寻找不同的人生价值
Reflecting on the journey of life is fundamentally about awakening self-awareness and listening to our inner voice From a modern perspective, this inner voice has two sources: our internal relationships and our connections with the external world, including familial, friendly, and romantic ties Achieving a well-rounded personality requires an awakening of self-awareness, prompting individuals to seek the value of their existence and attain inner peace French philosopher Rousseau emphasized the importance of a "sense of existence," which embodies self-love and brings fulfillment Ultimately, self-understanding and recognition are crucial for individuals to recreate the possibilities of their lives through action The realistic portrayal of life and ordinary events is a central theme explored by Vietnamese-Chinese writers Zhang Jie and Li Mingkui.
第一节 中越女性写作的发展概述与文本研究对象在文坛上的位置
一、二十世纪八十年代末至九十年代中国及越南文学的社会思想基础
Throughout history, writers have expressed a diverse array of thoughts and artistic visions, each presenting unique blueprints of humanity and society However, truly exceptional writers and their works share a common goal: the liberation and perfection of the human spirit The individual serves as both the starting point and the primary subject of literary creation, as well as the ultimate aim of literature This reflects the complexities of social issues, historical events, and shifting values A writer who is attuned to the fate of those around them and in touch with their own emotions can profoundly understand the pain and misfortune of others, helping them confront life's challenges Moreover, literary creation seeks to explore and reflect the various facets of the human psyche, including thoughts, emotions, life experiences, consciousness, and the balance between noble ideals and ordinary desires Consequently, many writers focus on the psychological depth of their characters, striving to delve into the contemplation of life.
The 1980s and 1990s marked a period of rapid social, political, economic, and ideological development in both China and Vietnam, significantly influenced by Western literary theories This era's literature offered a comprehensive new understanding of humanity.
Dai Houying's work, "Building a Hut Among People, I Write My Heart," published in the first issue of "Literary Review" in 1986, is referenced in Wang Tiexian's "Twenty Years of Literature in the New Era," released by Shanghai Education Press in 2001, page 31.
Literary creation reveals that the deeper one delves into the human psyche, the more closely intertwined individuals become with their external society The concept of "personal consciousness" is inevitably influenced by the prevailing values of its time, making it impossible to establish absolute standards for evaluation; thus, self-awareness must be judged comparatively Different literary works exhibit varying qualities in addressing the "human understanding" issue In the 1980s and 1990s, a wave of female writers emerged in Vietnam, characterized by their distinct personal styles that heralded a transformative era Contemporary Vietnamese authors strive to explore the depths of the human soul, employing multiple perspectives to observe characters Prior to the Renovation period, Vietnamese writers focused on reflecting the essence of life and celebrating heroic figures Since then, Vietnamese literature has shifted from grand narratives back to the realities of everyday life, emphasizing realism and individuality, prompting writers to direct their attention toward daily experiences This shift towards "little narratives" not only addresses the concerns of ordinary lives but also marks a departure from grand storytelling Contemporary Vietnamese literature is re-evaluating the role of "individuality" in life and seeking new perspectives that allow for the natural development of personal expression.
Since 1976, China has entered a period of openness, leading to a more free and open society In the 1980s, Western literary criticism and gender theories significantly influenced the Chinese literary scene By the late 1990s, China experienced tremendous changes, particularly in market economy and urbanization Political reforms also brought noticeable shifts in people's lifestyles, resulting in new perspectives on various norms and values Additionally, urbanization not only enhanced individual empowerment within established limits but also fostered a sense of personal identity.
“孤独感”和“失落感”。
In "Das Kapital," Marx stated that individuals come into the world without a mirror, and it is through transforming the external world via labor that they discover their true selves Their products, shaped by human effort, reflect their essence and capabilities Both Chinese and Vietnamese cultures view the heart as a mirror of the objective world, lacking self-awareness in the past The "Western craze" of the 1980s and 1990s significantly altered the lifestyles and mindsets of people in China and Vietnam Thus, it is essential for individuals to engage in personal life practices, creating their own values and worldviews in relation to their circumstances, while also recognizing their own issues Research indicates that one's knowledge must undergo four critical developmental stages.
1 [越]阮廷史： 《诗的艺术世界》，河内：越南教育出版社， 1997 年，第 356 页。
2 [越]陈庭史： 《文学理论与批评》，河内：作家协会出版社， 1996 年，第 189 页。
3 [越]陈庭史： 《试论越南文学中的个性意识》， 《文艺报》， 1990 年 6 月 9 日。
Karl Marx's "Capital" (excerpt) is a significant work, edited by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, which highlights the foundational theories of Marxism Published by the People's Publishing House in Beijing in 1998, this edition serves as a crucial resource for understanding Marx's critique of political economy and the dynamics of capitalism.
Our imagination shapes our lives and forms our beliefs, allowing us to utilize rationality in conjunction with our surrounding environment to address personal issues This understanding is particularly crucial for women in China and Vietnam, who have historically lived in patriarchal societies that have marginalized their personal lives and values Through a long history, these women have undergone a reflective process to develop self-awareness, striving to reclaim their individual identities and the value of their lives.
In "A Room of One's Own," Virginia Woolf warns that a writer's constant preoccupation with their gender can be detrimental, suggesting that a purely male or female perspective can limit creativity However, within the same historical and literary context, male and female authors often exhibit distinct differences in their writing styles This divergence arises from the long-standing cultural influences associated with their genders, which can affect various aspects of their literary works, including themes, narrative structures, and subject matter.
二、中越女性写作发展概述
The development of women's writing in China and Vietnam has undergone distinct changes before and after the twentieth century Notable female authors such as Zhang Jie, Chen Ran, Li Mingkui, Fan Shi Huai, and Nguyen Thi Thu Huy emerged from the literary landscape of the 1980s and 1990s in both countries This section will not delve deeply into the early stages of women's writing prior to the twentieth century Each stage of literary development in any nation is closely linked to social, economic, political, and historical changes, with women's writing being an integral part of this evolution Since the 1970s, China and Vietnam have experienced significant transformations in various domains, leading to unprecedented opportunities for the advancement of women's writing during this period.
（一）中国女性写作的发展考察
The evolution of women's writing in China can be divided into several key stages The first stage occurred before the May Fourth Movement, marked by the emergence of female writers influenced by the societal changes during the late Qing Dynasty, which significantly impacted Chinese literature and culture Despite their desire for reform and equality, women faced obstacles in achieving true liberation The second stage, spanning from the May Fourth Movement to after 1949, saw a surge of writers pursuing the dream of "women's rise" in literature, leading to the establishment of a systematic approach to female writing These authors challenged traditional patriarchal norms, advocating for basic rights such as employment, freedom of love, new concepts of sexuality and chastity, personal happiness, and gender equality This period marked a significant success in the history of women's writing in China.
1 [英]弗吉尼亚ã伍尔夫： 《一间自己的房间》，贾辉丰译，北京：商务印书馆， 2012 年， 225 页。
The article explores the differences in writing styles between male and female authors, focusing on Zhang Jie’s "Love, Which Cannot Be Forgotten" and Zhang Xian’s "The Corner Forgotten by Love." It highlights how these differences reflect cultural meanings and societal expectations, illustrating the unique perspectives each gender brings to their narratives Through a comparative analysis, the piece emphasizes the impact of gender on literary expression and the portrayal of love in contemporary Chinese literature.
In the late 1970s to the late 1990s, a unique phase emerged in Chinese literature marked by the rise of a new generation of exceptionally talented female writers, such as Zhang Kangkang, Zhang Jie, and Ye Wenling This period coincided with China's reform and opening-up, leading to a liberation of ideologies Alongside these new voices, established authors from the previous generation, like Ding Ling and Lin Huiyin, evolved their works, which began to lack the distinctive feminine qualities of gentleness, motherhood, and romance The themes of gender equality in their writings became innovative and distinct, contributing to a powerful literary force that blended rich feminine qualities with the dynamic pulse of contemporary society.
In the 1990s, the introduction of Western feminist theory in China coincided with the decline of traditional ideologies, particularly following the heightened awareness of women's issues sparked by the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995 This period marked the end of the idealism prevalent in 1980s Chinese literature, as writers adapted to a commercialized writing style that appealed to the general public Consequently, Chinese women's writing became increasingly diverse and multilayered, with female authors skillfully employing new writing techniques that enriched their themes, content, and artistic expression Their works reflect a blend of personal experiences related to family, marriage, and love, alongside influences from Western literature, philosophy, and social thought, including psychological novels and existentialism For instance, writer Zhang Jie explores how women navigate modern societal challenges, including marriage and family dynamics Despite the advancements in social, economic, and political stability that fueled women writers' pursuit of freedom, the 1990s also presented limitations such as a lack of spiritual depth, aesthetic quality, and a tendency toward self-repetition Additionally, some female authors excessively emphasized the female body to portray freedom, focusing heavily on the dynamics of male-female relationships, particularly in terms of sexuality.