Reasons for choosing the subject 4
Polysemantic words are a common linguistic feature found in many languages, including English and Vietnamese These words exhibit multiple meanings in both everyday and literary contexts For instance, phrases like "Use your head!" and "Report to the Head immediately" demonstrate different uses of the word "head," while expressions such as "the arm of my jacket" and "the arm of a chair" illustrate the varied meanings of "arm." Our focus is on exploring the meanings of words that denote parts of the human body in both English and Vietnamese.
Choosing two languages, English and Vietnamese to make a contrastive analysis has scientific base on linguistics and culture England and Vietnam have their own culture, human race, geography and history
The vocabulary related to human body parts is deeply ingrained in every language, showcasing a rich development of meaning Native speakers typically acquire these terms early on, as they form an essential part of the foundational lexicon Exploring the nuances and shifts in meaning associated with these words is particularly intriguing.
Understanding the substratum knowledge is crucial in teaching English and Vietnamese It is insufficient to merely convey vocabulary and grammar rules; educators must also impart the cultural nuances and thought processes of native speakers For instance, a lack of deep understanding can lead to incorrect phrases, such as an English speaker saying “Tôi rất vui tim” instead of “Tôi rất vui lòng.” Effective language instruction should prioritize teaching the native way of thinking and speaking, ensuring that learners can express their thoughts accurately in the foreign language.
Finally, no one has studied this subject, to my knowledge.
Aims of the study 5
This study aims at finding out the similarities and differences on aspects of semantic transference through class of words denoting parts of the human body in English and Vietnamese
This study to some extent, describes national cultural features reflected in the semantic transference of class of words denoting parts of the human body
This article offers essential resources on the semantic transference of English and Vietnamese words, aimed at enhancing the teaching and learning of both languages We anticipate that the findings will provide readers with a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind semantic transference.
We also hope that suggested exercises provided will contribute in teaching and learning semantics in general and the transference of meaning in particular in two languages.
Objectives of the study 5
We pay attention to words denoting part of the human body in English and Vietnamese
This study focuses on the vocabulary related to human body parts in English and Vietnamese, examining semantic transference as reflected in two key dictionaries: the "Advanced Learner's Dictionary" by Oxford University Press (1995) and "Từ điển tiếng Việt," edited by Hoàng Phê (1994).
This study focuses exclusively on polysemantic words with primary meanings that refer to parts of the human body, while excluding those with derived meanings and the phenomenon of conversion.
Methods of the study 6
Design of the study 6
1 Reasons for choosing the subject
Chapter 2 THE CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF CLASS OF WORDS DENOTING PARTS OF HUMAN BODY IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE ON SEMANTIC TRANSFERENCE
THEORETICAL PRELIMINARIES 7
Contrastive analysis on languages 7
Languages, regardless of their typology or familial relations, evolve and change according to linguistic principles, reflecting the socio-historical experiences of their speakers While common features can be identified across languages, each nation’s unique socio-historical context imbues its language with distinct characteristics The individuality of a language is shaped by its structure, developmental history, and cultural background Therefore, a contrastive analysis of languages can be effectively conducted by examining both their similarities and differences.
When conducting a comparative analysis of languages, it is essential to identify a primary language for comparison The depth of contrastive analysis may vary based on the study's objectives, focusing on different linguistic systems such as phonetics, semantics, and grammar Additionally, analysis can be narrowed to specific elements like tense, aspect, gender, number, word type, polysemy, synonymy, and sentence types This focus aligns with the specialized level of contrastive study.
Contrastive analysis of languages reveals both similarities and differences that reflect not only linguistic features but also the underlying issues related to mindset and national culture This analysis is crucial for translation, as well as for teaching and learning foreign languages It is essential to identify both general and specific linguistic characteristics, along with cultural nuances, when conducting such analyses Furthermore, insights into a nation's thoughts, culture, and language usage are prominently displayed in various linguistic levels, particularly in lexical semantics Thus, scientifically defining linguistic data is vital for effective contrastive analysis.
In lexical semantics, it is essential to select fundamental word groups that represent parts of the human body, family relationships, natural phenomena, animals, and plants These core vocabulary elements are among the first recognized and named by humans, possessing rich meanings and diverse semantic development Predominantly composed of native terms with minimal borrowed words, they distinctly reflect the unique characteristics of each language.
The rule of semantic transference 8
The richness of a language's expressive resources is significantly influenced by the extent of polysemy, which refers to words having multiple meanings Given the limited range of sound combinations that human speech can produce, the morphological creation of new words eventually reaches a plateau Consequently, the ability to transfer meanings becomes crucial for vocabulary enrichment Polysematic words, characterized by their multiple meanings, form a semantic structure where these meanings are interconnected.
For example, the semantic structure of the noun " eye " could be presented by this scheme
Each of the two organs on the face that are used for seeing
The primary meaning of a word serves as the core of its semantic structure, overshadowing other meanings Secondary meanings are directly or indirectly linked to this primary meaning For example, the word "lash" has the primary meaning of "eyelash," while its secondary meanings include the flexible leather part of a whip used for striking and a stroke from the whip or rope as a form of punishment, illustrating the interconnectedness of its meanings.
Polysemy arises from the semantic transference of words, primarily through two mechanisms: metaphor and metonymy Metaphor involves the transfer of meaning based on similarities; for instance, the term "leg" in "the leg of a table" derives from its original meaning related to living beings, as both serve a supportive function Similarly, "the foot of a mountain" reflects the lowest part of a mountain, paralleling the original meaning of "foot" as the lowest part of a person This semantic evolution highlights the associative relationships that underpin polysemy in language.
The ability to see A thing like an eye
There are various types of similarity:
E.g: The teeth of a saw, the head of a cabbage
Metonymy involves the substitution of a name based on the association of contiguity, where one term is replaced by another that is related For instance, the word "hand" can refer to a "worker on a farm or factory," deriving from its primary meaning as a "part of the human body." This connection arises because skilled hands are essential for physical labor Similarly, the term "china," when used to describe "dishes made of porcelain," originates from the country believed to be the birthplace of porcelain.
There are various types of metonymical relations:
- Names of containers are used instead of the thing contained
- Names of material are used instead of the things made of them
- A separate part is used instead of a whole
E.g: They all live under the same proof
- A whole is used instead of a part
- Proper names are used as common names
- An object is used instead of the user
E.g: The saxophone has the flu today
- A part is used as symbols
E.g: She has a good ear for music
Metaphor and metonymy arise from the association between two objects based on their outward similarities or the imagery they evoke, yet their meanings are influenced by subjective perceptions of these relationships These linguistic phenomena reflect both universal and unique characteristics across languages, shaped by cultural contexts For instance, while both Vietnamese and English utilize metonymy to express a part representing the whole, the Vietnamese word "chân" signifies one's position within an organization, a meaning absent in the English word "foot." This highlights the profound national significance of metaphorical and metonymical meanings in language.
The process of transference can lead to significant changes in the meaning of words, often resulting in a shift from broader to narrower definitions For instance, the term "case" once referred to "an instance of something" but has since evolved to specifically mean "an instance of a disease or injury," such as "a case of typhoid." This phenomenon is known as specialization or narrowing of meaning, where a word's referents decrease Conversely, the process of generalization or broadening of meaning occurs when a term's scope expands A prime example is the word "fly," which originally meant "to move through the air using wings" but now encompasses any movement in the air or outer space, as well as rapid movement in various mediums.
1.3 Names of parts of the human body with the transference of meaning and cultural symbolism
The semantic field of "parts of the human body" is fundamental to the lexical system of every language, as native speakers typically identify and name these body parts before other concepts This highlights the innate human tendency to understand and articulate their own physical form, establishing a foundational aspect of language development.
The semantic field of "parts of the human body" is rich in meaning and exhibits diverse development Words representing body parts often carry metaphorical and metonymical meanings, as seen in expressions like "the nose of a plane," "the head of a school," "the leg of a table," "a kind heart," and "a clever head." This linguistic phenomenon arises from early human cognition, where individuals compared objects in their environment to their own bodies, identifying common features and associations.
Words that denote parts of the human body reveal significant aspects of national culture through their naming functions and semantic symbolism This symbolism represents the use of objects or phenomena to conventionally express abstract concepts, a practice common across various cultures It reflects the collective beliefs of different ethnic groups, often articulated through language Each cultural group may associate specific psychological phenomena with particular body parts, while conversely, certain body parts can symbolize various psychological states and emotions based on cultural perceptions.
Every nation possesses unique symbols that deeply reflect its national character For instance, the English view the "heart" as a central symbol of human feelings and emotions, while the Vietnamese have their own distinct symbols that convey their cultural values and sentiments.
In Vietnamese culture, the term "lòng," referring to the abdomen, serves as a central symbol of the mental and emotional world Expressions such as "vui lòng" (to be pleased), "bận lòng" (to be troubled), and "đẹp lòng" (to be satisfied) highlight the significance of the abdomen in conveying feelings, contrasting with the less common use of "tim" (heart) in similar phrases.
The lexical field encompassing the "names of parts of the human body" is well-defined and universally recognized, making it a familiar topic for everyone This vocabulary is stable and reliable, allowing individuals to utilize these terms effortlessly in any context.
Names of part of the human body with the transference of meaning and cultural symbolism 12
2.1 The origin of names referring to parts of the human body
According to the aspect of origin, names can be formed by one of three following ways:
1 Using existing lexical units in language
2 Making new words by available elements
The first two ways form native words The third way forms borrowed ones
In order to name parts of the human body, Vietnamese people use about
307 words and English people use about 255 words They consist of both borrowed and native ones but the borrowed ones only take small amount
In English, native words denoting parts of human body are: arm, ear, foot, nose, lip, heart, eye, etc
Borrowed words are: skin ( scandinavian ), face
In Vietnamese, native words denoting parts of the human body are: tay, chân, bụng, da, mặt, lưỡi, ruột, etc
Borrowed words are: ven, amiđan, tâm nhĩ, phế quản, yết hầu, huyệt, khẩu…
In both English and Vietnamese, certain words related to human body parts exhibit dual meanings Some words have primary meanings that directly refer to specific body parts, while others possess derived meanings that, through semantic transference, relate to these body parts without naming them explicitly This linguistic phenomenon highlights the complexity and richness of vocabulary in both languages.
1 The lower part or point of something.
THE CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF CLASS OF WORDS
The origin of names referring to parts of the human body 14
According to the aspect of origin, names can be formed by one of three following ways:
1 Using existing lexical units in language
2 Making new words by available elements
The first two ways form native words The third way forms borrowed ones
In order to name parts of the human body, Vietnamese people use about
307 words and English people use about 255 words They consist of both borrowed and native ones but the borrowed ones only take small amount
In English, native words denoting parts of human body are: arm, ear, foot, nose, lip, heart, eye, etc
Borrowed words are: skin ( scandinavian ), face
In Vietnamese, native words denoting parts of the human body are: tay, chân, bụng, da, mặt, lưỡi, ruột, etc
Borrowed words are: ven, amiđan, tâm nhĩ, phế quản, yết hầu, huyệt, khẩu…
In both English and Vietnamese, certain words related to human body parts possess primary meanings that directly refer to those parts, while others have derived meanings that do not initially denote body parts This phenomenon occurs through semantic transference, allowing these words to acquire meanings associated with human anatomy.
1 The lower part or point of something
2 The part of the body on which one sits, the buttocks, e.g: She smacks the child's bottom [11; 128]
1 The part used to fly of birds, bats and insects form symmetry pair in the two sides of their body
2 Part of human body from the shoulder to the wrist in the two sides of the body, e.g: Khoác cánh nhau đi Kề vai sát cánh" [12; 127]
In both Vietnamese and English, names that primarily refer to parts of the human body constitute a significant portion of vocabulary, with Vietnamese comprising approximately 92% (283 out of 307) and English around 82% (209 out of 255) of such terms Additionally, many words in both languages have derived meanings related to body parts, primarily formed through metaphorical mechanisms.
The term "tube" refers to both a long hollow pipe made of materials like metal, glass, or rubber, and a hollow organ in the body that resembles a tube in shape This illustrates a metaphorical usage derived from the similarity in form.
“Mao quản ”( small pipe ) has another meaning " the small blood vessel connects with vein " This is the case of metaphor based on the similarity of form
Slang terms for body parts are prevalent in English, often characterized by their colorful and humorous nature, which contributes to their widespread acceptance among various speaker groups Common examples include "mutt" for a dog, "paw" for a hand, "mug" for a face, "puss" for a face, "knocker" for women's breasts, "nut" for head (as in "He cracked his nut on the ceiling"), "trap" for mouth (as in "Keep your trap shut"), "snout" for nose, and "shank" for leg.
In Vietnamese, certain terms referring to body parts, such as "xương máu" (bone and blood), "đầu óc" (head and brain), "gân cốt" (tendons and bones), "máu thịt" (flesh and blood), and "ruột gan" (intestines and liver), carry symbolic meanings that extend beyond their literal definitions These expressions reflect deep emotional and cultural significance, illustrating the interconnectedness of human experience and relationships within Vietnamese society.
For example: Ruột gan: one's bowel and liver that are considered as the symbol of the endurance of emotion, e.g: Ruột gan nóng như lửa Ruột gan rối bời.[12;809]
- Cửa miệng: mouth, on the aspect of being used to speak, e.g:
Những lời thốt ra từ cửa miệng.[ 12 ; 222 ]
The features of semantic transference 16
Words denoting parts of human body in English and Vietnamese have diversified transference of meaning in both quantitative and qualitative aspects
In the English language, there are 82 words that primarily refer to parts of the human body, which also carry additional meanings Notably, 76% of these words (62 out of 82) have two or three meanings, while 24% (20 out of 82) possess more than three meanings.
In the Vietnamese language, there are 71 words that primarily refer to parts of the human body and also convey additional meanings Notably, 75% of these words (53 out of 71) have two or three meanings, while 25% (18 out of 71) possess more than three meanings.
In both English and Vietnamese, words related to human body parts evolve new meanings through mechanisms such as metaphor, metonymy, and the processes of narrowing and broadening An analysis of dictionary definitions reveals 17 distinct forms of semantic transference applicable to this category of words This classification is informed by Professor Nguyễn Đức Tồn's insights in his work, “Tìm hiểu đặc trưng văn hoá dân tộc của ngôn ngữ và tư duy người Việt (in comparison with other ethnic groups).”
Statistical data reveals the frequency of semantic transference, with English meanings listed first, followed by their Vietnamese counterparts The numerator represents the number of meanings that have undergone a specific type of semantic transference, while the denominator indicates the total number of meanings generated through this process This analysis highlights the dynamics of meaning transfer between the two languages.
2.2.1.1 Metaphor based on the similarity of form: 23% (42/179); 28%
2 The teeth of a saw / gear / comb [11; 1259]
2 The part of some objects that is shaped like ear, e.g: Tai ấm [12; 849]
2.2.1.2 A part of the body for symbols-metonymy: 19% ( 34/179); 17%
2 The power of seeing, the ability to see, e.g: The eyes often deteriorate as one gets older [11; 410]
2 Symbol of thinking, cognition, e.g: vấn đề đau đầu [12; 289]
2.2.1.3 Metaphor based on the similarity of position: 11% (20/179); 16%
2 The foot of stairs / ladder [11; 458]
2 The back part of something, e.g: Nhà quay lưng ra hồ [12; 577]
2.2.1.4 Metaphor based on the similarity of quality: 8.3% (15/179); 4%
2 Important route for traffic or transport [11; 56]
2 A very important place where determines a matter of life and death, e.g: Căn cứ yết hầu [12; 1129]
2.2.1.5 A part for the whole - metonymy: 6.7% (12/179); 12%(18/148)
2 A clever person, e.g: He is one of the leading brains in the family [11; 131]
2 Person, e.g: Nhà có bốn khẩu [12; 478]
2.2.1.6 Metaphor based on the similarity of function: 6.6% (12/179);
1.The leg of an animal or a person
2 The leg of a chair / a table [11; 673]
1 The bone of the bodies of human and animals
2 The hard part forms the core of something, e.g: Xương lá, xương quạt [12; 1125]
2.2.1.7 A part for related characteristics - metonymy: 4.5%(8/179);
1.The nerve of a person – the part carries impulses of sensation or of movement
2 A condition in which one is nervous and worried , the feeling that produce this , e.g: Everyone’s nerves are on edge after the accident [11; 779]
2 An expression shown on the face, e.g: Mặt lạnh như tiền
2.2.1.8 A part for another part concerned - metonymy: 5.6% (10/179) ;
2 The thinner part of the leg between this joint and the calf, e.g: be ankle - deep in mud [11; 40]
2.2.1.9 A part for things cover it – metonymy: 5%(9/179); 5.4%(8/148)
2 The part of shoes covering this, e.g: Đôi giày đã mòn gót
2.2.1.10 A means for product (result) made by this -metonymy: 2.8%(5/179);
2 A style of handwriting, e.g: He has a good hand [11; 537]
2 Direct word, not written, e.g: Dịch miệng Trao đổi miệng
2.2.1.11 Narrowing and broadening of meaning: 3.3% (6/179); 1.3 %(2/148)
1 The skin of a person or an animal
2 The skin of dead animal [11; 1109]
1 The vestibule, e.g: Tiền đình miệng, mũi
2 The vestibule in the inner ear, e.g: Bị rối loạn tiền đình [12; 950]
2.2.1.12 The tool to measure for its length -metonymy: 1.1%(2/179) ; 0%
2 A unit of measurement about 4 inches or 10,16 centimeters [11; 537]
2.2.1.13 The whole for a part- metonymy: 1.1%(2/179); 0.7%(1/148)
1 The body of a human( or an animal)
2 The main part of the human body, a part from the head and limbs [11; 289]
2 The part of the head that the hair rooted in, e.g: Gãi đầu gãi tai.[12; 289]
2.2.1.14 A container for things contained -metonymy: 0.5%(1/179) ;
2 The abdomen, e.g: Punch somebody in the stomach
2 The bag of bile, e.g: Cái mật gấu [12; 602]
2.2.2.1.15 A material for product made of material-metonymy:
1 The gut of a man or an animal
2 Cat- gut ( thin strong cord made from part of the stomach of certain animals ) [11; 531]
2.2.1.16 A thing for materials make thing -metonymy: 0.5% (1/179) ; 0%
1 The bone of the human or animal's body
2 The hard substance of which bone are made, e.g: Buttons are sometimes made of bone [11; 123]
2.2.1.17 A container for amount contained –metonymy : 0%; 0.7%(1/148)
2 Each small piece of something that can be put into mouth to chew and eat, e.g: Mía tiện thành từng khẩu [12; 478]
We analyzed the derived meanings of words denoting part of the human body in two dictionaries “Advanced learner's dictionary-Oxford University Press,
In 1995, Hoàng Phê, the editor of the "Vietnamese Dictionary," published by the Social Science Publishing House and the Dictionary Center in 1994, provided a comprehensive analysis of semantic transference The table below outlines the specific results regarding the various types of semantic transference associated with each defined meaning.
Table 1: THE CLASSIFICATION OF MEANINGS ACCORDING TO THE TYPES OF
In the realm of linguistic expressions, symbols play a crucial role, encompassing various forms of metaphor and metonymy Metaphors can be categorized based on similarities in form, position, quality, and function On the other hand, metonymy involves the use of a part to represent the whole, such as referring to a body part as a symbol, or utilizing a part to signify related characteristics Additionally, metonymy can express relationships between parts, such as using a tool to measure its length or a container to denote its contents This intricate interplay of meaning allows for a dynamic understanding of language, where a part can symbolize a product, material, or amount contained, enriching communication and expression.
Numbers: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , 7 , 8…the order of meanings of words
The detailed table categorizing the meanings based on semantic transference types for words representing human body parts in English and Vietnamese reveals significant insights It summarizes the percentage distribution of each type of semantic transference and highlights the prevalence of these types within the respective classes of words.
Table 2: THE PERCENTAGE OF THE FORMS OF EACH TYPE OF SEMANTIC TRANSFERENCE
A part of the body for symbols 34 ( 19% ) 26 ( 17% )
A part for another part concerned 10 ( 5.6% ) 3 ( 2% )
A part for things cover it 9 ( 5% ) 8 ( 5.4% )
A means for product made by this 5 ( 2.8% ) 1 ( 0.7% )
The tool to measure for its length 2 ( 1.1% ) 0 ( 0% )
A material for product made of material 1 ( 0.5% ) 0 ( 0% )
A thing for materials make thing 1 ( 0.5% ) 0 ( 0% )
Metaphor based on the similar form 41 ( 23% ) 42 ( 28% )
Metaphor based on the similar position 20 ( 11% ) 24 ( 16% )
Metaphor based on the similar quality 15 ( 8.4% ) 6 ( 4% )
Metaphor based on the similar function 12 ( 6.6 % ) 9 ( 6.1% )
Table 3: THE TABLE OF PERCENTAGE OF THE TYPES OF SEMANTIC TRANSFERENCE
Total Metaphor Metonymy Narrowing and broadening of meaning
Based on the statistical data presented, we can make observations regarding the transfer of meaning in the vocabulary related to human body parts in both English and Vietnamese.
Both Vietnamese and English classes of words exhibit a preference for metaphor over metonymy, with metaphors comprising 55% in Vietnamese and 49% in English In contrast, metonymy accounts for 44% in Vietnamese and 47% in English Notably, Vietnamese words that denote parts of the human body utilize metaphor more frequently, resulting in a more pronounced disparity between metaphor and metonymy in Vietnamese compared to English.
In the analysis of words denoting parts of the human body, the semanteme "shape/form," "position," and "symbol" play a significant role in semantic transference Metaphors based on the similarity of form appear in 23% of English words and 28% of Vietnamese words, while those based on position account for 11% in English and 16% in Vietnamese Additionally, metonymy related to body parts as symbols is represented by 19% in English and 17% in Vietnamese Notably, the Vietnamese language employs the semantemes of "form" and "position" more frequently than English in the context of body part terminology.
The phenomenon of semantic transference through metaphorical mechanisms reveals that metaphors based on similar qualities occur at a significantly higher rate in English (8.3%) compared to Vietnamese (4%) However, metaphors based on functional similarities in both English and Vietnamese classes of words are nearly equal.
Fourth, considering metonymical forms, we can see many differences between them in English and Vietnamese A part for the whole - metonymy in
The Vietnamese language has nearly double the number of word classes compared to English In terms of metonymy, the use of one part to represent another is almost three times more prevalent in English than in Vietnamese Conversely, the metonymic expression of a container representing its contents is nearly three times more common in Vietnamese than in English Additionally, the metonymy that connects a means to the product it creates is four times more frequent in English than in Vietnamese Notably, English does not utilize metonymy for denoting parts of the human body as a container for the amount contained, whereas Vietnamese lacks metonymy for measuring length, for materials used in products, and for representing a thing through its material.
Metonymy is utilized more frequently by Vietnamese speakers in reference to "parts of the human body," while English speakers tend to employ it to describe one part in relation to another.
In Vietnamese culture, it is common to refer to a part of the body to represent the entire body, while in English, a similar practice occurs where a part of the body signifies not only the whole body but also another related part.
Sixth, the phenomenon of semantic transference in English class of words " parts of the body " is more diversified than that of Vietnamese class of words
In English, the number of words that primarily denote body parts is lower than in Vietnamese, with 209 words compared to 283 However, English features a higher percentage of words with transferred meanings, comprising 39% (82 words) compared to 25% (71 words) in Vietnamese.
SUGGESTED EXERCISES 35
The basic of exercises 35
In language education, whether teaching a native or foreign language, it is essential to integrate theory with practice This approach emphasizes the importance of providing exercises that reinforce and assess theoretical knowledge, highlighting the scientific nature of effective language instruction.
The findings from Chapter 2 of the study on semantic transference related to body part terminology in English and Vietnamese reveal important patterns in meaning development This provides a scientific basis for creating exercises aimed at enhancing understanding of semantic transference, helping individuals practice and solidify their theoretical knowledge.
Teaching vocabulary involves not just the pronunciation of words, but also a strong emphasis on their meanings Understanding the meanings of words enables learners to effectively communicate and apply them in context To use words accurately, it is essential to comprehend their definitions Therefore, creating exercises focused on semantic transference helps learners fully grasp word meanings, ensuring they know how to use them correctly in communication.
Teaching English to Vietnamese learners involves understanding the unique cultural and linguistic characteristics of both English and Vietnamese This includes recognizing the significance of semantic transference, which affects word meanings Practical exercises that analyze these meanings can help learners compare English vocabulary with their own cultural habits, leading to more accurate word usage and translations By engaging in these comparative exercises, students can solidify their understanding and retention of the language.
The study of word meanings, particularly the phenomenon of semantic transference, is a key focus in English programs This topic is also of great interest to foreign language learners and interpreters Understanding these concepts is essential for developing exercises that help identify and analyze word meanings, providing valuable resources for those eager to enhance their linguistic skills.
The user of exercises 36
Upper-level English learners who value word meanings will find these exercises beneficial They are essential for linguistics students seeking to understand the perspectives of English speakers through language usage.
Suggested exercises 36
I Fill the blanks in the following sentences Use only one word in each space
Heads, stomach, skin, backbone, skeleton, arm, rib, heart, flesh
1 He hit me in the
2 He is able enough but lacks the to succeed in business
3 He gives the sweet of a mango to her
4 The of my jacket was torn
5 A forming on the paint in the pot
6 Two are better than one
7 Please, quickly get to the part of the subject
8 The of an umbrella was broken
9 Her notes give us just the bare of her theory
II Make sentences to illustrate meanings of the following words
1 Part of the human body
4 Worker on a farm or in a factory
5 One round in a game of card
1 Part of the human body
3 Each of the parts supporting something
3 A main division in an essay
4.The front of a line of people
6 The top or highest part
III Say if the sentences of phrases below are metaphor or metonymy
1 He had a cheek to ask me do his work for him
2 He speaks English but his native tongue is German
3 I don't know how you can have the face to see her after all the lies you've told
4 The spine of the book is worn out from long use
5 Our scar stalled on the brow of a steep hill
6 Many hands make light work
IV Explain the logical associations in the following groups of meanings for the same words Define the type of transference which has taken place
1 The eye of a man - The eye of a potato
2 The bowel of a person - The bowel of the earth
3 The hand of a child - The hand of a lock
4 The heart of a man - The heart of a matter
5 The tongue of a man - The tongue of a shoe
6 The tooth of a person - The tooth of a comb
7 The head of a person - The head of the page
8 The scar left on one's kin - The scars of war
9 The arm of a person - The arm of jacket
11 One's foot - The foot of sock
12 One's hands - The hands of a farm
13 The heel of a person - The heel of the hand
14 One's leg - The leg of a trip
15 One's brain - The brains of a family
16 The bosom of a person - The bosom of the church
17 The flank of a person - The flank of a mountain
18 The Jaw of a man - The Jaw about hobbies
19 The skin of a person - The skin on a mill cake
20 One's face - The face of a town
V State the meanings of word " face " and " head " which is primary meaning? Which is derived meaning?
2 He put the card's face down on the table
3 He was so ashamed that he hid his face in his hand
4 Development has changed the face of city
6 He has a good head for business
7 Success went to his head
8 The essay is arranged under five heads
9 Tom is taller than John by a head
10 I've got a terrible head this afternoon
VI Identify the cases of semantic transference in the examples given below
1 He looks very nervous I bet he had a hand in the kidnapping
2 While the others were settling down, Lucy saw John take another bite from his chicken breast
3 Buttons are sometimes made of bone
4 Much blood was shed in the war
5 The rest of her letter continues in the same vein
6 He has a strong body, but rather thin leg
7 Use your head Don't rely on material
8 He hasn't got much brain
9 Tigers are flesh - eating animal
10 Children need to live in the bosom of one's family
VII Explain what the metaphor or the metonymy in each sentence mean
1 A country's sinews are its road and offices
2 What a nerve! She used my money without asking
4 A rich vein of humour runs through his work
5 He has a very big stomach
6 He is a fat lazy arse
8 The pleasures of the flesh
9 Let's play one more hand
10 She's not as quick on his pins as she was
VIII Analyze the process of development of new meaning in the italicized words in the example given below
1 I put the letter well into the mouth of the box and let it go and it felt turning over and over like an autumn leaf
2 They sat on the rug before the fireplace, savouring its warmth, watching the rising tongues of flame
3 He met an old girlfriend who he hadn't seen for a long time and he has a jaw about old times with her
4 Those who had been the head of the line paused momentarily on entry and looked around curiously
5 I don't know how you can have the guts to see her after all miseries you have made to her
6 He was afraid of failure because he always wants to be considered as the head
7 Most of his family is musician It runs in their blood
8 John is an active report He has a nose for news, scandal
9 She breaks out in a cold sweat when she thinks how near to death she was
IX Identify and comment on the cases of semantic transference in the following verses of poem
No more, and by sleep to say we end
The heartache and the thousand natural shocks
That flesh is heir to a consummation
Devoutly to be wished To die: to sleep
( Hamlet, the prince of Denmark, Shakespeare ) The sun above the mountain's head
Through all the green fields has spread
( The table turned - William Word sworth )
Still hope breathing peace, through grief swollen breast Will whisper, " our meeting we yet may renew "
With this dream most deceit, half our sorrow's represt Nor taste we the poison of love's last adieu
( Love's last adieu - Lord Byron )
The transference of meaning significantly enhances vocabulary enrichment across languages When each word conveys multiple notions, the expressive potential of the entire vocabulary is effectively doubled.
Class of words denoting parts of the human body in English and
Vietnamese showcases unique characteristics of semantic transference, particularly with its extensive vocabulary for body parts In contrast, English employs a greater variety of words that convey transferred meanings Overall, the phenomenon of semantic transference generates a higher total of meanings in English compared to Vietnamese.
The investigation into two classes of words reveals that native speakers exhibit a similar linguistic tendency towards semantic transference, favoring metaphor over metonymy Notably, the metaphoric mechanism in Vietnamese words demonstrates a stronger influence compared to English, which leans more towards metonymy While the principles of semantic transference, metonymy, and metaphor are universally applicable, their usage and distinctive characteristics vary between languages.
In both English and Vietnamese, names of human body parts often carry symbolic meanings, particularly with visceral organs representing the mental and emotional aspects of a person These symbols reflect thoughts, emotions, moods, and spirit, revealing the deep connection between language and culture The unique characteristics of each national culture are vividly expressed through this body part symbolism.
1 Antrushina, GB English lexicology, Moscow higher School publishing house,
2 Arnold I.V The English word, Moscow higher school publishing house, 1986
3 Ban, Diệp Quang - Châu, Đỗ Hữu - Hùng, Đỗ Việt Bài tập Tiếng Việt 10,
Nhà xuất bản giáo dục, 2000
4 Châu, Đỗ Hữu Từ Vựng ngữ nghĩa Tiếng Việt, Nhà xuất bản Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội, 1997
5 Châu, Đỗ Hữu Cơ sở ngữ nghĩa học từ vựng, Nhà xuất bản giáo dục, 1998
6 Chiến, Nguyễn Văn Ngôn ngữ học đối chiếu và đối chiếu các ngôn ngữ Đông
Nam Á, Trường Đại học sư phạm ngoại ngữ xuất bản - Hà Nội - 1992
7 Giáp, Nguyễn Thiện Từ vựng học Tiếng Việt, Nhà xuất bản giáo dục, 1998
8 Giáp, Nguyễn Thiện Dẫn luận ngôn ngữ học, Nhà xuất bản giáo dục, 1998
9 Hải, Trịnh Minh, Metonymy in English and VietNamese - a contrastive analysis, graduation paper, 2003
10 Hoa, Nguyễn An introduction to semantic, Vn publishing house - 2001
11 Hornby, A.s Oxford Advanced learner's dictionary, Oxford University press,
12 Phê, Hoàng ( chủ biên ) Từ điển Tiếng Việt, Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội - Trung tâm từ điển học Hà Nội - Việt Nam, 1994
13 Tồn, Nguyễn Đức Tìm hiểu đặc trưng văn hoá dân tộc của ngôn ngữ và tư duy của người Việt ( trong sự so sánh với những dân tộc khác ), Nhà xuất bản Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội, 2002
14 Thơm, Nguyễn Xuân A history of English and American literature, Thế giới Publishers, 1997
15 Trường, Hoàng Tất Basis English lexicology, HaNoi University of foreign language teacher, 1996
The transference of meaning of words denoting parts of the human body in
1.The part of the body, below the chest, containing the stomach, bowels
2 The back part of an insect
1 Either of the two upper limbs of the human body, from the shoulder to the hand
3 A thing that is shaped like or operate like an arm
4 A branch or division of accompany or an organization
5 A branch or division of a country’s forces
1.The joint connecting the foot with the leg
2 The thinner part of the leg between this joint and the calf
1 The part of the body one sits on; the anus
1 Any of the tubes carrying blood from the heart to all the parts of the body
2 An important route for traffic or transport e.g, road, railway
1 The external part of the ear
2 (a small section in) each of the two upper parts of the heart
1.The line of the bones down the middle of the back from the skull to the hips ,the spine
2.The chief support of a system or an organization
1 a, The part of the body between the chest and the leg, containing the stomach, bowels b, The stomach
2 The round part of something
1.The bitter yellow liquid produced by the liver
1 A bag made of memberane in which urine collects in human and animal bodies before being passed out
2 A hollow bag that can be filled with air or liquid for various uses
1.The red liquid flowing through the bodies of human and animals
1.The whole physical structure of a human being or an animal
2.The main part of human body, apart from the head and limbs
3 a, The main part of something esp a vehicle or building b,(of something) the large amount of something, a mass or collection of something
1 Any of the hard parts that form the skeleton of an animal’s body
2 The hard substance of which bones are made
1 a, Person’s chest esp a women’s breasts b, Each of a women’s breasts
2 The part of the dress covering the bosom
3 The bosom of something: the loving care and protection of something
1.One of a system of tubes below the stomach through which waste matter passes before leaving the body: intestine
2 Bowels [pl] the deepest inner part of something
1 a, The organ of the body inside the head that controls thought, memory and feeling b, Brains : the substance of the brain, used as food
3 a, a clever person b, the brains: the cleverest person in a group
1 Either of the two parts of a women’s body that produce milk
2 a ,The upper front part of the human body, the chest b,The part of garment covering that
3 The part of an animal or a bird corresponding to the human breast esp when eaten as food
4 (rhet) The source of feeling or emotion, the heart
3 The top of the hill, the edge of a cliff
1 Either side of the face below the eye
2.Talk or behaviour that is rude and lacking in respect
1.The wall of muscle, between the chest and the stomach, that help to control the breathing
2 A thin piece of plastic or rubber that is fitted over a narrow part of the womb to prevent sperm entering it during sex
3 Any thin sheet of material used to separate the part of a machine
1.The organ of hearing its outer visible part
2 A sense of hearing an ability to recognize and reproduce sounds esp in music and language
3 A willingness to listen and give attention to what somebody is saying
1.The front part where the arm bend on the outer part of thing
2.The part of sleeve of a coat, jacket that cover thing
3 A sharp bend in a pine, chimney that is shaped like an elbows
1 a, Each of the two organs on the face that are used for seeing b, The visible coloured part of this
2 a, The power of seeing, the ability to see b, Ability to make good judgment about something one sees
1 The front part of the head from the forehead to the chin
2 An expression shown on the face
3 a, A surface or side of something b, Front or main side of something
5 The outward appearance of something
1 a, One of the part of the face eg nose, mouth, eyes which together form its appearance b , features [pl] the whole face
3 a, Special or prominent article or programme about somebody/something b, The main film in a cinema programme
1 a, Any of the five parts extending from each hand b, Any of these except the thumbs
2 A part of glove that fits over a finger
3 A piece of bread, a cake shaped like a finger
1 The side of an animal or a person between the ribs and the hip
3 The left or right side of an army, football team etc
1 a, The soft substance between the skin and bones of an animal or human bodies consisting of muscle and fat b, This as food
2.The skin or surface of the human body
3 The flesh: The human body and its needs or desires, esp contrasted with mind or the soul
1 The lowest part of the leg, below the ankle, on which a person or an animal stands
2 The front part of sock or stocking that cover the food
3 A measure of length equal to12 inches
4 The lowest part of something, the base of bottom of something
5 Manner of walking or moving
2 A type of cyst ( a hollow growth in the body, containing liquid matter )
1 The stomach and the internal organs around it
2 Guts [pl] Courage and determination, esp to do something difficult or unpleasant
3 a, The internal part of the body through which food passes after it comes out of the stomach: the intestine b, The outward appearance of the stomach
4 Guts: the essential or most importance part of something
1.The part of the end of the human arm below the wrist, including the finger and thumbs
3 The part or the role of somebody/ something esp in something harmful
4 A part of that point to the number on a clock
5 a, Work on a farm or a factory b, A member of a ship’ s crew
6 Skill in using the hand
7 Done by a person, not machine
8 a, Set of cards dealt to a player in a card-game b, One round in a game of card
11 A unit of measurement, about 4 inches or 10.16 centimeters for measuring the height of a horse
1 The soft part of the buttock and thigh
2 A leg and loin of deer etc as food
1 The part of the body containing eyes, nose, mouth and brain
4 The mental or natural ability of the specified nature
5 Heads: the side of a coin with the head of a person on it
6 Individual animal in a herb or flock
7 A thing like head in position
8 The foam on top of poured beer
9 The device or tape recorder that touches the moving tape and converts the electrical signals into sound
11 The top or highest part of something
12 The more important or prominent end of something
13 a, The front of a line of people b, A leading position in something
14 a, A person in charge of a group or an organization b, Head: the person in charge of school or college
15 The pressure produced by an amount of water or stream in a confined space
16 (in place name) a Head land
17 A main division in a lecture, an essay
1 a, The hollow organ in one’s chest that pumps blood through the body b, The part of the body where it is
2 The centre thoughts and emotions, esp of love; the ability to feel emotion
4 a, The central or most important part of something b, The inner leaves of a cabbage, lettuce
5 a, A thing shaped like a heart esp a red shape used to represent a heart e.g as a symbol love or on a playing card b, The suit of cards marked with these c, A card of this suit
1 The back part of the human food
2 A thing like a heel in position
3 (dated sl) An unpleasant person esp one that can’t be trusted
1 a, Either of the bone structures containing the teeth b, The lower part of the face, the lower jaw c, jaws [pl] The mouth with its bones and teeth
2 Jaws [pl] The narrow mouth of a valley or channel
3 Jaws [pl] The part of the tool or machine that grips or crushes things
4 (inf) A long talk or gossip
1 Either of a pair organ in the body that remove waste from the blood and produce urine
2 The kidney of certain animals used as food
1 a, The joint between the upper and lower parts of leg where it bends b,The upper surface of the top part of somebody’s leg when they are sitting
2.The part of garment covering the knee
1 Any joint in the fingers esp those where the fingers joint the rest of the hand
2 ( of animal) Knee or joint joining the leg to the foot esp as apiece of food
2 The flexible leather part of a whip used for hitting people or animal
3 A stroke from a whip or rope, given as a form of punishment
1 Each of the limbs of an animal’s or a person’s body used for standing and walking
2 The leg of an animal used as food
3 Each of the part supporting a chair, table
4 a, A section of a journey b, Each of a series matches between the same opponent
5, The part of the field to the left of and behind a right handed batsman facing to the bowler
1 A leg, an arm or a wing
1 Either of the soft edges of the opening of the mouth
2 The edge of a hollow container or opening
1 Large organ in the body that produces bile and clean the blood
2 The liver of certain animals used as food
1.The soft lower part of the outer ear
2 A fairly round flat part of the body organ esp the lungs or brain
1 A piece of hair that hangs or lies together
2 Locks [pl] The hair of the head
1 A piece of thin tissue that connects, covers or lines parts inside a plant or the body of an animal
2 A thin layer of material, eg to protect something against damp
1 A line of hair allowed to grow on a man’s upper lip
1 The opening through which human and animal take in food
3 A place where a river enters the sea
1 A piece of elastic body tissue that can be tightened or relaxed to produced movement
3 The power to make other do as one wished
1 A thin hard layer covering the outer tip of the human finger or toe
2 A small thin piece of metal with a sharp point at one end and a usu flat head of the other
1.The part of the body that connects the head to the shoulders
2 The neck of an animal used as food
3 A narrow part of something like a neck in shape
1 A long strand or mass of strands carrying impulses of sensation or of movement between the brain and all the parts of the body
2 A condition in which one is very nervous and worried; the feeling that produce this
3 a, The courage to do something risky or dangerous b, A rude attitude that upsets others
1 The part of the face above the mouth used for breathing and for smelling things
2 The front part of plane
3 a, (for sth) An ability to find or detect something b, Sense of smell
4 (of wine ) a pleasing distinctive smell
1 Small dark part of the breast that sticks out Babies can such milk through a women’s nipples
2 A thing shaped like a nipple, used eg to direct oil, etc into a machine
1 Either of the two organs in women and female animals, birds and fish that produce eggs
2 The part of the plant that produce seeds
1 The roof of the mouth
2 A sense of taste, an ability to distinguish one taste from the another
1 Any of the 12 pairs of bones running round the chest of a person or an animal from the spine to where they joint at the front
2 A piece of meat from the ribs of an animal with one or more bone attached
3 A curved piece of wood, metal used for forming or strengthen a frame
4 A stitch in knitting that produces a raised patter of line
1 The colorless liquid part of the blood, in which the blood cells float It is sometimes given to the people who need it
2 A gas that contains approximately equal numbers of positive and negative charges and is present in the sun and most stars
1 a, An animal’s buttocks b , (joc) A person’s bottom
2 A piece of beef cut from near the rump
3 A small or unimportant part left from a larger group
1 The skin of the head excluding the face
2 Part of the scalp and the hair rooted in it, formerly cut off a dead enemy by some N-American Indians as a sign of victory
1 The part of the body between the top of each arm and the neck
2 The part of the back between and including the shoulders
3 Apiece of meat cut from the upper part of the front leg
4 A part of a thing resembling a human shoulders in position
1 A tough cord of tissue joining a muscle to a bone
1 The frame work of bones supporting the body of a person or an animal and protecting the organ in it
2 a, Any supporting structure or framework eg of a building b, An outline to which details are to be added
3 Having the smallest possible number of people, vehicles etc needed to do something
1 The outer covering of the body of a person or an animal
2 The skin of dead animal with or without fur
3 a, The outer covering of certain fruit or plants b, A thin covering of a sausage
4 The thin layer that form on the surface of liquid
1.The bone structure of the head which protects and encloses the brain
1 The bottom part of the foot, on which one walk and stand
2 The bottom part of the shoe or sock that covers the sole of the foot
1 The row of bones a long the back of the human being and certain animals that supports the body and protect the spinal cord
2 Any of the sharp part like needles on certain plant and animal
3 The part of the cover of the book where the pages joined together and the title is usually printed
1 An organ of the body near the stomach which regulates the quality of the blood
1 An organ of the body like a bag, into which food passes when swallowed and in which the first part of digestive occurs
2 The front part of the body between the chest and thigh; the abdomen
1 The part of the body between the neck and the stomach, the chest
2 The middle of three main sections of an insect to which the legs and the wing attached
1 The soft organ in the mouth, used in tasting, swallowing etc and, by people, in speaking
2.The tongue of an animal, cooked and eaten as food
5 Anything that is shaped like a tongue
1 a, Any of the five small parts at the front of human foot b, Any of the similar parts of an animal’s foot
2 The part of the sock, shoe…that cover the toes
1 Each of the hard white structure in the mouth which are used for bitting chewing food
2 A narrow pointed part of an object
3 Teeth ( Brit inf ): effective force
1 (sl) The outer female sex organs
2 (derog) An unpleasant and stupid person
1 Any of the tubes carrying the blood from all the parts of the body to heart
2 Any of the thin tubes forming the framework of a leaf or an insect’s wing
3 A narrow strip of a different colour in certain types of stone
4 A crack or channel in rock, filled with a certain mineral
1 Each of the two lower parts of the heart whose function is to pump blood around the body
2 A hollow part of various organs esp the brain
1 A small fold or line in the skin esp one of those on the face that are caused by age
2 A small fold, usu one of many, in a piece of material, eg paper or cloth
3 (inf) A usefull suggestion or hint
1 Drops of liquid similar to water that come through the skin when one is hot , ill, afraid
2 The state of sweating or being covered with sweat
3 A sweat : a state of great anxiety or distress
4 (infml) a, hard work or effort b, a sweat: atask ,etc needing much effort
The transference of meaning of words denoting part of the human body in Vietnamese
1 Phần cuối của bàn tay, dùng để sờ mó, cầm nắm, lao động, thường được coi là biểu tượng của lao động chân tay có tính sáng tạo của con người
2 Coi là biểu tượng của hành động của con người
1 Bộ phận cơ thể người hoặc động vật, chứa ruột ,dạ dày
2 Coi là biểu tượng của suy nghĩ, tình cảm sâu kín đối với người với việc
1 Bộ máy tiêu hoá gồm có dạ dày, ruột
2 Coi là biểu tượng của ý nghĩ sâu kín, không bộc lộ ra
1 Chân người hoặc súc vật
2 Gốc hoặc cành chìa ra ở gốc một số cây
1 Bộ phận dưới cùng của cơ thể người hay động vật dùng để đi đứng
2 Coi là biểu tượng của cương vị phận sự của một người với tư cách là một thành viên một tổ chức
3 Một phần tư convật có bốn chân khi chung nhau sử dụng hoặc chia thịt
4 Bộ phận dưới cùng của một số đồ dùng có tác dụng đỡ các bộ phận khác
5 Phần dưới cùng của một số vật, tiếp giáp và bám chặt vào mặt nền
1 Bộ phận của cơ thể nối đầu với thân
2 Coi là biểu tượng của sự chống đối trong quan hệ với người nào đó
3 Bộ phận của áo yếm hoặc giày, bao quanh cổ hoặc cổ chân
4 Chỗ eo lại ở phần đầu của một số vật, giống hình cái cổ, thường là bộ phận nối liền thân với miệng ở một số đồ đựng
1 Lớp mô bọc ngoài cơ thể người và một số động vật
2 Da một số động vật đã thuộc
3 Mặt ngoài của một số vật như quả, cây
1.(hạn chế ) Bụng của con người, về mặt chức năng làm nơi chứa và làm tiêu hoá thức ăn hoặc chứa thai
2 Coi là biểu tượng của nhận thức và ghi nhớ
3 Coi là biểu tượng tình cảm, thái độ chủ đạo và kín đáo đối với người đối với việc
2 Củ con mọc cạnh củ các một số cây, có hình dáng giống bìu dái
3 Gia súc đực đã lớn nhưng chưa thiến
1 Phần trên cùng của thân thể con người hay phần trước nhất thân thể động vật, nơi có bộ óc và nhiềugiác quan khác
2.Coi là biểu tượng của suy nghĩ, nhận thức
3 Phần có tóc mọc trên đầu con người
4 Phần trước nhất hoặc phần trên cùng của một số vật
5 Phần có điểm xuất phát của một khoảng không gian hoặc thời gian, đối lập cuối
6 Phần ở tậncùng giống nhau ở hai phía đối lập trên chiều dài một vật
7 Vị trí hoặc thời điểm thứ nhất, trên hoặc trước tất cả những vị trí, thời điểm khác
8 Từ dùng để chỉ từng đơn vị để tính đổ đồng về người, gia súc, diện tích
1 Phần ở dưới cùng và đằng sau thân người hoặc động vật, nơi có cửa ruột già thông ra ngoài để thải phân
2 Phần ở dưới cùng hoặc sau cùng của một số vật
1 Phần của chi dưới từ háng đến đầu gối
2 Đùi của gà, vịt đã giết thịt
3 Bộ phận của xe đạp nối bàn đạp với trục giữa
1 Bộ phận của bộ máy tiêu hoá có chức năng chính là tiết mật để tiêu hoá chất mỡ
2 Biểu tượng của tinh thần, ý mạnh mẽ, bền bỉ không lùi bước trước khó khăn
3 Biểu tượng của tinh thần dám đương đầu với nguy hiểm, dám chịu đựng
1 Phần phía sau cổ người
2 Phần của quyển sách dày, chỗ các trang giấy và hai bìa được đính lại
1 Dây chằng ở đầu cơ, nối cơ với xương
2 Tĩnh mạch nổi lên có thể nhìn rõ ở da
3 (dùng hạn chế) Bắp thịt về mặt biểu hiện của thể lực
4 Bộ phận trông nổi rõ lên trên một bề mặt như đường gân
1 Phần sau cùng của bàn chân
2.Phần sau cùng của giày hoặc guốc có bề mặt tiếp xúc với gót chân
1 Khoang rỗng trong cổ, ở phía sau miệng, thông với thực quản và khí quản
2 Coi là biểu tượng của sự phát ngôn
3 Bộ phận thông từ trong lòng của một số vật ra ngoài
1 Chất dịch màu vàng nhạt gạn từ máu đông
2 Dung dịch có khả năng thay thế máu
1 Điểm trọng yếu ở mặt ngoài cơ thể, nơi khí huyết kinh lạc tụ tập dồn đến, thường bấm (huyệt), day vào đó để chữa bệnh theo đông y
2 Chỗ hiểm trên cơ thể
1 Miệng, về mặt dùng để ăn uống
3 Từ dùng để chỉ từng đơn vị phần nhỏ có thể bỏ vừa vào miệng : miếng
4 Từ dùng để chỉ từng đơn vị súng pháo
5 Từ dùng để chỉ từng đơn vị những giếng nước nhỏ
1 Bộ phận hô hấp hình ống, phía trên tiếp với thanh quản ở cổ họng, phía dưới phân thành hai phế quản đi vào 2 lá phổi
2 Ống dẫn không khí phân nhánh từ lỗ thở tới các mô trong cơ thể động vật có chân đốt ở cạn
1 Nơi tiếp xúc hai đầu xương, làm cho cử động được
2 Chỗ tiếp xúc hoặc chỗ nối hai vât chuyển động được với nhau
3 Chỗ có khấc làm cho hai bộ phận của vật chế tạo được ghép chặt vào nhau
1 Chỗ lồi của khớp xương giữa cánh tay và cẳng tay
2 Chỗ uốn cong hoặc gấp khúc
1 Phần thịt mềm bao giữ xung quanh chân răng
2 (Kết hợp hạn chế) Mép , bờ
1 Phần phía sau của cơ thể người hoặc phần phía trước của cơ thể động vật có xương sống
2 Dải hoặc bao dài bằng vải buộc ngang lưng cho đẹp hoặc để đựng tiền
4 Phần ghế để tựa lưng khi ngồi
5 Bộ phận phía sau của một số vật
1 Bộ phận mềm trong miệng, dùng để đón nếm thức ăn và ở người còn dùng để phát âm
2 Bộ phận mỏng và sắc ở một số dụng cụ để cắt, rạch
1 Khối cơ dày ở hai bên cột sống hoặc hai bên sườn
2 Phần chìm dưới nước của thuyền, tàu; lòng
1 Phần hai bên mặt, từ mũi và miệng đến tai, ở phía dưới mắt
2 Bộ phận của một số vật, thường phẳng và có vị trí đối xứng nhau ở hai bên
1 Đường ống dẫn máu ở động vật hay dẫn nhựa ở thực vật
2 Nhịp đập của động mạch do những đợt máu bơm liên tiếp từ tim tạo ra, có thể sờ mà nhận biết được
3 Đường nước chảy ngầm dưới nước
4 Hệ thống các thiết bị điện được nối tiếp với nhau bằng dây dẫn để dòng điện có thể đi qua
5 Đường vữa giữa các viên gạch xây
6 Đường tạo thành khi cưa
7 Đường chạy dài liên tục hình thành do vật nối tiếp nhau không đứt đoạn
8 Hệ thống ý được phát triển liên tục thành chuỗi, dòng
2 Lớp mỏng kết trên bề mặt một chất lỏng
3 Lớp mỏng, đục, che tròng đen của mắt khi mắt bị một số bệnh
1 Chất lỏng màu đỏ chảy trong các mạch của người và động vật
2 Máu của con người, coi là cái quý nhất của mỗi người
3 Đặc trưng tâm lý có tính chất cá nhân khiến dễ dàng hướng về một hoạt động nào đó một cách không biết suy nghĩ gì nữa
1 Cơ quan để nhìn của người hay động vật
2 Chỗ lồi lõm giống hình con mắt, mang chồi ở thân một số cây
3 Bộ phận giống hình những con mắt ở ngoài vỏ một số quả phức, ứng với một quả đơn
4 Lỗ hở đều đặn ở các đồ đan
1 Phần phía trước, từ trán đến cằm của đầu người, hay phần phía trước của đầu thú
2 Những nét trên mặt người, biểu hiện thái độ, tâm tư, tình cảm
3 Mặt người làm phân biệt người với người khác, dùng để chỉ từng cá nhân khác nhau
4 Mặt của con người, hiện ra trước mắt mọi người, coi là biểu trưng cho thể diện, danh dự, phẩm giá
5 Phần phẳng phía trên hoặc phía ngoài của vật, phân biệt với phần bên dưới hoặc bên trong
6 Phía nào đó trong không gian, trong quan hệ với một vị trí xác định
7 Phần được trừu tượng hoá khỏi chỉnh thể, để xem xét, phân biệt với phần đối lập, hoặc những phần còn lại, phương diện
8 Hình vẽ nên bởi một điểm mà vị trí phụ thuộc liên tục vào hai tham số
1 Mặt của con người nhìn một cách tổng quát
1 Nước màu vàng do gan tiết ra
1 Chỗ hai đầu môi liền với nhau tạo nên khoé miệng
2 Coi là biểu tượng của sự nói nhiều nói hay nhưng chỉ là ngoài miệng chứ không thực lòng hoặc không làm như đã nói
1 Màng da bảo vệ mắt cử động được
1 Bộ phận hình lỗ trên mặt người hay ở phía trước của đầu động vật, dùng để ăn
3 Lời nói trực tiếp, không phải viết
3 Phần trên cùng, mở thông với bên ngoài của vật có chiều sâu
1 Bộ phận của cơ thể người, động vật, không kể đầu, đuôi (động vật) và các chi
2 Cơ thể con người nói chung
3 Cái cá nhân của mỗi con người
4 Bộ phận cơ bản tạo ra hình dáng bên ngoài của một số vật
1 Xương nối các đầu sườn ở phía trước lồng ngực
2 Đầu dưới của xương mỏ ác
1 Phần rắn như sừng ở đầu ngón tay ngón, ngón chân
2 Miếng sắt hình vòng cung gắn vào dưới móng một số động vật nuôi để lấy sức kéo
1 Chất nước bài tiết qua lỗ chân lông ở da
2 Mồ hôi đổ ra của con người, được coi là biểu tượng cho công sức lao động khó nhọc
1 Bộ phận nhô lên ở giữa mặt người và động vật có xương sống, là cơ quan dùng để ngửi và thở
3 Chất nhầy như nước mũi lẫn trong phân của người bị kiết lị
4 Bộ phận có đầu nhọn nhô ra phía trước của một số vật
6 Từ dùng để chỉ từng đơn vị lần sử dụng vật có mũi nhọn vào việc gì, hoặc kết quả của việc ấy
1 Mặt dưới chỗ cánh tay nối với ngực
2 Góc cạnh chỗ liền sát nhau bên
1 Phần cử động được ở đầu bàn tay, bàn chân người và một số động vật
2 Tài nghệ, sở trường riêng
3 Mánh khoé tài nghệ riêng
1 Khối mềm màu trắng đục chứa trong hộp sọ, cơ sở của hoạt động thần kinh cấp cao
2 Coi là biểu tượng của khả năng suy nghĩ nhận thức
3 ý thức tư tưởng của mỗi người
1 Phần xương cứng màu trắng mọc trên hàm dùng để cắn nhai thức ăn
2 Bộ phận chìa ra, đầu thường nhọn, sắp đều nhau thành hàng trong một số đồ dùng
1 Lông cứng mọc môi trên và ở cằm thường ở đàn ông
2 Cơ quan xúc giác, hình râu mọc ở đầu một số sâu bọ tôm cá
3 Bộ phận của hoa ở một số cây hình râu
2 Những cái phụ thứ yếu, không quan trọng
1 Ống dẫn máu từ nhau vào bào thai
2 Sẹo tròn và nhỏ ở giữa bụng vết tích còn lại của rốn đã cắt
3 Chỗ lõm sâu ở giữa hoặc đáy của một số vật
1 Phần của ống tiêu hoá từ cuối dạ dày đến hậu môn
2 Bộ phận bên trong của một số vật
3 Coi là biểu tượng của sự chịu đựng về tình cảm
4 Chỉ mối quan hệ cùng cha mẹ hoặc mối quan hệ giữa những người có cùng cha mẹ với con cái của họ
1 Hộp xương đựng bộ não
2 Tập hợp các xương đầu
1 Các xương bao quanh lồng ngực từ cột sống đến vùng ức
2 Phần thân ứng với xương sườn
3 Bệ cạnh của một số vật có hình khối và chiều cao
4 Bộ phận chính làm nòng, làm chỗ dựa để tạo nên hình dáng của vật
1 Cơ quan hai bên đầu người hoặc dộng vật dùng để nghe
2 Bộ phận của một số vật có hình dáng chìa ra như cái tai
1 Bộ phận phía trên của cơ thể người, từ vai đến các ngón, dùng để cầm, nắm, thường được coi là biểu tượng của lao động cụ thể của con người
2 Chi trước hay xúc tu của một số động vật, thường có khả năng cầm nắm đơn giản
3 Coi là biểu tượng của hoạt động tham gia vào một việc gì
4 Biểu tượng của khả năng, trình độ nghề nghiệp, hay khả năng hành động nói chung
5 Biểu tượng cho quyền sử dụng định đoạt
6 Từ dùng để chỉ con người, về mặt có khả năng hoạt động nào đó
7 Người giỏi về một môn, một nghề nào đó
8.Bên tham gia vào việc nào đó, trong quan hệ giữa các bên với nhau
9 Bộ phận của vật tương ứng với tay hay có hình dáng như cái tay
1.Vùng giữa lưng và mông của cơ thể người
2 Dải vải, da hay nhựa dùng thắt ngang lưng để giữ quần áo
1 Thần chính về mặt thể tích khối lượng chứa đựng cơ quan bên trong của cơ thể
2 Cơ thể con người về mặt thể xác thể lực nói chung
3 Phần giữa và lớn hơn cả, thường là nơi để chứa đựng hoặc mang nội dung chính
4 Cái cá nhân, cái riêng tư của mỗi người
1 Khe hở ở sọ động vật còn non, do các mảnh xương sọ chưa phát triển đầy đủ
2 Nhược điểm chỗ yếu mà người khác biết và có thể lợi dụng
1 Thần mềm có thớ, bọc quanh xương trong cơ thể người và động vật
2 Phần chắc ở bên trong lớp vỏ quả, vỏ cây
1 Khoang nhỏ ở trước một khoang lớn nào đó trong cùng một bộ phận của cơ thể
2 Tiền đình ở tai trong, nơi có cơ quan cảm thụ sự thăng bằng của cơ thể
1 Bộ phận trung tâm của hệ thống tuần hoàn có chức năng điều khiển vận chuyển máu trong cơ thể
2 Coi là biểu tượng của tình cảm tình yêu
3 Phần điểm chính giữa của một số vật
1 Lông mọc ở phần trên và sau của đầu từ trán vòng đến gáy
1 Phần trước màng cứng của màng cứng của cằu mắt, màu trắng bao quanh tròng đen
2 Phần dưới cùng ở phía bên ngoài một số quả đối lập với cuống, hoặc ở phía bên ngoài một số vật đựng đối lập với miệng
1 Phần giữa mềm của xương
2 Phần giữa mềm của răng
2 Phần ngực của chim thú
1 Phần cơ thể nối liền hai cánh tay(hoặc hai chân trước của động vật) với thân
2 Coi là biểu tượng của thứ bậc trên dưới trong quan hệ gia đình họ hàng.