FESTIVAL
PLOUGH MONDAY
Plough Monday marks the traditional beginning of the English agricultural year, occurring on the first Monday after Twelfth Day (January 6) Historical references to this day date back to the late 15th century, with the preceding day known as Plough Sunday In various English regions, farm laborers would visit villages with their ploughs, engaging in fundraising activities that included singing, mumming plays, dancing, and showcasing a Straw Bear Participants often disguised themselves, using costumes or blackened faces, to avoid recognition, particularly if they ploughed gardens of reluctant donors Celebrations were most prevalent in the East Midlands and East Anglia, where many revivals now take place in early to mid-January Additionally, church ceremonies to bless the plough were traditionally held on Plough Monday or the preceding Sunday, and many of these customs have seen a revival in recent years.
The Whittlesey Straw Bear Festival, rooted in the Plough Monday customs, features local Morris dancers and celebrates a unique tradition In the 19th century, men and boys dressed as Straw Bears, adorned in straw, would go door to door begging for money instead of pulling a decorated plough This annual event takes place every January in Whittlesey, near Peterborough, culminating in a lively parade of the Straw Bear through the town's streets on the preceding Saturday.
In Belgium, the Monday following the Epiphany is known as Verloren Maandag, or "Lost Monday," which signifies a day off work without pay This day is celebrated with traditional foods unique to the region.
The Royal Ploughing Ceremony, also known as the Ploughing Festival, is an ancient royal rite celebrated across Southeast Asia to signify the traditional start of the rice growing season In pre-colonial Burma, this ceremony, referred to as Lehtun Mingala or Mingala Ledaw, was practiced until the monarchy was abolished in 1885.
In the pre-Ramayana tradition, the story of Sita, the heroine, unfolds as she emerges from the ploughed earth during a royal ceremony This moment occurs when Janaka, the king of Videha, performs the agricultural ritual of ploughing the field, marking the earliest historical account of this significant practice.
This tradition is a pan-Greater Indian agricultural ritual
In Southeast Asia, the Royal Plouging Ceremony was introduced to Southeast
Asia from ancient India The ceremony appeared in ancient Indian epic Ramayana, thousand years ago
The Ploughing Ceremony, known as "Preah Reach Pithi Chrot Preah Neangkol," is an ancient royal rite in Cambodia that marks the beginning of the rice-planting season and forecasts the upcoming crop yield Held annually under the king's patronage, this ceremony has its roots in the Funan period (1st-6th century) and was influenced by ancient Indian traditions It is also referenced in the Reamker, Cambodia's adaptation of the Indian epic Ramayana, as well as in various Buddhist texts.
In Angkor Borei, the former capital of Funan, a 6th-century statue of Balarama holding a plough was discovered, marking the earliest evidence of the ploughing ritual This ceremony is one of the most significant royal traditions in Cambodia, celebrated annually However, the 2020 Cambodian Royal Ploughing Ceremony, originally scheduled for May 10, was postponed to prevent the spread of Covid-19 in the kingdom.
In Myanmar, the ceremonial rite of plowing, attributed to the Pagan dynasty in the late 500s CE, was traditionally performed by kings such as Htuntaik, Htunpyit, and Htunchit This elaborate ritual, which involved plowing a designated field called ledawgyi with white oxen adorned in gold and silver, was not conducted annually nor by every monarch During the ceremony, Brahmin priests offered prayers to 15 Hindu deities, while nat votaries invoked 37 chief nats to ensure divine favor The plowing ritual aimed to appease the rain god Moe Khaung Kyawzwa, securing a bountiful harvest and reinforcing the king's image as a peasant ruler.
In Thailand, the ploughing ceremony dates back to the Sukhothai Kingdom
The Ploughing Ceremony, which the Thai adopted in its entirety from the Khmers, was established after the independence from the Khmer Empire with the rise of Sukhodaya in the mid-13th century, as noted by Quaritch Wales, a former adviser to King Rama VI and VII of Siam in his book, Siamese State Ceremonies.
During John Crawfurd's Siam mission, he noted on 27 April 1822 (near the end of the reign of Rama II)
In the Siamese calendar, a significant day is marked by a traditional ceremony where a representative, known as the Piya-Pun-li-teb or King of the Husbandmen, stands on one foot in a rice field while a peasant ploughs around him This practice, once a royal rite, has diminished in dignity over time If the King of the Husbandmen loses balance, he faces severe consequences, including loss of title and property On this day, all shops close, and any transactions are deemed illegal, with penalties benefiting the King Additionally, various fruits are displayed, and an ox is allowed to choose one, which will be regarded as the rarest fruit for the upcoming season, emphasizing the importance of agricultural care.
In Thailand, the ceremony known as Raek Na Khwan (แรกนาขวัญ) signifies the "auspicious beginning of the rice growing season." This important royal event is formally referred to as Phra Ratcha Phithi Charot Phra Nangkhan Raek Na, highlighting its cultural and agricultural significance.
The Khwan ceremony, known as พระราชพิธีจรดพระนังคัลแรกนาขวัญ, signifies the royal ploughing ceremony that marks the auspicious start of the rice growing season and has its roots in Hindu tradition In addition, Thailand celebrates a Buddhist ceremony called Phuetcha Mongkhon (พืชมงคล), which translates to "prosperity for plantation." The royal version of this ceremony is referred to as Phra Ratcha Phithi Phuetcha Mongkhon (พระราชพิธีพืชมงคล), officially recognized as the "Harvest Festival."
King Mongkut unified Buddhist and Hindu traditions into a single royal ceremony known as Phra Ratcha Phithi Phuetcha Mongkhon Charot Phra Nangkhan Raek Na Khwan This ceremonial event begins with the Buddhist rites at the Grand Palace and is followed by the Hindu rituals held at Sanam Luang in Bangkok.
Series 2 banknotes first issued in 1925 during the reign of Rama VI and continuing into the reign of Rama VII depicted the Royal Ploughing Ceremony on the backs of all six denominations Rama VII discontinued the practice in the 1920s, to be revived in 1960 by Rama IX, King Bhumibol Adulyadej
In Cambodia and Thailand, the ceremonial ploughing is usually overseen by the monarch or a designated representative, with the monarch occasionally participating directly by guiding the plough behind the oxen.
HOCKTIDE
Hocktide, also known as Hock Day, refers to the Monday and Tuesday in the second week after Easter, celebrated as an ancient English medieval festival These two days, known as Hock-days, were significant as they marked one of the few breaks in the agricultural calendar, alongside Whitsuntide and the twelve days of Yuletide During this time, the villeins typically paused their labor on both their lord's land and their own, enjoying a rare period of respite in their yearly work cycle.
Hocktide, though its early folk celebrations remain undocumented, is recognized as a significant term day, particularly Hock-Tuesday, when rents were payable and which marked a division of the rural year into winter and summer Evidence suggests that Hocktide was an important festival in Late-Medieval England, providing an opportunity for parish women to raise funds for their local church Research by Katherine French indicates that these women would capture local men and hold them until a release fee was paid, with the proceeds donated to the church.
George C Homans observes a recurring pattern during the Christmas season, where a solemn church feast is followed by a festive holiday, leading into the agricultural cycle that restarts after Epiphany, marked by the folk customs of Plow Monday In 19th century England, Plow Monday, celebrated on the first Monday after Epiphany, featured young plowmen known as the "plow-bullocks," who would visit homes with a decorated "white plow" to collect pennies; if denied, they would humorously threaten to plow up the dooryard.
The Old Coventry Play of Hock Tuesday, originally suppressed during the Reformation due to associated disorder, was revived for Queen Elizabeth's visit to Kenilworth in July 1575 This play illustrated the conflict between Saxons and Danes, leading to speculation that hock-tide commemorated the massacre of the Danes on St Brice's Day, November 13, 1002, or the celebrations following Harthacanute's death on June 8, 1042, and the expulsion of the Danes However, the corresponding dates do not support this theory.
Hocktide, once a popular celebration in England following Easter, has roots tracing back to significant historical events, including the massacre of the Danes in 1002 and the death of Hardicanute in 1042 The festivities were banned by Henry VIII due to concerns over public disorder, but in 1575, Elizabeth I was petitioned to revive the tradition, as noted in Sir Walter Scott's "Kenilworth." While some towns reintroduced the celebration, by the late 17th century, Hocktide had largely faded from memory.
By the 19th century, Hocktide festivities involved parish men binding women on Monday and demanding a kiss for their release, while on Tuesday, the actual Hock-day, women would tie up men and require payment for their freedom The collected funds were donated to the parish The origins of the term "Hocktide" remain unclear, as it has no known roots in Old English, with "hock-day" first appearing in the 12th century and "Hocktide" and "hock-money" documented in 1484, according to The Oxford English Dictionary.
In 1910, the Hungerford celebration commenced with a watercress supper at the "John o' Gaunt," the patron of the venue, where the town's prized possession, his remarkable horn, is displayed The supper featured black broth, Welsh rarebit, macaroni, salad, and bowls of punch.
As of 2017, the tradition of Hocktide continues in Hungerford, Berkshire, albeit modified to honor the Duchy of Lancaster's patronage This custom dates back to when John of Gaunt, the 1st Duke of Lancaster, granted local commoners grazing rights and fishing permissions in the River Kennet Despite a legal dispute during Elizabeth I's reign over the fishing rights, the townspeople ultimately prevailed with the Queen's intervention Today, Hocktide in Hungerford merges the ceremonial collection of rents with the historical practice of requesting kisses or money.
The Hocktide celebrations span several days, with the main festivities occurring on Tuesday, known as Tutti Day During this event, the Hocktide Council, elected the previous Friday, appoints two Tutti Men responsible for visiting properties that attract Commoner's Rights Historically, these men collected rents and accompanied the Bellman to summon commoners to the Hocktide Court, imposing a fine of one penny on those who failed to attend The Tutti Men carry wooden staffs, or Tutti Poles, adorned with flowers and a cloved orange, believed to have originated from nosegays used to mask unpleasant odors in the town's past Accompanying them are the Orange Man, who wears a feathered hat and carries a sack of oranges, and the Tutti Wenches, who distribute oranges and sweets to the crowd in exchange for pennies or kisses.
The proceedings begin at 8 am with the Town Hall horn, calling all commoners to the Court at 9 am Following this, the Tutti Men visit each of the 102 houses, no longer collecting rents but requesting a penny or a kiss from the lady of the house In exchange, the Orange Man presents the homeowner with an orange.
After the parade of the Tutti Men through the streets the Hocktide Lunch takes place for the Hocktide Council, commoners and guests, at which the traditional
After enjoying the "Plantagenet Punch," an initiation ceremony called "Shoeing the Colts" takes place, where first-time attendees are playfully shod by a blacksmith During this fun ritual, their legs are held, and a nail is driven into their shoe, with their release contingent upon shouting "Punch." To conclude the event, oranges and heated coins are tossed from the Town Hall steps to the eager children waiting below.
MUSIC FESTIVAL
The United Kingdom boasts a diverse array of music festivals that cater to various genres, with many gaining international acclaim Among these, Glastonbury stands out as the world's largest greenfield festival, attracting music lovers since its inception in the 1970s.
The history of music festivals in the UK traces back to the 1960s, marked by the emergence of large-scale events like the Isle of Wight Festival, inspired by the success of Woodstock in the United States and the rise of free festivals Many festivals initially focused on jazz, such as the Reading Festival, which originated as the National Jazz and Blues Festival, while the first Glastonbury Festival took place in 1970 as the Pilton Pop, Blues & Folk Festival.
In the 21st century the number of festivals has grown significantly, particularly with the emergence of smaller-scale "boutique" festivals However, in 2011 and
In 2012, numerous festivals faced abrupt cancellations, attributed to adverse weather and disappointing ticket sales, raising concerns about market saturation By 2020, the UK hosted around 241 festivals, highlighting the evolving landscape of the festival industry.
Here are the annual festivals:
Something to Smile About Festival (Yorkshire)
Once Upon a Time in the West Festival (Wiltshire)
BBC Cardiff Singer of the World
Alfresco Festival - Award winning underground electronic music festival in Kent
Awaken Festival - The Original Sober Raving Fest
City of Derry Jazz and Big Band Festival
Isle of Wight Midsummer Jazz Festival
Guernsey Festival Of Performing Arts
Seaside Rock 14–15 March 2014, Looe, Cornwall
Shehennaghys Jiu Celtic Youth Festival
Traveling festivals are unique events that change locations each year, taking place in various cities across the country or even internationally In the UK, several notable traveling festivals capture the essence of diverse cultures and experiences.
RUSHBEARING
Rushbearing is a traditional English ecclesiastical festival where rushes are collected and laid on the floors of parish churches, a practice that originated when earthen floors were common and rushes provided cleanliness and insulation This custom, which became widespread in Britain during the Middle Ages and was noted by Shakespeare, declined in the early 19th century as stone flooring became more prevalent However, it saw a revival later in the 19th century and continues to be celebrated annually in several towns and villages in northern England.
Rushbearing ceremonies continue to thrive in various towns and villages across northwest England, including Lymm and Forest Chapel in Cheshire, Gorton, Littleborough, and Saddleworth in Greater Manchester, Newchurch in Pendle in Lancashire, Sowerby Bridge in Yorkshire, and Ambleside, Great Musgrave, Grasmere, Urswick, and Warcop in Cumbria.
Rushbearing is also found in some parishes in North-East Wales such as Holt and Isycoed on the west side of the River Dee.
LAMMAS DAY
Lammas Day, also known as hlaf-mas or "loaf-mass," is celebrated on August 1st in some English-speaking countries in the Northern Hemisphere This holiday marks the annual wheat harvest and serves as the first harvest festival of the year Traditionally, people would bring a loaf made from the new crop to church, coinciding with Lammastide, which occurs midway between the summer solstice and the autumn equinox in September.
In Anglo-Saxon England, the blessed loaf, known as Lammas bread, played a significant role in protective rituals A historical book of Anglo-Saxon charms advised that the bread be divided into four pieces, which were then placed at the corners of barns to safeguard the harvested grain.
In England, tenants traditionally presented freshly harvested wheat to their landlords by August 1st, a practice noted in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as "the feast of first fruits." This celebration of first fruits was observed annually in both the Eastern and Western Churches on August 1st or August 6th, the latter coinciding with the feast of the Transfiguration of Christ.
Lammas coincides with the feast of St Peter in Chains, which celebrates St Peter's miraculous escape from prison However, following the liturgical reform of 1969, the feast of St Alphonsus Liguori was moved to this date to honor the anniversary of his death.
In medieval times the feast was sometimes known in England and Scotland as the
The term "Gule of August" remains ambiguous, with Ronald Hutton proposing that it may simply be an Anglicisation of the Welsh "Gŵyl Awst," meaning "feast of August," as suggested by 18th-century antiquarian John Pettingall In contrast, the Oxford English Dictionary and various etymological sources trace its origins to a more complex route, likening it to "gullet," derived from the Old French "goulet," a diminutive of "goule," which translates to "throat" or "neck," ultimately stemming from the Latin word "gula" for "throat."
The term "Lamb-mass" has been attributed to antiquaries like John Brady, who suggested that it originated from the belief that tenants of York's Cathedral of St Peter ad Vincula were required to bring a live lamb to the church for the feast John Skinner also contributed to this notion, stating it was due to lambs being out of season at that time However, this explanation is considered a folk etymology, as noted by the Oxford Dictionary, which indicates that the term was later interpreted as a combination of "LAMB" and "MASS."
As Lammas approached, many villeins faced dwindling wheat supplies, making the onset of the new harvest a time of abundance and communal effort in the fields This season of hard work fostered a lively atmosphere of celebration and teamwork during the reaping process.
Lammas, celebrated in the medieval agricultural calendar, signified the conclusion of the hay harvest that commenced after Midsummer To commemorate the end of hay-making, a sheep was released into the meadow, and the individual who managed to catch it would claim ownership.
In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Juliet is noted to be born on Lammas Eve, indicating she will turn fourteen the night before the harvest festival This timing is symbolic, as her life tragically ends before she can reap the rewards of her love for Romeo, highlighting the theme of unfulfilled potential and the fleeting nature of life and love.
Another well-known cultural reference is the opening of The Battle of Otterburn:
"It fell about the Lammas tide when the muir-men win their hay"
William Hone speaks in The Every-Day Book (1838) of a later festive Lammas day sport common among Scottish farmers near Edinburgh He says that they
Farmers constructed peat towers with a central hole for a flagpole to display their colors When flags were raised, it signaled a challenge, prompting farmers to attack each other's towers in an effort to topple them Successful attacks garnered significant praise, but defenders were equipped with "tooting-horns" to warn nearby villagers of incoming assaults, transforming the encounter into a spirited battle.
A recent festival turned tragic, as reported by Hone, with over four fatalities and numerous injuries resulting from a brawl Despite the chaos, the event concluded with races and prize distributions for the townspeople.
Lammas is one of the Scottish quarter days
Lammas leaves, also known as Lammas growth, are a second set of leaves that some tree species in temperate regions produce during high summer to compensate for those damaged by insects These new leaves may vary in shape, texture, and hairiness compared to the original foliage.
The Tir Y Gafel project in Glandwr, Pembrokeshire, is a pioneering low-impact development that features nine self-built homes within the Lammas Ecovillage This initiative was the first to receive planning permission under a precursor to the current sixth national planning guidance for sustainable rural communities, as proposed by the One Planet Council.
Exeter, a historic town in Devon, proudly hosts the Lammas Fair, a tradition that dates back over 900 years and is led by the Lord Mayor A notable feature of the fair is the raising of a white glove on a pole adorned with garlands above the Guildhall This annual celebration occurs on the first Thursday of July, highlighting Exeter's rich cultural heritage.
BURNS NIGHT, SCOTLAND
On 25 January, Scots celebrate the life and works of Scotland’s national poet Robert Burns by holding a special Burns Supper This can be a casual gathering of friends or a huge formal dinner Either way, the menu will likely include haggis (a sheep’s stomach stuffed with seasoned offal), neeps (turnips) and tatties (mashed potatoes) Someone will recite a poem called Address to a haggis before everyone toasts the haggis and tucks in Guests then take it in turn to recite Burns’ poems or sing one of his songs At some Burns Suppers, there are pipers to welcome in the guests — and the haggis The evening continues with toasts to Burns, more poems and ends with the song Auld Lang Syne
The first Burns supper was held on 21 July 1801 at Burns Cottage by his friends to commemorate the fifth anniversary of his death, marking the beginning of a cherished tradition The earliest known Burns Club was established in Greenock in 1801 by Ayrshire merchants, some of whom had personal connections with Burns They initially celebrated his birthday on 29 January 1802, but later discovered that his actual birth date was 25 January 1759, as recorded in the Ayr parish records Since that revelation, Burns suppers have consistently been celebrated on or around 25 January each year.
Burns suppers can be either formal or informal gatherings, both featuring traditional elements like haggis, Scotch whisky, and the recitation of Robert Burns's poetry Formal events are often organized by groups such as Burns clubs, Freemasons, or St Andrews Societies, and may conclude with dancing when women are in attendance These formal suppers adhere to a specific order of proceedings.
The inaugural Burns supper took place on 21 July 1801 at Burns Cottage, commemorating the fifth anniversary of Robert Burns's death, and has since become an annual tradition The first official Burns Club was established in Greenock in 1801 by merchants from Ayrshire, some of whom had known Burns personally They initially celebrated his birthday on 29 January 1802, but later found records indicating his true birth date was 25 January 1759 Consequently, Burns suppers are now celebrated around this date each year.
Burns suppers can be either formal or informal, but both feature traditional elements such as haggis, Scotch whisky, and the recitation of Robert Burns's poetry Formal events are often organized by groups like Burns clubs, Freemasons, or St Andrews Societies and may conclude with dancing when women are in attendance These formal dinners adhere to a specific structure.
Piping in guests - A piper generally greets the guests, who gather and mix as at any informal party At less formal gatherings, traditional Scottish music is played
The host begins the supper with a warm welcome, briefly explaining the occasion Once all guests are seated, the Selkirk Grace is recited, a traditional thanksgiving prayer in Scots Although often linked to Robert Burns, this grace has roots dating back to the 17th century, originally known as the "Galloway Grace" or the "Covenanters' Grace." It earned the name Selkirk Grace after Burns reportedly delivered it at a dinner hosted by the Earl of Selkirk.
Some hae meat an canna eat,
And some wad eat that want it;
But we hae meat, and we can eat,
And sae the Lord be thankit
Soup course - The supper starts with the soup course Normally a Scottish soup, such as Scotch broth, potato soup, cullen skink, or cock-a-leekie, is served
During the haggis ceremony, everyone stands as the dish is brought in, typically by the cook, accompanied by a bagpiper leading the way to the host's table Traditional music such as "A Man's A Man for A' That," "Robbie Burns Medley," or "The Star O' Robbie Burns" is played Following this, the host or a guest recites the Address to a Haggis, marking a significant moment in the celebration.
Fair fa' your honest, sonsie face,
Great chieftain o' the puddin- race!
Aboon them a' ye tak your place,
Weel are ye wordy o' a grace
(fa = befall, sonsie = jolly/cheerful)
(aboon = above, a' = all) (painch = paunch/stomach, thairm = intestine) (wordy = worthy)
The groaning trencher there ye fill,
Your hurdies like a distant hill,
Your pin wad help to mend a mill
While thro' your pores the dews distil
His knife see rustic Labour dicht,
An' cut you up wi' ready slicht,
Trenching your gushing entrails bricht,
(dicht = wipe, here with the idea of sharpening) (slicht = skill)
Then, horn for horn, they stretch an' strive:
Deil tak the hindmaist! on they drive,
Till a' their weel-swall'd kytes belyve,
Then auld Guidman, maist like to rive,
(deil = devil) (swall'd = swollen, kytes = bellies, belyve soon)
(bent like = tight as) (auld Guidman = the man of the house, rive tear, i.e burst)
Is there that o're his French ragout
Or olio that wad staw a sow,
Or fricassee wad mak her spew
Looks down wi' sneering, scornfu' view
(olio = stew, from Spanish olla/stew pot, staw
Poor devil! see him ower his trash,
As feckless as a wither'd rash,
His spindle shank, a guid whip- lash,
Thro' bloody flood or field to dash,
(nieve = fist, nit = nut, i.e tiny)
But mark the Rustic, haggis fed,
The trembling earth resounds his tread
Clap in his wallie nieve a blade,
He'll mak it whistle;
An' legs an' arms, an' heads will sned,
(sned = cut off) (thristle = thistle)
Ye Pow'rs wha mak mankind your care,
And dish them out their bill o' fare,
Auld Scotland wants nae skinkin ware
But, if ye wish her gratefu' prayer,
(skinkin ware = watery soup) (jaups = slops about, luggies = two-handled continental bowls)
In the line "His knife see rustic Labour dicht," the speaker typically draws and sharpens a knife, preparing for the ceremonial cutting of the haggis When he reaches the line "An' cut you up wi' ready slicht," he skillfully plunges the knife into the haggis, slicing it open from end to end When executed correctly, this ritual becomes a memorable highlight of the evening.
At the conclusion of the poem, a whisky toast will be made in honor of the haggis, marking the moment when guests gather to enjoy the meal Traditionally, haggis is accompanied by mashed potatoes, known as tatties, and mashed swede, referred to as neeps.
In addition to the main courses, traditional Scottish meals often include dessert, cheese, and coffee courses Popular dessert options are cranachan and tipsy laird (whisky trifle), typically served with oatcakes and cheese These delightful courses are complemented by Scotch whisky, known as the "water of life" (uisge beatha).
Toasts - When the meal reaches the coffee stage, various speeches and toasts are given
The main speaker honors Robert Burns by delivering a heartfelt speech that reflects on his life and poetry, which can range from light-hearted to serious tones This tribute often includes a recitation of one of Burns's poems or songs, celebrating his enduring legacy Following this, a toast is raised to commemorate the Immortal Memory of Robert Burns, acknowledging his significant impact on literature and culture.
The "Address to the Lassies" is a traditional speech delivered by a male guest to express gratitude to the women who prepared the meal Over time, it has evolved to encompass broader reflections on women, often infused with humor and respect This lighthearted address typically precedes a response from the women present, creating a balanced dialogue Additionally, the men raise a toast to honor the health and well-being of the women, reinforcing appreciation and camaraderie.
The "Reply to the Laddies," often humorously referred to as the "Toast to the Laddies," is a light-hearted and engaging speech delivered by a female guest This toast offers her perspective on men and addresses specific points made by the previous speaker It aims to be entertaining while remaining respectful, and speakers typically collaborate to ensure their toasts complement each other effectively.
After the speeches, attendees often enjoy singing Robert Burns' famous songs, including "Ae Fond Kiss," "Parcel o' Rogues," and "A Man's a Man." The celebration continues with recitations of his notable poetry, featuring works such as "To a Mouse," "To a Louse," "Tam o' Shanter," "The Twa Dogs," and "Holy Willie's Prayer."
Guests and invited experts can engage in sharing poetry for as long as they desire, often featuring works by poets influenced by Burns, especially those writing in Scots Additionally, foreign guests may be invited to present poems or songs from their own cultures.
Closing - Finally, the host will call on one of the guests to give the vote of thanks
Then, everyone is asked to stand, join hands, and sing Auld Lang Syne to bring the evening to an end.
JORVIK VIKING FESTIVAL, YORK
The city of York in north-east England is once again hosting Europe's biggest Viking celebration, the Jorvik Viking Festival, from 12 to 18 February
Every year, approximately 40,000 Viking enthusiasts converge in York for the Jorvik Viking Festival, celebrating the city's deep Viking heritage Attendees can enjoy a variety of activities, including battle re-enactments, combat performances, crafts, guided walks, informative talks, music, archaeological sessions, and family-friendly events throughout the city.
JACK IN THE GREEN, HASTINGS
The Hastings Jack in the Green Festival, celebrated on May Day (1 May), marks the arrival of summer with a vibrant procession and events throughout the first week of May Originating from ancient Celtic traditions, the festival evolved in the 16th and 17th centuries when people began crafting elaborate headpieces from flowers and leaves This led to the creation of the iconic Jack in the Green, where chimney sweeps donned large leafy costumes While similar celebrations occur across the UK, Hastings is renowned for its unique festivities Participants dress in elaborate costumes, and 'Jack,' adorned in leaves, parades through the Old Town, accompanied by traditional Morris dancers, giants, and musicians The procession culminates at West Hill, where Jack is symbolically 'killed' to release the spirit of summer.
HAY FESTIVAL, HAY-ON-WYE, WALES
Every May, the charming town of Hay-on-Wye, located near the Brecon Beacons National Park in Wales, transforms into a vibrant hub for writers, filmmakers, musicians, comedians, and politicians, all eager to share their ideas Bill Clinton famously referred to the Hay Festival as "the Woodstock of the mind," highlighting its significance in celebrating exceptional writing across various genres The festival features a tented village where attendees can purchase individual tickets for specific events, with many offerings available for free, alongside a dedicated program for children Visitors can also enjoy the stunning countryside by renting bikes between sessions.
The Hay Festival of Literature & Arts, an annual event in Hay-on-Wye, Powys, Wales, takes place over ten days from May to June Founded in 1988 by Norman, Rhoda, and Peter Florence, the festival has garnered international acclaim, with Bill Clinton famously praising its significance.
2001 as "The Woodstock of the mind" Tony Benn said: "In my mind it's replaced Christmas" Peter Florence continues to be director of the Festival
The festival has established itself as a significant event in British culture, with sessions featured in various television and radio programs, including The Readers' and Writers' Roadshow and The One Show All BBC national radio channels, except Radio One, have participated in broadcasting from the festival, while Sky Arts showcased highlights from 2010 to 2013, before transferring primary coverage to the BBC for the 2014 festival.
Hay-on-Wye, renowned for its numerous bookshops since Richard Booth opened his first store in 1962, earned the nickname "The Town of Books" by the 1970s The Hay Festival began at various venues, including the local Primary School, until relocating to a central location just south of the town in 2005 The Guardian sponsored the festival from 2002 to 2010, followed by The Daily Telegraph, which held sponsorship from 2011 for three years Since 2017, major sponsors have included the Tata Group, Baillie Gifford, the BBC, and organizations like the Arts Council of Wales and the British Council.
The festival has grown significantly over the years, incorporating musical performances and film previews, alongside a children's festival called "Hay Fever." It has also expanded internationally, with sister festivals held in cities such as Aarhus, Arequipa, Nairobi, and more In 2009, the festival took over the Brecon Jazz Festival, operating as a not-for-profit organization with free entry for all attendees The 2012 festival featured a diverse lineup of renowned writers, comedians, politicians, scientists, and speakers, including Martin Amis, Hilary Mantel, Salman Rushdie, and Stephen Fry, showcasing its commitment to a wide range of cultural and intellectual engagement.
EDINBURGH FRINGE FESTIVAL
The Edinburgh Festival Fringe, commonly known as The Fringe, is the largest arts festival globally, taking place annually in August in Edinburgh, Scotland Established in 1947 as an alternative to the Edinburgh International Festival, it featured over 55,000 performances of 3,548 different shows across 317 venues in 2018 alone Celebrated as a premier arts and culture event, the Edinburgh Festival Fringe ranks just behind the Olympics and FIFA World Cup in terms of global ticketed events, significantly enhancing Edinburgh's status as a leading world city.
It is an open access (or "unjuried") performing arts festival, meaning there is no selection committee, and anyone may participate, with any type of performance
The official Fringe Programme organizes performances into various categories, including theatre, comedy, dance, physical theatre, circus, cabaret, children's shows, musicals, opera, music, spoken word, exhibitions, and events Notably, comedy is the largest category, comprising more than one-third of the programme and enjoying significant public visibility, largely thanks to the prestigious Edinburgh Comedy Awards.
The Festival is backed by the Festival Fringe Society, which publishes the program and sells tickets through a central box office and website Located on the Royal Mile, the Society provides year-round support to performers During August, they also manage Fringe Central, a dedicated space in Appleton Tower and other University of Edinburgh buildings, offering essential assistance to Fringe participants throughout the festival.
The Fringe board of directors, composed of members from the Festival Fringe Society, includes both performers and administrators Elections occur annually in August, with board members serving four-year terms The board appoints the Chief Executive, currently Shona McCarthy, who has held the position since March 2016, operating under the chairmanship of Timothy O'Shea.
The 2020 Fringe Festival, along with other major summer festivals in the city, was cancelled due to the COVID-19 outbreak and concerns over virus transmission Organisers have confirmed that the festival will return from August 6 to August 30, 2021.
DIWALI, LEICESTER
Diwali, known as the Festival of Lights, is celebrated on a grand scale outside of India in Leicester, UK, where the vibrant Indian community comes together on Belgrave Road The festivities attract over 35,000 attendees from various faiths, including Hindus, Jains, and Sikhs The celebration features lively music, dancing, and speeches, culminating in a spectacular countdown to the illumination of thousands of multi-colored lights along the Golden Mile Other celebrations also take place in the UK, including events in London’s Trafalgar Square.
Diwali in Leicester is a unique celebration filled with vibrant fireworks illuminating the winter sky, enticing aromas from Indian feasts, and an atmosphere rich with music and laughter The streets are adorned with colorful lights, creating a festive ambiance that captivates all who partake in this extraordinary experience.
Leicester hosts some of the UK's most vibrant Diwali celebrations, renowned for being among the largest outside India The heart of the festivities is Belgrave Road, where the city's Asian community gathers for two major annual events that showcase the rich cultural heritage of Diwali.
Experience the magic of Diwali as the Golden Mile transforms into a vibrant spectacle of light and color, featuring over 6,000 twinkling lights and a breathtaking fireworks display This two-week cultural celebration culminates on Diwali day with an unforgettable night filled with Bollywood dances and music performances, concluding with a spectacular fireworks show that lights up the night sky.
Experience an unparalleled street party as over 35,000 attendees from diverse faiths gather for the lighting ceremony on the Golden Mile, with even larger crowds joining on Diwali day Immerse yourself in the vibrant atmosphere filled with stunning fashion, exquisite gold jewellery, and delectable cuisine from some of the finest Indian restaurants The Diwali Village warmly welcomes individuals of all ages and backgrounds, inviting everyone to join in the celebration of the Festival of Light in Leicester.
The Diwali celebrations in Leicester extend beyond the iconic Golden Mile, featuring a vibrant cultural program that includes theatre performances, craft activities, cultural talks, and exhibitions, catering to all ages and backgrounds Annually, the Diwali Leicester guide provides a comprehensive list of events and tips for experiencing the Festival of Light in the city This festival holds significant meaning for various faiths; Hindus celebrate the triumph of good over evil and light over darkness, often worshipping Goddess Lakshmi for prosperity in the year ahead Sikhs commemorate Bandi Chhor Divas, honoring Guru Hargobind Singh's release from captivity, while Jains celebrate Lord Mahavir’s liberation from the cycle of rebirth, achieving moksha.
GUY FAWKES DAY
As autumn comes to a close, many people celebrate Guy Fawkes Night by lighting bonfires and setting off fireworks, often combining the festivities with Halloween While some enjoy small bonfires in their gardens, others gather in communal spaces or attend organized events featuring professional firework displays, which are highly popular Traditional treats such as toffee apples and baked potatoes add to the festive atmosphere However, the origins of Guy Fawkes Night, rooted in the execution of the Catholic conspirator Guy Fawkes, lead some Catholics to celebrate more cautiously Due to the risks associated with fireworks, including injuries and fatalities, safety advocates are increasingly calling for stricter regulations on public sales and a shift towards more professionally managed displays.
Guy Fawkes' Day, celebrated on November 5, is not a public holiday; therefore, businesses, schools, and organizations remain open, and public transport operates on regular schedules However, some communities and municipalities may host public bonfires or fireworks displays to mark the occasion.
Guy Fawkes Night, observed on November 5, commemorates the thwarted plot to detonate the Houses of Parliament in London in 1605, orchestrated by a group of Catholic conspirators, including Guy Fawkes The intended explosion aimed to occur during the presence of King James I of England and numerous parliamentary members Following the failed attempt, the conspirators faced arrest, torture, and execution.
HALLOWEEN
Flying witches, pumpkin lanterns, trick or treat What do you know about Halloween? Here are some Halloween facts to get started
Halloween is celebrated on 31 October This isn’t a public holiday in Britain
Halloween is the night before the Catholic festival of All Saints and the pagan Celtic festival of Samhain (1 November)
Halloween is also sometimes called All Hallows’ Eve or All Hallowtide and can also be written Hallowe’en
Halloween colours are orange and black Orange is related to harvests because the end of October is the end of the harvest Black is related to death
In the UK Halloween traditions are very much alive and popular, especially amongst kids and teenagers
Pumpkin lanterns are hollowed-out pumpkins with carved eyes, mouth, and nose, illuminated by a candle inside to create a spooky effect Traditionally, people used potatoes or turnips for lanterns, but pumpkins have become the favored choice due to their ease of carving and availability in supermarkets These festive decorations are commonly used to adorn homes during Halloween Additionally, pumpkins are not just for decoration; they are also enjoyed as food, with dishes like pumpkin soup and pumpkin curry being particularly popular during this season.
Apple bobbing is a fun game where participants try to bite into apples floating in a tub of water without using their hands To increase the challenge, players wear blindfolds, and they must refrain from using the sides of the bowl for assistance As the game can get quite messy, it's advisable to have a towel on hand to dry off afterward.
Apple bobbing has historical ties to an ancient Roman festival honoring the dead, celebrated in October This tradition is linked to Pomona, the Roman goddess of trees and fruit When the Romans arrived in the UK around 2,000 years ago, they brought this custom with them, continuing the celebration of Pomona and the harvest.
On Halloween, dressing up is a beloved tradition for people of all ages, with popular costumes including witches, vampires, ghosts, skeletons, zombies, and monsters Costumes can be purchased or easily made at home; for example, a ghost can be created from an old white sheet, and a witch can be represented with simple black clothing Adding creative touches, like using bright red tomato ketchup to mimic vampire blood, enhances the fun As Rachel, 14, from Liverpool, suggests, dressing as a witch is practical for trick-or-treating since you can use your hat to carry sweets instead of a bag.
Trick or treating involves children dressing up and visiting neighborhood homes to ask for a "trick or treat," where they receive sweets or money as a reward If no treat is given, they may play a lighthearted trick, such as throwing soap at a window, although some view this as unkind This tradition, popularized from the USA, is embraced more by young people than adults In certain areas of Britain, police provide "No trick or treat, please!" posters for those who prefer not to participate Typically, young children go trick or treating accompanied by parents or older siblings.
Halloween parties - If you are in Sheffield, in the north of England, at the end of
In October, Sheffield hosts Fright Night, known as ‘Britain’s Biggest Halloween Party,’ attracting around 40,000 visitors annually The event features a variety of activities for all ages, including a fancy-dress catwalk, urban dance performances, a monster in the fountain, and a zombie garden, alongside traditional favorites like apple bobbing and a pumpkin lantern competition For those without a major Halloween celebration nearby, home or youth club parties offer an alternative, where attendees can dress up, play spooky games, and share ghost stories.
If you're not feeling up for a Halloween party, consider watching a horror film with friends Older teenagers often enjoy this alternative, especially if they're not accompanying younger siblings for trick-or-treating Look for titles featuring words like 'Halloween,' 'Vampire,' 'Dead,' or 'Zombie' to ensure a thrilling scare.
In the UK, films are categorized based on their suitability for different age groups: 'U' films are appropriate for all ages, '15' films are intended for viewers aged 15 and older, and '18' films are restricted to adults only Many UK cinemas celebrate Halloween by screening classic black-and-white horror films like Psycho, which, interestingly, required viewers to be over 18 to watch in theaters.
1960 Now, though, the film has a ‘15’ rating
HOGMANAY
New Year's Eve is a big celebration for millions of people all over the world But it is a particularly big deal in Scotland where it is called Hogmanay
Festivities take place all over Scotland and last for three days, beginning at the end of December and ending on 2 January
Scottish people in fact have two days of holiday following the celebrations, unlike the rest of the UK, which just has one on New Year's Day
Hogmanay is the Scottish name for new year celebrations
It is not known exactly where the word comes from, although it is believed to come from the French word 'hoginane' meaning 'gala day'
It is thought to have first been used widely following Mary, Queen of Scots' return to Scotland from France in 1561
Dr Donna Heddle, an expert from the University of the Highlands and Islands, explained: "The name could also come from the Anglo-Saxon 'haleg monath' meaning 'holy month'."
The term "Hogmanay" may derive from the Scandinavian word 'hoggo-nott,' which means 'yule.' However, Dr Heddle suggests that its most probable origin is French, specifically from Normandy, where gifts exchanged during Hogmanay were known as 'hoguignetes.'
First footing is a traditional part of Hogmanay celebrations in Scotland, although it doesn't happen nowadays as much as it used to
First footing is a New Year's tradition where individuals visit friends or family right after midnight to be the first guest in their home for the new year This custom symbolizes good luck and prosperity for the year ahead.
Traditionally, the first person to enter your home in the new year should be a tall, dark-haired man, a custom believed to originate from the Viking invasions This practice stems from the notion that Vikings, who were generally fair-haired, posed a threat; thus, the arrival of a blonde man could signal impending danger.
The origins of this tradition may stem from ancient pagan customs that celebrated the onset of the darker half of the year, involving rituals to engage with the enigmatic world of darkness and spirits, often through offerings of food and hospitality.
Black bun, a dark rye bread, is traditionally offered as a first footing gift to ensure that the residents of the home you visit will have plenty to eat in the coming year.
First footers also traditionally bring a lump of coal to ensure the house remains warm in the coming months
As the new year approaches, it is customary for individuals to clean their homes and remove old ashes from the fireplace, symbolizing the act of letting go of the past year and making space for the new one.
Auld Lang Syne is a traditional song sung at midnight on New Year's Eve to welcome the new year Many people are unaware that the custom of linking arms should only occur during the final verse, which includes the lyrics "And there's a hand, my trusty fiere!"
The lyrics of "Auld Lang Syne" were penned by renowned Scottish poet Robert Burns The grand Hogmanay festivities have their roots in ancient pagan traditions, dating back centuries, when communities celebrated the conclusion of the harvest and the year with a festival known as Samhain.
The midwinter Yule festival evolved over time, persisting even as Catholicism became the dominant religion in the nation This festive season, referred to as the 'daft days,' was characterized by abundant feasting, drinking, lively parties, bonfires, and social visits among neighbors.
But in 1560, there were lots of arguments about how the Christian religion should be practiced in a period known as the Reformation
People bringing in religious changes didn't approve of all the partying and they banned or strongly discouraged feasts that were associated with Catholicism, including Christ's Mass - that is, Christmas
In 1640, an Act of Parliament officially prohibited the Christmas break, leading to a shift in festive celebrations to New Year in Scotland Although this Act was partially repealed in the late 17th Century, New Year continued to be the primary occasion for celebration It wasn't until 1958 that Christmas was recognized as a public holiday in Scotland, making it a later addition compared to the rest of the UK.
VALENTINE’S DAY
Valentine's Day is a romantic observance celebrated in the UK and many other countries every February 14
Valentine's Day is a regular observance, leading shops, businesses, and banks to maintain their standard opening hours However, popular romantic spots like restaurants, hotels, and cinemas tend to be crowded, so it's essential to reserve your table, hotel room, or tickets well in advance to ensure a smooth celebration.
A 2017 study revealed that over half (52%) of the UK population did not intend to purchase gifts for their loved ones on Valentine's Day, while 48% did not plan to buy a card at all.
A study by PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) estimates that UK consumers will spend nearly half a billion pounds on Valentine's Day gifts, with men averaging around £40 each—almost double the amount spent by women Additionally, the report anticipates a 12% increase in average spending on Valentine's Day compared to the previous year.
Valentine's Day, much like Halloween, is a commercial celebration that heavily influences marketing strategies Symbols of romantic love such as Cupid, love hearts, red roses, and lovebirds are prominently featured on gifts like stuffed toys, cards, and chocolates Couples typically celebrate by enjoying a romantic dinner, leading to restaurants being fully booked on this special day.
More than 25 million cards are sent for Valentine's Day each year Some people also send Valentine's Day cards to friends and family to show their love and appreciation
Nearly 50% of adults in the UK identify as romantic, making Valentine's Day a significant occasion for celebrating love This special day is typically marked by intimate dinners or romantic getaways, highlighting the importance of connection and affection in relationships.
Glasgow, Scotland, known as the "City of Love," is home to a cherished relic—the forearm of one of the two St Valentines—housed in the church of Blessed St John Duns Scotus, adorned with red roses On Valentine's Day, the church hosts special services for lovers, including prayers for those seeking love The reliquary containing the forearm has become a favored location for romantic proposals, making it a significant destination for couples on this special day.
Gretna Green, the first Scottish village on the route from England to Glasgow, is renowned for being a popular elopement destination for English couples due to Scottish law allowing marriage at 16 Today, it remains a favored location for weddings, particularly on Valentine's Day.
In Norfolk, Valentine's Eve features the enchanting figure of Jack Valentine, who is known for knocking on back doors to leave gifts for both children and adults Also referred to as Old Father Valentine or Old Mother Valentine, this mystical character adds a unique charm to the celebration.
In Wales, St Dwynwen's Day on January 25 is celebrated instead of, or in addition to, Valentine's St Dwynwen is the patron saint of Welsh lovers
The English Origin of Valentine's - The modern origins of Valentine's Day come from England The first real association of Valentine's Day with romantic love, or
The term "love birds" originates from Geoffrey Chaucer's 1382 poem, Parlement of Foules, which notes that St Valentine's Day is when birds select their mates Additionally, William Shakespeare's Hamlet, written between 1600 and 1601, mentions both St Valentine's Day and the expression "to be your Valentine," indicating that Valentine's Day was already a recognized part of British culture by that era.
MOTHER’S DAY
Mother's Day, celebrated on Sunday, March 22 this year, is a special occasion for sons and daughters to honor their mothers Originally known as Mothering Sunday, this day has evolved over the years, becoming increasingly commercialized while retaining its heartfelt significance.
Mothering Sunday in the US is an annual holiday held on the second Sunday in May, so the date slightly varies each year
In the UK, Mother's Day, known as Mothering Sunday, is celebrated on the fourth Sunday of Lent, a date that varies each year due to its dependence on the lunar calendar Originally a religious observance, the day has transformed into a family occasion where children honor their mothers and maternal figures with gifts and appreciation While its roots were tied to church visits, the modern celebration primarily focuses on recognizing the hard work and dedication of mothers, moving away from its initial religious significance.
Historically, domestic servants were granted a day off to visit their hometowns and worship with family, often gathering wildflowers along the way to decorate the church or present to their mothers.
The US event was launched separately and was not linked to religion but was dedicated entirely to mothers
Around the globe, Mother's Day is celebrated on different days ranging from February to December
In many countries, the days' success is often commercially driven, with businesses taking inspiration from the US who founded the day
However, the origins of Mother's Day, for some, are rooted in history and religion.
EASTER
Easter in England is celebrated on the first Sunday after the first full moon following the spring equinox, resulting in a date that can range from March 22nd to April 25th This holiday marks the conclusion of Lent, a 40-day period of fasting observed by Christians, and is typically a time for gathering with family and friends.
Maundy Thursday, or Holy Thursday, occurs the Thursday before Easter and commemorates the Last Supper of Jesus Christ This significant day is part of the Easter celebration, with Good Friday preceding it and the Monday following Easter Sunday recognized as a bank holiday.
UK The schools are usually also closed for two weeks over Easter in the UK Good Friday is considered a day of mourning in church
Easter plays a significant role in the chocolate industry, particularly in England, where large hollow chocolate eggs filled with truffles or sweets are popular These eggs are often wrapped in vibrant packaging, and families celebrate Easter Sunday by exchanging them, with children enjoying the tradition of hunting for eggs hidden around the house The Easter bunny is believed to be the one who hides these eggs, adding to the excitement Additionally, a traditional treat during Easter in England and Ireland is the Simnel cake, a fruit cake topped with a thin layer of marzipan, commonly sold by local bakers and teashops.
During Easter in London, visitors can enjoy a variety of activities, including leisurely strolls in popular parks such as Hyde Park, Kensington Gardens, and Regent’s Park For animal lovers, the London Zoo offers a delightful experience Additionally, the vibrant West End showcases an array of plays and musicals at renowned theaters like the Victoria Palace, The Shaftesbury, and the Savoy, making it a perfect destination for entertainment.
Good Friday, observed the Friday before Easter, is a solemn day for Christians as they remember the crucifixion of Jesus Christ This day of mourning involves special church services where believers reflect on Jesus's suffering and death on the cross, contemplating its significance for their faith.
Calling it 'Good Friday' may seem a bit bizarre, but some people think that it was once called God's Friday or Holy Friday
Symbols of Easter - Many of the symbols and traditions of Easter are connected with renewal, birth, good luck and fertility
The cross, prominently featured in Christian festivals, symbolizes both suffering and victory; it became a powerful emblem after Jesus' crucifixion and subsequent resurrection In A.D 325, the Council of Nicaea, under Emperor Constantine, officially designated the cross as the symbol of Christianity.
Palms - The week of Easter begins on Palm Sunday Why Palm Sunday? Well, in
In ancient Roman times, it was a tradition to greet royalty with palm branches, similar to a modern ticker-tape parade When Jesus entered Jerusalem on Palm Sunday, crowds welcomed him by lining the streets with palm branches and waving them Today, Christians commemorate this event by carrying palm branches in parades and crafting them into crosses and garlands to adorn their churches.
Easter eggs - Easter eggs are a very old tradition going to a time before
Christianity Eggs after all are a symbol of spring and new life
Exchanging and eating Easter eggs is a popular custom in many countries In the
Before the advent of chocolate Easter eggs, the tradition in the UK involved using real, hard-boiled chicken eggs that were dyed in vibrant colors and patterns, symbolizing spring and light However, giving a child a hard-boiled egg on Easter Sunday today might lead to a messy situation, as children now expect chocolate treats instead.
Egg rolling is a traditional game where real eggs are rolled against each other or down a hill, with the last uncracked egg determining the winner This custom continues in northern England, particularly in Preston, Lancashire, where hard-boiled eggs are rolled down slopes to see whose egg travels the furthest Another variation involves players holding an egg in their palm and striking it against an opponent's egg, with the first egg to break signifying the loser.
Today, it is common for people to exchange chocolate Easter eggs, typically hollow and filled with candies Advertisements for Cadbury's Creme Eggs, known for their sweetness, often feature the catchy phrase "How do you eat yours?" In Britain, children enjoy hunting for chocolate Easter eggs that the Easter Bunny has hidden around their homes or gardens.
The Easter bunny, often associated with fertility due to the prolific nature of rabbits, may actually be rooted in the symbolism of the Easter hare This hare is believed to have been a companion of the ancient Moon goddess, linking it to the traditions of Easter.
The Easter bunny, a symbol of the holiday, has its origins in Germany, where it was first referenced in 16th-century writings Edible Easter bunnies, crafted from pastry and sugar, emerged in Germany in the early 1800s.
In the UK children believe that if they are good the "Easter Bunny " will leave (chocolate) eggs for them
Hare hunting, once a popular Easter activity, has fallen out of favor, which may delight some fundamentalist Christians who view this practice as unchristian.
Morris dancing is a traditional form of English folk dance with origins that likely trace back to the Middle Ages This vibrant dance style is not only popular in England but also enjoyed in other English-speaking countries, including the USA and Australia.
In traditional dance performances, men don vibrant costumes adorned with hats, ribbons, and bells on their ankles As they parade through the streets, one participant typically wields an inflated pig's bladder attached to a stick, playfully tapping young women on the head This quirky gesture is believed to bring good luck to the men involved.
CHRISTMAS
Britain doesn't have a national holiday - they have no Bastille Day, no Independence Day, no Founder's Day: instead they have Christmas
Christmas in Britain, especially in England, is the most significant celebration of the year, marked by Christmas Day when the Queen addresses the nation This day kicks off a festive season that typically lasts at least two days and can extend up to nine days depending on the calendar Many people prepare for this joyful occasion for as long as two months in advance.
What do people do? Prior to Christmas Day, people decorate their homes and gardens prior to Christmas Day These decorations may include:
Leaves and berries from holly trees and mistletoe bushes
Various other decorations with rich colors that spark the Christmas mood
During the festive season, shopping streets in numerous towns and cities are adorned with twinkling lights and large pine trees, frequently imported from Norway Additionally, many locations feature Nativity scenes that depict the story of Jesus' birth through statues, actors, and live animals On Christmas Eve, various churches conduct special services to celebrate the occasion.
Many families celebrate Christmas Day by exchanging gifts and cards, creating cherished memories together Children eagerly anticipate waking up to find stockings filled with small presents, traditionally believed to be delivered by the mythical figure known as Santa Claus or Father Christmas Residing at the North Pole for most of the year, Santa travels in a sleigh pulled by reindeer, entering homes through the chimney He enjoys a festive snack of mince pies and brandy at each stop, and according to some stories, elves assist him in delivering presents to all children in just one night.
During the day, many individuals, even those who typically don’t attend church, participate in special services A festive meal is a central part of the celebration, commonly featuring roast turkey, potatoes, parsnips, and a variety of vegetables Following the main course, the traditional Christmas pudding—a rich, steamed dessert filled with dried fruits and nuts—is served, often flambéed with brandy for a dramatic presentation Additionally, mince pies are a beloved treat during this festive occasion.
Christmas Day They are sweet pastry cases filled with a mixture of dried fruit, fat and alcohol
On Christmas Day, most organizations, with the exception of hospitals and homeless shelters, remain closed, leading to a significant shutdown of public life While some pubs and small food stores may operate for a few hours, public transport services typically do not adhere to their regular schedules and may not run at all, resulting in a near-total halt of public activity.
Many churches offer special services on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day, while also providing shelter, companionship, and food for the homeless and those in need Additionally, some churches host events aimed at helping individuals reconnect with the spiritual significance of Christmas, encouraging a shift away from the commercialized aspects of the holiday.
The Queen's Christmas broadcast, a modern ritual rather than an ancient tradition, began in 1932 when King George V delivered a heartfelt speech penned by Rudyard Kipling This inaugural broadcast was a remarkable success, starting with the words, "I speak now from my home and from my heart, to you all "
Queen Elizabeth II upholds the long-standing tradition of delivering a Christmas Day message, which is listened to by millions globally In England, many tune in to her broadcast while enjoying their Christmas dinner.
Boxing Day - December 26th In England, Boxing Day celebrated on December
26th, is traditionally a time to give gifts to tradesmen, servants, and friends
The tradition of giving during the Christmas season dates back to medieval times when priests distributed alms to the poor Wealthy individuals would host lavish Christmas feasts and share leftover food with their servants However, it wasn't until the Victorian era that this practice gained widespread popularity.
In Ireland, the traditional custom of "feeding the wren" originates from the legend of St Stephen, who was betrayed by a wren while hiding Historically, children would capture a wren to atone for its betrayal Today, this custom has evolved, with children carrying a long pole topped with a holly bush, symbolizing the hidden wren.
In the UK, Boxing Day is still a public holiday, some shops and supermarkets open nowadays, but banks and most offices remain closed
In the Middle Ages, extravagant Christmas dinners featured unusual dishes, including swans and peacocks served "endored," where the meat was painted with saffron mixed with melted butter These birds were presented wrapped in their own skin and feathers, which were removed before roasting, showcasing the opulence of festive feasts during that era.
During the Victorian era, roasted goose and turkey became traditional Christmas dishes, with many Londoners participating in "goose clubs" to save money for the festive meal These clubs were especially popular among the working class, who contributed a small amount weekly to afford a Christmas goose In the week leading up to Christmas, London meat markets overflowed with geese and turkeys, many imported from Germany and France, while others were raised in Norfolk and walked to the city To protect their feet during the journey, turkeys wore boots made of sacking or leather, and geese had their feet coated in tar The Christmas goose is notably mentioned in Charles Dickens' 'A Christmas Carol'.
On Christmas Day in a typical British family, the meal often begins with prawns or smoked salmon as a starter The main course is typically turkey, often free-range and large, though goose is gaining popularity For the vegetarian family member, a nut roast is usually served alongside a variety of potatoes—roasted, boiled, or mashed—and vegetables, including the often-disliked Brussels sprouts, roasted parsnips, stuffing, gravy, and bread sauce The meal concludes with a traditional Christmas pudding, a rich fruit dessert served with brandy sauce or brandy butter.
Christmas pudding - Christmas puddings or plum puddings are a very rich, dark pudding made with all sorts of dried fruits, nuts, spices, black treacle and lots of sherry or brandy
Christmas cakes are rich, dark desserts packed with a variety of dried fruits, blanched almonds, glace cherries, and candied peel, all sweetened with black treacle These festive cakes are traditionally topped with marzipan or almond paste, followed by a thick layer of white "Royal" icing made from icing sugar and egg whites.
The tradition of decorating cakes with toppings, particularly marzipan, was popularized by the Victorians, although cakes had been enjoyed during Christmas prior to that time without embellishments This practice is believed to have roots in the Tudor era, where Marchpane, an iced and adorned cake made of marzipan, served as a centerpiece during banquets and festive celebrations.
They should be made about six weeks before Christmas and are usually decorated with ribbons and images of Santa Claus or robins with holly
TET NGUYEN DAN
Tet Nguyen Dan or Tet is the most important and popular holiday and festival in
Vietnam celebrates Tet Nguyen Dan, the Vietnamese New Year, marking the arrival of spring according to the lunisolar Lunar calendar This festive occasion, known as the Feast of the Very First Morning, is a significant cultural event in Vietnam.
Tet, the Vietnamese Lunar New Year, is celebrated from the first day of the first month of the Lunar calendar, typically falling in late January or early February, and festivities last for at least three days During this time, Vietnamese people engage in extensive preparations to honor their traditions and welcome the new year.
During Tet, families prepare for the holiday by cooking traditional foods and thoroughly cleaning their homes Key customs include visiting friends and family on the first day of the new year (xông nhà), honoring ancestors, exchanging New Year’s greetings, giving lucky money to children and the elderly, and opening shops to welcome the new year.
Tet is a time for family reunions and pilgrimage in Vietnam, where people visit relatives and temples, leaving behind the troubles of the past year and hoping for a brighter future Celebrated as the first day of spring, Tet is often referred to as Hội xuân, or the spring festival The festivities continue with visits to friends on the second day and honoring teachers on the third day, reflecting the respect they hold in Vietnamese culture Local Buddhist temples are popular destinations during this time, as many seek to make donations and have their fortunes told.
In the lead-up to Tet, families engage in extensive preparations by cooking traditional holiday foods like Bánh chưng and Bánh dầy, often taking turns to watch the fire overnight while sharing stories of Tet celebrations from previous years A popular Tet treat is Mut, or candied fruits, which serve as a delightful snack for welcoming guests and are typically displayed in beautiful boxes on the living room table.
During festive seasons, Vietnamese families often purchase home peach blossom trees, kumquat trees, and orange trees, along with decorative flowers like chrysanthemums and orchids These plants are typically arranged in beautiful pots and displayed both indoors and outdoors to enhance the festive ambiance of their homes.
Valentine's Day, celebrated on February 14th, is not an official public holiday in Vietnam On this special day, couples exchange gifts such as flowers and chocolates, mirroring traditions observed in the UK.
CHRISTMAS DAY
Christmas in Vietnam is not an official public holiday, as the country predominantly practices Buddhism, with Christianity being a minority While only Christians typically attend church services and pray on Christmas Day, many non-Christians join in the festive celebrations and activities associated with the holiday.
1 When does Plough Monday take place?
2 What is the other name of Hocktide?
3 What kind of music is the Slum Dank Festival?
4 What famous writer was mentioned in the Rushbearing section?
5 When does Burns night of Scotland take place?
6 Does UK have Diwali festival?
7 What is New Year’s ‘Eve called in Scotland?
8 Which festival has trick or treat game?
9 What kind of cake is mentioned in Tet Nguyen Dan?
B Bánh bông lan, bánh đậu xanh
10 List 3 names of plants mentioned in Tet Nguyen Dan?
11 What is the meaning of Tet Nguyen Dan in Sino – Vietnamese?
10 Peach blossom trees, kumquat trees, and orange trees
11 The name Tet Nguyen Dan is Sino-Vietnamese for Feast of the very First Morning
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6 Va Sonyka (2015), History of the Royal Ploughing Ceremony [online], viewed 2/4/2020, from
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10 Howard, Angela (2004) Live like common people London: Telegraph.co.uk, 22/12/2004
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2 Andrew Blake (ed) (1997) The Land Without Music: Music, Culture and
Society in Twentieth Century Britain Manchester: Manchester University
3 George McKay (ed) (2000) Glastonbury: A Very English Fair, inc chapter one "Histories of festival culture", also "Timeline of British pop festival culture" London: Victor Gollancz, England
4 George McKay (ed) (2005) Circular Breathing: The Cultural Politics of Jazz in Britain, chapter one "New Orleans jazz, protest (Aldermaston) and carnival (Beaulieu [Jazz Festival 1956–60])" Durham NC: Duke University Press, North Carolina, America
5 Bodsworth, Roxanne T (eds) (2003) Sunwyse: Celebrating the Sacred Wheel of the Year in Australia Hihorse Publishing, Victoria, Australia
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