INTRODUCTION
Rationale
In today's rapidly evolving society, the demand for communication and the exchange of information, culture, technology, and science between nations is growing significantly Consequently, the English language has emerged as a vital medium for effective communication on a global scale.
The English language encompasses various fields of study, with lexicology being a significant branch that has garnered attention from numerous linguists As English serves as an international language, learners often face challenges, particularly due to colloquialisms, which can create considerable confusion.
Colloquialism is one of lexicology phenomenon which is one of the most commonly used in conversations, so it is necessary to work in depth with its features
Colloquialisms play a crucial role in conversations, as they save time and enhance comprehension for listeners While these informal expressions are commonly used in everyday dialogue, they represent a relatively new phenomenon in the lexicology of English for Vietnamese learners, who have not yet extensively studied them.
Non-native English speakers often struggle with using colloquialisms appropriately in various contexts, which can hinder effective communication and lead to conversations that feel awkward.
Therefore, I choose to analyze colloquial words in some conversational situations the textbook “Streamline English Departures” and I hope that it will be helpful for the Vietnamese learners of English
Aims of the study
This study mainly aims at:
+ Providing the theoretical background about language and culture, conversation, the stylistic aspects of English words vocabulary
+ Stating the functions of conversations
+ Discussing colloquial words in various types of conversations.
Scope of the study
Colloquial words, or colloquialisms, present a fascinating area of study for researchers In this analysis, I focus specifically on colloquial expressions found in select conversations from the textbook "Streamline English Departures." Further exploration of this topic will be reserved for future research.
Method of the study
With the aims of helping English learners have a thorough understanding of colloquial words or colloquialism I have used the following methods to complete my study
This study is grounded in the support of my teachers and the knowledge and experience I've acquired while learning English, supplemented by reference materials on colloquial language and colloquialisms.
Secondly, I have collected materials relating to colloquialism to give clear and precise definition and classification of colloquial words or colloquialism
Lastly, the method of extracting information from various sources has also been applied
Design of the study
With the aims of helping readers easily understand the study, it is clearly divided into three parts:
Part I is the Introduction which gives the background of the study It includes rationale, scope of the study, aims of the study, method of the study and design of the study
Part II is the Development which consists of three chapters:
Chapter I is the theoretical background in which the knowledge involved in the study is referred to It comprises the stylistic aspects of an English conversation
Chapter II is the detailed analysis of colloquial words used in some conversation in “Streamline English departures”
Chapter III states some difficulties that Vietnamese learners may face with when using colloquial words and some suggestions
Part III is the Conclusion which summarizes things mentioned in Part
I, Part II and raises necessary petition
DEVELOPMENT
Language is a system of signs used for encoding and decoding information Throughout history, especially since ancient grammarians began studying it, the term "language" has been defined in various ways.
Language is intrinsically linked to culture, as it reflects the social practices and beliefs of the people who speak it Each language represents a unique group of individuals, often defined by distinct physical characteristics, which further underscores the relationship between language and identity As Edward Sapir noted, language cannot be separated from the cultural context that shapes our experiences and interactions.
Language emerges from life, necessity, and desire, evolving mainly through synthesis M Vendryes highlights that thought, which does not conform to grammatical categories, initially manifests in a fluid form within language As an action, language conveys meaning through verbal images or phonetic words, where nouns signify objects and their attributes, while verbs denote states Grammatical auxiliaries that indicate relationships are ultimately derived from these foundational elements.
In contemporary society, numerous artificial languages have been created, highlighting the difference between these consciously designed languages and natural languages The term "language" encompasses various interpretations, with spoken languages like English and Mandarin as the most evident examples Additionally, written languages and visual symbol systems, such as sign languages, also fall under this definition In cognitive science, "language" may extend to the human ability to generate and utilize language, emphasizing the systematic nature inherent in both definitions.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Language and culture
Language is a structured system of symbols used for encoding and decoding information Throughout history, especially since the time of ancient grammarians, the concept of language has evolved and been defined in various ways.
Language is intrinsically linked to culture, as it reflects the practices and beliefs that shape our lives It serves as a marker of identity for groups distinguished by physical characteristics, emphasizing the connection between linguistic expression and social heritage (Edward Spir, 1963:207).
Language emerges from life, necessity, and desire, evolving primarily through synthesis M Vendryes illustrates that thought, independent of grammatical classification, is initially expressed in a fluid form within language The verbal image or phonetic word, rooted in action, carries the significance of a sentence Nouns denote objects and their attributes, while verbs signify states, with grammatical auxiliaries indicating relationships, all derived from this foundational essence.
In contemporary society, numerous artificial languages have been created, highlighting the need to differentiate between these consciously designed languages and natural languages The term "language" encompasses various meanings, primarily represented by spoken languages like English and Spoken Chinese Additionally, it includes written languages and visual symbol systems, such as sign languages In cognitive science, the definition of language is further expanded to encompass the human cognitive ability to create and utilize language, with a focus on systematic structures inherent to both interpretations.
5 creation and usage of systems of symbols, each pairing a specific sign with an intended meaning, established through social conventions
Language, with its unique structure and evolution, stands out as one of humanity's most remarkable creations, warranting our attention and contemplation.
Informative language function: essentially, the communication of information
+ The informative function affirms or denies propositions, as in science or the statement
+ This function is used to describe the world or reason about it
E.g whether a state of affairs has occurred or not or what might have led to it
Sentences possess a truth value, meaning they can be classified as either true or false, even if we may not always be aware of their actual truth value This characteristic underscores their significance in the realm of logic.
Expressive language function: reports feelings or attitudes of the writer (or speaker), or of the subject, or evokes feelings in the reader (or listener)
+ Poetry and literature are among the best examples, but much of, perhaps most of, ordinary language discourse is the expression of emotions, emotions, feelings or attitudes
+ Two main aspects of this function are generally noted: evoking certain feelings and expressing feelings
+ Expressive discourse is best regarded as neither true nor false
E.g Shakespeare‟s King Lear‟s lament, “Ripeness is all”
Or Dickens‟ “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom; it was the age of foolishness”
Directive language function: language used for the purpose of causing (or preventing) overt action
+ The directive function is the most commonly found in commands and requests
+ Directive language is not normally considered true or false (although various logics of commands have been developed) + Example of this function: “Close your window” The sentence
“You‟re smoking in nonsmoking area”, although declarative, can be used to mean “Do not smoke in this area”
Culture encompasses the entire way of life of a group, including their arts, beliefs, customs, inventions, language, technology, and traditions While everyday conversations may associate culture with activities in art, literature, and music, social scientists view it as a broader concept that includes all ideas and practices created by a community Although "civilization" is a related term, it specifically refers to more scientifically advanced lifestyles Ultimately, culture can be simple or complex, reflecting the diverse expressions of human life.
Culture is defined as the learned behaviors, feelings, and thoughts that shape human interaction, rather than being biologically determined According to British anthropologist Sir Edward Burnett Tylor, culture encompasses a complex whole that includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs, and other capabilities and habits acquired by individuals as members of society This definition highlights three key characteristics of culture: it is acquired by individuals, it is learned through social membership, and it represents a complex integration of various elements.
Culture is learned behavior rather than instinctive, making it an acquired aspect of human life It encompasses a complex system that social scientists analyze by breaking it down into fundamental components known as cultural traits These traits can include various customs and practices that define a society.
7 as burial of the dead; a device, such as a plow; a gesture, such as a handshake; or and idea, such as democracy
All cultures share fundamental elements that arise from common human needs These elements include methods for obtaining food and shelter, as well as strategies for self-defense against invaders Additionally, cultures establish family relationships through various forms of marriage and kinship systems Religious beliefs and practices are integral to every culture, alongside artistic expressions such as carving, painting, and music Furthermore, all cultures possess some form of scientific knowledge, which can range from traditional folklore about local flora and fauna to advanced scientific understanding.
Cultures vary significantly across the globe, particularly in practices related to food While eating is a fundamental biological necessity, the types of food consumed, the timing of meals, and the methods of food preparation are influenced by cultural differences.
Human culture began to take shape during prehistoric times, marked by significant milestones such as the invention of tools, the advent of agriculture, the rise of urban centers, and the creation of written language.
Early human ancestors, known as hunters and gatherers, survived by foraging for fruits, insects, and edible leaves, as well as catching small animals by hand Their journey toward cultural development began over 5 million years ago with the creation and use of tools, primarily sharp-edged rocks crafted for cutting and scraping, achieved by striking or grinding one rock against another.
Culture carries with it a framework of meaning and interpretation that enables participants to integrate themselves and their activities into a meaningful whole
Organizational culture fosters a sense of commitment and loyalty among participants, motivating them to invest their energy and resources into the organization's future This cultural foundation encourages individuals to make sacrifices and actively engage in the collective success of the organization.
Culture serves to validate the authority and organizational structure that govern activities within a company Through myths, rituals, and symbols, culture offers explanations for various actions, aiding in the reconciliation of discrepancies between ideals and actual behaviors.
Conversation
A conversation is a form of communication between two or more people, serving as an essential social skill that many find easy to navigate It fosters an environment where individuals with differing viewpoints can learn from one another For a conversation to be successful, participants must strike a balance in their contributions, ensuring that the dialogue remains engaging and relevant This involves finding common ground on topics of mutual interest, allowing speakers to connect through shared knowledge or experiences As individuals converse, they often relate the other person's statements to their own lives, enriching the dialogue by incorporating personal insights that resonate with the discussion.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/conversation)
Each of conversation has its own cluster of purposes and expectations attached:
+) Functional conversation is designed to convey information in order to help achieve an individual or group goal
+) Small talk is a type of conversation where the topic is less important than the social purpose of achieving bonding between people or managing personal distance
Banter is a light-hearted form of conversation typically exchanged among friends, characterized by humor and playful teasing While it may seem offensive at first glance, banter often indicates a level of comfort and camaraderie among participants, allowing them to joke without causing genuine offense However, individuals on the autism spectrum or those with semantic pragmatic difficulties may find it challenging to navigate such interactions.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/conversation)
In formal conversation language is more formal or less emphatic e.g Julia Rosetti (J.R): Good morning, Mr Gray
Colin Grey(C.G): Good morning, Miss Rosetti
Are you all right? You are looking worried?
JR : Oh, yes I am fine, thank you But am a little concerned about David
CG : David Wheeler? Why? what is the problem?
JR : He really is not very well He is been getting headaches
CG : I would think he has been over working
Everyone supposes that conversations among friends are informal but sometimes formal conversations still occur, like in the following example:
Collen: I gave up anything I can not eat anything that is chocolate Tony: I did not give up anything
Collen: At first it was just chocolate that I gave up for lent but, then,
I figured “Let‟s make it more difficult” It has been very difficult, too
Tony: of course, everyone has been bringing snacks into our senior seminar class
This type of conversation is very popular in life It includes simple structures, colloquial words or colloquialism which is really informal
Informal conversation is characterized by spontaneity and is limited to a relatively small number of interested people
Informal conversation has its limitations, as its scope and influence are narrower compared to formal discussions While it may address significant themes, its relevance is diminished due to being confined to a small group of people, making it insufficient on its own.
While informal conversations about politics are common, they often represent an idealized form of discourse These discussions are frequently influenced by various factors, including political power, propaganda, and the interests of specific groups.
Certain autonomy in a government makes possible informal conversation without institutional pressure on the participants, which enables it to have greater spontaneity and achieve a higher level of criticism
Informal conversation is used in many contexts such as among friends, colleagues… e.g Mr Winter: That is a very nice shirt What is it made of?
George Hadeer: It is 100% cotton; there is no polyester in it lovely shirt MW: Yes, it is very good quality How much is it?
MW: That is about 30 US dollars Oh, I was not thinking of playing that much I will give you $15 for it
GH: No It is $20, well, $19 to you MW: Ok, then, $19 I will take it
So, language in this conversation is very informal and closed
Hoa: What is your favorite subject, Thu?
Thu: I like history It is an interesting and important subject
What is your favorite subject?
Hoa: Oh, Maths It is difficult but fun
The theoretical foundation provides beginners with a clear understanding of the vocabulary of English words, emphasizing their appropriate use within the language and culture Additionally, learners are encouraged to explore Chapter II for a deeper comprehension of these concepts.
The stylistic aspects of English words vocabulary
According to the textbook “Basic English lexicology” (Hoang Tat
Truong, 1993:14), stylistically English words are divided into two main layers: standard words and non-standard words
A standard language, also known as a standard dialect, is a specific variety of language used in public discourse by a particular group This standardization process involves organizing the language for description in grammars and dictionaries, making it accessible in reference works Typically, the varieties that achieve standardization are local dialects from areas of commerce and government, where there is a demand for a language that meets broader communication needs beyond local contexts.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/standard.language)
Standard words include neutral words, colloquial words and bookish words
Neutral words constitute a significant portion of the English vocabulary, utilized across various styles and aspects of human life, whether formal or informal These words are prevalent in both literary and everyday language, with many belonging to the fundamental stock of vocabulary, such as "we," "they," "man," "children," "go," "eat," and "tall."
Colloquial words are spoken language rather than in written language They are informal, casual, lively, and may be also friendly or humorous e.g.: dad, kid, fellow
Bookish words are subdivided into:
1.5.1 General bookish words: they are chiefly used in formal speech especially in writing e.g.: infant, assist, retire
Scientific words are also called learned words or terms
They are used like neutral words, for example: “lexicology, morpheme, physics, opera Medicare, radio, newspapers, and television”
Here we can see that many terms are familiar to the public since they have become words of general usage They may be used figuratively: atmosphere, camp
Usually terms have one meaning (monosemantic) but when used for different sciences they become polysemantic for example: “operation”: can mean: - A march, movement of troops, or ship…
Terms have no connotational meaning (connotation) and are stylistically neutral except when they are no longer terms but words of general usage
Many terms in English are derived from slang, such as "know-how" and "rake-off." Additionally, new words are created using existing elements through processes like affixation, compounding, and conversion, resulting in terms like "speedometer," "air-conditions," and "black-out."
They are used in poetry They are used to create elevated, solemn atmosphere of poetry an intensity of poets‟ feeling e.g.: steed (horse), foe (enemy)…
There words are borrowed from different languages which still retain- their spelling and pronunciation Usually they have equivalent in English e.g.: “Chic (fashionable), fiancé
These words are usually understandable to educated people Their stylistic function is to create local color (describing conditions of life, manners of a given country at a given time etc.)
2.1 What is a non-standard word?
Linguists and lexicographers have introduced the terms "nonstandard" and "substandard" to describe language varieties previously labeled as vulgar or illiterate Nonstandard language reflects the complex grammatical structures used by low-prestige groups, challenging the stigma that these forms are inferior Importantly, educated speakers often adopt nonstandard forms like "ain't hardly" or "ain't I" to convey a casual tone While some dictionaries classify "ain't" as substandard due to its association with uneducated speech, they reserve "nonstandard" for widely used forms like "irregardless," which, despite being common in writing, are still viewed as incorrect.
17 many as uneducated But substandard is itself susceptible of disparaging interpretation, and most linguists and lexicographers now use only nonstandard, the practice followed in this Dictionary
(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/nonstandard)
2.2 Types of non-standard words
Non-standard words are chiefly used in spoken English thus being considered as non-standard colloquialism These are subdivided into:
All slang is informal There are:
Used by all people but considered as sub-standard (non-standard) due to excessive in formality:
E.g dough (money), bird (girl), mug (face)
Special slang, often referred to as jargon, consists of specific words and expressions known as jargonisms This type of language is utilized within particular social or professional groups and is comprehensible solely to the members of these communities.
There are school slang, military slang, political slang and so forth: e.g „belly-robber‟ (cook-military)
„To take for a ride‟ (to kill-criminals)
It is also interesting to note that slang in general may be causes of phonetic: e.g „ cuppa‟ (cup of tea); lotta (lots of)
Many slang words have become and are becoming colloquial and literary: e.g know-how, chap, hi-jack, kid
The most characteristic feature of slang is that changes very quickly because it quickly gets „stale‟ and requires innovation
Unlike Vietnamese, English slang as well as English colloquialisms are rather widely used both in speaking and in writing especially in newspapers
Vulgar words are „dirty‟ words used by few people They are not generally used in public
„Dammed‟: It is dammed hot today
„Bloody‟: The shirt is bloody expensive!
Vulgarisms convey strong emotions such as anger, annoyance, and disagreement Due to their frequent use, many of these terms are becoming less offensive and are commonly heard in casual conversations among friends and students.
Dialectal words are used in a definite territory or locality They are called dialectisms e.g „loch (Scottish) =lake‟
COLLOQUIALISM IN SOME CONVERSATIONS IN “STREAMLINE ENGLISH DEPARTURES”
Colloquial words
1 Definition of colloquial words language
Colloquial language is informal language that is not rude, but would not be used in formal situations It is less unacceptable than slang and swear words
Colloquial words, often referred to as colloquialisms, are expressions typically used in informal conversation rather than in formal speech or writing These terms reflect casual, everyday language and are characterized by their familiarity and approachability In dictionaries, colloquial words and phrases are commonly marked with the abbreviation "colloq" to indicate their informal nature.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/colloquialism)
Vocabulary plays a crucial role in navigating between formal and informal styles while reflecting the social identities of speakers The distinction between standard and non-standard colloquial vocabulary, often labeled as slang in dictionaries, generates significant debate Prescriptive guardians of language view these shifts as indicators of a looming linguistic crisis, while journalists strive to showcase their understanding of current social trends Despite the annual release of new slang dictionaries filled with novel terms, they typically lack in-depth insights into the mechanics of these linguistic changes.
Certain colloquial items have remained stable and widely used in society for decades or even centuries, while others are more transient, reflecting the playful interactions among their users.
Argot refers to a specialized vocabulary associated with specific activities or professional groups, historically linked to the semi-secret language of the Parisian criminal underworld Colloquial words, often seen as synonyms, differ in usage based on context; neutral words are suitable for all situations, while colloquial terms are reserved for informal settings.
A: Do you like your school new school?
A: And the KIDS in your class
B: oh, he is a terrific BLOKE (J.Gralsworthy)
In the dialogue, speakers use some colloquial words: Ok, kids, decent, bunch, terrific, bloke They are used as informal language and in a informal situation
In a friendly exchange, two friends engage in a dialogue that allows them to express themselves freely, creating a warm atmosphere They incorporate various neutral synonyms to enhance their conversation, fostering a sense of camaraderie and understanding between them.
Ok-all right terrific-marvelous
Besides, many other colloquial words are substituted for other neutral words in informal situations like: hassle for trouble, guts for courage, posh
21 for high-class, a do for a celebration, jiffy for moment, punch for steal, boldly for umbrella, draft for stupid, etc
Using colloquial language like "hassle," "guts," "do," "jiffy," and "pinch" while addressing an audience of thousands of scientists or experts can lead to confusion, as many may struggle to comprehend or keep up with such informal expressions.
Many colloquial terms are often abbreviated or shortened forms of longer words This process of shortening has led to the creation of new, concise words that serve as synonyms for their original counterparts.
E.g Soames went to the door: he heard this father say:
- That is right, James, it will be ever so much more comfy
„Sir‟, he said “you‟re been a gent to me, and it is heard to say things”
“Trigonometry”, Norman said A higher form of math”
“And what is math?” was the next question which somehow, brought the laugh on Norman
In the examples provided, several shortened words like "comfy," "gent," "trig," and "math" have emerged as synonyms for their longer counterparts: "comfortable," "gentleman," "trigonometry," and "mathematics."
A part from them, there are some pairs of synonyms
Colloquial words, or colloquialisms, are primarily used within specific geographical regions and are spread through everyday conversation and, increasingly, informal online interactions A notable example is the term for carbonated soft drinks; in the Upper Midwestern United States and Canada, it is referred to as "pop," whereas in the Northeastern and extreme Western United States, it is called "soda." In the Southern United States, another distinct term is commonly used.
„Coke‟ regardless of brand Some Southerners even refer to soft drinks as
„dope‟ The common belief is that this is an outdated reference to stimulant properties contained in these drinks In New England it is occasionally called
In certain regions of Scotland, the term "tonic" is commonly known as "ginger," leading to confusion regarding whether it applies to all soft drinks or specifically to ginger beer This distinction was highlighted in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson, which illustrates the variety of colloquial names for soft drinks in different areas.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/collowialism)
Currently, English is increasingly adopting a colloquial tone, with colloquialisms being utilized not just in casual conversations among friends and informal speeches, but also in literary works and serious academic writing.
Colloquial English refers to the informal language commonly used in everyday conversations among educated individuals It is prevalent in personal letters, informal essays, popular articles, newspaper features, and novels.
Standard colloquial words are language systems that are usually used in spoken, sometimes used in writing This may also include liturgical writing
Colloquial Arabic is the everyday language spoken by people in daily interactions While it originates from classical Arabic, it has been simplified for practical use Additionally, due to geographical factors and external cultural influences, some non-Arabic words have been integrated into colloquial Arabic.
Each Arabic-speaking country or region boasts its own distinct variety of colloquial spoken Arabic These regional dialects are often represented in written form through poetry, cartoons, comics, plays, and personal letters.
Non-standard dialects often attract negative perceptions, leading educated individuals to view speakers as socially inferior or uneducated These dialects feature socially marked forms, such as "ain't," which prompt listeners to make unfavorable social judgments about the speaker.
“In fiction non- standard forms are mostly found in dialogue and they are used as a powerful tool to reveal character traits or social and regional differences”
(John Benjamins (1999) writing in Nonstandard English Irma Taavitsainen,etal)
Colloquial words or colloquialism in some conversational situations
Streamline English Departures is tailored for students starting their journey in learning English as a foreign language, including those identified as "false beginners." The course focuses on essential structures and vocabulary, prioritizing the development of oral and aural skills Its primary goal is to equip students with practical spoken English abilities, enabling them to communicate effectively at a basic level in English-speaking settings.
In formal conversations, the use of colloquial language is uncommon, as it can diminish the level of formality Certain contexts, such as discussions among government officials, strictly prohibit the use of informal terms to maintain professionalism.
However, sometimes we still can see the appearance of colloquial words in formal conversations
Colloquial words or colloquialism in an interview
Colloquial words or colloquialism in interviews occurs quite regularly
It helps the interlocutors get information fast and exactly
Mr Bull: Ah, good afternoon My name‟s Bull…John Bull I‟m looking for a girlfriend
Interview: Please sit down, Mr Bull May I ask you some questions?
Mr Bull: Oh, yes…what about?
Interview: Ah ….music, for example…do you like music?
Mr Bull: Yes, I do I like classical music
Interview: Do you like pop music?
Mr Bull: No, I don‟t…and I don‟t like jazz
Interview: How old are you, Mr Bull?
Mr Bull: What! I don‟t like personal questions!
Interview: Oh, well…can you complete this form letter, and send it by post!
This conversation, although lengthy, features short and clear sentences, reflecting the regular nature of the interview The interviewer and interviewee utilize colloquial language, incorporating terms like "girlfriend," "pop music," and "post" to convey their thoughts succinctly.
Colloquial words, through a process of standardization and widespread use in public discourse, evolve into local dialects and gradually become universal elements of the English language.
Thanks to clipping, some colloquial words are shortened and they usually used in advertisements
Pop music – popular Post - post office Girlfriend – sweetheart
Colloquial language often involves the clipping of subjects and verbs to create shorter, more engaging sentences This technique helps to avoid redundancy and keeps listeners interested Examples include phrases like "Come in," "What about," "Please sit down," and "Yes, I do."
Moreover, colloquial words in small talks the interviewer knew the partner‟s personal information and responder achieved purpose what he needs to know
Colloquial words or colloquialism in a conversation at an airport
Upon arriving at an airport, travelers are required to respond to questions posed by customs officers, who often use colloquial language in their inquiries This informal communication style can create a more approachable atmosphere during the customs process.
Customs Officer(C.O): Good morning Can I see your passport?
Man: Certainly Here it is
C.O: Yes, that‟s all right Have you got anything to declare?
Man: I have got some whisky and some cigarettes C.O: How much whisky have you got?
C.O: That‟s all right And how many cigarettes have you got?
Have you got any perfume?
C.O: Good Open your case, please
Open it now! Oh, dear!
Look at this! You have got three Bottles of whisky, four hundred cigarettes And a lot of perfume!
The term "C.O," an abbreviation for Customs Offices, has gained widespread usage due to its standardization and incorporation of local dialects, making it a colloquial expression commonly found in advertisements.
Airports are formal environments where passengers from diverse backgrounds converge, making it essential to adhere to proper language etiquette In this context, it's important to incorporate colloquial phrases like "please open your case" or "pardon me" to facilitate effective communication.
In an elegant setting like an airport, conversations often simplify through the use of colloquial expressions Airline staff frequently ask clients for information regarding time and location, prompting passengers to respond clearly while minimizing repetition of subjects, verbs, and objects This efficient communication style enhances understanding and streamlines interactions in a busy environment.
This colloquialism was used at the airport so the listener understand the meaning of the sentence easily
In daily conversation, we often use informal dialogue in which colloquial words or colloquialism always occur They become popular in
31 lexicology in informal English dialogues Of course, with each situation of an informal conversation, colloquial words may be used differently
2.1 Colloquial words or colloquialism in conversation between husband and wife
In conversations between husbands and wives, brief exchanges often dominate, with colloquial language playing a crucial role in enhancing clarity and brevity Such informal expressions frequently emerge in these interactions, making communication more efficient and relatable.
Mrs Brown: John! Is that you?
Mr Brown: Yes, dear I‟m back
Mrs Brown: Did you come home by taxi?
Mr Brown: Yes, dear The bags were very heavy
Mrs Brown: Did you get everything?
Mr Brown: Yes, dear I got everything…nearly everything
Mrs Brown: Yes, dear… I went to the butcher‟s, but they have
Mr Brown: No, dear They didn‟t have any steak!
Mrs Brown: Did you go to the pub again?
This dialogue stands out due to the frequent use of the colloquial term “dear,” which highlights the relationship dynamics between the husband and wife Mr Brown’s repeated use of “dear” conveys his apprehension upon returning home by taxi, adding a humorous touch to the conversation.
In this conversation, colloquial terms like "taxi" and "pub" are prominently featured, showcasing their short and snappy nature While these words are typically associated with informal language and casual situations, they also find their place in literary contexts and serious academic writing.
Besides, colloquial words are used widely among family members such as: between parents and children, among friends and even couples
2.2 Colloquial words or colloquialism in hotels and restaurants
When coming to the hotel or the restaurant, the customers as well as the staff of the hotel or the restaurant normally say short and clear sentences
Customer: Waiter! I‟d like the menu, please
Waiter : Here you are, sir
Customer: Thanks…I‟d like some soup…
Customer: Yes, please…and I‟d like a steak
Waiter : Rare, medium, or well-done?
Waiter : Which vegetables would you like?
Customer: I‟d like some potatoes, some peas, and a salad, please
Customer: Oh, and I‟d like some wine
Waiter : Which wine would you like, sir?
Customer: A bottle of red wine, please
This conversation stands out as distinct from typical husband-and-wife dialogues, where the term "dear" is frequently used In contrast, interactions in settings like hotels and restaurants often involve the repeated use of the word "sir." The term "sir" is commonly integrated into spoken exchanges, highlighting the formal tone of such conversations.
33 language to express the speaker‟s respect especially and pleased So the customer will feel more comfortable
To ensure clarity in understanding customer requests, waitstaff and receptionists can paraphrase the inquiry by omitting the subject and verb.
- Rare, medium or well-done
These words will supply the waiter or the receptionist some information exactly and fast
Clearly, colloquial words are helpful and are used in every circumstance to make shorter and more understandable sentences
2.3 Colloquial words or colloquialism in conversation in office
An office is the place where many daily conversations take place Consider the following conversation:
K: Have you got any change?
In everyday conversations, people often use various languages and dialects to convey their thoughts, which can create confusion for listeners who may not understand colloquial terms This language diversity can lead to misunderstandings and communication barriers.
THE DIFFICULTIES OF USING COLLOQUIAL WORDS
Some difficulties
Colloquial words (colloquialism) become a lexicology device, which is often used in dialogue However, sometimes it causes ambiguity for listeners to accurate formation Let‟s look at the example below:
Receptionist: Do you want breakfast in your room?
Mr Ali : Yes, please I‟d like a continental breakfast
Mr Ali : At eight o‟clock, please
When the receptionist inquires, "What time?" it can be interpreted in two ways: first, he may be asking Mr Ali for the current time, or second, he might be seeking to know Mr Ali's preferred time for a continental breakfast.
Understanding Mr Ali's intentions requires considering the context, as failing to do so may lead to misunderstandings Additionally, while colloquial expressions are essential in conversations, they can easily confuse listeners if not used carefully.
Man: Hi, Jane…says, are you ok! You are looking a bit tired Jane: Oh, I am It‟s my neighbors
Man: So, they are acting up again Huh?
Jane: Unfortunately, yes, they are
Intonation plays a crucial role in effective communication, as it helps listeners discern whether a speaker is asking a question or making a statement Without proper focus on the speaker's intonation, misunderstandings can arise, particularly when colloquial language is used Therefore, paying attention to intonation is essential for clear and meaningful conversations.
In addition, for colloquialism, the English or Vietnamese misunderstand easily to slangism These are colloquialism:
E.g: - How come?: Làm thế nào vậy?
- No way : Thôi đi (đừng đùa nữa)
- Ask for it : Tự làm tự chịu
- No litter : Cấm vứt rác
- Go for it : Cứ thử liều đi
- Got a minute: Có rảnh không?
- It‟s over : Thế là hết
- Don‟t take it to heart: Đừng bận tâm!
- In the nick of time: Thật là đúng lúc
- I given in : Tôi chịu thua, đầu hàng
- Stop it right way: Có thôi ngay đi không
- I got it: Tôi hiểu rồi
- I did it: Tôi làm được rùi
- Don‟t do graffiti: Cấm vẽ bậy
Some colloquialisms usually appear in dialogues:
A: Hi/hey How are things? /How is it going? /How are you doing? B: Pretty good/ok
A: Honey, why are you so sad!
(B says nothing) A: Honey, why are you so unhappy? I do not understand
A: But, honey, I love you very much B: That‟s untrue You love my cousin, Sunny You think she‟s lovely and I‟m ugly
A: Janet, just once last month I took Sunny out for luch You musn‟t worry I like your company much better than Sunny‟s
A: But, honey, I think you‟re wonderful You musn‟t…
Besides, we often use some colloquial sentences such as:
Can you repeat your name?
But spoken English for office staff is different:
May I have your name, please?
Could I have the name of your company, please?
May I have the address, please?
Could I have your telephone number, please?
Can you spell your name, please?
In short, we must base on the context to understand exactly what the speaker wants to say
Some suggestions
Learning English can be challenging for everyone, from beginners to advanced learners, as difficulties can arise at any stage of the process.
Learners are encouraged to focus on the theory of colloquialism and to practice using colloquial words in spoken English frequently This approach helps to avoid the use of unnecessarily long sentences in conversation.
To enhance language skills, learners should understand the appropriate contexts for using colloquial expressions and engage in conversations with native English speakers Additionally, reading books authored by native English writers is highly beneficial for improving fluency and comprehension.
In this section, learners will discover effective communication techniques and identify common pitfalls to avoid when interacting with others Additionally, they will explore various English learning strategies to help them achieve their language goals.
CONCLUSION
In summary, this article has explored the significance of colloquial words, or colloquialisms, in English conversations through a comprehensive analysis Colloquialisms serve as essential linguistic tools that help prevent repetition of subjects and verbs, while also contributing to shorter and more cohesive sentences.
In this paper, conversation is classified into two main types:
Formal and informal conversations serve different purposes in communication While formal conversations adhere to strict grammatical rules and are often used in professional or academic settings, informal conversations allow for more relaxed language, including colloquialisms These colloquial expressions are prevalent in casual dialogues, reflecting a more personal and approachable style of communication Understanding the distinction between these two types of conversations is essential for effective interaction in various social contexts.
Colloquialism in conversation in an interview
Colloquialism in conversation at the airport
Besides, in informal conversation colloquialism also occurs Colloquialism often appears in conversation among members in family
Colloquialism in a conversation between husband and wife
Colloquialism in conversation in the hotel and the restaurant
Colloquialism in a conversation in an office
Colloquialism in a conversation at the school
Colloquial words, or colloquialisms, are widely used in everyday conversation, making their study essential for enhancing understanding By examining various types of dialogue that incorporate colloquial language, readers can grasp the significance and usage of these expressions more easily This exploration not only deepens knowledge of colloquialisms in general but also focuses specifically on their role in English conversations.
All examples used for description and analysis in this paper have seen drawn from different sources to make ellipsis in each of conversation
41 situation clear and help learners use colloquial words (colloquialism) effectively in daily conversations
A colloquial word (colloquialism) is a useful and effective lexicology device, but we still must face with some difficulties To overcome these difficulties, some suggestions are given in Chapter III
Colloquialisms play a significant role in spoken language, yet this study focuses specifically on the colloquialisms found in the textbook "Streamline English Departures." Acknowledging my limited knowledge, I recognize that mistakes and shortcomings are inevitable in this exploration I welcome feedback and contributions from teachers and readers to enhance the quality of this work.
Hopefully, in future, this topic will be studied further to help learners know how to use colloquial words in spoken language effectively
#) Practicing exercises on colloquial words
I Read each sentence below Decide whether the sentence demonstrates colloquial English or standard written English
1 Patti was in a jam when she lost her keys
2 YunJin decided to take a course in Canadian history
3 A jumper is an evergreen shrub or true, having prickly leaves and dull-colored berries
4 The business deal didn‟t pan out
5 When Sasha got lost in the mountains, he held up in on old miners‟ catim
6 There was on automobile accident at the concert of Fort Street and Douglas Avenue
7 In 1066, under the leadership of William I, the Normans conquered England
8 The teenagers yakking on the subway drove the other passengers up the wall
9 When Mr.Robb told me the alligator story, I almost died laughing
10 If my brother sees me driving his car, I‟m a goner
11 The voters waited eagerly to hear the broadcast of the national elections return
12 My allowance is shot so I can‟t go to the concert with the crowd
13 Mr.James regretted that he had given this son permission to drive the family car
14 Kim was such a brain she never had to hit the books after school
II Have a look at these words
Gimme Give me dunno Don‟t know
Use one of these words to fill in these sentences :
2 Then he grabbed hold of me and said “………!”
3 Thief: “Just shut up and ……… the money!”
4 Sorry, I can‟t stay I……… go now
6 Go away! I don‟t ……….talk to you!
7 I think you………talk to him before it‟s too late
8 This is going cost you a whole……… money
III Here are 4 sentences: a main sentence and 3 alternate colloquial sentences Find the sentence which is the opposite of the main sentence
(= which does NOT have the same meaning as the main sentence)
1, “He didn‟t bat an eyelid”
3, “He was as cool as a cucumber” c) “I‟M HUNGRY!”
3, “It‟s as shiny as a new pin!” e) “HE‟S STUPID!”
1, colloquial “to be in a jam” means to have a big problem
4, Colloquial “pan out” means to have the desired effect
5, Colloquial “to be holed up” means to take refuge in
8, Colloquial “to yak” means to speak without pause
Colloquial “to drive some up the wall” means to really among someone
9, Colloquial “to die laughing” means to laugh really hard
10, Colloquial “to be a goner” means to die It‟s an exaggeration
12, Colloquial “to be shot” means to be wasted or swum
14, Colloquial “to be a brain” means to be very smart
1 Bernardhartley&Peterviney (1997) Steamline English departures
2 Hoàng Tất Trường (1993) Basic English lexicology Trường đại học sư phạm ngoại ngữ -Hà Nội
3 Hartley, B&Viney (1997) P.Streamline Youth publishing house
4 Jone, L.Welcome(1996) English for the travel and tourism industry Cambridge university press
5 Minh, Q (2006) Giao tiếp tiếng anh trong ngành kinh doanh khách sạn và nhà hàng Hanoi pubishing house
6 Ayto, John (2002) The oxford dictionary of rhyming slang Oxford university press
7 Anna.B (1977) Ship or sheep Cambridge university press
8 Richards, J (2001) New interchange intro Cambridge university press
9 Swan, J.Gralsworthy, M.(1991) Practice English usage London,
10 Merrlam (2001) Webster‟s New Dictionary of Synonyms Webster
11 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/language
12 philosophy.lander.edu/logic/form-language
13 www.millicentrogers.org/what.is.culture
14 www.buzzle.com/articles/characteristics.of.culture.html
15 www.tolearnenglish.com/free/argot/1g.php
16 www.tolearnenglish.com/free/argot/2g.php
17 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/standard.language
18 http://www.thefreedictionary.com/nonstandard
19 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/colloquialism
20 http://expertsolumn.com/content/difference-between-colloquial- English-slang-and-jargon
21 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/conversation