INTRODUCTION
Statement of the research and practical rationale for the study
As Vietnam increasingly integrates into the global economy, it faces both opportunities and challenges, particularly in enhancing competitiveness and living standards One significant challenge is the language barrier, highlighting the crucial role of translation in modern life Recognizing the growing demand for skilled translators, the University of Language and International Studies has focused on improving the training quality for translators and interpreters As a senior student in the Translation – Interpretation Training Division at this university, I am conducting a study on English-Vietnamese translation for my graduation paper to deepen my understanding and prepare for my future career.
Translation is a multifaceted academic discipline that extends beyond simple interlinguistic exchanges, incorporating cultural and educational nuances that influence recipient perceptions (Bernacka, 2012) A critical aspect of translation is the application of appropriate translation methods, which are essential for achieving accurate and effective translations across various document types Despite their significance, the understanding and differentiation of these methods remain limited and often contentious, making them a central focus of ongoing study in the field of translation.
To effectively study translation methods, literary works such as novels, stories, and poems are ideal due to their diverse content and the need for nuanced transfer to readers A scientific approach to analyzing translation methods in literature is essential This study focuses on Mark Twain's acclaimed short story, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, specifically comparing the original text with its Vietnamese translation by Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong, which is recognized as one of the most successful literary translations.
The study titled "The Translation Methods Applied in the Vietnamese Version of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain" aims to provide a clearer understanding of translation methods used in this context.
Aims and objectives
By researching the work The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain and its Vietnamese version, the study aims to:
- Identify all the translation methods which professional translators apply in the translated version The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
- Identify the main translation methods which mostly applied in the translated version The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
- Make recommendations for further researches on translation studies
In order to achieve those goals, the research aims to answer these following research questions:
1 What are the translation methods Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong applied in the Vietnamese version of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain?
2 What are the most common and effective translation methods Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong applied in the Vietnamese version of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain?
This study is designed to assist aspiring translators from the Translation and Interpretation Division at the University of Language and International Studies, Vietnam National University It specifically targets novice translators and individuals interested in the field of literary translation.
This study aims to enhance readers' understanding of academic translation methods, focusing on the various concepts and applications of diverse translation techniques utilized in the Vietnamese version of the text.
"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" serves as a valuable resource for enhancing readers' understanding of translation methods relevant to literary translation This insight can aid readers in their journey to master translation theory effectively.
This article explores the most common and effective translation methods used in the Vietnamese version of "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer." By examining these specific techniques, the study provides valuable insights for professional research in the field of translation.
The study offers valuable insights into effective translation methods for Mark Twain's literary works, enhancing the quality of translations This information serves as a reliable resource for researchers, aiding their future studies in the field.
Translation is a multifaceted concept that encompasses various methods This study specifically examines key translation methods, including semantic, communicative, literal, word-for-word, faithful, adaptive, free, and idiomatic translation Each of these methods plays a significant role in the translation process, highlighting the complexity of effectively conveying meaning across languages.
All the quotations and examples, comparisons in the study are extracted from the English and Vietnamese versions of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark
Twain (translated by Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong)
The structure of the study is as following:
Chapter 1 - Introduction: Provide an overview of the study with rationale, aims and objectives, significance and organization of the study
Chapter 2 - Literature review: Provide key concepts in translation and linguistic in order to understand the concept of translation and translation methods
Chapter 3 - Methodology: State methods of the study including selection of subjects, research instrument, procedures of data collecting and procedures of data analysis
Chapter 4 - Findings and discussion: Discuss the results of the study and explain how these results are discovered, then explain how they answer the research questions
Chapter 5 - Conclusion: Summarize discussed points, limitation of the study as well as suggestions for further researches.
Scope of the study
Translation is a multifaceted concept that encompasses various methods, making it challenging to cover all its aspects comprehensively This study specifically examines different translation methods, including semantic translation, communicative translation, literal translation, word-for-word translation, faithful translation, adaptive translation, free translation, and idiomatic translation.
All the quotations and examples, comparisons in the study are extracted from the English and Vietnamese versions of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark
Twain (translated by Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong).
Organization of the study
The structure of the study is as following:
Chapter 1 - Introduction: Provide an overview of the study with rationale, aims and objectives, significance and organization of the study
Chapter 2 - Literature review: Provide key concepts in translation and linguistic in order to understand the concept of translation and translation methods
Chapter 3 - Methodology: State methods of the study including selection of subjects, research instrument, procedures of data collecting and procedures of data analysis
Chapter 4 - Findings and discussion: Discuss the results of the study and explain how these results are discovered, then explain how they answer the research questions
Chapter 5 - Conclusion: Summarize discussed points, limitation of the study as well as suggestions for further researches
LITERATURE REVIEW
Definitions of translation
Translation is a multifaceted concept, with various prominent theorists offering their definitions R Jakobson, in his 1959 work "On Linguistic Aspects of Translation," identified three distinct types of translation, highlighting the complexity of the process.
Intralingual translation (or rewording): An interpretation of verbal signs by means of other sign in the same language
Interlingual translation (translation paper): An interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other languages
Intersemiotic translation (transmutation): An interpretation of verbal signs of non-verbal system
This classification may appear unclear, as it addresses translation from a broad perspective In this context, translation encompasses not only linguistic elements such as words, sentences, and texts but also includes non-linguistic aspects like non-verbal communication systems.
Translation is defined by the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary as the process of converting written or spoken content into another language This aligns with Jakobson's second type of translation and emphasizes the importance of preserving both semantic and stylistic equivalence, as noted by Le & Nguyen (2008) Essentially, translation involves conveying the same message in a different language while maintaining the original information and style.
Translation is both a process and a product, where the translator must accurately convey the message from the source text to the target text while adhering to linguistic scrutiny As a product, translation demands excellence in linguistic and artistic effects, meeting three essential criteria: faithfulness, good form, and accuracy.
Translation serves the purpose of making foreign cultures recognizable and familiar, as highlighted by Venuti (1995, p.18) However, this process often leads to the domestication of the original text, where translation becomes a tool for appropriating foreign culture for domestic cultural, economic, and political agendas.
This analysis emphasizes the role of translation in making exotic cultures accessible to readers, ultimately aiming to bridge language barriers between diverse cultures As global integration intensifies, the importance of this function continues to grow, underscoring the vital need for effective translation in fostering understanding and connection.
Translation methods Error! Bookmark not defined 1 The definition of translation methods Error! Bookmark not defined Types is of translation methods (Peter Newmark’s theory)
2.1 The definition of translation methods
Newmark (1995, p.5) introduces a very clear and comprehensive concept of translation which “rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.”
Roger Bell (1991, p.5) defines translation as “the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.”
Translation involves conveying the meaning of a source language into a receptor language This process requires an in-depth analysis of the source text's lexicon, grammar, communication context, and cultural nuances By understanding these elements, the translator can accurately reconstruct the original meaning using appropriate vocabulary and grammatical structures in the target language, while also considering its cultural context.
Nida and Taber (1974) assert that translation aims to reproduce the closest equivalent of the source language message in the receptor language, focusing on meaning and style Successful translators must embody qualities such as intelligence, sensitivity, and intuition, which can make the task seem daunting However, translation is not merely about conveying meaning; it serves as a vital instrument for education and truth, reaching diverse audiences with varying cultural and educational backgrounds Additionally, translators must navigate different language structures and cultural nuances, ensuring that the essence of the original work is preserved while adapting to the target audience's way of thinking and expression.
Translation is a vital form of communication that conveys culture, aids in language learning, and provides personal enjoyment Each aspect of translation possesses unique characteristics and typical forms, which illuminate the contemporary trends in language and cultural interconnection.
2.2 Types of translation methods (Peter Newmark’s theory)
The central problem of translation has always been whether to translate literally or freely The argument has been going on since at least the first century
BC Up to the beginning of the 19 th century, many writers favoured some kind of
"Free" translation emphasizes capturing the spirit and meaning of the original text rather than adhering strictly to its wording This approach prioritizes conveying the message over maintaining form, focusing on the essence rather than the structure Historically, this revolutionary idea was championed by writers like Tyndale and Dolet, who faced severe consequences for their beliefs, including execution, while Wycliffe's works were banned.
In the 19th century, cultural anthropology suggested that linguistic barriers were insurmountable and that language was solely a product of culture, leading to the belief that translation was impossible and, if attempted, should be as literal as possible This perspective was notably expressed by extreme "literalists" like Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nabolov Their theoretical arguments overlooked critical factors such as the purpose of translation, the nature of the readership, and the type of text, often conflating the roles of writer, translator, and reader Although the context has evolved, the fundamental challenges of translation persist.
Peter Newmark (1988) puts it in the form of a flattened V diagram:
Word-for-word translation Adaptation Literal translation Free translation
Here are several effective translation methods that enhance a translator's decision-making and adaptability, ensuring optimal impact and alignment with the translation's intended purpose.
Interlinear translation is characterized by placing the target language (TL) directly beneath the source language (SL) words while maintaining the original word order In this method, words are translated individually using their most common meanings, often without considering context, and cultural terms are translated literally This approach is primarily utilized to grasp the mechanics of the source language or to interpret challenging texts as part of a pre-translation process.
Literal translation differs from other methods by converting the grammatical structures of the source language (SL) into their closest equivalents in the target language (TL), while translating lexical words individually and out of context This pre-translation process highlights the issues that need to be addressed.
Faithful translation seeks to accurately convey the original's contextual meaning while adhering to the grammatical structures of the target language (TL) This approach involves transferring cultural terms and maintaining the level of grammatical and lexical deviation from the source language (SL) norms The primary goal is to remain true to the intentions and textual realization of the original SL author.
Semantic translation differs from “faithful translation” only as it must take more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sound) of the
The translation process may involve substituting less significant cultural terms with neutral third or functional phrases, rather than using direct cultural equivalents For example, this could result in a phrase like "a nun ironing a corporal cloth," reflecting minor adjustments made for the audience's understanding.
The difference between "faithful" and "semantic" translation lies in their approaches; faithful translation is strict and dogmatic, whereas semantic translation allows for flexibility and creative exceptions to complete fidelity, fostering the translator's intuitive connection with the original text.
Free translation is the most flexible form of translation, primarily utilized for plays and poetry It focuses on preserving themes, characters, and plots while adapting the source language culture to the target language culture Unfortunately, the common practice of literally translating a play or poem, only to have it rewritten by a seasoned dramatist or poet, has led to many unsatisfactory adaptations However, some adaptations have successfully revitalized classic period plays.
Free translation focuses on conveying the meaning of the content without preserving the original style or structure Typically, it results in a paraphrase that is often longer than the source material, resembling an "intralingual translation." This approach can lead to verbose and pretentious renditions that may stray far from true translation.
Idiomatic translation focuses on conveying the original message but often sacrifices subtle meanings by using colloquialisms and idioms that may not be present in the source text Esteemed figures like Seleskovitch and Stuart Gilbert advocate for this dynamic and "natural" approach to translation.
Newmark's (1988) communicative translation method aims to convey the precise contextual meaning of the original text, ensuring that both the content and language are easily understandable and acceptable to the target audience.
11 readership In other words, communicative translation is written basing on the readership and normally is most suitable for informative and vocative text
Mark Twain and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Mark Twain, born Samuel Langhorne Clemens on November 30, 1835, was a renowned American author and humorist, celebrated for his iconic works, including The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), often regarded as the "Great American Novel." Twain's success as a writer and public speaker was marked by his sharp wit and satire, earning him acclaim from both critics and contemporaries He formed friendships with influential figures such as presidents, artists, industrialists, and even European royalty, solidifying his legacy in American literature.
Mark Twain started his career with light, humorous poetry but later became a keen observer of human vanities, hypocrisies, and violence His mid-career work, "Huckleberry Finn," masterfully blends humor, compelling storytelling, and social critique Twain excelled in capturing colloquial speech, contributing to a unique American literature that reflects its themes and language However, many of his works, including "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn," have faced censorship, particularly in American high schools, due to its frequent use of racially charged language reflective of the pre-Civil War era.
Compiling a comprehensive bibliography of Mark Twain's works is challenging due to the sheer volume of his writings, many of which appeared in obscure newspapers and were published under various pen names Furthermore, a significant number of his speeches and lectures remain lost or undocumented, making the collection of Twain's literary contributions an ongoing endeavor Notably, researchers uncovered previously published material by Twain as recently as 1995, highlighting the continuous discovery of his work.
3.2 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer," written by Mark Twain in 1876, is a captivating novel that follows the journey of a young boy growing up along the Mississippi River This literary masterpiece explores themes of childhood, adventure, and the complexities of human nature, making it one of Twain's most celebrated works Set in a small town, the story vividly captures the essence of youth and the spirit of adventure.
"St Petersburg", inspired by Hannibal, Missouri, where Twain lived
"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" is an engaging novel filled with treasure hunts, murder, and romance, offering a vivid glimpse into childhood adventures, including playful interactions with nature Each chapter presents a distinct escapade that contributes to a broader narrative emphasizing the significance of friendship and the quest for freedom.
METHODOLOGY
Selection of subject
The main research subjects of this study are the story The Adventures of Tom
This study examines "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" by Mark Twain and its Vietnamese translation by Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong It employs a methodological approach to collect, analyze, and interpret data on the translation methods used in both versions The choice of this story is based on three key reasons that highlight its significance in the context of translation studies.
Mark Twain is renowned as one of the most successful writers in humor and satire, using his profound satirical skills to critique the oppressive capitalist feudal system and the brutal racism faced by Black Americans His notable works, including "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" and "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn," showcase his talent for children's literature Twain's diverse writing styles make his stories essential for research on translation methods, as they encapsulate various dimensions of social and psychological themes.
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, one of Mark Twain's most remarkable works, is an ideal children's book that captivates readers of all ages With its engaging writing style, simple language, and a blend of humor and intellect, the story of the mischievous Tom Sawyer continues to resonate Its significant impact during the 20th century ensures that it remains a top choice for children today, highlighting the importance of ongoing research into this classic tale.
The translated work by Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong stands out as a significant achievement in Vietnamese literature, effectively capturing both the content and style of the original author with fluidity and naturalness.
Vietnamese As the first to translate the story, these two authors did succeed in introducing and making the story favored among Vietnamese readers
All above has made a proper explanation for the subject of the research “The translation methods applied in Vietnamese version of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain.”
Research instrument
The main instrument of the study is also its subject, the story The Adventures of Tom Sawyer in English by Mark Twain and its Vietnamese version by Nguy
This article focuses on the careful examination of the works of Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong to identify the translation methods used in converting English texts into Vietnamese It aims to highlight the most common and effective translation techniques employed in this process.
To enhance the credibility of the study, the researcher plans to employ an additional instrument to gather supportive data from students in class 09E25 at the University of Language and International Studies The questionnaire aims to identify the translation methods used by Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong in their translation of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, as well as to determine the most prevalent translation method, addressing the second research question effectively.
Data collection procedures
The two versions of the story will be analyzed critically to identify the translation methods used in translating from English to Vietnamese This process involves comprehending, selecting, and emphasizing key sentences and expressions The findings will serve as the foundation for further research in this study.
In the field of questionnaire, there are 20 handouts are printed and delivered to 20 students in class 09E25, University of Language and International Studies The
16 result collected will be calculated and summarized to support for the main one from the following procedures.
Data analysis procedures
For the first and second research question, the collected data will be analyzed through the following two steps:
Step 1: All noticeable results from data collection procedures are analyzed carefully to find out all translation methods which are applied in the translation of the story The results of this step will be the answer for Research Question 1: What are the translation methods Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong applied in the Vietnamese version of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain?
Step 2: After all translation methods are found, a deeper analysis and comparison are carried out in order to find out the translation methods which are the most common and effective ones The results of this step is the answer for Research Question 2: What are the most common and effective translation methods Nguyen Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong applied in the Vietnamese version of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain?
Step 3: The data collection is completed with the return of questionnaire The data then is summarized and calculated to find out what translation methods are applied in translating the story into Vietnamese and what is the most popular method used by Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong The result collected supports for the main findings from the above steps
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Semantic translation
Semantic translation is a key method in translation that effectively meets the demands of conveying meaning, particularly in literary works Notably, translators Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong have successfully employed this method, showcasing its effectiveness through various well-crafted paragraphs Their use of semantic translation highlights its appropriateness for capturing the essence of literary texts.
Saturday morning arrived, bringing a vibrant and fresh summer world teeming with life Joy filled every heart, and youthful spirits expressed their happiness through song Cheer radiated from every face, and each step was lively The locust trees bloomed, their sweet fragrance permeating the air Cardiff Hill, lush with greenery and just distant enough from the village, appeared as a dreamy and inviting paradise.
Mùa xuân đến, không khí tràn đầy sức sống với những bông hoa minh quyết nở rộ, tỏa hương thơm ngào ngạt Đồi Cardiff sừng sững ở cuối làng, cây cối xanh tươi, tạo nên một khung cảnh thơ mộng, yên tĩnh, như một điểm đến lý tưởng cho những ai yêu thích dạo chơi và khám phá vẻ đẹp thiên nhiên.
Semantic translation serves as an effective method for conveying vivid scenery descriptions The translated phrases, such as "bright and fresh" and "brimming with life," stand out as they evoke strong imagery Despite the original sentences lacking this level of appeal, translators Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong have skillfully transformed them into vibrant expressions that leave a lasting impression In this regard, it can be argued that the translators have surpassed the original author's intent.
Readers can investigate more examples in which semantic translation method is applied:
As dawn broke in the tranquil woods, a serene stillness enveloped the landscape, with not a leaf stirring and dewdrops glistening on the foliage The remnants of a fire lay beneath a layer of ashes, while Joe and Huck remained peacefully asleep Gradually, the morning brightened, accompanied by the distant calls of birds and the rhythmic tapping of a woodpecker Life began to stir as the sun's rays pierced through the dense canopy, and butterflies danced through the air, marking the awakening of Nature.
Sáng sớm, không khí mát mẻ và yên tĩnh bao trùm khu rừng, tạo cảm giác thư thái và thanh bình Những giọt sương long lanh đọng trên lá cây, trong khi Joe và Huck vẫn còn ngủ say Âm thanh đầu tiên của thiên nhiên vang lên từ xa, với tiếng chim gọi nhau và tiếng gõ kiến lộp độp Khi ánh sáng dần dần tăng lên, cuộc sống trong rừng bắt đầu thức dậy, mang đến một cảnh tượng kỳ diệu với những tia nắng xuyên qua tán lá và những con bướm bay lượn Thiên nhiên giờ đây đã hoàn toàn tỉnh dậy, sẵn sàng cho một ngày mới đầy hoạt động.
Cardiff Island, where Tom Sawyer, Joe Harper, and Huck Finn embark on their pirate adventure, is depicted with vivid imagery that captures the serene beauty of nature The deep, pervasive calm and silence of the woods, described as "cái yên lặng tĩnh mịch bao trùm khu rừng," reflects the tranquil atmosphere The phrase "great Nature's meditation," or "sự trầm tư mặc tưởng của thiên nhiên vĩ đại," emphasizes the contemplative essence of the landscape As the marvel of Nature awakens, illustrated by "Cảnh kì diệu của thiên nhiên đang giũ cái ngủ để sắp sửa bước vào lao động," readers are invited to experience the enchanting scenery of Cardiff Island The author’s skillful use of language, combined with the translators' adeptness, creates a vivid portrayal of this idyllic setting.
Now the research comes to the last example about semantic translation method:
The battle of the storm reached its peak, illuminated by relentless lightning that revealed every detail below in stark clarity: bending trees, a foamy river, and the shadowy outlines of distant bluffs through the rain Occasionally, a massive tree succumbed to the tempest, crashing down among younger growth The thunder erupted in explosive bursts, creating an atmosphere of terror The storm's final crescendo threatened to tear the island apart, drowning it, burning it, and deafening every creature, making it a perilous night for the vulnerable.
Trận ác chiến đã đạt đến cao điểm với những tia chớp sáng rực trên bầu trời, làm mọi vật dưới đất hiện lên rõ nét; cây cối cong rạp, sông cuồn cuộn sóng bọt trắng xóa Những gốc cây khổng lồ không chống đỡ nổi đổ xuống, tiếng sấm vang dội như xé tai, tạo nên một cơn dông tố dữ dội Cơn bão như muốn xé tan hòn đảo, đốt cháy và dìm xuống nước, gây ra sự hỗn loạn không thể tưởng tượng nổi Đêm nay thật rùng rợn cho những đứa trẻ không nhà, sống bơ vơ ngoài trời.
In contrast to the last example, this paragraph describes a terrible storm on Cardiff island, where the three little pirates are settling If the last scene is beautiful
In a vivid portrayal of nature's fury, the author captures the tumultuous scene marked by relentless lightning illuminating the skies The imagery of bending trees and a frothy, billowing river conveys the chaos, while a colossal tree succumbs to the storm, crashing through younger growth and wreaking havoc This powerful moment encapsulates the destructive force of nature, as it simultaneously tears apart the landscape, engulfs it in flames, floods it to the treetops, and overwhelms every creature with deafening noise.
Mark Twain vividly illustrates the power of nature, a depiction skillfully translated by Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong The scene unfolds with relentless flashes of lightning illuminating the sky, trees bending under the force, and a river surging with frothy waves that resemble snowflakes dissolving into mist Occasionally, enormous tree trunks crash down with a thunderous roar, overwhelming smaller trees beneath them, as if intent on tearing the island apart, setting it ablaze, and submerging it in water up to the treetops This chaotic symphony of destruction leaves everything on the island deafened and dazed, all occurring simultaneously The translators' rich vocabulary and thoughtful choices enhance the original text, adding depth and literary vibrancy to Twain's vision.
Semantic translation focuses on the nuances of individual words rather than entire sentences, emphasizing the aesthetic qualities of the original text Notably, Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong utilize Vietnamese vocabulary to convey the beauty and natural characteristics of English texts, ensuring that the chosen words resonate with Vietnamese speakers This approach aligns with the conversational habits of the Vietnamese people, making the translation both relatable and culturally appropriate.
To the extent of applying semantic translation method, it can be said that Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong have completed their role excellently during the work
Semantic translation, while effective, is not the most widely used translation method Surprisingly, the more popular approach is communicative translation, which focuses on conveying the original meaning in a way that is both acceptable and understandable to the target audience Unlike semantic translation, which emphasizes word-for-word accuracy, communicative translation allows for greater flexibility in structure and style, prioritizing the overall message This method is exemplified in the translation works of Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong, where the focus is on creating coherent and relatable sentences in the target language.
In a moment of despair, a burst of magnificent inspiration struck him, prompting him to take up his brush and work with calm determination Just then, Ben Rogers appeared, the very boy whose mockery he had feared Ben's lively hop-skip-and-jump revealed his cheerful spirit and high expectations As he ate an apple, he joyfully imitated a steamboat, letting out a melodious whoop followed by a deep-toned ding-dong sound.
Giữa những khó khăn và nỗi thất vọng, Tom bất ngờ nảy ra một ý tưởng vĩ đại Anh cầm chổi và lặng lẽ quét dọn, khi bỗng thấy Ben Rogers xuất hiện từ xa Ben, người thường xuyên chế giễu Tom, đang nhảy múa vui vẻ, thể hiện tâm trạng hạnh phúc và những ước mơ lớn lao của mình.
Faithful translation
The translation theory by Peter Newmark, as applied by Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong, emphasizes the preservation of cultural words from the source language However, this method is not frequently utilized, as it can hinder reader comprehension of the target language text Overuse of this approach may obscure the narrative's development, leading Huyen and Phuong to incorporate it sparingly in their translations.
"Say, Jim, I'll fetch the water if you'll whitewash some."
Jim shook his head and said:
I have been instructed by my elder to fetch water without getting distracted She believes that I will be asked to help with whitewashing, so she advised me to focus on my task while she takes care of the whitewashing herself.
"Oh, never you mind what she said, Jim That's the way she always talks Gimme the bucket I won't be gone only a a minute She won't ever know."
"Oh, I dasn't, Mars Tom Ole missis she'd take an' tar de head off'n me 'Deed she would."
“Này chú Jim ơi! Chú quét vôi hộ tôi một tí để tôi đi lấy nước cho.”
Bà chủ nhắc nhở tôi không được la cà khi đi lấy nước và bảo rằng cậu Tom có thể sẽ nhờ tôi quét vôi Tuy nhiên, bà yêu cầu tôi không nghe theo và tập trung vào công việc của mình, đồng thời hứa sẽ kiểm tra kết quả quét vôi sau.
"Bà nói thế nào cũng được, lúc nào bà cũng như vậy Chú Jim, hãy đưa cái xô cho tôi Tôi chỉ cần đi một phút thôi, bà biết tôi đi đâu mà."
"Tôi không dám làm như vậy đâu, Tom ạ Nếu tôi làm, bà chủ sẽ phạt tôi bằng cách bôi hắc ín lên đầu, và bà ấy nói là sẽ làm thật đấy."
In this example, translators are quite risky to take faithful translation Readers will see that the dialogue is not so simple as the translation:
Instructed by the old mistress, I was told to fetch water without getting distracted by anyone She expected that Mars Tom would ask me to whitewash, so she advised me to focus on my own tasks while she would handle the whitewashing herself.
Bà chủ đã dặn tôi không được la cà khi đi lấy nước và nhắc nhở rằng cậu Tom có thể nhờ tôi quét vôi, nhưng tôi cần tập trung vào công việc của mình Bà cũng hứa sẽ ra kiểm tra công việc quét vôi sau.
In the example conversation, Jim's use of non-standard English presents a challenge for translators Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Long, who struggle to address this issue Despite this, the sentences in question are not crucial to the overall narrative and can be overlooked Furthermore, the translation approach adopted here facilitates readers' understanding of the story, raising the question of whether it can truly be deemed a failure.
Free translation
In Newmark's theory, free translation focuses on conveying the content of the original text while disregarding its form, often leading to lengthy paraphrases that can be seen as intralingual translations This approach tends to be verbose and may come across as pretentious, ultimately failing to serve as an effective translation method As a result, it does not adequately capture the intended meanings of the original sentences.
In "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer," certain sections utilize a free translation method, allowing for a more fluid interpretation that captures the essence of the story without excessive paraphrasing This approach enhances readability and ensures that the narrative remains engaging for readers.
Mary took his book to hear him recite, and he tried to find his way through the fog:
"Yes poor; blessed are the poor a a "
"In spirit; blessed are the poor in spirit, for they they "
"For theirs Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven Blessed are they that mourn, for they they "
"For they S, H Oh, I don't know what it is!"
"Oh, shall! for they shall for they shall a a shall mourn a a blessed are they that shall they that a they that shall mourn, for they
32 shall a shall What? Why don't you tell me, Mary? what do you want to be so mean for?" (Twain 29,30)
Mary cầm lấy sách để nghe Tom đọc thử xem đã thuộc chưa Tom có cảm tưởng như đang mò mẫm đi trong đám sương mù
Ai có lòng có lòng có lòng
Có lòng khó khăn là một phước lành thực sự Những người mang trong mình lòng khó khăn sẽ nhận được nhiều điều tốt đẹp trong tương lai Họ sẽ gặt hái được những giá trị quý giá từ những thử thách mà họ trải qua.
Ngày mai, những ai trải qua khó khăn sẽ được ban phước, vì nước thiên đường sẽ thuộc về họ Những ai khóc lóc trong nỗi đau cũng là những người may mắn, vì họ sẽ tìm thấy niềm an ủi và hy vọng trong tương lai.
Vì chưng ngày sau mình a
Mình s, e Ô, Tom quên mất rồi
Mình sẽ khóc lóc, nhưng ai khóc lóc thì cũng là phước Ngày sau, mình sẽ làm gì? Mary, tại sao không nhắc nữa? Tại sao lại im lặng? Mary muốn điều gì từ tình huống này?
In Chapter 4, titled "Showing Off in Sunday School," a conversation unfolds between Tom and his cousin Mary, focusing on the complexities of biblical language The differences between the English Bible and its Vietnamese translation present challenges for translators, who often resort to free translation methods This approach results in translations that are longer in the target language, as translators prioritize conveying the intended meaning over a word-for-word accuracy, adapting to the nuances of Vietnamese expressions.
Idiomatic translation
Idiom-based translation, though not widely utilized, plays a crucial role in conveying meaning across languages According to Mildred L Larson (1984), this method captures the essence of the source language in a way that feels natural to the target language Newmark (1988) emphasizes the preference for colloquialisms and idioms, even when they are absent in the original text This approach is illustrated through various examples that highlight its effectiveness in maintaining the intended message.
The youthful mind eagerly anticipates festive occasions, filled with delightful emotions and vivid imagination Envisioning herself at the center of attention, the fashionable individual imagines her graceful figure adorned in elegant attire, dancing joyfully among the crowd In this vibrant assembly, she feels radiant and light, embodying the spirit of celebration.
Time swiftly passes in a world of delightful fantasies, leading her to the long-awaited entrance into an enchanting realm filled with vibrant dreams Everything appears magical to her captivated eyes, with each new scene surpassing the last in charm However, she soon realizes that beneath this alluring facade lies emptiness; the once-appealing flattery now feels harsh, the ballroom's allure fades, and she departs with a heavy heart, understanding that earthly pleasures cannot fulfill the deeper yearnings of the soul.
Trên những con đường bình dị của cuộc sống, tâm hồn trẻ trung luôn hướng về những viễn cảnh vui chơi, mang lại những cảm xúc thú vị và tràn đầy hứng khởi.
Trí tưởng tượng của con người thường vẽ nên những bức tranh đầy màu hồng về cuộc sống, nơi họ hòa mình vào những bữa tiệc vui vẻ, trở thành trung tâm của sự chú ý Những hình ảnh về thân hình kiều diễm trong trang phục trắng tinh khôi, cùng những bước nhảy cuồng nhiệt trong những điệu nhảy vui tươi, thể hiện rõ sự khao khát khoái lạc và tôn sùng vẻ đẹp thời thượng Sự phấn khích và ánh mắt rực rỡ giữa đám đông tạo nên một không khí sôi động, phản ánh ước mơ về một cuộc sống đầy niềm vui và tự do.
Trong những khoảnh khắc tuyệt diệu, thời gian trôi qua nhanh chóng, và họ chuẩn bị bước vào thế giới lý tưởng mà họ luôn mơ ước Dưới ánh mắt như bị mê hoặc trước cảnh sắc thần tiên, mọi thứ đều trở nên huyền ảo Mỗi khung cảnh mới lại càng quyến rũ hơn, nhưng sau một thời gian, họ nhận ra rằng vẻ hào nhoáng chỉ là ảo ảnh; những lời nịnh nọt trước đây giờ trở nên khó nghe, và không gian khiêu vũ mất đi sự lôi cuốn, sức khỏe cũng bị ảnh hưởng.
Trong nỗi chua xót và đắng cay, họ nhận ra rằng những thú vui trần tục không thể nào thỏa mãn khát vọng sâu thẳm của tâm hồn Vì vậy, họ quyết định quay lưng lại, từ bỏ những điều phù phiếm.
In Chapter 21 of the story, the composition serves as an examination example, highlighting the crucial role of translators who must carefully consider the author's words and intentions They skillfully select appropriate phrases in the target language to effectively convey the literary nuances of the source language, such as transforming "rose-tinted pictures of joy" into "những bức tranh hoan lạc toàn một màu hồng," capturing the essence of her entrance into the Elysian world, which she has envisioned with such vibrant dreams.
Bước vào thế giới cực lạc mà họ luôn mơ tưởng trong những giấc mơ tươi đẹp, nhưng sau cái bề ngoài hào nhoáng ấy, tất cả chỉ là phù hoa hư ảo Những thú vui trần tục không thể nào thỏa mãn được những khát vọng sâu thẳm của tâm hồn.
Although this translation method is not widely favored or commonly used, the translators in the story effectively employ it to enhance the fluidity of the language This approach makes the narrative more relatable and comprehensible for Vietnamese readers, adding excitement and new aesthetic nuances to the text Ultimately, the translators' choice of method proves to be both appropriate and impactful, fulfilling its purpose in an engaging manner.
Adaptation
Adaptation is a flexible translation method primarily utilized in plays, poetry, and songs, focusing on maintaining the core themes, plots, and characters This approach allows for creative freedom, as it does not adhere to strict translation rules An example of this can be seen in "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer."
36 are many paragraphs of poetry, and translators have exploited the translation method skilfully as follow:
"A Missouri Maiden's Farewell to Alabama
"Alabama, good-bye! I love thee well!
But yet for a while do I leave thee now!
Sad, yes, sad thoughts of thee my heart doth swell,
And burning recollections throng my brow!
For I have wandered through thy flowery woods;
Have roamed and read near Tallapoosa's stream;
Have listened to Tallassee's warring floods,
And wooed on Coosa's side Aurora's beam
"Yet shame I not to bear an o'er-full heart,
Nor blush to turn behind my tearful eyes;
'Tis from no stranger land I now must part,
'Tis to no strangers left I yield these sighs
Welcome and home were mine within this State,
Whose vales I leave whose spires fade fast from me
And cold must be mine eyes, and heart, and tete,
When, dear Alabama! they turn cold on thee!"
Cô gái Missouri từ biệt xứ Alabama
Alabama, thôi tạm biệt! Ôi biết bao tình thương nhớ
Tuy rằng xa chỉ một thời gian Ý nghĩ buồn thương tim ta đã đầy tràn
Bao kỉ niệm trong trán này đang chen nhau còn nóng hổi
Trên đất này từng rong chơi, những cánh rừng đầy hoa ta đã tới
Gần dòng Tallapoosa đọc sách và ngao du trên những lối bên sông
Từng nghe dòng Tallassee nổi sóng đùng đùng
Và bên bờ Coosa vờn những tia nắng mới của vừng hồng khi mới rạng
Ta không thẹn vì mang trái tim nặng trĩu
Hay mắt đẫm lệ sầu ảo não ra đi
Nơi ta xa lìa đâu có ngại ngùng chi
Bật tiếng thở dài chia tay với những người không xa lạ
Khác với cảm giác ở nhà, nơi đây luôn chào đón chúng ta nồng nhiệt Tại bang này, chúng ta rời xa những thung lũng và những tháp chuông đã lùi xa Khi nào trái tim, đôi mắt và tâm hồn của chúng ta thực sự hòa nhập vào không gian này?
Lạnh nhạt với đất này, hỡi Alabama, Alabama thân yêu! Thì chắc chúng đã trở thành lạnh giá
The researcher is highly impressed with the translation of the poem, noting that the adaptation has transformed the original work into an exceptional version in the target language Typically, translators experienced in literary works find it challenging to translate poems or songs, especially longer pieces However, this particular long poem has been translated with professionalism, successfully preserving the content and the rhymes of the original Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong have achieved remarkable success with their translation method.
Result of students’ survey
The study involved 20 fourth-year students from class 09E25 at the Faculty of English Language for Teacher Education, all of whom possess a solid understanding of translation methods, enabling them to effectively respond to the questionnaire's requirements.
20 handouts were delivered on March 25 and collected a week later
The experiment handout features 12 paragraphs from Chapter 3, "Busy with War and Love," in Mark Twain's "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer." Translations by Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong showcase varied translation methods The researcher aims to survey student opinions on these translation techniques to address two key research questions.
What are the translation methods Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong applied in the Vietnamese version of “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain?
What are the most common and effective translation methods Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong applied in the Vietnamese version of “The
Adventures of Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain?
The reason for choosing extraction is similar to the one for choosing sample for examining translation methods applied in the story as mentioned before in part 1 of chapter IV
The feedback gathered from the surveyed students encompasses all translation methods utilized in the extracts This data effectively addresses the first research question regarding the translation techniques employed by Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong in their Vietnamese rendition of Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.
The feedback from the questionnaires is analyzed individually, and after reviewing all responses, the researcher recalculates to determine the average frequency of each translation method used across 20 handouts The findings provide insight into the second research question regarding the most common and effective translation methods employed by Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong in their Vietnamese adaptation of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.
2.4 The result for translation methods applied in translating The Adventures of
Tom Sawyer decided by students
The collected data on translation methods applied in translating The Adventures of Tom Sawyer decided by students can be illustrated in the following table:
Table 1 Translation methods applied in translating The Adventures of Tom Sawyer decided by students
In percentage (total 100%) Communicative translation 99 41.3%
The survey results closely align with the researcher's findings, revealing that only six out of eight translation methods were utilized in translating the story These methods include communicative translation, semantic translation, faithful translation, idiomatic translation, free translation, and adaptation Notably, communicative translation emerged as the most frequently used method in the translation process.
Thanks to the survey above and the analysis in chapter IV, these following conclusions about the findings of the research can be identified
The results from both analyses (from the survey and from the reseacher), the researcher can jump to a conclusion about the two mains findings: translation
41 methods applied in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and the most common translation methods applied in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Firstly, there are 6 out of 8 translation methods which are used by Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong during translating the story The Adventures of
In translating "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer," it is essential to recognize that multiple translation methods can enhance the text's coherence and adapt it to the target readership However, the noticeable absence of word-for-word and literal translation methods warrants discussion According to Newmark’s theory, word-for-word translation merely preserves the original word order and serves as a pre-translation process, making it unsuitable for literary works Similarly, while literal translation builds upon word-for-word, it focuses on translating individual lexical items and is also deemed a pre-translation method Therefore, both word-for-word and literal translations are inadequate for effectively conveying the nuances of Mark Twain's narrative.
Secondly, the finding that the most common translation method is communicative translation is surprising In Newmark’s theory, the most suitable one should be semantic translation:
Only semantic and communicative translation effectively achieve the two primary objectives of translation: accuracy and economy Semantic translation often proves to be more economical, particularly when the communicative translation is of lower quality Typically, semantic translation aligns with the author's linguistic level, while communicative translation caters to the readership's level Semantic translation is preferred for expressive texts, whereas communicative translation is utilized for informative texts.
However, the surprise that communicative translation is the most popular method used by Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong during translating the story The
Adventures of Tom Sawyer proves that conclusion of Newmark is not always properly applied
