FONDEMENT THÉORIQUE
Qu’est ce qu’une locution franỗaise ? 10
The term "locution," derived from the Latin "loqui," meaning "to speak," generally refers to the manner of speaking or expressing oneself More specifically, it pertains to the way language elements are organized to create functional discourse.
In linguistics, the term "locution" refers to a specific form of language, characterized by a particular arrangement of fixed phrases or word groups (Robert, Dictionnaire alphabétique et analytique de la langue française, tome 4 (1981), p 133) Throughout history, the French language has seen various definitions and interpretations of locution.
A phrase is a functional unit that is longer than a single word, recognized within the language code as a stable form It adheres to syntactic rules, allowing it to fulfill the role of an integral component in communication.
Travaux de linguistique et de littérature – cité dans Dictionnaire des locutions et expressions – A Rey et S Chantreau – Robert 1993, p.6)
According to Benveniste, an "integrant" is a unit that can be incorporated into a higher-level unit, such as an element within a word, a word within a phrase, or a phrase within a sentence However, this definition lacks clarity, as the term "locution" encompasses two types of fixed syntagms.
In traditional grammar, a phrase is defined as a group of words (nominal, verbal, or adverbial) that, due to its specific syntax, takes on a fixed expression equivalent to a single word For example, "faire grâce" is a verbal phrase corresponding to "gracier," while "mettre le feu" equates to "allumer." Additionally, "en vain" serves as an adverbial phrase that corresponds to "vainement."
A group of fixed expressions functions similarly to a simple word within the syntax of a sentence For instance, "tenor tête" serves as a verbal phrase, "au-dessus de" acts as a prepositional phrase, and "en vain" is an adverbial phrase These expressions can be categorized into different grammatical functions: verbal phrases consist of a verb followed by a noun typically without an article (e.g., "faire fi de"); adverbial phrases function as adverbs (e.g., "en vain," "tout de suite"); conjunctive phrases serve as conjunctions (e.g., "à moins que," "dès que," "pour que"); interjective phrases take on the role of interjections (e.g., "Dis donc!"); and prepositional phrases act as prepositions (e.g., "auprès de," "jusqu'à").
These definitions focus on the grammatical structure of word groups, distinguishing between nominal, verbal, adverbial, conjunctive, interjective, and prepositional phrases These phrases are regarded as unique words, known as locutions in a narrower sense.
Unlike expressions often interpreted as single words, there exists another type of expression that falls under the realm of phraseology—phrase groups that form sentences, convey ideas, and possess an idiomatic character This refers to tightly-knit phraseological groups or idiomatic expressions, which resist decomposition, and their meaning does not stem from the lexical structure or the meanings of the individual words Their significance is conventional (Lopatnikova et al.).
Machovitch defines a group of words often used in a figurative sense, which have come together to form a cohesive unit This unit's meaning is characterized by its ability to integrate into a higher level of understanding, as noted by E Benveniste in his exploration of general linguistics.
C’est ici le sémantisme, avec ses complexités, son jeu entre contenus originels et effets de sens, qui est évoqué la forme grammaticale du syntagme figé
Regroupant ces deux types de locutions, Pierre Guiraud donne dans son ouvrage consacrộ à ce problốme intộressant Les locutions franỗaises une dộfinition complète :
A locution is a way of speaking, specifically defined as an expression formed by the combination of multiple words that create a syntactic and lexical unit Unlike simple prepositions and conjunctions (such as in, on, when), locutions can be prepositional or conjunctive, like "along with " or "as long as " Additionally, phrases such as "give thanks," "ask for forgiveness," and "reach the shore" also exemplify locutions.
Expressions can be viewed as idiomatic constructions, representing unique ways of speaking that deviate from the standard use of language (P Guiraud, French Expressions, "What Do I Know?" Collection, 1973, p 5)
En définitive, ce qu’on groupe sous la dénomination de locution comprend :
• Des groupes des mots formant de véritables unités lexicales (faire peur, bouc émissaires, vert bouteille, à haute voix)
• Des groupes de mots étendus (groupements phraséologiques au sens de Charles Bally) constituant de phrases ou phrases entière.
Qu’est ce qu’une locution vietnamienne ? 12 2 Les caractộristiques des locutions franỗaises et vietnamiennes
Similar to French, the Vietnamese language is abundant in expressions that are widely used in everyday communication Vietnamese linguists readily share their perspectives on defining these expressions.
Idioms are fixed phrases that convey a complete meaning and possess an expressive quality According to Nguyễn Thiện Giáp in "Vietnamese Vocabulary" (1998), these expressions play a significant role in the richness of the Vietnamese language.
Trong tiếng Việt, thành ngữ là những cụm từ cố định mang nghĩa hoàn chỉnh, có sắc thái biểu cảm và tính hình tượng rõ rệt Thành ngữ thường thể hiện những ý tưởng cụ thể, góp phần làm phong phú ngôn ngữ và văn hóa giao tiếp.
A locution is a fixed group of words that conveys a complete meaning and possesses both imaginative and concrete value It is characterized by a strong structural cohesion, and its meaning cannot be deduced from the individual meanings of its components Locutions often carry figurative meanings and imagery, accompanied by expressive value, functioning as integral parts of a sentence.
4 yếu tố, Hanoi, NXB KHXH, p 71)
Thành ngữ là cụm từ hay ngữ cố định mang tính nguyên khối về ngữ nghĩa, tạo thành một chỉnh thể định danh với ý nghĩa chung khác biệt so với tổng số ý nghĩa của các thành tố cấu thành Thành ngữ không có nghĩa đen và hoạt động như một từ riêng biệt trong câu.
Ainsi défini, ce qu’on entend par locution en vietnamien équivaut à ce qui est nommộ locution et locution imagộe en franỗais
2 Les caractộristiques des locutions franỗaises et vietnamiennes
Les trois caractéristiques communes 13 a Unité de forme et de sens : 13 b Écart de la norme grammaticale etlexicale 14 + Écart de la norme grammaticale : 14 + Écart de la norme lexicale : 15 c Valeurs sémantiques particulières : 15 2.2 Les particularités des locutions vietnamiennes 16 a Les locutions utilisant leur sens propre, concret 16 b Les variations dans les locutions vietnamiennes 16
a Unité de forme et de sens :
Phrases are characterized by being fixed, syntactic, and lexical units that retain their meaning and identity only in their set form The lexical elements within these phrases are invariable and inseparable, meaning they cannot be replaced or supplemented by synonyms or antonyms.
Prenons un exemple en franỗais : ô ấtre comme chien et chat ằ : elle est indissoluble et les constituants de cette locution n’acceptent pas l’expansion On ne peut non plus substituer un
The phrase "to be like cats and dogs" or "to hate each other like a small dog and a small cat" cannot be used interchangeably with other expressions that convey a similar meaning.
In Vietnamese, the phrase "ô Núi toạc múng heo ằ" illustrates a unique expression akin to saying one is peeling back the layers of a pig, encouraging honest expression of thoughts The term "ô heo ằ," commonly used by Southerners, is synonymous with "ô lợn ằ," yet the latter is never substituted in the expression Similarly, "ô heo ằ" cannot replace "ô lợn ằ" in the popular song lyric: “Đàn bà không biết nuôi heo là đàn bà nhác,” highlighting the cultural nuances in language usage.
The order of constituents in Vietnamese phrases is fixed, meaning that inversion is not allowed For example, one would say "ô cứng đầu cứng cổ" and not "ô cứng cổ cứng đầu." Similarly, the correct structure is "ô tai to mặt lớn," rather than "ô mặt lớn tai to."
A phrase is a meaningful unit of language, where its meaning cannot be simply derived from the individual meanings of its components For instance, the expression "to play cards on the table" does not literally imply putting cards on a table; rather, it conveys the idea of acting honestly or openly.
In Vietnamese, the phrase "gan vàng dạ sắt" literally translates to "golden liver and iron stomach," but it metaphorically refers to a person who is steadfast in their noble sentiments This expression highlights a deviation from standard grammatical and lexical norms.
+ Écart de la norme grammaticale :
In French, there are several expressions that deviate from grammatical norms, including the absence of articles, noun complements without prepositions, object complements preceding the verb, gerund forms without prepositions, the subjunctive used without "que," and the persistence of nominal forms of verbs.
+ Écart de la norme lexicale :
Many archaic words in phrases are not defined in contemporary dictionaries For instance, in the expression "ô A la queue leu leu," the term "ô leu" is no longer used in modern French and meant "wolf."
Il en est de même pour les locutions vietnamiennes “Gương tày liếp” (tày bằng)
Certains de ces archạsmes ont survécu dans les substitutions ó ils ne sont plus reconnaissables :
For example, the phrase "copain comme cochon" originates from the Old French "copain comme socon," where "socon" means "companion." Similarly, the expression "ô Tai bay vạ giú ằ" is a variation of "ô tai may vại giú ằ" or "ô mõy ằ," which translates to "the wind."
Outre ce problème, il existe beaucoup de mots dont le sens primitif a disparu avec l’évolution lexicologique et ne se refuge que dans les locutions
Examinons les exemples suivants: ô Ne pas ờtre dans son assiette ằ (assiette =ộtat d’esprit) ô Con dại cỏi mang ằ (ô cỏi ằ au sens de ô mẹ ằ) c Valeurs sémantiques particulières :
La plupart des locutions sont prises dans un sens métaphorique Prenons un exemple d’une locution vietnamienne :
“Như cá nằm trên thớt” : Être comme un poisson sur un billot
The phrase does not merely refer to a fish resting on a log like a book on a table; it symbolizes an individual whose life is at risk.
Examinons un exemple en franỗais : “ Couper un cheveu en quatre”
The hyperbole is evident, as it's clear that no one can split a hair in four without advanced technology This expression symbolizes extreme meticulousness, portraying an image of a person who is excessively finicky and overly concerned with minor details.
In summary, a locution is a specific way of speaking It is an expression made up of several words that form a fixed group both syntactically and lexically, conveying a global, metaphorical meaning.
2.2 Les particularités des locutions vietnamiennes a Les locutions utilisant leur sens propre, concret
Figurative language is a notable feature of idiomatic expressions, but this characteristic is not absolute In Vietnamese, many idioms retain their original meanings, understood through the meanings of their individual components Examples include comparative idioms like "Nát như cám" (as mushy as pig feed), "nát như bùn" (as mushy as mud), and "đen như cột nhà cháy" (as black as a burnt house column), as well as Sino-Vietnamese expressions such as "Bán tin bán nghi" (believe half, doubt half) and "nhà tranh vách nát" (a thatched house with dilapidated walls).
In French, there are expressions devoid of archaisms, ambiguity, and complexity, such as "clair comme de l'eau de roche," which vividly conveys the idea of clarity However, such clear expressions are relatively rare in the French language In contrast, Vietnamese locutions exhibit a wider variety of expressions.
En vietnamien, les variantes des locutions sont nombreuses Ce fait devient un trait caractéristique des locutions vietnamiennes :
“Nực cười châu chấu đá xe
Tưởng rằng chấu ngã ai dè xe nghiêng” (chanson populaire)
La locution Châu chấu đá xepeut avoir des variants châu chấu đấu voi,châu chấu đá voi
“Dẫu có thiêng liêng đành phận gái
Lẽ nào châu chấu đấu ông voi” (Nguyễn Công Trứ)
Cuộc kháng chiến của ta trước kẻ thù mạnh mẽ được ví như "châu chấu đá voi", thể hiện sự chênh lệch lực lượng rõ rệt Hồ Chí Minh đã khẳng định tinh thần kiên cường của dân tộc với câu nói "Gan vàng dạ sắt", nhấn mạnh sức mạnh và quyết tâm của nhân dân trong cuộc đấu tranh giành độc lập.
(Nguyễn Lõn, Dictionnaire des locutions et proverbes vietnamiens-franỗais, Edition Littérature, Hanoi, 1993)
En vietnamien, il existe encore des variations dialectales Examinons deux exemples suivants :
– Ác như hùm (au Nord du Viet Nam) = Dữ như cọp (au Sud du Viet Nam (très méchant)
– Cá nằm trên thớt (le vietnamien standard) = Cá nắm trốc thớt (Au centre du Vietnam) (Être en danger) c La locution, une partie du proverbe
En vietnamien, on trouve certaines locutions qui sont une partie d’un proverbe C'est-à-dire, la locution dans ce cas est insérée dans un proverbe Par exemple :
• ô Ăn như rồng cuốn, núi như rồng leo, làm như mốo mửa ằ
Nous pouvons avoir 3 locutions suivantes :
– Ăn như rồng cuốn : manger comme des dragons qui font des contorsions (manger gloutonnement);
– Nói như rồng leo : parler comme un dragon qui escalade (se dit d’un paresseux qui ne fait que parler)
– Làm như mèo mửa : faire comme un chat qui vomit (qui travaille très mal);
Considérons d’autres proverbes qui sont formés par des locutions :
– ô Chõu chấu đỏ xe ằ : sauterelle donnant un coup de patte à l’ộlộphant (une lutte inégale);
– ô Trụng mặt mà bắt hỡnh dong ằ : en voyant le visage, on s’image le caractère ;
– ô Lo bũ trắng răng ằ : se soucier des dents blanches du bœuf (se soucier des futilités);
Ce phénomène est une propre caractéristique des locutions vietnamiennes
Un trait remarquable des locutions vietnamiennes que nous pouvons constater est le nombre des syllabes Les locutions à 4, 6, 8 syllabes représentent une majorité absolue Par exemple :
– Bán vợ đợ con (se dit d’un homme égọste qui dissipe toute sa fortune en faisant le malheur de sa femme et de ses enfants);
– Chồng ăn chả vợ ăn nem (se dit d’un ménage non uni ó le mari et la femme rivalisent d’égọsme)
– Chó cậy gần nhà, gà cậy gần chuồng (se dit des gens qui ne se prévalent de leur force que quand ils sont près de chez eux)
Parmi ces locutions, celles à 4 syllabes sont prépondérantes par rapport aux autres Elles sont largement utilisées dans la conversation de tous les jours chez les Vietnamiens
Il y a peu de cas dont le nombre des syllabes est impair, à l’exception des locutions à 3 syllabes qui occupent un grand nombre, telles que :
– Mắt bồ câu (de beaux yeux)
– Mềm như bún (très mou)…
Les locutions et les mots composés 20 3.2 Les locutions et les syntagmes libres : 22
Compound words and fixed phrases are established units of language characterized by a stable form and structure, with inseparable components The constituent elements cannot be replaced by other words, even if they have equivalent meanings Additionally, these units cannot undergo expansions or modifications The meaning of these two lexical units is not simply the sum of their individual components.
Il faut admettre que parfois, ces caractéristiques vraisemblables nous causent de grosses difficultés Pourtant, on peut trouver des différences Les locutions sont souvent plus imagées que les composés
Des pied-à-terre Avoir un verre dans le nez
Blanc-bec Mener quelqu’un par le bout de nez
Hợp lực Chung lưng đấu cật
Liêu xiêu Chân đăm đá chân chiêu
En fait, la distinction entre ces deux unités lexicales n’est pas chose facile
On peut voir que ces syntagmes figés jouent sur l’image métaphorique, ce qui leur donne à la fois des caractères des mots composés et des locutions
Additionally, identifying these terms is quite challenging Linguists and grammarians often disagree on this topic, indicating that they do not share a unified perspective.
On rencontre ce même phénomène dans la langue vietnamienne
+ Mắt lươn (yeux de l’anguille > malhonnête);
+ Mũi diều hâu (nez de milan > méchant)
Devant ces unités, les linguistes vietnamiens ont des avis très différents Les uns les considèrent comme des mots composés, les autres comme les locutions
According to Nguyễn Lực and Văn Đáng in their 1973 work on Vietnamese idioms, to avoid confusion between compound words and phrases, they restrict the latter to groups of more than three syllables or three graphic words that exhibit a specific structure with three main characteristics This limitation has significantly reduced the instances of overlap between compound words and phrases However, some individuals still attempt to classify certain phrases, such as "ăn bớt ăn xộn," "chết mờ chết mệt," and "ăn vàng ăn bạc," as compound words.
En résumé, on peut voir qu’il est difficile pour les apprenants ainsi que les linguistes vietnamiens et franỗais de distinguer entre les locutions et les mots composés
3.2 Les locutions et les syntagmes libres :
En se basant sur les conceptions des linguistes cités dans la première partie, on peut résumer la distinction entre le groupement libre et locution comme suit :
The meaning of free phrases is derived from the combination of the meanings of their components, which are semantically and syntactically independent words In contrast, the meaning of idiomatic expressions arises from a complete or partial semantic transformation of their constituent elements.
In a free phrase, the elements maintain their autonomy, allowing the group of words to form spontaneously during discourse, with the possibility of extending each lexical element In contrast, the components of a fixed expression are inseparable and cannot be substituted with synonyms, nor do they allow for any extensions.
Malgré ces différences entre les locutions et les syntagmes libres, le cotexte peut assurer facilement son rôle de distinction entre ces deux derniers :
“Il a cassé sa pipe dans la douleur de l’exil” (= mourir)
“Il a cassé sa pipe en jouant avec son petit enfant” (syntagme libre = casser une pipe)
Les locutions et les proverbes 22 4 Les types des locutions 25 4.1 Les locutions verbales 26
Avant de faire la distinction entre les locutions et les proverbes, on va considérer certaines définitions :
Dans le Micro Robert, Alain Rey a défini le proverbe comme “vérité, expérience ou conseil de sagesse pratique commun à tout un groupe social, exprimé en une formule généralement imagé”
Quant à J Dubois et ses collaborateurs, la locution “sentence, maxime, exprimée souvent en peu de mots, traduisant une vérité générale et traditionnelle… (J Dubois, Larousse de la langue franỗaise)
According to Nguyễn Lân, a proverb is a group of words that conveys a truth based on experience or offers wisdom from popular advice, typically presented in a figurative and imaginative form.
La discrimination entre la locution et le proverbe se fait essentiellement sur la base de leur sens et de leur structure morpho-syntaxique
Based on the work "Vietnamese Expressions" by Nguyen Luc and the article "Different Opinions on the Distinction Between Expressions and Proverbs" by Cu Dinh Tu (Linguistics, No 1, 1973), we aim to create a clear distinction between these two linguistic units.
Here are some key management and behavioral tips derived from work experiences and knowledge of nature and society: prioritize clear communication, embrace adaptability, cultivate teamwork, and foster a positive work environment Learn from challenges to enhance problem-solving skills, and stay curious to expand your understanding of the world around you Implementing these principles can lead to personal and professional growth.
+ sont des descriptions des phénomènes naturels et sociaux;
+ sont des unités figées, bien condensées
Au niveau de la fonction
+ ont la fonction d’informer + ont la fonction normative
Au niveau de la structure
+ sont des phrases complètes qui reflètent une idée complète
+ ont la structure de deux centres
+ On peut y ajouter des mots- outils pour éclairer la relation entre les parties d’une
+ sont des groupes de mots figes ou des propositions des phrases complexes Une locution peut s’insérer dans un proverbe Parfois, une
Par exemple : “Tốt gỗ thì hơn tố nước sơn”
“Ăn quả (thì) phải nhớ kẻ trồng cây”
“Ăn quả (thì phải) nhớ kẻ trồng cây” locution est considérée comme un mot simple dans la formation syntaxique
+ ont souvent la structure d’un seul centre
+ on peut y ajouter des mots introductifs pour insister sur leur contenu Par exemple :
“Bụng (thì) đói, cật (thì) rét”
“Chó (mà lại) chê mèo lắm lông”
+ sont indépendants au contexte car ils sont souvent utilisés comme une proposition ou une phrase indépendante des autres
They can also be used as part of a sentence, but they are always separated from other parts by commas in writing or by a specific intonation in speech Their usage greatly depends on the context, and they are rarely used without it.
Pourtant il faut insister sur le fait que la frontière entre les locutions et les proverbes n’est pas facile à tracer On trouve parfois une locution insérée dans le proverbe
In both French and Vietnamese, there are numerous expressions that function as either proverbs or phrases, making it challenging to determine whether they are condensed proverbs or expanded expressions.
En franỗais : “Il faut tourner la langue sept fois avant de parler” (proverbe);
“Tourner la langue sept fois avant de parler” (locution);
En Vietnamien : “Cờ đến tay ai người ấy phất” (proverbe);
Classifying phrases into different types is crucial because understanding the type of a phrase allows for its accurate contextual use For instance, an adjectival phrase functions as an adjective, serving as either an attribute or an epithet in a sentence.
Prenons la locution “Passer maợtre en/dans” qui signifie ô habile, adroit à (en parlant d'une qualitộ ou d'un dộfaut) ằ
Cette locution joue le rôle d’un verbe dans les deux vers suivants : ô Celui-ci ne voyait pas plus loin que son nez;
L’autre ộtait passộ maợtre en fait de tromperie ằ
(La Fontaine, Livre III, ô Le renard et le Bouc ằ)
Mais à la forme passive, elle est est épithète C’est juste le cas dans les deux vers suivants : ô [ ] Que l’on m’amốne un õne, un õne renforcộ
Je le rendrai maitre passộ ằ
(La Fontaine, Livre VI,“ Le charlatan”)
If learners are unaware of the grammatical category to which a particular phrase belongs, they may struggle to place it appropriately within a specific context For instance, the phrase "ô les bleus" serves as a nominal expression referring to the soldiers of the Republic who opposed the royalists If students do not recognize its grammatical classification, they might mistakenly interpret it as a color adjective, similar to red, green, or white.
En bref, on peut voir que le classement des locutions joue un rôle très important Cela contribue à favoriser la maitrise des locutions
Ce sont les locutions formées d’un verbe suivi d’un nom, souvent sans article Le sens de ces locutions verbales correspond à la valeur d’un verbe Par exemple :
Faire grâce est une locution verbale qui correspond au verbe “gracier”; Mettre l’accent sur signifie “insister”; Faire comme le nègre désigne “continuer”
Ce sont les locutions dont le sens correspond à un adverbe ou à une expression adverbiale Considérons les exemples suivants
Avoir beau et en vain sont deux locutions adverbiales qui signifient ô vainement ằ; A la franỗaise dộsigne ô à la maniốre franỗaise ằ; En douce correspond à l’adverbe ô doucement ằ
Ce sont les locutions qui prennent la valeur d’un adjectif Examinons les exemples :
Etre cousu d’or signifie ô trốs riche ằ; Coup de bec correspond à l’adjectif ô trốs mộchant ằ
Ce sont des locutions formées d’une préposition plus d’un nom, ainsi :
“ À la place de…”; “À l’inverse….”; “À cause de…”
These expressions are formed by the conjunction "que" combined with either an adverb, a preposition, or, in some cases, a noun Examples include "À condition que" (provided that), "Au moins que" (unless), "Autant que" (as much as), "D’autant moins que" (all the less because), "D’autant plus que" (all the more because), and "À tel point que" (to such an extent that).
Ce sont les locutions qui portent la valeur d’un nom ou d’une expression nominale :
Les Bleus dộsigne ô les soldats ằ; Dans la fleur de l’õge dộsigne ô au printemps de la vie ằ; Amis comme cochons correspond à ô amis intimes ằ
4.7 Les locutions considérées comme des groupes phraséologiques plus étendues Avoir les dents longues désigne une personne qui est très ambitieuse; Jeter l’argent par les fenêtres parle d’une personne qui dépense en gaspillant
4.8 Les locutions à la limite des dictons
The phrase "chose promise, chose due" emphasizes the importance of fulfilling promises, while "qui dort, dine" suggests that sleep serves as nourishment This expression originates from medical teachings, which assert that sleep can act as sustenance when the stomach is already filled with raw food, allowing the body to digest and process without the burden of additional intake.
CHAPITRE II : ÉTUDE COMPARATIVE DES LOCUTIONS
FRANÇAISES –VIETNAMIENNES FORMÉES AVEC LES
Language serves as a mode of expression that reflects the reality it names, encompassing nature, humanity, customs, institutions, techniques, and emotional perceptions of the world Expressions within a language are deeply rooted in the daily lives and culture of its people In French, numerous expressions are formed using colors, which can vary significantly based on the country, era, and cultural context, leading to diverse interpretations and representations.
Behind every color lies a symbolic value that can be used consciously or unconsciously This value carries different weights depending on the context in which the color is applied, and it also varies across different eras and civilizations.
In this section, we will analyze expressions formed with color names such as red, black, and white in both French and Vietnamese This comparison aims to highlight the similarities and differences in the usage of these expressions across the two languages, addressing the questions posed in the introduction of our study.
Les locutions formộes avec ô rouge ằ / ô đỏ ằ
1.1 Les locutions franỗaises comportant le mot ô rouge ằ
Semantically, the term "red" refers not only to the color of blood and poppies but also symbolizes communism and communists In this section, we will focus solely on expressions that utilize "red" in the context of "the color of blood."
Red is fundamentally seen as a symbol of life, embodying strength, brilliance, and power Associated with Mars, the god of war, it represents masculinity, characterized by its fiery and intense nature This color is "overflowing with a passionate and tumultuous life." Van Gogh expressed, "I have tried to convey the terrible human passions through red and green."
Les locutions franỗaises formộes avec ô rouge ằ prennent souvent un sens figurộ pour décrire l’état de sentiments de l’homme, surtout la colère ou la honte Examinons les exemples suivants :
“Être rouge de honte”, au sens figuré, donne l’image d’une personne qui est extrêmement gêné de honte
The expression "to be as red as a rooster / a crayfish / a peony / a tomato" describes a person who turns red due to strong emotions such as anger, shame, or shyness.
“Se fâcher tout rouge” → Être sérieusement furieux
Et parfois la locution formộe avec le mot ô rouge ằ sert à dộcrire un tel caractốre Ici c’est la méchanceté :
“Méchant comme un âne rouge”: → Très méchant
Et dans d’autres cas, les locutions formộes avec ô rouge ằ signifient de telles actions Par exemple ô Tirer à boulets rouges ằ, cette locution signifie attaquer
(quelqu'un ou quelque chose) en termes violents / Faire tomber (sur quelqu'un) une pluie d'injures ou de reproches
The expression "a burden" originates from the term "boulet," which refers to a heavy iron ball historically loaded into cannons During warfare, when fired, these cannonballs would cause significant destruction, demolishing walls and inflicting severe injuries, such as severing limbs or heads, upon reaching their intended target.
Some war leaders deemed the destructive power of cannonballs insufficient To enhance their effectiveness, one innovator proposed heating the cannonballs to red-hot temperatures in a forge before firing them This method not only increased the potential for destruction but also ignited fires, which served to distract the besieged and diminish their resolve to defend their stronghold.
The expression has existed since the invention of the concept, but its current meaning dates back to the late 18th century This metaphor implies repeated and violent attacks, akin to a barrage of artillery, evoking the intense red of fury.
In Jean Giono's "The Horseman on the Roof," the narrator reflects on the nature of revolutions, asserting that they are not inherently murderous, a sentiment that places him in the crosshairs of criticism from all sides He acknowledges a profound truth: he has taken a life.
"Excuse me, I came to settle a debt for one of my writers Young Jordan, a very charming boy, whom you are relentlessly pursuing with truly shocking ferocity " - Emile Zola, L'argent This excerpt highlights the themes of financial obligation and the intense scrutiny faced by individuals in challenging circumstances.
“Manger du pain rouge”: → Vivre de crimes, d'assassinats
“Agiter le chiffon rouge” → Aborder un sujet polémique
“Passer au rouge” → Griller un feu rouge;
“Sortir du rouge” → Avoir amélioré sa situation bancaire
“Voir rouge” → Avoir un violent accès de colère
Particuliốrement, les locutions comportant le mot ô rouge ằ dộsignent tel ou telle chose de cette couleur ou non mais avec un sens figuré:
“Du gros rouge” → (familier) Du vin rouge de mauvaise qualité
“Alerte rouge”→ Alerte de la plus haute importance: "Politique de la santé: alerte rouge chez les jeunes médecins"
“Fil rouge” → Fil conducteur d'une énigme, d'un jeu
“Le téléphone rouge”→ Ligne téléphonique entre chefs d'état
Comment est le rouge chez les Vietnamiens?
1.2 Les locutions vietnamiennes comportant le mot ô đỏ ằ :
In Vietnamese, the term for the color red is "màu đỏ," which signifies warmth and vibrancy This color is deeply symbolic, representing good luck, fortune, and especially power within Vietnamese culture.
Les locutions vietnamiennes formées avec “rouge” portent d’abord le sens primitif:
ô Đỏ gay đỏ gắt ằ fait allusion à quelque chose infiniment rouge;
ô Đỏ như gấc ằ, dans cette locution, on compare le rouge avec un type de fruit ô pommes de merveille ằ qui a de fort rouge dedans
The phrase "red like the eyes of a barbeau" conveys the same meaning as "bright red" or "red like gac." This expression is used to describe something that is extremely red, specifically referring to very red eyes.
The comparison between the two phrases is clear and concrete, as they both convey the same meaning while emphasizing the intensity of red to describe something that is extremely red.
D’autre part, le rouge porte le sens figuré dans certaines locutions Examinons : ô Đỏ da, thắm thịt ằ sert à complimenter une personne qui est en pleine forme
In Vietnamese, there is a phrase using "ô đỏ" that describes a man's face turning red from intense anger: "ô Đỏ mặt, tớa tai." This expression conveys the same meaning as two other similar phrases.
“Être rouge de honte ”et “Se fâcher tout rouge” exprimant l’état d’être furieux en franỗais
2 Les locutions formộes avec ô noir ằ / ô đen ằ
2.1 Les locutions franỗaises comportant le mot ô noir ằ
In French, the term "black" primarily refers to the darkest color, resulting from the complete absence or absorption of light rays Additionally, "black" also signifies an anarchist in the French language.
For the French, black symbolizes all that is negative and false, representing death, mourning, and sadness It is customary to wear black at funerals, and the black flag is associated with anarchy.
Les locutions franỗaises formộes avec ô noir ằ a d’abord le sens métaphorique pour désigner le désespoir, la tristesse
“Voir tout en noir → Être pessimiste;
“Broyer/faire du noir/s'enfoncer dans le noir” → S’abandonner à des réflexions tristes, avoir des idées noires
“Manger son pain noir: → Traverser la période la plus malheureuse
“Peindre une situation en noir”: → Être exagérément pessimiste sur la situation
In various contexts, phrases that include the word "black" have diverse meanings For instance, the expression "a black eye" refers to an eye surrounded by a bruise caused by a blow.
Les locutions formées avec “vert”
5.1 Les locutions franỗaises comportant le vert:
Green is the color of vegetation and is often associated with "green spaces," referring to city parks It symbolizes spring and hope Additionally, the term "green" in French also denotes an ecologist.
The phrase "green with rage" is synonymous with "seeing red," both expressions describing a state of intense anger.
Et dans d’autres cas, les locutions formộes avec ô vert ằ servent aussi à parler du caractère d’une personne ou d’une chose :
“Un vieillard encore vert”→ Un vieillard resté vigoureux
“Des vertes et des pas mûres”→ Des choses scandaleuses et choquantes
“Avoir le nombril vert”→ Être jeune, immature
Green is synonymous with nature and vegetation, often representing a return to tranquility The phrase "to go green" signifies taking a break in the countryside, allowing oneself to recharge away from stressful or unpleasant environments.
It is clear that this expression is not an encouragement to drink excessively or irresponsibly Additionally, it is not directed towards fish.
42 pour qu'ils s'attaquent goulûment aux asticots qui se tortillent de douleur, plantés qu'ils sont sur l'hameỗon du pờcheur
The phrase originates from the 19th century, but the term 'green' has been associated with meadows, countryside, and nature since the 16th century For city dwellers, this represented a place to relax and escape the daily grind, engaging in carefree activities such as blowing dandelions, plucking daisies, and enjoying romantic moments in the hay.
The term 'green' has also come to refer to a distant or secluded place that allows one to escape an unpleasant or dangerous situation In the criminal underworld, going 'green' signifies distancing oneself from potential problems to remain inconspicuous, at least temporarily.
"We are staying in Cape Town for a few more days so that he can recover on land I will also be living there because, despite the extreme healthiness of salted meat and dried vegetables in small amounts, I need to connect with nature." Victor Jacquemont – Correspondence "Having a green thumb" means knowing how to care for plants and being in harmony with them.
The hand is an incredibly useful organ, enabling a wide range of activities such as crocheting, laying tiles, and flipping pancakes, among other tasks Its versatility plays a crucial role in everyday life and various creative pursuits.
The phrase "to have a hand" logically refers to someone skilled in a specific area or proficient in handling something, as 'hand' symbolizes the ability to use it effectively Moreover, this individual must have first "practiced their hand" to develop their expertise.
Et quand le domaine ó l'habileté s'exerce touche aux plantes qui, vous l'aurez certainement remarqué, sont en majeure partie vertes au printemps et en été,
43 il était tout aussi normal qu'une personne habile dans le jardinage et l'entretien de ce qui pousse en terre soit désignée par un "elle/il a la main verte"
Il semble que cette expression ne date que de la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle
Elisa has always had a passion for the countryside, flowers, and greenery Known for her gardening skills, she is easily convinced to settle down in a natural environment.
“Avoir la main verte/les doigts verts” c’est être doué pour l'entretien des plantes
Et il y a une variation de sens dans d’autres locutions formộes avec ô vert ằ :
“Prendre quelqu'un sans vert” →Le prendre au dépourvu
“Une volée de bois vert”→ Une volée de coups vigoureux
“Le feu vert” →Autorisation, permission; signal d’action
La métaphore est transparente (on fait allusion aux feux de circulation), et l’expression, fréquente depuis 1955-1960, est un calque de l’anglais to give the green light
Dans d’autres cas, les locutions formộes avec le mot ô vert ằ ont des sens divers :
“Le billet vert”→ Le dollar
“L’habit vert” → Le costume des académiciens
“Un vin vert”→1 Nom donné au vin jeune légèrement pétillant au Portugal
2 Vin qui n'a pas assez vieilli
“Donner le feu vert” →Donner l'autorisation
“Employer le vert et le sec”→ Utiliser tous les moyens
“Envoyer quelqu'un au diable vert / au diable Vauvert” → S’en débarrasser en l'envoyant au loin
“Manger son blé en vert” → Dépenser son capital avant qu'il ait rapporté
5.2 Les locutions vietnamiennes comportant le mot “xanh” :
En fait, les locutions formộes avec ô xanh ằ dans la langue vietnamiennes ont les sens métaphoriques :
“Xanh như lá, bạc như vôi” sert à critiquer une personne qui vit avec ingratitude et ces gens là n’ont aucune reconnaissance pour les bienfaits et les services reỗus
"Xanh vỏ, đỏ lòng" is a four-syllable phrase that highlights the discrepancy between outward appearance and inner quality, particularly the contrast between looks and character It refers to individuals who may seem unkind or unappealing on the outside, yet possess genuine kindness and goodness within.
6 Les locutions comportant le jaune / ô vàng ằ
6.1 Les locutions franỗaises comportant le jaune :
Le jaune est la couleur du soleil, de la lumière et du métal le plus précieux – l’or C’est aussi la couleur des Dieux comme les robes des moines bouddhistes
Cette couleur possède une vertu magique
En premier lieu, les locutions formộes avec ô jaune ằ ont le sens métaphorique pour décrire l’état d’âme de l’homme :
“Rire jaune” → Rire avec contrainte pour dissimuler son dépit / Rire de manière forcée /Rire en dissimulant mal un mécontentement, un dépit, une gêne
The concept of "yellow laughter" is not exclusive to Asians; however, they may experience it more frequently than Europeans This tendency arises from their cultural emphasis on avoiding offense and maintaining harmony in conversations.
Yellow is often viewed as a positive color, symbolizing life through the sun, wealth through gold, and nourishment through corn However, it can also be perceived negatively in various contexts.
Judas le traợtre ộtait reprộsentộ comme vờtu de jaune ;
In medieval times and in certain countries, wearing yellow served as a marker of being Jewish, as mandated by law This practice echoes the infamous yellow star imposed during the Holocaust.
Le jaune du soufre rappelait Lucifer ;
"Être peint en jaune", c'était être trompé par sa femme ;
The expression is believed to have originated in the 18th century with Saint-Simon, who associated the term 'yellow' with the complexion of those suffering from liver ailments Due to the discomfort of their illness and the resulting temperament, these individuals could only manage a forced smile.