研究の背景
In recent years, the number of Vietnamese learners of the Japanese language has rapidly increased, primarily driven by the growing demand for Japanese-speaking personnel due to the expansion of Japanese companies in Vietnam Additionally, with a large young population and a shortage of higher education institutions, the number of Vietnamese students studying in Japan has surged, making Vietnam the fourth-largest source of international students in Japan as of 2006, following China, South Korea, and Taiwan This trend is expected to continue, leading to an increase in both Japanese language learners and students heading to Japan However, despite this rapid growth, Vietnam's Japanese language education lags behind other advanced regions such as the United States, China, South Korea, Thailand, and Malaysia, with limited progress in foundational research and educational materials While some phonetic studies and translated resources exist, there is a pressing need to advance research in various areas, including vocabulary, grammar, listening comprehension, and teaching methods.
When discussing the Japanese language, one must consider Sino-Japanese vocabulary, as Japanese kanji has been significantly influenced by Chinese This influence is evident to any learner of Japanese Similarly, Vietnam experienced over a thousand years of Chinese rule, during which Chinese characters were widely used Thus, both Japan and historical Vietnam share a commonality in their adoption of Chinese characters However, since the 19th century, particularly after becoming a French colony, Vietnam ceased to use kanji and transitioned to a national script Despite this shift, the impact of kanji remains evident in everyday life and modern Vietnamese, particularly in the unique Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary that exists today.
The relationship between Vietnamese and Sino-Vietnamese has become a significant area of study for various researchers The author strongly believes that knowledge of Chinese characters and Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary is crucial.
Bài viết này sẽ nghiên cứu về các từ hai chữ Hán, đặc biệt là các từ Hán có trong tổng hợp N2, cùng với ý nghĩa của chúng trong tiếng Nhật và tiếng Việt.
研究の目的
The reason for focusing on kanji education lies in the positive transfer of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary Among the world's languages, Korean is arguably the most advantageous native language for learning Japanese Similarly, Vietnamese vocabulary, like Korean, has a structure that includes native words alongside Sino-Vietnamese (classical Chinese-derived vocabulary) and Western loanwords Many Vietnamese learners of Japanese find a connection between Japanese kanji and their own Sino-Vietnamese terms However, when compared to native speakers of Chinese or Korean, Vietnamese learners do not acquire Japanese at the same pace This raises the question of how beneficial their knowledge of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary is for learning Japanese.
Bài viết này báo cáo kết quả nghiên cứu dựa trên việc xây dựng cơ sở dữ liệu đối chiếu giữa chữ Hán (Hán Việt) được sử dụng tại Việt Nam và chữ Hán trong tiếng Nhật, nhằm khám phá các phương pháp giáo dục từ vựng hiệu quả cho người Việt Cụ thể, chúng tôi sẽ phân tích khoảng 1000 từ ngữ hai chữ Hán trong danh sách N2, để xem xét mức độ tương đồng giữa Hán Việt và chữ Hán trong tiếng Nhật.
研究の方法
In the research process, we first gather and compile materials and data related to the understanding of Japanese two-character kanji predicates Subsequently, we compare these findings with Sino-Vietnamese terms to conduct a thorough analysis.
Through this process, we can discover the similarities and differences between Japanese kanji and Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary.
Next, a survey was conducted among third and fourth-year Japanese language learners at National University, Hanoi, and the results of the survey were analyzed.
研究の貢献
Bài viết này nghiên cứu lịch sử chữ Hán trong tiếng Nhật và tiếng Việt, đồng thời khảo sát các từ ghép hai chữ tương ứng giữa hai ngôn ngữ Qua việc thu thập và tổng hợp một cách khoa học và cụ thể, nội dung sẽ trở thành tài liệu tham khảo hữu ích cho những người học tiếng Nhật, đặc biệt là cho các thí sinh chuẩn bị cho kỳ thi năng lực tiếng Nhật N2.
Research on Sino-Japanese and Sino-Vietnamese languages contributes significantly to foundational studies in Japanese education for Vietnamese learners This study plays a crucial role in understanding how knowledge of Sino-Vietnamese can benefit native Vietnamese speakers in their Japanese language learning process.
研究の構成
本研究は序論、本論、結びという三つの部分に分けられている。
In the introduction, the article outlines the background of the research, the objectives it aims to achieve, the methods employed for the study, and the contributions it makes to the field, while also detailing the overall structure of the research.
本研究は四章に分けられた。
Chapter 5 discusses the origins and development of kanji, highlighting its characteristics and the distinct features of kan-on pronunciation.
Chapter Six examines and contrasts the Sino-Japanese readings (kanji on) and Sino-Vietnamese readings (han viet on) This comparison reveals several differences in pronunciation between the Sino-Japanese and Sino-Vietnamese phonetic systems.
Chương 7 của bài viết này so sánh và phân loại từ vựng Hán-Nhật và Hán-Việt ở cấp độ trung cấp Cụ thể, chúng tôi tập trung vào các từ Hán hai chữ thường xuất hiện trong tổng hợp kanji N2 Qua việc đối chiếu các từ Hán hai chữ trong tiếng Nhật với Hán-Việt, chúng tôi phát hiện mối quan hệ giữa chúng Hơn nữa, từ đó, bài viết nhấn mạnh tầm quan trọng của việc học tập tích hợp giữa Hán-Nhật và Hán-Việt.
Chapter 8 analyzes the survey results to examine the role of Japan's development in contemporary Vietnam.
In conclusion, this research synthesizes key findings and presents my personal reflections on the theme of the study, while also highlighting potential future challenges to explore.
Cuối cùng, bài viết sẽ trình bày danh sách tài liệu tham khảo và một phụ lục về bảng đối chiếu giữa các kanji hai chữ N2 trong tiếng Nhật và từ vựng Hán Việt trong tiếng Việt, cũng như kết quả khảo sát và tổng kết.
漢字について
漢字の起源
Chinese characters are among the oldest and most widely used writing systems in the world, with a significant number of users Their creation and application have not only propelled the development of Chinese culture but have also profoundly influenced global cultural evolution Various theories exist regarding the origins of Chinese characters, with ancient legends in China suggesting that they date back to around 2700 BC during the time of the Yellow Emperor.
According to historical records, the legendary figure Cangjie is credited with the invention of Chinese characters, inspired by the footprints of birds and beasts Additionally, the "I Ching" mentions that sages created these characters Archaeological findings indicate that the oldest existing Chinese characters were used during the Shang dynasty for recording divination results.
漢字の発展
The development of kanji as a systematic writing system began in the 16th century BCE during the Shang Dynasty By this early period, Chinese civilization had already reached a significant level of advancement, marked notably by the emergence of oracle bone script This ancient form of writing was inscribed on turtle shells and animal bones During the Shang era, it was customary for the king to conduct divinations before any major actions, with oracle bone script serving as the tool for these divinations.
1 中国，古代伝説中の帝王
2 中国，占いのためのテキスト。五経の筆頭に置かれる儒教の経典
3 殷(商)代後期に使われた文字。
Before use, oracle bones undergo processing, which involves removing blood and flesh from their surface They are then polished, and inscriptions are carved onto the underside of the shell or bone using a sharp tool, following a specific arrangement The diviner or shaman engraves their name, the date of the divination, and the questions they wish to ask onto the oracle bone before heating it The heat causes cracks to appear, known as "兆." The shaman analyzes these cracks to interpret the results of the divination, also noting whether the predictions were accurate If the divination proves correct, the oracle bone is preserved as an official document by the government authorities.
Archaeologists have discovered over 160,000 oracle bones, which include both complete specimens and fragments without inscriptions Statistics show that there are more than 4,000 characters engraved on these bones, with approximately 3,000 having been studied by experts Out of these, over 1,000 characters have been deciphered, while the remaining portions either remain undeciphered or are subject to scholarly disagreement Nevertheless, this collection of over 1,000 characters provides insights into the political, economic, and cultural conditions of the Shang dynasty Oracle script is a systematic writing form that laid the foundation for the development of Chinese characters, which evolved through various stages, including bronze inscriptions, small seal script, clerical script, and standard script, continuing to be used to this day.
The evolution of kanji involves the standardization and stabilization of its shapes and forms The small seal script fixed the number of strokes for each character, while the clerical script introduced a new stroke system, resulting in flatter, more rectangular shapes With the emergence of regular script, the forms and styles of kanji became stable, establishing the basic strokes—horizontal, vertical, slanting, dot, press, lift, and fold—and further standardizing the writing methods, including the number of strokes and their order Since 1000 AD, regular script has been regarded as the standard for kanji.
漢字とその特徴
The Latin alphabet represents phonemes, where each letter corresponds to a specific sound, while kanji characters typically represent morphemes, each carrying distinct meanings and corresponding to syllables However, most modern Chinese words are formed by combining two or more kanji characters.
Traditionally, Chinese characters have been viewed primarily as logographic symbols representing a single meaning, stemming from the isolating nature of ancient Chinese, where each monosyllabic word conveys a distinct meaning However, it is more accurate to describe these characters as ideograms that represent both sound and meaning, with each character corresponding to one word Consequently, traditional linguistics has analyzed Chinese characters through three essential elements: form, sound, and meaning.
The following highlights the characteristics of kanji, acknowledging that analyzing these features may require considerable time and effort A comprehensive overview will be provided to facilitate understanding.
3.1 漢字の字体
Kanji characters are created by combining strokes such as dots, horizontal lines, and vertical lines The combination of these strokes allows for the differentiation of kanji characters, and this specific arrangement of strokes is referred to as the typeface.
Chinese characters are composed of three key elements: strokes, stroke order, and radicals These elements combine to form distinct characters, with strokes represented by dots and lines Not every character is unique in shape; many share common components known as radicals, which include terms like偏 (left radical), 旁 (right radical), 冠 (top), 脚 (bottom), 構 (structure), 垂 (vertical), and 繞 (curved) Most characters, except for very simple ones, contain at least one of these shared components Additionally, some radicals can exist as independent characters themselves.
Some common components among these are called radicals, which play a crucial role in the classification and search of kanji characters.
3.2．漢字の字音
Each Chinese character represents a single syllable in the language The structure of a Chinese syllable typically follows the pattern of (consonant) + vowel + (consonant).
3.3．漢字の字義
漢字1字は大体において1つの形態素を表す。これは古代中国語の1音
In ancient Chinese, while a single morpheme typically corresponds to one syllable, there are exceptions for loanwords and onomatopoeia that exhibit a two-syllable, one-morpheme structure known as "renmian-go." These terms, such as "grape" (葡萄), "pipa" (琵琶), "reminiscent" (彷彿), and "ecstasy" (恍惚), convey a singular meaning yet are represented by two Chinese characters In this context, one character does not possess an independent meaning but serves a phonetic role, emphasizing the sound rather than the semantic distinction.
逆に1音節2形態素を表す語もある。
漢音の特徴
Goon is a type of Japanese kanji reading (on'yomi) that was established in Japan before the Nara period when envoys and scholars learned kan-on from Chang'an It retains features of Middle Chinese pronunciation, similar to kan-on Generally, goon is frequently used in Buddhist terminology and older historical terms, often giving a somewhat archaic impression compared to kan-on However, there are exceptions where certain characters are predominantly used with goon readings, such as 未 (mi) and 領 (ryō).
The terms "Ken" and "Kei" are frequently used interchangeably in everyday language.
The introduction of the "Wu" pronunciation in Japan during the 5th and 6th centuries is believed to have originated from the Lower Yangtze River region of China, particularly during the Southern Dynasties period, or via the Korean Peninsula (Baekje) This connection is supported by historical events such as the tribute sent by the five kings of Wa to the Southern Dynasties' Song and the importation of various cultural elements, including Confucianism and Buddhism, from Korea However, there is no concrete historical evidence to definitively prove that Wu pronunciation is of southern origin The alternative names like Tsushima and Baekje sounds indicate that ancient Japanese people perceived Wu pronunciation as having come from the Korean Peninsula.
The term "Go-on" is frequently used in Buddhist and Ritsuryō terminology and has not been supplanted by Kan-on even after its introduction, continuing to be used alongside Kan-on to this day Notably, Go-on appears in the Manyōgana of the "Kojiki."
4 奈良初期に編纂された天皇家の神話
In the era when only the Go-on reading existed, there were no specific names assigned; however, after the introduction of Kan-on, names began to emerge This reading was initially referred to as Wahon (やまとごえ・わおん) due to its established presence, and from the mid-Heian period onward, it became known as Go-on These terms seemingly originated from those promoting the spread of Kan-on, and they carried a derogatory connotation During China's Tang Dynasty, the sounds of the capital, Chang'an, were referred to as Qin-on, while sounds from other regions, particularly south of the Yangtze River, were called "Go-on" or "Wu-Chu sounds." It is believed that returning students based their classification on the sounds of Chang'an as the standard, labeling the sounds previously established in Japan as Go-on.
The names Tsushima-goe and Kudara-on refer to a historical tradition where, during the reign of Emperor Kinmei, a nun from Baekje named Hōmyō traveled to Tsushima to recite the Vimalakīrti Sūtra in the Go-on pronunciation, thereby introducing Buddhism to the region.
The Go-on reading system is believed to encompass a diverse range of elements, lacking the structured framework found in the Kan-on system However, it possesses several distinctive characteristics.
頭子音の清濁の対立構造を反映し、清音と濁音を区別している。
Âm đầu (声母) /n/ và /m/ thường được truyền đạt qua âm Hán từ các âm điệu da (ダ行) và ba (バ行), trong khi âm na (ナ行) và ma (マ行) vẫn được giữ nguyên.
末子音（韻尾）、とくに /ŋ/ を表す規則が一定していない。呉音
However, it is common for -u and -i to be added, although some are abbreviated like "ku." Additionally, there are instances where the "ga" sound is used, as seen in the case of "sugoroku."
Âm cuối /t/ trong các âm điệu nhập sử dụng -チ, trong khi đó, âm Hán sử dụng -ツ.
In the phonetic system of Qieyun, the distinction between first and second tones is made by using the a-tone for the first tone and the e-tone for the second tone In contrast, in Han pronunciation, both tones are treated as a-tones, lacking differentiation.
Kan'on (漢音) is one of the Japanese readings of kanji (音読み), historically referred to as "karagoe." It was introduced to Japan during the late Nara period to the early Heian period (7th to 8th centuries) by envoys and scholars who traveled to China Kan'on reflects the phonetic system of Middle Chinese, particularly the sounds from the Chang'an region during the mid-Tang dynasty Compared to other readings like Go-on and Tō-on, Kan'on is noted for its systematic structure Additionally, the kanji sounds brought back by monks who traveled to China during the late Tang period often exhibit characteristics of Early Modern Chinese, leading to the term "Shin Kan'on" for these variations.
Emperor Jitō invited Ongaku, a scholar from Tang China, to promote the study of Han-on pronunciation, which was further encouraged by Emperor Kammu in 792 AD through a decree mandating Han-on education for students of Confucianism at the Daigakuryō Additionally, Buddhist monks were required to pass examinations scrutinized by phonologists, and those who did not study Han-on were prohibited from traveling to China Han-on learners derogatorily referred to the Japanese-accented pronunciation of Go-on as "Waeon," while Go-on was viewed as a less reputable form Despite the high standards set for Han-on pronunciation, it could not displace the well-established Go-on in daily use, and Han-on did not become widespread until the Edo and Meiji periods This situation mirrors the modern tendency to disdain Katakana English pronunciations while still using them in everyday language.
江戸時代には漢字を仮名で書き写す字音仮名遣 5 の研究が始まった。その際には日常的に使われていた呉音よりも最も体系的な字音資料をもつ漢音
The development of kan-on, based on dictionaries and rhyme books, led to the comprehensive documentation of kan-on readings for nearly all kanji, with very few exceptions remaining This advancement enabled the pronunciation of kan-on as a distinct aspect of the Japanese language During the Meiji era, kan-on gained widespread popularity as it was utilized in the creation of Japanese-made Chinese words (wasei kango) to incorporate Western science and thought.
日本語の漢字語とベトナム語の漢字語
日本語の漢字語（漢日語）
1.1 日本における漢字の伝来
Kanji was introduced to Japan during the Yayoi period, as evidenced by the discovery of "Kaisen" coins at archaeological sites such as the Shigenodan site in Tsushima City, Nagasaki Prefecture, as well as in northern Kyushu and the Chugoku region According to the "Book of Han," these coins were minted in 14 AD by Wang Mang and were in circulation for only a brief period before being abolished by Emperor Guangwu after the fall of the Xin dynasty The presence of "Kaisen" in Japan signifies the international exchange of people and goods during the Yayoi period, which facilitated the introduction of Chinese cultural elements, including kanji, into Japan.
According to the "Book of the Later Han," in the year 57 (the second year of the Middle Yuan), the Wa (倭奴国) sent envoys to the Han dynasty Delighted by this gesture, Emperor Guangwu awarded the Wa with a seal and ribbon Fifty years later, this diplomatic relationship continued to evolve.
In 107 AD, the king of Wa, Shi Sheng, presented "living human tributes" to Emperor An of the Han Dynasty and sought an audience During their visit to the mainland, the envoys from Wa likely experienced Chinese character culture, bringing back valuable artifacts and information to their homeland.
7 中国二十四史の一。前漢の歴史を紀伝体で記した書
8 中国の二十四史の一。後漢の歴史を記した書
In February 1784, during the Edo period, a gold seal was discovered in the rice fields of a peasant in Shikanoshima, Nakaguni, Chikuzen Province The seal features the inscription "Han-Wa no Kuni no Ō" (King of the Han-Wa Country) in seal script, and its dimensions correspond to the Han dynasty's standards, indicating its historical significance.
The "Wa Nan Country Seal" mentioned in the "Book of the Later Han" was once thought to be a forgery, a theory that arose during the Edo period's trend of antique collection However, archaeological discoveries in China since the 1950s have clarified its authenticity In 1956, the "Dian Wang Seal," unearthed from the Shizhaishan site in Yunnan Province, was confirmed to have been granted by the Han Emperor to the Dian King in 109 AD, closely resembling the seal found on Shika Island Furthermore, a 1981 excavation at the Ganquan No 2 tomb in Jiangsu Province suggested that the "Guangling Wang Seal," bestowed by Emperor Guangwu to his son Liu Jing, and the "Han Wa Nan Country King Seal" were likely produced in the same Han workshop These comparisons with seals discovered in China have thoroughly debunked the forgery theory surrounding the gold seal found on Shika Island.
1.2 漢日語の特徴
Japanese kanji words exhibit several characteristics, with the most notable being their diverse readings There are two main types of readings: on'yomi (sound readings) and kun'yomi (meaning readings) Within on'yomi, there are three distinct reading styles based on the era, region, and context of adoption As discussed in the previous chapter, these readings can be categorized by historical periods, including Go-on (from the Six Dynasties period in southern China), Kan-on (from the Tang Dynasty, influenced by northern sounds), and Tō-on (southern sounds).
Thứ hai, sự phong phú của từ đồng âm là một yếu tố quan trọng Theo Tamoka (2002: 27, 2005: 49), do tiếng Nhật không có thanh điệu như tiếng Trung, việc tiếp nhận chữ Hán đã dẫn đến việc đơn giản hóa cách phát âm của các ký tự Hán, từ đó tạo ra nhiều chữ Hán khác nhau nhưng phát âm giống nhau Trong số các ký tự Hán thường dùng, có tới 65 ký tự phát âm là /syoR/ (R biểu thị nguyên âm dài) và 65 ký tự phát âm là /koR/ (trong đó chỉ có một ký tự có cách đọc kun).
図1 常用漢字中 20 語以上の同音語をもつ音（玉岡 2002：270）
Thirdly, the existence of wasei kango (Japanese-made Chinese words) is noteworthy During the Meiji era, Japan introduced many Western academic concepts, leading to the formation of numerous wasei eigo (Japanese-made English) These terms often represent abstract concepts in fields such as science, technology, society, and philosophy Interestingly, many of these wasei kango have been re-imported to countries like China, South Korea, and Vietnam Additionally, a significant number of these terms are created using kan-on (Chinese readings).
ベトナム語の漢字語（漢越語）
2.1 ベトナムにおける漢字の伝来
The oldest written artifacts in Vietnam include bronze coins, bronze mirrors, various seals, and inscriptions on the Dong Son culture bronze drums.
Copper coins such as "Wuzhu," "Hanryō," and "Kaisen" have been discovered at numerous archaeological sites related to the Dōsan culture According to the "Book of Han," the "Hanryō" coin was in circulation from the Qin to the early Han dynasty, but it was discontinued in 118 AD when the "Wuzhu" coin was minted.
Phu Xuyen遺跡（Ha Noi）の紀元前3～2世紀の丸木棺から出士した「半両」
の中心の孔にひもをとおした装身具が注目すべきである（Nguyen Viet,
2008）。Nui Nap遺跡（Thanh Hoa省）の B区で3世紀以前のドウサン文化の
墓で東漢の「五銖」が出士した（Ha Van Phung, 1976）。
「銅鏡」については「見日之光、長毋相忘」（Thieu Duong遺跡）、
Những chiếc gương đồng mang dòng chữ như "見日之光、天下太平" (Lang Vac di tích) đã được phát hiện chủ yếu tại tỉnh Thanh Hóa.
印については、紀元前2世紀～紀元後2世紀と考えられるNui Nap遺跡
Một dấu ấn của mộ số 1 đã được phát hiện, trong đó có chữ "璽" được khắc trên bề mặt dấu ấn (Ha Van Phung, 1976).
Thieu Duong遺跡（Thanh Hoa 省）では一辺が 1.5～1.7センチで、厚さ
Six copper seals measuring between 0.5 to 0.7 centimeters were discovered, featuring shapes such as turtles and pyramids The seal faces are inscribed with Chinese characters in seal script, but their meanings remain undeciphered (Le Trung, 1967).
さらに、Nguyen Van Hao（2009）によると、1930年代にThanh Hoa省で
Clement Huetは「胥浦気侯印」を収集したが、この印は現在ブリュッセル王立
美術歴史博物館に所蔵されている。
Archaeological evidence indicates that Chinese characters were introduced to the Red River Delta and central northern Vietnam between the 3rd century BC and the 3rd century AD This period coincided with the time when the Vietnamese faced the southern expansion policies of various Han dynasties.
2.2 漢越語の特徴
Khoảng 70% từ vựng trong từ điển tiếng Việt là từ Hán Việt, có thể được biểu thị bằng chữ Hán Trong quá khứ, những từ không có chữ Hán tương ứng đã được viết bằng chữ Nôm, một hệ thống chữ viết độc đáo kết hợp giữa chữ Hán và chữ Nôm Hiện nay, phương pháp viết chữ Quốc Ngữ với các dấu thanh đã trở thành phổ biến, trong khi chữ Hán không còn được sử dụng trong viết lách.
The influence of Chinese phonetics on Vietnamese, particularly through Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary, has led to notable similarities with Japanese on'yomi readings For instance, the character "大" is pronounced "dai" in both Japanese and Vietnamese, while in Mandarin Chinese it is pronounced "tā." Many characters exhibit strikingly similar pronunciations across these languages, as illustrated in Table 1.
表1 日本語の漢字語（漢日語）とベトナム語の漢字語（関越語）の類似例
漢字 漢字の音読み 漢越語の読み方
記念 Ki nen Kỉ niệm
記者 Ki sha Kí giả
下流 Ka ryu Hạ lưu
参加 San ka Tham gia
図案 Zu an Dự án
家産 Ka san Gia sản
漢字 漢字の音読み 漢越語の読み方
結婚 Kek kon Kết hôn
気候 Ki kou Khí hậu
規範 Ki han Kì phạm
日記 Nik ki Nhật kí
代表 Dai hyou Đại biểu
首都 Shu to Thủ đô
関心 Kan sin Quan tâm
概念 Gai nen Khái niệm
道路 Dou ro Đạo lộ
関係 Kan kei Quan hệ
東南 Tou nan Đông nam
国家 Kok ka Quốc gia
理解 Ri kai Lí giải
大使 Tai shi Đại sứ
富士 Fu ji Phú sĩ
都市 To shi Đô thị
感謝 Kan sha Cảm tạ
農家 Nou ka Nông gia
奴隷 Do rei Nô lệ
漢字 漢字の音読み 漢越語の読み方
中年 Chuu nen Trung niên
中部 Chuu bu Trung bộ
周期 Shuu ki Chu kì
保留 Hou ryuu Bảo lưu
修業 Shuu gyou Tu nghiệp
周囲 Shuu i Chu vi
国旗 Kok ki Quốc kì
学費 Gaku hi Học phí
主人 Shu jin Chủ nhân
農業 Nou gyou Nông nghiệp
成功 Sei kou Thành công
政府 Sei fu Chính phủ
Dựa trên ví dụ trên, có thể thấy rằng âm tiết tiếng Nhật và âm tiết tiếng Việt có nhiều điểm tương đồng Cụ thể, âm [e] trong tiếng Nhật tương ứng với âm [ie, e] trong tiếng Việt Ngoài ra, âm [a] trong tiếng Nhật tương đương với âm [a] trong tiếng Việt, và âm [i] tương ứng với các âm [i, ư, ơ].
（ウ）に、[u]は[u, o, ô, ă, ê, â]（エ）に、[o]は[uô, ô, ie, a]（オ）に相当すると 指摘すると思われる。
ア． 日本語の[e]はベトナム語の[ie, e]（ア）に相当する。
漢字 漢字の音読み 漢越語の読み方
現在 Gen zai Hiện tại
記念 Ki nen Kỉ niệm
公園 Kou en Công viên
自然 Shi zen Tự nhiên
イ． 日本語の[a]はベトナム語の[a]に相当する。
漢字 漢字の音読み 漢越語の読み方
感謝 Kan sha Cảm tạ
東南 Tou nan Đông nam
国家 Kok ka Quốc gia
理解 Ri kai Lí giải
ウ． 日本語の[i] はベトナム語の［i， ư， ơ］に相当する。
漢字 漢字の音読み 漢越語の読み方
大使 Tai shi Đại sứ
時代 Ji dai Thời đại
自治 Ji chi Tự trị
機会 Ki kai Cơ giới
エ． 日本語の[u]はベトナム語の[u, o, ô, ă, ê, â]に相当する。
漢字 漢字の音読み 漢越語の読み方
富士 Fu ji Phú sĩ
文化 Bun ka Văn hóa
空気 Kuu ki Không khí
オ． 日本語の[o]はベトナム語の[uô, ô, ie, a]に相当する
漢字 漢字の音読み 漢越語の読み方
国家 Kok ka Quốc gia
都市 To shi Đô thị
首都 Shu to Thủ đô
農家 Nou ka Nông gia
奴隷 Do rei Nô lệ
効果 Kou ka Hiệu quả
高級 Kou kyu Cao cấp
N2 レベルの日本語の漢日語とベトナム語漢越ごとの対照
収集データ
Chương này đối chiếu và phân loại các từ Hán tự cấp độ N2 trong tiếng Nhật và tiếng Việt Cụ thể, chúng tôi thực hiện việc đối chiếu các từ Hán tự hai chữ thường xuất hiện trong kỳ thi năng lực tiếng Nhật N2 Dựa trên cuốn sách "日本語総まとめ N2 漢字", chúng tôi thống kê các từ Hán tự hai chữ trong tiếng Nhật N2 và so sánh với các từ Hán Việt tương ứng, từ đó đưa ra những phân tích và nhận xét.
Chương này nhằm mục đích khám phá sự khác biệt giữa các từ Hán Nhật (二字漢日語) trong kỳ thi năng lực tiếng Nhật N2 và từ Hán Việt (漢越語), đồng thời nhấn mạnh tầm quan trọng của việc học tập tích hợp giữa Hán Nhật và Hán Việt.
データ分析
Kết quả của việc thống kê các từ Hán-Nhật cấp độ N2 của kỳ thi năng lực tiếng Nhật và so sánh với từ Hán-Việt đã được tóm tắt như sau.
The comparison between Sino-Japanese and Sino-Vietnamese languages reveals that they can be categorized into five distinct representative groups.
[※] グループ 1：同じ意味を表す語が，同一の漢字を用いる場合（分
To enhance clarity, this group will represent Kanji-Japanese and Kanji-Vietnamese using the notation AB/AB.
漢日語 漢越語
[※] グループ 2：同じ意味を表す語が，漢日語と漢越語では一字異
In cases where identical characters are positioned in the same location, this group can be denoted as AB/AC and CB.
漢日語 漢越語
診察 CHẨN（診） CHẨN（診）
議員 NGHỊ（議） NGHỊ（議）
換気 HOÁN（換） THÔNG（通）
禁止 CẤM（禁） CẤM（禁）
CỰ（巨） VĨ（偉） ĐẠI（大） ĐẠI（大）
PHÁT（発） PHÁT（発） ĐẠT（達） TRIỂN（展）
Nhóm 3: Sử dụng các ký tự kanji giống như trong tiếng Nhật, nhưng thứ tự từ bị đảo ngược (được ký hiệu là AB/BA).
漢日語 漢越語
GIẢN（簡） ĐƠN（単） ĐƠN（単） GIẢN（簡）
温度 ẨM（温） ĐỘ（度） ĐỘ（度） ẨM（温）
Nhóm 4: Các từ có nghĩa tương tự trong tiếng Hán-Nhật và Hán-Việt chỉ khác nhau một chữ, với cùng một chữ xuất hiện ở vị trí khác nhau (nhóm này được ký hiệu là AB/CA, BC).
漢日語 漢越語
敬意 KÍNH（敬） TÔN（尊） Ý （意） KÍNH（敬）
負担 PHỤ （負） ĐẢM（担） ĐẢM（担） NHẬN（認）
生徒 SINH（生） HỌC（学） ĐỒ（徒） SINH（生）
郊外 GIAO（郊） NGOẠI（外）
税金 THUẾ（税） TIỀN（銭）
学校 HỌC（学） TRƯỜNG（場）
提供 ĐỀ（提） CUNG（供）
強化 CƯỜNG（強） TĂNG（増）
[※] グループ5：他の不一致のグループである。
Additionally, after conducting the analysis, the author identified three key differences.
The primary difference is that the meaning of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary does not correspond at all to Sino-Japanese vocabulary.
漢日語 漢越語 ベトナムの意味
暗記 ÁM KÍ Học thuộc lòng
満員 MÃN VIÊN Đầy người
店員 ĐIẾM VIÊN Nhân viên cửa hàng
運河 VẬN HÀ Kênh
奥様 ÁO DẠNG Vợ
乾燥 CÀN THAO Làm khô
今回 KIM HỒI Lần này
新鮮 TÂN TIÊN Tươi mới
寝台 TẨM ĐÀI Giường ngủ
The second difference is that the Sino-Vietnamese terms have meanings that are significant, yet they carry different meanings in contemporary Vietnam.
Từ "困難" trong tiếng Nhật tương đương với "Khốn nạn" trong tiếng Việt Trong khi "困難" trong tiếng Nhật mang nghĩa là "điều rất khó khăn, gây rắc rối", thì "Khốn nạn" trong tiếng Việt lại chỉ những người có tính cách khó chịu, xấu xa.
「迷惑」という漢日語の相当漢越語は「Mê hoặc」である。日本語では
"迷惑" có nghĩa là hành vi nào đó gây ra bất lợi hoặc sự khó chịu cho người khác, trong khi "Mê hoặc" chỉ việc làm cho người khác bối rối.
「報酬」という漢日語の相当漢越語「Báo thù」である。日本語では
"報酬" có nghĩa là "tiền bạc hoặc hàng hóa được trả cho công sức lao động hoặc việc sử dụng tài sản", trong khi "Báo thù" có nghĩa là "trả thù cho một sự việc nào đó".
The third difference is that while there is no distinct meaning for the Chinese-Japanese terms in relation to Chinese-Vietnamese, the meanings of the Chinese-Japanese terms correspond to explanations in modern Vietnamese.
漢日語 漢越語 現代ベトナム語の意味
寺院 TỰ VIỆN Chùa chiền
飲酒 ẨM TỬU Uống rượu
不運 BẤT VẬN Không may
近所 CẬN SỞ Láng giếng
最近 TỐI CẬN Gần đây
Bài viết này tóm tắt nội dung của luận văn, bao gồm danh sách các từ Hán-Nhật N2 và tương ứng với từ vựng tiếng Việt Thông tin này được trích xuất từ phụ lục liên quan đến các chữ Hán hai ký tự trong tiếng Nhật và từ tương đương trong tiếng Việt.
考察
統計した結果として、以下の表で表される。
表１：N2レベルの日越二字漢字の対照結果
「語順・漢字・意味一致 AB/AB の二字漢字語が 584 であり、つまり、
全体の 45.97%％を占めている」から見ると、N2 の二字漢字語については、6
割は類推が可能であることが分かる。
語順不一致・漢字一字一致の二字漢字語 AB/AC,CBが 133であり、全体
の 11.67％を占めている。
Tiếp theo, các từ hai chữ Hán có thứ tự không nhất quán và nhất quán về chữ Hán AB/BA chỉ chiếm một tỷ lệ rất nhỏ, chỉ 21 từ, tương đương với 1.66%.
語順不一致・漢字一字一致の二字漢字 AB/CA,BC が 64 であり、5.05％ を占めている。
残りは他の不一致の割合であり、全体の35.65％を占めている。
統計される漢日語の数に相当する割合を以下の図で示して見た。
図 2：分類されたグループに応じる漢日語と漢越語の割合
AB/AC,CBAB/BAAB/BC,CA他の不一致