination is the second most utilized type of Affect, accounting for 29.4% of total Affect resources with 44 instances identified This category primarily conveys desire through terms such as wish, want, dream, hope, expect, and would like, with "wish" being the most frequently used word The Old Man's longing for the boy's assistance while battling a massive marlin exemplifies this desire, highlighting his yearning for capabilities he feels he lacks The author employs "wish" twenty times to articulate strong desires for unattainable outcomes, effectively illustrating the depth of longing present in the narrative.
(4.7)"I wish I had the boy”, the old man said aloud
The old man relied heavily on the boy during his journey, as the boy's presence made the hardships more bearable This highlights the man's desire for companionship in his struggle against the formidable fish, allowing the boy to witness his achievements after a series of unfortunate days Ultimately, the boy emerged as the old man's greatest ally, providing invaluable support throughout his life.
Other words like want, hope, dream, would like… which are also used
44 to express desire, expectation about something in the future These expressions are about the strong yearning for something good may happen For example:
(4.8) I want to be out before it is light
(4.9) The breeze was fresh now and he sailed on well He watched only the forward part of the fish and some of his hope returned
Tonight, the early scent of the land breeze signaled to him that his dream was still unfolding He continued dreaming, envisioning the white peaks of the Islands emerging from the sea, followed by vivid images of the various harbours and roadsteads of the Canary Islands.
(4.11) "I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing," the old man said
The old man always longed for the assistance from the boy In addition, he expected to reach the luck, the ideal prospect in his journey The word
“dream” appeared twenty-one times Especially, in 4.10, the old man showed the dream of having chances to reach new destinations and conquer challenges of his life
In Ernest Hemingway's novel The Old Man and the Sea, the theme of Un/ Happiness is prominently featured through the use of affectual language Words such as love, cheerful, happy, and excited reflect the old man's deep affection and joy towards the boy, the fish, and the sea, highlighting the emotional connections that define his character.
(4.12) He liked to think of the fish and what he could do to a shark if he were swimming free
(4.13) He was very fond of flying fish as they were his principal friends on the ocean
(4.14) Everything about him was old, except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated
(4.15) Thank you You make me happy
(4.16) They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy
However, he also employs the items of Unhappiness with the words sad, worry, sorry … to show the sorrow and care about the Old Man‟s failure
(4.17) I am sorry that I went too far out I ruined us both
The boy felt a deep sadness each day as he watched the old man arrive with his empty skiff Determined to assist, he would always help carry the coiled lines, gaff, harpoon, and the sail wrapped around the mast.
(4.19) There is only the boy to worry, of course But I am sure he would have confidence
In the novel, the themes of happiness and unhappiness are vividly portrayed through the old man's experiences His joy is evident in his deep appreciation for the fish, his young companion, the sea, and the majestic marlin Despite the thrill of encountering and ultimately defeating the marlin, he faces numerous challenges, including repeated failures in catching fish, physical exhaustion, and the loneliness that comes with fishing alone in his old age.
In the Affect resources, the least frequently occurring sub-type is Dis/Satisfaction The author conveys the Old Man's satisfaction through phrases like "proud of" and "pleased to," highlighting his positive feelings about his actions Conversely, negative emotions are represented by terms such as "anger," "bored with," "faint," and "sick," illustrating the Old Man's experiences of boredom and discomfort.
(4.20) But I think the great DiMaggio would be proud of me today
(4.21) There was yellow weed on the line but the old man knew that only made an added drag and he was pleased
(4.22) Now I will pay attention to my work and then I must eat the tuna
46 so that I will not have a failure of strength
(4.23) For a long time now eating had bored him and he never carried a lunch
(4.24) The old man felt faint and sick and he could not see well
(4.25) Can it be anger or the greater speed he makes that brings them out?
Judgment
Judgment, as the second sub-system of Attitude, reflects our assessments of human behaviors and performance capabilities This aspect of language is utilized to express admiration or criticism, offering praise or condemnation of individual actions.
Judgment resources are categorized into two main types: Social Esteem and Social Sanction, each further divided into five sub-classes According to Martin & White (2005), Social Esteem includes aspects such as Normality, Capacity, and more.
Tenacity, plays a critical part in forming social networks, while Social Sanction, incorporating Veracity and Propriety, deals with the evaluation of human behaviors based on legal, moral or religious norms
The Judgment resources were implicitly and explicitly utilized to manifest positive and negative meanings The following sections take charge of the
Table 4.3 provides information about the distribution of sub-types of
Judgment resources found in the data
Table 4.3 Social Esteem and Social Sanction in “The Old Man and the Sea”
As shown in Table 4.2, the resources of Social Esteem dominate the
Ernest Hemingway's work reflects both admiration and criticism based on societal norms, with a notable emphasis on the values of Capacity and Tenacity In fact, over one-third of the Judgment resources analyzed were centered on Capacity, accounting for more than 40% of the total Following this, Tenacity and Normality were the second and third most frequently used sub-types of Judgment, representing 26.5% and 22.7% respectively Although Social Sanction, which includes Veracity and Propriety, was present, it comprised less than 10% of the total Judgment resources, indicating that themes of probability and obligation were less prominent in his writing.
The Judgment resources in the novel primarily evaluate each character's abilities and opportunities Positive judgments, characterized by words like "can," "could," "strong," and "powerful," frequently highlight the old man's intelligence and resilience during his challenging fishing trip and his struggle to catch the giant marlin Conversely, negative judgments reflect the old man's self-criticism regarding his failures to secure and protect his achievements, using terms such as "cannot," "could not," "stupid," "slow," and "sick."
(4.40) "I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing.”
(4.41) "But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?"
(4.42) He worked back to where he could feel with his foot the coils of line that he could not see
The old man possessed unusual yet powerful shoulders, demonstrating strength despite his age When he slept with his head bowed forward, the creases on his neck became less noticeable.
(4.44) The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks,
(4.45) The dentuso is cruel and able and strong and intelligent But I was more intelligent than he was
(4.46) “You're stupid”, he told himself
(4.47) The old man felt faint and sick and he could not see well
Tenacity values are the second most prominent aspect of Social Esteem, reflecting the determination and strong intentions of key characters This concept is frequently highlighted through the use of "will" and "would," which signify the old man's unwavering resolve to embark on a challenging fishing trip Additionally, the modal "would" can indicate conditional scenarios or express opinions and hopes related to imagined events.
(4.48) I’ll work out where the schools of bonito and albacore are and maybe there will be a big one with them
(4.49) "I'll get the cast net and go for sardines Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?"
Evaluating human behaviors through the lens of Tenacity involves using descriptors such as careful, constantly, and timid, which highlight an individual's belief and diligence in the pursuit of a big catch These words also convey the exhaustion experienced after long days of tracking and battling a formidable marlin, showcasing the relentless spirit and determination required in such endeavors.
"No," the old man [- Judgment, Normality, Explicit] said "But we have
Haven't we?" "Yes," the boy said
(4.51) He had come up so fast and absolutely without caution that he broke the surface of the blue water and was in the sun
(4.52) The old man looked at the fish constantly to make sure it was true (4.53) He chewed it carefully and then spat out the skin
(4.54) He started to work his way back to the stern on his hands and knees, being careful not to jerk against the fish
Normality encompasses the usual and special aspects of human behavior, particularly in evaluating characters in a novel The term "old" frequently assesses a man's age, experience, and hardships, while "lucky" and "unlucky" reflect the old man's fortune during his fishing trips, especially after enduring "eighty-four days without taking a fish." Additionally, words such as "usually," "lucky," "unlucky," "naturally," "frequently," and "normal" further illustrate the concept of normality in the narrative.
(4.55) He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish
(4.56) Only I have no luck any more But who knows? Maybe today
Every day is a new day It is better to be lucky
(4.57) Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy
(4.58) “It is a strong full-blooded fish, " he thought "I was lucky to get him instead of dolphin
V eracity and propriety are two sub-types of social sanction, in which their positive and negative evaluations deal with the praised or condemned
Veracity pertains to truth and honesty, while Propriety relates to moral values and principles, with Propriety values outnumbering Veracity in significance In Ernest Hemingway's narrative, the boy exemplifies kindness by assisting the old man, demonstrating obedience despite his father's disapproval of fishing together The sea is depicted with human traits, embodying both kindness and cruelty The protagonist is portrayed as a compassionate and considerate individual, using terms like "true" and "wrong" for Veracity, and "should," "must," "kind," and "cruel" for Propriety.
(4.59) "It was papa made me leave I am a boy and I must obey him." (4.60) I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong."
The older fishermen observed him with a sense of sadness, though they concealed their emotions They engaged in polite conversation about the currents, the depths where they had cast their lines, the steady good weather, and their recent observations.
(4.62) "That's very kind of you," the old man said
(4.63) Perhaps it was a sin to kill the fish
The delicate beauty of sea swallows raises the question of why such fragile creatures were designed to thrive in the harshness of the ocean Despite their kindness and grace, the sea can be unexpectedly cruel, and these small birds, with their soft, melancholic calls, seem ill-suited for the unforgiving environment they inhabit.
Like Affect, Judgment can be either positive when it is used for admiration or praise or negative when used for criticism or condemn The
55 frequencies of occurrence of positive and negative Judgment resources are shown in the following chart
Figure 4.3 Frequency of positive and negative items of Judgment
As indicated in Figure 4.3, the occurrence of positive Judgment items is
The analysis reveals that positive judgments outnumber negative ones by 14%, with 432 instances (57%) reflecting positive assessments compared to 314 instances (43%) of negative judgments This suggests that the writer favors admiration and praise over criticism For example, Mr Santiago, despite being described as an old and unlucky man, is portrayed as an experienced fisherman capable of skillfully undertaking a challenging solo offshore fishing trip, driven by the hope of catching a large fish The data highlights a prevalent use of positive judgment values throughout the narrative.
(4.65) He worked skillfully with the one hand and put his foot on the coils to hold them as he drew his knots tight
(4.66) He adjusted the sack and carefully worked the line so that it came across a new part of his shoulders and, holding it anchored with his shoulders,
56 he carefully felt the pull of the fish and then felt with his hand the progress of the skiff through the water
(4.67) Only I have no luck any more But who knows? Maybe today Every day is a new day It is better to be lucky
Judgment values are categorized into explicit (inscribed) and implicit (tokens) judgments Explicit judgments are conveyed through lexical items that directly express evaluative meanings, while implicit judgments emerge from ideational meanings, lexical metaphors, and inferred meanings based on events, actions, and conditions within the discourse This article explores the distribution of explicit and implicit judgments in the novel.
Figure 4.4 Explicit and Implicit Judgment
Ernest Hemingway's work predominantly features explicit judgment, which constitutes 90% of his narrative, while implicit judgment makes up a significantly smaller portion.
Ernest Hemingway often evaluates people's behaviors explicitly using straightforward vocabulary, as evidenced by the relatively low frequency of 10% for certain expressions Additionally, implicit judgments are present in his phrases and sentences, highlighting a nuanced approach to character assessment.
(4.68) He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish
(4.69) "But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks”
(4.70) "I would like to go If I cannot fish with you I would like to serve in some way."
(4.71) He felt very tired now and he knew the night would come soon and he tried to think of other things
Appreciation
Appreciation, the final sub-system of Attitude, is essential for analyzing the evaluation of objects, products, performances, and natural phenomena (Martin & White, 2005) Like Affect and Judgment, it is categorized into Reaction, Composition, and Valuation, focusing specifically on the assessment of inanimate objects.
Appreciative appraisal involves assessment of the form, appearance, impact, significance, quality of human artifacts or natural objects by reference to aesthetics and other systems of social values (Martin & White, 2005)
Appreciation can be expressed through the appraiser's reaction to the object, highlighting its impact and quality Furthermore, the appraiser may focus on the object's composition, considering aspects such as balance and complexity Additionally, a valuation of the object involves assessing its significance and benefits The distribution of these three types of appreciation can be illustrated in the accompanying figure.
Figure 4.5 Values of Appreciation in the data
Table 4.5 illustrates that all Appreciation values are present in the novel The accompanying column chart reveals a clear trend, with Reaction being the most dominant category, followed closely by Composition Notably, nearly two-fifths of the total occurrences are attributed to these categories.
Appreciation resources is Reaction, with 41.1% This is followed by Composition, constituting 37.2%, and Valuation is the least common with
Appreciation resources highlight the emotions, perceptions, and thoughts of both the author and characters regarding their environment, particularly focusing on the sea, marlin, and sharks Key appreciation values include the assessment of the old man's appearance, his fishing endeavors, and the remarkable beauty and strength of the marlin.
Reaction is concerned with emotive or desiderative affection It deals with
The distinction between Impact and Quality can be summarized by examining the emotional responses and evaluations associated with each Impact is characterized by terms such as moving, dull, dry, and flat, reflecting the emotional engagement of the audience In contrast, Quality is assessed through descriptors like good, well, better, and best, indicating a more evaluative approach to the content's effectiveness Understanding these differences is crucial for creating content that resonates with audiences while maintaining high standards.
Experience the exceptional benefits of daily shark liver oil consumption, which is as good as enjoying fresh tuna Witness the beauty of nature as two porpoises gracefully approach your boat, highlighting the wonderful moments of fishing Appreciate the gentle touch of the fish and the vibrant presence of birds, all while enjoying excellent weather conditions for your fishing adventures.
He rowed effortlessly across the flat ocean, maintaining a steady pace while navigating the occasional swirls of the current.
This impressive fish, with its strong pull and calm demeanor during the fight, promises great potential in the market if its flesh proves to be of high quality.
(4.74) "Light brisa," he said "Better weather for me than for you, fish."
The fish approached gracefully, appearing calm and beautiful A flying fish is particularly delicious when eaten raw, eliminating the need for preparation It would be fantastic to enjoy this experience while listening to the radio.
(4.78) Then he was on his knees and then he rose slowly to his feet He was ceding line but more slowly all the time
Composition resources were associated with answering the questions of
The article examines the concepts of balance and complexity, questioning whether the content is cohesive and easy to follow It describes balance as a spectrum ranging from simple to complex, illustrated by various shapes like pyramids and fingers, while complexity is rated based on clarity and difficulty The discussion highlights the importance of these elements in creating engaging and understandable content.
(4.79) They were wedge-shaped strips and he cut them from next to the back bone down to the edge of the belly
(4.80) How simple it would be if I could make the line fast, he thought (4.81) He took all his pain and what was left of his strength and his long
The fish, displaying its immense size and beauty, swam gracefully alongside the skiff, its bill nearly grazing the boat's planking With its long, deep body shimmering in silver and adorned with purple stripes, it moved effortlessly through the water, embodying both pride and agony.
In the novel, valuation resources assess whether the appraised elements are significant, beneficial, or harmful The author emphasizes the importance of the conversations between the man and the boy during their fishing trips, highlighting the value of the fish as a reward for their hard work Additionally, the narrative explores themes such as the depth of the sea, sudden wells, and the wrinkles of the old man Key terms like deep, necessary, true, practical, the highest price, and the best are used to convey these ideas effectively.
(4.82) After all I abused it much in the night when it was necessary to free and untie the various lines
(4.83) "They must have taken a quarter of him and of the best meat," he said aloud
(4.84) There was no stringiness in it and he knew that it would bring the highest price in the market
(4.85) There is no sense in being anything but practical though, he thought
The frequent appearance of Reaction values suggests that the writer focuses significantly on the characters' activities and performances in the novel The writer's affection and interest are particularly drawn to the old man's movements as he navigates the boat to the sea and battles the marlin, as well as the striking presence of the fish, the surrounding weather, the birds, and the ocean itself.
As an Appreciation sub-type, Composition deals with Balance and Complexity of the processes, objects, products or states of affairs As mentioned
Composition is the second most significant source of data, illustrating the evaluation of processes through the relationships among various parts within a whole This is exemplified by the complex situation of an old man at sea, who struggles to catch a large marlin while defending it from a school of sharks.
Valuation, as part of the Appreciation domain alongside Reaction and Composition, focuses on the significance and benefits or harms of various elements and performances The use of adjectives like "best," "highest price," and "necessary" highlights the importance of fishing techniques For instance, the sale of a large fish in the market can provide substantial financial gain, offering genuine benefits to the old fisherman.