INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Greeting plays a crucial role in communication, serving as the initial ritual that captures attention and initiates interaction It fosters a sense of closeness among communication partners and establishes an environment conducive to open dialogue Greetings can be categorized into verbal and non-verbal forms, with non-verbal greetings often being more prevalent in situations involving distance or language barriers This form of greeting is not only more expressive but also simpler to utilize, effectively conveying a range of messages.
Greetings vary significantly around the world, with Western countries like France, Spain, and Italy often using hugs or cheek kisses, while in the Middle East and Asian nations such as Vietnam, it's crucial to approach greetings between opposite sexes with caution to prevent misunderstandings Inappropriate greeting practices can lead to awkward situations or even offend others To ensure a positive first impression, it's essential to familiarize ourselves with the greeting customs of our communication partner's culture.
For English major students frequently interacting with international partners, understanding greeting gestures is crucial to prevent misunderstandings and make a positive first impression This realization has motivated me to explore greeting gestures across different cultures Consequently, I have chosen to research the topic "Using Greeting Gestures in America and Vietnam – The Similarities and Differences in Light of Cross-Cultural Communication."
Aims of the study
This study aims to explore the similarities and differences in greeting gestures between America and Vietnam, providing insights into common gestures used in both countries Additionally, it highlights key factors that influence these gestures, helping individuals avoid misunderstandings and communicate effectively across cultures.
Research questions
The study is conducted to answer the following questions:
1 Which greeting gestures are commonly used in America and Vietnam?
2 Which factors do Vietnamese and American people consider when using greeting gestures?
3 What are the similarities and differences in using greeting gestures in Vietnam and America?
Scope of the study
Greeting gestures vary widely across cultures, with numerous forms such as handshaking, hugging, kissing, waving, nodding, patting, smiling, bowing, high-fiving, and making a V-sign This article focuses specifically on the greeting gestures of America and Vietnam, highlighting their similarities and differences By examining these gestures, readers can better understand cross-cultural communication and avoid potential culture shock.
Methods of the study
A survey was conducted among American and Vietnamese residents in Haiphong city, collecting 30 English surveys from Americans and 30 Vietnamese surveys from locals, resulting in a total of 60 responses Following the data collection, an in-depth analysis was carried out to address the research questions.
Design of the study
The study contains three parts
- Part I: Introduction presents the rationales, aims, research questions, scope, methods and design of the study
- Part II: Consists of three chapters
+ The first chapter is theoretical background which provides readers the overview of culture, communication and body language
+ The second chapter talks about greeting and 10 common greeting gestures in America and Vietnam
The final chapter focuses on data analysis and comparison, where I evaluate the findings from the survey questionnaires and assessments This section highlights the similarities and differences in greeting gestures between the two countries, providing a comprehensive understanding of cultural nuances.
- The study is ended with the third part - Conclusion This part presents an overview of the study, and recommendations for further study
DEVELOPMENT
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
The concept of culture appeared very early in human history The word,
“Culture" comes from French term, which in turn derives from the Latin
The term "colere," which signifies care, cultivation, and nurture, underscores the evolving nature of culture, a concept that remains difficult to define In 1952, anthropologists Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn explored this complexity in their book, "Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions," which presents over 200 definitions of culture Since then, numerous scholars across various fields have contributed additional interpretations, each reflecting unique perspectives and evaluations of cultural significance.
The concept of culture was first introduced by British anthropologist Edward B Tylor in his 1871 book, "Primitive Culture." Tylor defined culture as a comprehensive system that encompasses knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and all other skills and habits acquired by individuals as members of society.
Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn (1952:47) also pointed out that
Culture encompasses both explicit and implicit behavioral patterns that are acquired and communicated through symbols, reflecting the unique achievements of human groups, including their artifacts At its core, culture is rooted in traditional ideas and the values associated with them Culture can be viewed as a product of human actions while simultaneously influencing future actions.
According to Cambridge English Dictionary Online, culture is, "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time."
According to Nguyen Quang (1998:3), culture encompasses shared backgrounds—such as national, ethnic, or religious identities—shaped by common language, communication styles, customs, beliefs, attitudes, and values This definition emphasizes that culture is not limited to art, music, or cuisine but includes the often concealed patterns of human interaction and perspectives within a community Much like an iceberg, where the majority remains submerged, the profound impact of culture on individual behavior and interpersonal relationships is largely hidden It is these underlying cultural elements that frequently lead to cross-cultural misunderstandings and significantly influence how people interact with one another.
Culture encompasses the diverse material and spiritual products of humanity, extending beyond mere definitions It serves to sustain human society and reflects the intricate relationships individuals have with their surrounding environment, resulting in unique cultural expressions in every region.
Communication, as defined by Hybels (1992), is the process through which individuals share information, ideas, and emotions This process encompasses not only verbal and written language but also non-verbal cues such as body language and personal mannerisms Ultimately, communication is essential to our existence, as living inherently involves engaging in communication.
Nguyen Quang (1998:3) sees communication as the process of sharing meaning through verbal and nonverbal behavior
Communication is defined by Lustig and Koester as “a symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual process in which people create shared meanings” (2010:13)
Larry A Samovar, Richard E Porter and Edwin R McDaniel (2006:12) select the all-encompassing definition of “human communication is the process through which symbols are transmitted for the purpose of eliciting a response”
Communication is a process that involves the exchange of information, ideas, thoughts, feelings, and emotions through various means such as speech, signals, writing, or behavior In this process, a sender encodes a message and transmits it via a medium to the receiver.
7 decodes the message and after processing information, sends back appropriate feedback
According to Nguyen Quang communication is divided into verbal communication and nonverbal communication
Verbal communication involves the use of sounds and language to convey messages, playing a crucial role in expressing desires, ideas, and concepts It is essential for effective learning and teaching processes.
For example: when a baby says “I’m hungry!" His parents will know that he wants something to eat
Verbal Communication is divided into two types: oral communication and written communication
Oral communication involves sharing information or ideas verbally through various mediums such as face-to-face conversations, speeches, telephone calls, video chats, radio broadcasts, television, and voice over the internet.
Written Communication is a type of interaction that makes use of the written word A written message may be printed or hand written In written
8 communication message can be transmitted via email, letter, report, memo etc Written communication is influenced by the vocabulary, grammar, writing style, precision and clarity of the language used
Nonverbal communication may cover any aspect of communication that not purely verbal More precisely, nonverbal communication can be viewed from two different perspectives (R.F.Verderber 1990)
Nonverbal communication encompasses actions and attributes beyond spoken words, as defined by J Burgoon and T Saine (1978) It includes human behaviors that carry socially understood meanings, are intentionally conveyed or interpreted, and involve conscious sending and receiving, allowing for potential feedback from the recipient.
According to Knapp (1972:20), nonverbal communication is term that describes “all communication events which transcend spoken or written words”
In short, we can simply define nonverbal communication as the process of conveying the information without using words
There are many classifications of nonverbal communication Nguyen Quang (2001:9) presents clearly and easily to understand in the diagram below:
Diagram 2: Classification of Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication is divided into 2 types: paralanguage and extralanguage
Paralanguage refers to the nuances of how we communicate, encompassing the manner in which we express ourselves It is categorized into four key elements: vocal characteristics, which include aspects like pitch and tone; vocal quality, reflecting the uniqueness of an individual's voice; vocal interferences, which are distractions that can affect communication; and the use of silence or pauses, which can convey meaning and emphasis.
Extralanguage includes body language, object language and environmental language
According to Samovar & Porter (1997:70), cultural differences lead to variations in communication practices and behaviors, shaped by distinct worldviews Therefore, cross-cultural communication is defined as the examination of interactions between individuals whose cultural perceptions and symbolic systems are sufficiently different to influence their communication.
Nguyen Quang (1998:3) emphasizes that communication, whether verbal or nonverbal, occurs between individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds and is significantly shaped by cultural values, attitudes, and behaviors He highlights the profound impact of culture on how people perceive and respond to one another.
From these definitions we can understand cross-cultural communication is the communication between people who live in different countries and come from different cultural background
In today's interconnected world, businesses are venturing into global markets, governments are engaging in international negotiations, and countless individuals are pursuing education and employment opportunities abroad As a result, effective cross-cultural communication has become increasingly vital.
Body language is a form of nonverbal communication that conveys thoughts, intentions, and feelings through physical behaviors This includes facial expressions, body posture, gestures, eye movement, touch, and spatial usage.
GREETING GESTURES
Greeting is commonly understood as a friendly or polite act that you say or do when you meet or welcome someone
Greeting is a form of communication where individuals intentionally acknowledge each other's presence, demonstrating attention and suggesting a relationship type—typically cordial—or indicating social status, whether formal or informal, between groups or individuals interacting.
Greetings can be categorized into two types: verbal and nonverbal In certain situations, such as distance communication or language barriers, nonverbal greetings are often more prevalent.
2.2 Some common greeting gestures in America and Vietnam
Greeting plays a vital role in the cultural life of every nation, with diverse expressions across the globe In America and Vietnam, common greeting gestures reflect the unique traditions and social norms of each country.
A handshake is a brief ritual where two individuals grasp each other's hands, typically involving a quick up-and-down motion.
Handshaking is a universally recognized gesture, serving as the standard greeting in business contexts It is typically used during meetings, greetings, congratulations, or when finalizing agreements The handshake symbolizes trust, balance, and equality among individuals.
The exact origins of the handshake remain uncertain, but the most popular theory suggests it began in medieval Europe when knights extended their hands to demonstrate they bore no concealed weapons Today, people of all backgrounds use handshakes as a universal gesture to greet others, formalize agreements, or bid farewell.
Cheek kissing is a social gesture that signifies friendship, greetings, congratulations, comfort, respect, or romantic interest This ritual involves two individuals leaning in to lightly touch cheeks or lips to cheeks, often alternating between both sides.
Cheek kissing is a prevalent social greeting in regions such as Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe, as well as the Mediterranean, the Middle East, the Horn of Africa, and Latin America In contrast, this practice is less common in English-speaking countries like Canada and the United States, as well as in Asia and Northern Europe.
Cheek kissing is a common social gesture that varies by culture, often seen as appropriate among family, friends, and acquaintances, regardless of gender While it is widely accepted between men and women, as well as between two women or two men, there are exceptions in certain regions, particularly in parts of Latin America.
A hug is a universal expression of physical intimacy where two individuals embrace each other by wrapping their arms around one another's neck, back, or waist When multiple people participate, it is commonly known as a group hug.
A hug usually demonstrates affection and emotional warmth, sometimes arising from joy or happiness when reunited with someone or seeing someone absent after a long time
The hug, believed to have originated as a sign of trust to show that no weapons were concealed beneath flowing robes, has evolved over time In Latin America, this gesture is referred to as the "abrazo," meaning "embrace," and is typically accompanied by a couple of hearty claps on the back, enhancing the warmth of the interaction.
Waving is a hand gesture involving raising and moving the hand side to side, commonly used as a greeting or farewell Originally a distress signal, it serves as an effective way to make oneself visible from afar Over time, this simple gesture evolved into a friendly form of greeting, drawing attention to oneself in various social situations and cultures.
A nod of the head is a gesture involving tilting the head up and down along the sagittal plane, commonly used in various cultures to signify agreement, acceptance, or acknowledgment, although its meaning is not universally recognized.
Cultural interpretations of gestures can vary significantly; for instance, while nodding typically signifies "yes" in many nations, countries like Greece, Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Turkey, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Albania, and Sicily reverse this meaning, associating nodding with "no" instead.
In those countries, a single nod of the head up (not down) indicates a "no"
Nodding serves as a nonverbal greeting or acknowledgment of someone's presence, resembling a mild bow that conveys respect without being overly formal This gesture includes the traditional downward nod and the more informal upward nod, typically used among friends or subordinates To enhance the formality of the interaction, the downward nod can be paired with an appropriate verbal greeting.
DATA ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON
As mentioned in the methods of the study, a survey was conducted to collect data for the study The survey consists of 12 questions
The survey offers a comprehensive analysis of greeting gestures used by American and Vietnamese individuals, highlighting the similarities and differences in their practices This comparison reveals distinct cultural nuances in how greetings are expressed in Vietnam and America.
The survey targeted Vietnamese and American individuals in Hai Phong, with a majority of American participants being teachers and travelers Among the American respondents, 52% were male, and their ages ranged from 25 to 55 Similarly, the Vietnamese participants, who were residents of Hai Phong, comprised 50% males and were aged between 22 and 45.
There are 30 surveys written in English for American people, and 30 surveys written in Vietnamese for Vietnamese people There are 60 surveys correspondents being collected for analyzing
The investigation into the use of gestures among Vietnamese and American individuals is presented through various charts This analysis focuses specifically on the results from closed questionnaires, while open questions will be examined in the subsequent section to facilitate a comparison of greeting gestures between the two cultures.
3.3.2.1 Frequency of using greeting gestures
Chart 1: Frequency of using greeting gestures in Vietnam
In Vietnam, smiling, waving, and nodding are the most commonly used greeting gestures, with smiling being the most frequent; 40% of survey respondents always smile when greeting, while 60% do so regularly Waving follows, with 10% always using it, 80% usually, and 20% sometimes Nodding ranks third, as 70% of people usually nod and 30% do so occasionally Handshaking is less common, utilized by only 20% of respondents, with 70% using it sometimes and 10% rarely Other gestures like patting, hugging, bowing, high fives, and V-signs occur in specific contexts, but kissing is entirely absent, with 100% of respondents indicating they never use it as a greeting.
Chart 2: Frequency of using greeting gestures in America
In America, common greeting gestures include smiling, handshaking, waving, and nodding, with smiling being the most prevalent; 80% of survey respondents always smile when greeting others Handshaking follows closely, as 10% of respondents always use it and 90% do so frequently Waving is also popular, with 10% always waving and 80% usually doing so Nodding is a common gesture as well, with 70% using it regularly Other gestures like hugging, bowing, high fives, and V-signs are less common, while kissing is rarely used, with 90% of Americans seldom engaging in this greeting.
3.3.2.2 The factors influencing on using greeting gestures
Factors The factors influencing on using greeting gestures in
The factors influencing on using greeting gestures in American (%)
Table 1: The factors influencing on using greeting gestures in Vietnam and
The survey results indicate that age, sex, and relationship are the most significant factors influencing greetings in both Vietnam and America In Vietnam, 100% of respondents consider age when greeting others, while 88% of Americans do the same Relationship ranks second, with 92% of Vietnamese and 71% of Americans acknowledging its importance Sex is also a notable factor, appreciated by 85% of Vietnamese and 72% of Americans Additionally, the communication environment and situation play a role, with 75% of Vietnamese and 60% of Americans considering the environment, and 72% in Vietnam and 65% in America recognizing the situation Conversely, occupation and marital status are less influential, with only 38% of Vietnamese and 22% of Americans considering occupation, and 40% of Vietnamese and 44% of Americans factoring in marital status Notably, social status is highly regarded in Vietnam at 80%, compared to just 36% in America.
3.3.2.3 The influence of the age on using greeting gestures
Chart 3: The influence of the age on using greeting gestures in Vietnam
The chart illustrates that Vietnamese people predominantly greet each other with smiles and waves, with smiling at 100% and waving at 90% Other common gestures include the V-sign at 60%, patting at 50%, and nodding and high-fives at 40%, while handshakes are less common at 10% In contrast, more intimate gestures like hugging, kissing, and bowing are rarely used for greetings among individuals of the same age.
In Vietnamese culture, there are three primary ways to greet elders: bowing, handshaking, and smiling, with bowing being the most respectful choice Handshaking is acceptable and accounts for 50% of greetings, while smiling is used 40% of the time Other gestures such as hugging, kissing, waving, nodding, high fives, and V-signs are generally not preferred when greeting older individuals.
In comparison with the older, there are more ways to greet the younger
In Vietnam, nodding is the predominant form of greeting among the younger generation, with 80% of survey respondents indicating its usage Additionally, smiling is utilized by 60% of participants, while waving is employed by 50%.
When greeting children, smiling is the most prevalent gesture, accounting for 80% of interactions Following closely is hugging, which is used in 50% of greetings Additionally, gestures like waving, nodding, patting, giving high fives, and making a V-sign are also employed in various situations.
Chart 4: The influence of the age on using greeting gestures in America
In America, individuals have various greeting options, including smiling, waving, nodding, and handshaking A recent survey revealed that smiling is the most popular choice, with 100% of respondents selecting it Additionally, 92% of people utilize waving and nodding as common greetings, while handshaking remains a widely accepted method among peers of the same age.
In American culture, the most common forms of greeting account for 80% of interactions, with high fives, hugs, pats, and kisses being less prevalent, ranging from 46% to 56% Notably, bowing is rarely used, making up only 10% of greetings, and is not employed when greeting younger individuals.
In America, two predominant ways to greet older individuals are through handshakes and smiles, with 100% of survey respondents favoring these methods While gestures like waving, nodding, hugging, and kissing are not customary in Vietnam, they are more accepted in American culture Specifically, 56% of respondents indicated that they would use waving and nodding when greeting seniors, while hugging is employed by 40% of people, and kissing is chosen by 23%.
The same age The older The Young er Th e children
In America, bowing is occasionally used as a greeting for older individuals, but it represents only a small percentage (20%) of greeting behaviors Other gestures, such as patting, high fives, and V-signs, are not commonly chosen as ways to greet seniors.
In the United States, younger individuals typically greet one another with a smile, wave, or handshake, as confirmed by a survey where 100% of respondents favored smiling, 92% preferred waving, and 77% chose handshaking Additionally, other greeting gestures such as nodding, patting, hugging, high fives, V-signs, and kissing are occasionally used.
CONCLUSION
Recommendation for further study
In the future, I aspire to expand my research by conducting a comprehensive survey with a larger population and interviewing respondents for in-depth data analysis Additionally, I aim to explore the evolution of greeting gestures in both America and Vietnam over different time periods Furthermore, I hope to undertake a study on greeting gestures across all English-speaking countries.
1 Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn (1952) Culture: A Critical
Review of Concepts and Definitions Vintage Books publisher
2 Burgoon, J K., & Saine, T J (1978) The unspoken dialogue Boston: Houghton-Mifflin
3 Darwin Charles, Ekman Paul, Prodger Phillip (1998).The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, London: Harper Collins
4 Edward Burnett Tylor (1871) Primitive Culture Cambridge University Press
5 Ellis,C.(1996) Culture Shock! Vietnam Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company, Portland, Oregon
6 Harrison R.P (1965), Toward an Understanding of Nonverbal
7 Hybells, S and Weaver II, R.L (1989) Communicating Effectively Von Hoffmann Press, Inc
8 Hybels S., et al., (1992), Communicating Effectively, McGraw-ill, Inc
9 Larry A Samovar, Richard E Porter and Edwin R McDaniel (2006) Communication Between Cultures Wadsworth Publishing
10 Levine D.R, Adelman M.B (1993), Beyond Language ‐ Cross ‐ Cultural
11 Lustig, M and Koester, J (1996) Intercultural competence Interpersonal Communication across Cultures Harper Collins College Publishers
12 Mark L Knapp and Judith A Hall (2013) Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction Wadsworth Publishing
13 Nguyen Quang (2000) Intercultural Communication Vietnam National University - Hanoi, College of Foreign languages
14 Nguyen Quang (2011) An Introduction To Intercultural Communication 2 Vietnam National University, Hanoi, University Of Language And
15 Samovar, L A., & Porter, R E (1997) Intercultural communication: A reader Wadsworth Publishing Company
16 Samovar, L A., & Porter, R E (1991) Communication between cultures Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
1 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTGOVACC/Resources/NonverbalCom mweb.pdf
2 http://tapchi.vnu.edu.vn/Duc_Thien/Bai%202.pdf
4 http://dayhoctindat.weebly.com/v259n-hoacutea-chagraveo-h7887i.html
5 http://changingminds.org/techniques/body/greeting.htm
6 http://evaair.biz.vn/van-hoa-ung-xu-khi-gap-nguoi-my-eva6289.html
8 http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Vietnam/sub5_9c/entry-3386.html
APPENDIX A: SAMPLE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES FOR
My name is Do Thi Thu Phuong, a student at Haiphong Private University I am conducting research on "Using Greeting Gestures in America and Vietnam – Similarities and Differences in Cross-Cultural Communication." Your participation in this survey is invaluable, and I appreciate your honest responses Please note that this is not a test; there are no right or wrong answers, and you do not need to provide your name Your sincere answers will ensure the success of this investigation.
Thank you very much for your help!
Please tick ( √ ) into your answer!
Below 20 years old 21-30 years old
31- 40 years old Over 40 years old
3 Have you ever used greeting gestures?
If your answer is “No”, please explain the reason why you don’t use greeting gestures:
If your answer is “Yes”, please move on next questions!
4 How often do you use greeting gestures?
Frequency of using Greeting gestures
Always Usually Sometimes Seldom Never Handshaking
From question number 5 to 12, you can select as many responses as applicable
5 In your opinion, which factors we should consider when greeting?
If your answer is “Others”, please specify:
6 When greeting a person, which way do you choose?
The same age The older The younger
7 When greeting a person, which way do you choose?
The same sex Opposite sex Handshaking
Hugging Kissing Waving Nodding Patting Smiling Bowing High five V-sign
8 When greeting a person, which way do you choose?
9 When greeting a person, which way do you choose?
Who you meet the first time
Who you have met several times
Who you have been acquainted with for a long time
10 Which way do you choose to greet a person?
At home At workplace At the public places Handshaking
11 Which way do you choose to greet a person?
In a formal form In a informal form Handshaking
Hugging Kissing Waving Nodding Patting Smiling Bowing High five V-sign
12 Do you have any experiences in greeting Vietnamese people?
If your answer is “Yes”, please specify:
Thank you for your cooperation!
APPENDIX B: SAMPLE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE FOR
VIETNAMESE PEOPLE BẢN ĐIỀU TRA CHO NGƯỜI VIỆT NAM
Tôi là Đỗ Thị Thu Phương, sinh viên trường Đại học Dân Lập Hải Phòng, và tôi đang thực hiện nghiên cứu về “Sự tương đồng và khác biệt trong việc sử dụng các cử chỉ chào hỏi ở Mỹ và Việt Nam – dưới góc nhìn của giao thoa văn hóa” Phiếu khảo sát này nhằm thu thập dữ liệu cho nghiên cứu của tôi, và sự hợp tác của bạn rất quan trọng Xin lưu ý rằng đây không phải là bài kiểm tra, vì vậy không có câu trả lời “đúng” hay “sai”, và bạn không cần ghi tên Hãy trả lời một cách thành thật để đảm bảo thành công cho nghiên cứu.
Cảm ơn sự giúp đỡ của bạn!
Các b ạ n hãy đ ánh d ấ u ( √ ) vào câu tr ả l ờ i c ủ a b ạ n!
3 Bạn có từng sử dụng các cử chỉ chào hỏi? Đã Từng Chưa từng
N ế u câu tr ả l ờ i c ủ a b ạ n là “ Ch ư a t ừ ng”, làm ơ n hãy gi ả i thích lý do t ạ i sao b ạ n không dùng các c ử ch ỉ chào h ỏ i?
N ế u câu tr ả l ờ i c ủ a b ạ n là “ Đ ã t ừ ng”, làm ơ n tr ả l ờ i các câu h ỏ i ti ế p theo
4 Bạn thường sử dụng các cử chỉ chào hỏi với mức độ như thế nào?
Mức độ sử dụng Các cử chỉ chào hỏi
Hiếm khi Không bao giờ
Cúi chào Đập tay chào
Từ câu hỏi số 5 đến câu hỏi số 12 bạn có thể chọn nhiều đáp án
5 Theo bạn những yếu tố nào cần được quan tâm khi chào hỏi? a Tuổi các b Giới tính c Nghề Nghiệp d Tình trạng hôn nhân
57 e Địa vị xã hội f Mối quan hệ g Môi trường giao tiếp h Tình huống giao tiếp i Các yếu tố khác
N ế u câu tr ả l ờ i c ủ a b ạ n là “ Các y ế u t ố khác”, làm ơ n hãy ch ỉ rõ đ ó là y ế u t ố nào?
6 Bạn sẽ chọn cách nào khi chào một người?
7 Bạn sẽ chọn cách nào khi chào một người?
Người cùng giới Người khác giới
8 Bạn sẽ chọn cách nào khi chào một người?
Người có địa vị cao hơn
Người có địa vị thấp hơn Bắt tay Ôm
9 Bạn sẽ chọn cách nào khi chào một người?
Người mà bạn gặp lần đầu tiên
Người mà bạn đã gặp một vài lần
Người mà bạn đã quen một thời gian
10 Bạn sẽ chọn cách nào khi chào một người? Ở nhà Ở nơi làm việc Ở nơi công cộng
11 Bạn sẽ chọn cách nào để chào một người?
Một cách trang trọng Thân mật
12 Bạn đã bao giờ chào hỏi một người Mỹ chưa? Đã Từng Chưa từng
Nếu bạn chọn “Đã từng”, bạn có gặp khó khăn gì khi chào hỏi một người Mỹ không? Làm ơn hãy làm rõ trải nghiệm của bạn