Rationale of the study
As a young Vietnamese from the post-war generation, have you ever contemplated the experiences of our fathers and grandfathers during the Vietnam War, which spanned from the 1950s to the 1970s? Many may only know it as a conflict against American imperialism, marked by the devastating use of bombs and Agent Orange that plunged our nation into years of despair The war inflicted immense suffering, leading to widespread starvation, poverty, disability, and homelessness The grief and loss resulting from this conflict will resonate in the hearts of Vietnamese generations for years to come.
In the United States, "Vietnam" symbolizes the nation's longest and most contentious foreign conflict, often reduced to a political cliché representing a troubled history For many Americans, the war is primarily associated with the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, DC, where visitors experience deep emotions but struggle to transition from personal reflection to a wider understanding of this complex topic.
Like many young Vietnamese today, they seek answers to questions about the origins of the war, the reasons for its devastation, and its prolonged duration Consequently, numerous Hollywood filmmakers have dedicated years to exploring why the United States became entangled in the conflict and to portraying the true nature of the war.
The Vietnam War, which saw the last US combat troops depart 43 years ago, remains a significant influence on American politics and culture Its complexities have inspired filmmakers, from John Wayne's portrayal in the 1968 propaganda film The Green Berets to Robert Downey, Jr.'s comedic role in the 2008 film Tropic Thunder, highlighting the war's lasting social impact and its appeal as a subject for storytelling.
Among those, Forrest Gump, one of the most famous films about the
The Vietnam War is a significant American film that explores the profound impact of the Vietnam War on American society and the lives of veterans It highlights the struggles of veterans suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), often referred to as the Vietnam Syndrome Despite President George Bush's assertion in 1991 that the Vietnam Syndrome had been overcome, the reality remains that many veterans continue to grapple with its effects, reflecting a deeper societal issue.
So how exactly the Vietnam Syndrome appears in the script of the
Forrest Gump movie, in order to find out the answer to this question, I manage to do a research called ―The Vietnam War Syndrome in “Forrest
Gump” Movie Script: A Critical Discourse Analysis”.
Aims of the study
The research examines the lasting impact of the Vietnam War on American cinema and assesses the ongoing relevance of the Vietnam Syndrome in contemporary American culture.
3 study is to provide experiences in applying CDA methods into cinematic texts, especially movie scripts
To fulfill these purposes, the study will answer the following research questions:
(1) How is the Vietnam War Syndrome reflected in “Forrest Gump” movie script from CDA perspective?
(2) What are implications of the study for teaching the Vietnam War concerning texts?
Scope of the study
This thesis analyzes the representation of Vietnam Syndrome in the 1994 film Forrest Gump, produced by Paramount Pictures It examines key elements such as the topic, plot, characters, setting, genre, theme songs, and language to uncover the underlying themes related to the syndrome.
Methods of the study
This research employs a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, utilizing qualitative methods and content analysis Data was collected from movie scripts and analyzed using Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework, which includes Description, Interpretation, and Explanation.
Details of the analysis procedure are presented in the Methodology chapter.
Background of the data
Among a series of films about the Vietnam War, Forrest Gump was chosen because it is interesting - a six Academy Award winner Also, the film
The film "Forrest Gump" presents a compelling narrative centered on the Vietnam War, highlighting the complexities of American involvement through a critical lens It features intense combat scenes while showcasing the war from the innocent perspective of Forrest, whose child-like view offers a unique portrayal of the conflict The film honors soldiers as honorable young men fulfilling their duties, emphasizing their bravery and loyalty Forrest's heroic actions evoke a sense of patriotism, while his naive understanding of the Vietcong reflects the broader ignorance within the military regarding containment policies This combination of realism and innocence creates a poignant sympathy for the soldiers' desire to return home.
The film portrays the harsh realities of war and highlights the significant human cost of guerrilla warfare While it offers a modest critique of US involvement in Vietnam, the narrative is predominantly framed from an American perspective, resulting in a romanticized and patriotic depiction of the military and the conflict.
The Vietnam War, a highly controversial conflict of the 20th century, lasted from 1955 to 1975, resulting in over 55,000 American and three to four million Vietnamese deaths Unlike previous wars, it deeply divided the nation, as many Americans opposed the war, believing it was futile and that soldiers were being sent to their deaths Upon returning home, many veterans faced hostility from protesters, who labeled them as "baby killers." The war began during the early Cold War era, driven by the U.S goal to eliminate Communist influence in Vietnam, with Presidents Lyndon B Johnson and Richard Nixon playing significant roles in its escalation.
President Nixon is recognized for deploying hundreds of thousands of troops to Vietnam, while his strategy of "Vietnamization" aimed to gradually withdraw American forces and bring an end to the conflict.
Design of the thesis
There are three main parts in this research paper
Part A - INTRODUCTION - presents the rationale, aims, scope, methodology, background, and design of the thesis
Part B - DEVELOPMENT - consists of four chapters:
Chapter 1: Theoretical Framework and Literature Review
This chapter provides a concise overview of the Vietnam Syndrome and its relevance to the film's context It also outlines the theoretical framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), including its historical background, definition, and methodological approaches.
In this chapter, the theory of CDA in chapter 1 is applied in analyzing the movie script to uncover the relationship between power, ideology and language
The collected data is analyzed in this chapter
In this chapter, the finding from the study is mentioned and discussion on them is also indicated
Part C - CONCLUSION - summarizes the study and suggestions for further studies
Literature Review
The Vietnam Syndrome
The term "Vietnam Syndrome" is commonly used in America, but this study specifically refers to it as "Vietnam War Syndrome" to provide readers with a clearer understanding of the thesis's focus Throughout the article, "Vietnam War Syndrome" and "Vietnam Syndrome" will be used interchangeably.
The Vietnam Syndrome, initially coined in the early 1970s to describe the physical and psychological effects of Vietnam War veterans, later evolved into a political term associated with the US's hesitance to deploy troops in foreign conflicts By the end of the 1970s, it was linked to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and highlighted the fear of repeating the Vietnam experience, which could result in a loss of public support for the government Henry Kissinger and Ronald Reagan popularized this term to articulate the nation's reluctance to engage in military interventions abroad.
The negative memories associated with the Vietnam War, including widespread protests, the Watergate scandal, and graphic images of casualties, have fostered a deep-seated distrust among the American public toward foreign interventions Consequently, any military engagement proposed by the United States is likely to be met with skepticism and resistance from the populace.
―another Vietnam.‖ American leaders were also afraid of involvement in other nations’ problems
The Vietnam Syndrome significantly impacted American society, creating widespread challenges for veterans reintegrating into civilian life Many veterans struggled to lead ordinary lives after returning from Vietnam, with a staggering number facing severe psychological issues Tragically, more Vietnam veterans have committed suicide due to these mental health struggles than those who perished during the conflict Additionally, approximately three-quarters of a million veterans experienced homelessness or unemployment, highlighting the profound societal repercussions of the Vietnam War.
Nearly 700,000 draftees from underprivileged educational backgrounds struggled to receive honorable discharges, and many Vietnam veterans face significant challenges in securing employment to support their families Numerous films, documentaries, and television programs portray the hardships these veterans endured during the war and the mistreatment they experienced upon returning home.
There are considerable debates whether the war in Iraq (2003) is
The phrase "another Vietnam" suggests that the Vietnam Syndrome persists in American consciousness Following the Gulf War (1990-1991), President George H W Bush claimed that this syndrome had been "kicked," indicating a belief that the U.S had moved past its Vietnam experiences This notion gained traction with the strong support for military engagements in Afghanistan and Iraq during the early 21st century However, the reality is that the U.S has not entirely overcome the Vietnam Syndrome, as foreign policy decisions often reflect the political beliefs of the sitting president Democratic presidents, in particular, tend to avoid foreign interventions unless absolutely necessary, as demonstrated by the withdrawal of American troops from Somalia after the Battle of Mogadishu in 1993 under Bill Clinton.
In 2013, the administration demonstrated caution in addressing issues in Libya and Syria, reflecting the lingering effects of Vietnam Syndrome on American foreign policy The United States has determined that military intervention will be considered only as a last resort, under conditions where national interests are clearly at stake, there is significant public backing, and the potential for a swift and cost-effective victory exists.
Intrinsically, the Vietnam Syndrome is a collective psychological sickness caused by the conflicts between ideological powers and reality
Ideological powers, such as belief in "Noble" American values and dreams, shape individuals' speech, lifestyle, and behavior Thomas Paine famously stated that the cause of Americans is the cause of humanity; however, the reality of American military actions, such as those in Vietnam, starkly contrasts this ideal, as soldiers were involved in horrific acts, including the use of napalm and perpetrating massacres.
The American government faces scrutiny over allegations of misleading its citizens regarding the detrimental actions taken during and after the war, which have contributed to widespread psychological disorders across the nation.
The Vietnam Syndrome reflects a profound skepticism among the American public regarding the nation's core values, leading to critical questions about the true nature of American freedom and greatness Many wonder if the U.S military's presence in Vietnam was genuinely aimed at liberating oppressed individuals from communism or if a benevolent God, as previously believed, truly exists This pervasive disillusionment has resulted in a loss of direction for many, leaving them uncertain about the future and how to navigate their lives moving forward.
The syndrome appears everywhere in every fields of American society including in artworks, literature, newspapers, especially in movies, of which the film Forrest Gump is a very interesting example
Discourse and Discourse analysis (DA)
V.N Volosinov, a Russian linguist, was the first to define "discourse" in its contemporary sense in his 1926 article "Discourse in Life and Discourse in Art." He argues that verbal text, whether spoken or written, is only one component of language communication, with context being the other essential part Thus, the fundamental unit of language is the utterance, which encompasses both the sentence and its unique context, rather than the repeatable sentence alone Similarly, while text can be reproduced, discourse—which integrates text and context—is inherently unique Volosinov emphasizes that verbal discourse is not self-sufficient; it emerges from a pragmatic situation and is deeply connected to life, losing its significance if separated from it.
Volosinov emphasizes that to fully grasp the sense and meaning of discourse, it is essential to consider the "extra-verbal context" that renders an utterance meaningful to the listener This extra-verbal context consists of three key factors that influence the interpretation of the spoken words.
(1) the common spatial purview of the interlocutors,
(2) the interlocutor’s common knowledge and understanding of the situation, and
(3) their common evaluation of that situation
The relationship between extra-verbal context and verbal discourse is not one of mere reflection; instead, discourse actively interprets and resolves the situation, leading to an evaluative conclusion.
Behavioral utterances play a crucial role in advancing and organizing situations while fostering a sense of shared understanding among participants These utterances are not merely influenced by external circumstances; instead, they integrate the situational context as an essential component of their meaning Consequently, a behavioral utterance consists of two integral parts: the verbal expression and the underlying assumptions that inform it This interconnectedness highlights the ideological significance of shared experiences among participants, emphasizing the collaborative nature of communication.
Volosinov revolutionizes the understanding of context by presenting it as an integral component of discourse rather than a separate entity.
In his 1920s work, "Marxism and the Philosophy of Language," Volosinov argues that the expression-utterance is shaped by the specific social context in which it occurs, primarily influenced by the immediate social situation He posits that utterances are formed between socially organized individuals, and in the absence of a direct addressee, a typical representative of the speaker's social group is assumed Volosinov highlights that both the immediate social context and the broader social environment fundamentally shape the structure of an utterance, emphasizing the role of both explicit and implicit participants in the speech event.
The way we express ourselves is heavily influenced by the specific context we find ourselves in, which determines whether our communication comes across as a demand, request, assertion of rights, or a plea for mercy This context also affects our choice of language, tone, and level of confidence, leading to variations that can be either elaborate or straightforward.
In the second half of the 20 th century, Michael Foucault, a key theorist in Europe about discourse analysis, defines discourse more ideologically as
―practices which systematically form the objects of which they speak.‖ (1970:
Discourse serves as a framework for organizing knowledge and shaping social relations through collective understanding and acceptance of its logic Foucault argues that the logic of discourse is intrinsically linked to the broader episteme of its historical context Produced by power dynamics within social orders, discourse establishes specific rules and categories that legitimize knowledge and truth, which exist a priori, prior to the discourse itself This mechanism allows discourse to obscure its own construction and ability to generate knowledge By reiterating these rules in society, discourse fixes the meanings of statements in alignment with the political rationality behind its creation, while simultaneously concealing its capacity to define meaning and its political motives Consequently, discourse can present itself as a-historical, universal, and scientific, appearing objective and stable.
In "The Order of Things" (1970), it is emphasized that every society regulates the production of discourse through various procedures that control, select, organize, and redistribute information to prevent chaos.
12 powers and dangers, to gain mastery over its chance events, to evade its ponderous, formidable materiality
Postmodern thinkers like Jacques Derrida argue that discourse is fundamental to human society, asserting that everything is discourse Discourse encompasses our thoughts and communication about people, objects, social organization, and their interrelationships It typically arises from social institutions such as media and politics, providing structure to language and thought, which in turn shapes our lives and interactions Sociologists view discourse as a productive force that influences our thoughts, beliefs, values, identities, and behaviors, ultimately driving much of what happens within individuals and society as a whole.
The term discourse analysis was first introduced by Zellig Harris
In 1952, Harris focused on analyzing connected speech and writing, emphasizing two main interests: exploring language beyond the sentence level and the interplay between linguistic and non-linguistic behavior He meticulously examined how language features are distributed and combined within various text types and styles A key observation was that connected discourse is context-dependent, occurring within specific situations, whether in conversations, speeches, or the gradual writing of a book over months in a particular literary or scientific tradition.
Discourse analysis focuses on understanding how specific meanings are conveyed through language in various contexts It examines the unique linguistic features that characterize different discourses, highlighting the relationship between language use and situational meaning.
Discourse analysis is the comprehensive study of language use in interactions between individuals, encompassing both written texts and spoken exchanges Unlike other linguistic fields that focus on specific components like grammar or phonetics, discourse analysis examines the dynamics of ongoing conversations, highlighting the relationship between speakers and listeners or writers and readers.
Discourse analysis, as defined by Teun A van Dijk in the Handbook of Discourse Analysis, Vol 4 (1985), examines real language use by actual speakers in authentic contexts This approach considers not only the content of the conversation but also the situational context, including the physical location, social and cultural frameworks, and nonverbal cues like body language In textual communication, it also encompasses images and symbols, enriching the understanding of meaning in communication.
In his book "Discourse Analysis: An Introduction" (2012), Brian Partridge defines discourse analysis as the study of language patterns across texts, emphasizing the connection between language and its social and cultural contexts This analysis reveals how language shapes various worldviews and understandings, influenced by the relationships among participants Furthermore, it explores how language use impacts social identities and interactions, highlighting the construction of identities and perspectives through discourse.
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
In the 1970s, a new approach to discourse and text analysis emerged, emphasizing the role of language in shaping power dynamics within society While much linguistic research at the time focused on the formal aspects of language and the linguistic competence of speakers, significant attention was given to the relationship between language and context, particularly in pragmatics However, many studies still prioritized sentences as the fundamental units of analysis Sociolinguistic research primarily aimed to describe language variation and communicative interaction, often overlooking issues of social hierarchy and power This shift towards examining texts, their production, interpretation, and connection to societal structures marked a notable change in focus, as exemplified by the works of Kress and Hodge, Van Dijk, and Fairclough.
(1989) and Wodak (ed.) (1989) serve to explain and illustrate the main assumptions, principles and procedures of what had then become known as Critical Linguistics (CL)
Kress (1990) provides a theoretical overview of Critical Linguistics (CL), noting that the term was deliberately adapted from its social-philosophical roots by scholars at the University of East Anglia in the 1970s By the 1990s, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) became the preferred label for this linguistic approach Kress highlights that CDA was evolving into a distinct theory of language, marking a significant shift in linguistics He outlines specific criteria that define CDA, differentiating it from other forms of politically engaged discourse analysis Fairclough and Wodak (1997) further refined these criteria, establishing ten foundational principles for a CDA framework.
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) encompasses various identifiable schools or groups, each with distinct perspectives and methodologies It is crucial to differentiate between the early British approaches, represented by Fairclough and Fowler, and the more advanced framework introduced by Chouliaraki and Fairclough Additionally, the socio-cognitive model of CDA, championed by van Dijk and his colleagues, offers another significant perspective Understanding these differences is essential for a comprehensive grasp of CDA's evolution and application.
―discourse historical school‖ led by Wodak (Wodak et al 1990; Wodak 1996,
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is a research approach that examines how social power, abuse, dominance, and inequality are expressed and challenged through language in social and political contexts (Van Dijk, 2001) CDA prioritizes the exploration of social issues and political concerns over contemporary trends, emphasizing how discourse shapes, legitimizes, and contests power dynamics within society.
Critical discourse analysis (CDA), as defined by Fairclough (1995), systematically investigates the complex relationships between discursive practices, events, and texts, and broader social and cultural structures It aims to uncover how these elements are influenced by power dynamics and ideological struggles, highlighting the ways in which discourse shapes and is shaped by societal power relations Additionally, CDA examines how the obscurity of these relationships contributes to the maintenance of power and hegemony.
According to Wodak (1996), Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) emphasizes the linguistic and discursive aspects of power relations in modern societies, focusing on how these power dynamics are both enacted and negotiated through discourse It is beneficial to examine the concept of "power in discourse" to understand these interactions more deeply.
―power of discourse‖, and ―power over discourse‖ in these dynamic terms
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a self-aware movement with a clear agenda, characterized by various definitions of its purpose These definitions encompass a spectrum from the politically charged, such as Fairclough's assertion that CDA aims to elucidate how existing conventions arise from power dynamics and struggles, to more neutral perspectives that seek to explore the relationships between discourse and social practices.
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is fundamentally concerned with the interplay between language and power, highlighting how ideology and societal structures influence communication It emphasizes the role of language in perpetuating and revealing power dynamics, including political struggles and social inequalities As noted by Weiss and Wodak (2002), CDA focuses on the overt and covert relations of conflict that arise from these dynamics, making it a vital tool for understanding how discourse shapes and is shaped by societal power structures.
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is a specialized approach that investigates the discursive conditions and consequences of power abuse by dominant groups and institutions It focuses on patterns of access and control over various contexts, genres, texts, and conversations, as well as the strategies used for mind control CDA examines how discourse functions within society, highlighting the representation and reproduction of inequality in language Moreover, it actively opposes power abuse by these dominant entities and supports marginalized groups by uncovering discursive dominance and fostering their empowerment.
Key concepts needed for everyone to understand this new linguistic approach are critical, power, and ideology
The notion of critical in CDA program is understood very differently
In "Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis" (2001), Ruth Wodak emphasizes that being critical involves maintaining a distance from the data, situating it within a social context, taking an explicit political stance, and engaging in self-reflection as a researcher Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) examines discourse as a social practice, highlighting how it perpetuates socio-political inequalities and power imbalances Today, the term is also commonly used to refer to the application of rational thinking to challenge arguments and dominant ideas.
Power is a central theme in critical studies, emphasizing the relational differences within social structures Language plays a crucial role in this dynamic, as it both indexes and expresses power while also serving as a tool for challenging and subverting it Through language, individuals can alter power distributions, whether in the short or long term Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) focuses on how linguistic forms are employed to express and manipulate power, asserting that language itself does not possess power independently; rather, it derives its influence from the ways in which those in power utilize it.
Ideology plays a crucial role in critical theory and its influence on Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) Thompson (1990) defines ideology as the social forms and processes that facilitate the circulation of symbolic forms within society Fairclough (2003) further emphasizes that ideologies represent certain aspects of the world that help establish and sustain power dynamics and domination.
Exploitation can manifest through various forms of interaction and influence individual identities Analyzing texts plays a crucial role in understanding ideological frameworks and critiques According to Simpson (1993), ideology encompasses these dynamics and their impact on society.
Language serves as a tangible expression of ideology, making it essential for studying ideological frameworks In Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), ideology is viewed as a key factor in creating and perpetuating unequal power dynamics within society.
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) has roots in the critical theory of the Frankfurt School prior to World War II, as noted by Agger (1992b) and Rasmussen (1996) Its contemporary emphasis on language and discourse began with the emergence of "critical linguistics" in the late 1970s (Fowler et al 1979; Mey 1985) CDA also aligns with critical advancements in sociolinguistics, psychology, and social sciences, some of which trace back to the early 1970s Additionally, CDA serves as a response to the prevailing formal and often "asocial" or "uncritical" paradigms of the 1960s and 1970s.
Critical discourse analysts take explicit position, and thus want to understand, expose, and ultimately resist social inequality Fairclough and Wodak (1997: 271—80) summarize the main tenets of CDA as follows:
3 Discourse constitutes society and culture
6 The link between text and society is mediated
7 Discourse analysis is interpretative and explanatory
8 Discourse is a form of social action
Methodology
Research objects
This research focuses on the 1994 film "Forrest Gump," produced by Paramount Pictures, and its screenplay Additionally, the study includes insights from Winston Groom's novel, published in 1984 by Black Swan, which served as the basis for the film The novel has also been explored in its Vietnamese translation.
The research incorporates additional documents from Youth Publishing House (2017) to support the analysis of the differences between the novel and its film adaptation The study reveals that the depiction of the Vietnam Syndrome is more pronounced and authentic in the film Screenwriter Eric Roth includes significant historical events from the Vietnam War era that are absent in the book, enhancing the script's depth This comparative analysis lays the groundwork for further evaluation and insights in subsequent research stages.
Furthermore, before this research was carried out, the author has seen the movie for several times and compared the script with all the scenes of the film as well.
Research method
Among a wide range of qualitative research method, as the title of the research suggests, the approach of critical discourse analysis was chosen for
24 this study in order to highlight the Vietnam Syndrome reflected in all the factors of the movie script
In my research, the analysis was implemented on the basis of Fairclough’s three- dimensional framework for studying discourse as stated in Chapter 1
Fairclough’s three-dimensional approach to discourse analysis encompasses text, discursive practice, and social practice The smallest dimension, "text," pertains to the linguistic features of the discourse, which in this research refers specifically to the movie script.
The production of discourse involves understanding how it is created and the reasons behind its presentation, as outlined in Fairclough's framework (1995: 202) The second level of analysis, known as interaction or discursive practice, focuses on the processes of producing and consuming discourse The largest dimension examines discourse in relation to sociocultural practices, considering the surrounding ideologies, norms, culture, and power dynamics Each of the three dimensions—description, interpretation, and explanation—requires distinct analytical procedures to fully understand the discourse.
Figure 1: Three-dimension conception of discourse analysis (Fairclough, 1992: 73)
Fairclough's framework outlines three key levels of discourse: first, the social conditions influencing the production and interpretation of a text, which encompass societal factors that shape both its creation and understanding Second, the processes involved in producing and interpreting the text, highlighting how these processes impact meaning Finally, the outcome of these stages is the text itself, which serves as the product of the preceding influences and processes.
Corresponding to the three levels or dimensions of discourse, he proscribes three stages of CDA:
The description stage focuses on identifying the formal properties of a text, analyzing the language structures within it This includes examining the discourse structure of a movie script, which encompasses essential components such as the topic, plot, characters, setting, theme songs, and the language utilized in the film.
Interpretation focuses on the dynamic relationship between text and interaction, viewing the text as both a product of a production process and a valuable resource for interpretation This discourse highlights the significance of understanding how texts are created and how they facilitate meaning-making.
26 movie script, they are often understood in a different way compared to the real meaning of the writer
Explanation is concerned with the relationship between interaction and social context – with the social determination of the processes of production and interpretation, and their social effects
In summary, Fairclough’s analytical framework emphasizes that Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) researchers focus on the interconnectedness of texts, production processes, and their social contexts This includes examining both the immediate situational conditions and the broader institutional and social structures that influence discourse.
In this study, the data analysis focusing on the Vietnam Syndrome follows a three-stage process: Description, interpretation, and explanation
In the description phase, I will concentrate on key elements that make up a movie script, including the topic, plot, characters, setting, genre, theme songs, and the language utilized throughout the script.
In the stage of interpretation, I will show how the expressions should be interpreted in the specific context of the movie script of which the syndrome displays explicitly and implicitly
In the stage of explanation, I will demonstrate how those expressions are affected by socio-cultural powers, such as situational, social, or institutional, in this case by the Vietnam Syndrome.
Data analysis
Topic, plot, and characters
The topic of the movie, as we see, is about the Vietnam War which ended many years ago By the time the movie is created, there are already
Numerous films, books, documentaries, and articles have explored the theme of war in the United States and globally The director's choice to address this topic underscores the ongoing relevance of war-related questions in American society This persistent inquiry reflects the enduring impact of the Vietnam Syndrome, which remains a significant aspect of American history and continues to influence efforts to address societal issues stemming from war.
The Vietnam War is known as the Anti-American Nation Saving Resistance War in Vietnam, highlighting the contrasting perspectives on the conflict While the U.S refers to it simply as the Vietnam War, framing it as one of many historical conflicts, this difference in nomenclature underscores how ideological influences shape the understanding and representation of wars in American history.
The movie "Forrest Gump" chronicles the life of its titular character, who, despite facing numerous challenges such as wearing leg braces, having a below-average IQ, and experiencing violence, maintains an unwavering belief in the power of positivity Forrest transforms his setbacks into opportunities, exemplified by his remarkable running ability, which helps him escape bullies, earn a football scholarship, and save lives during the Vietnam War Throughout his journey, he achieves many of his dreams, yet winning the heart of his lifelong friend, Jenny Curran, proves to be his greatest challenge.
Forrest Gump, often labeled as an idiot, navigates significant life events that parallel the Vietnam War (1955-1975), reflecting the broader questions Americans grappled with during this tumultuous period His unique perspective invites viewers to explore the intersection of personal and national struggles, highlighting the profound impact of historical events on individual lives.
The character of Forrest Gump serves as a powerful symbol of the United States during the Vietnam War, reflecting the nation's perceived naivety and confusion in the conflict Ultimately, America struggles to find a way to move forward and leave the war behind, marking the Vietnam War as a lasting blemish on its historical narrative.
The film "Forrest Gump" centers on the life journeys of its titular character, Forrest Gump, who was named after a soldier from the American Civil War (1861-1865).
When I was a baby, Momma named me after the great Civil War hero, General Nathan Bedford Forrest
General Nathan Bedford Forrest, the founder of the Ku Klux Klan, is depicted in the film through imagery of cloaked figures resembling ghosts, which serves as a metaphorical reflection on the Vietnam War This portrayal highlights the lingering effects of the Vietnam Syndrome, a theme that resonates throughout the narrative.
There are three other major characters of the movie who stick to Forrest’s life They are Jenny, Lieutenant Dan Tayler (Lt Dan) and Bubba
Jenny, Forrest's childhood friend, captures his heart from a young age, and his love for her endures throughout his life Unfortunately, Jenny's journey takes a darker turn as she suffers from childhood sexual abuse at the hands of her troubled father This trauma leads her down a path of self-destruction, ultimately drawing her into the counterculture of the hippie movement, contrasting sharply with Forrest's more stable life.
In the 1960s and 1970s, a prominent movement emerged alongside a vibrant drug culture The protagonist actively participates in anti-Vietnam War protests, embarking on a journey across the country with unfamiliar companions Tragically, her story concludes with her untimely death at the film's end.
Lt Dan, the platoon leader of Forrest and Bubba during the Vietnam War, comes from a lineage that has perished in every American conflict, believing it to be his fate to follow suit After suffering the loss of his legs in an ambush and being saved by Forrest against his wishes, he feels a profound bitterness and resentment towards Forrest for leaving him disabled and thwarting his family's legacy, which leads him into a deep depression.
Bubba is Forrest's friend whom he meets upon joining the Army
Bubba was originally supposed to be the senior partner in the Bubba Gump Shrimp Company, but he dies by the river in Vietnam
The main characters in the movie experience profound destruction in their lives as a direct result of the Vietnam War, facing death or disability due to the conflict.
These characters seem to embody the image of the United States at that time, completely ruined and bitterly divided - a disabled America.
Setting and genre
The film primarily takes place in Savannah, Georgia, where the protagonist, Forrest Gump, shares his life story from a bench The choice of Georgia as the movie's setting raises the question of why the director selected this state over others.
Georgia joined the Confederacy in early 1861 and became a significant battleground during the Civil War (1861-1865), with key battles occurring from Atlanta to Savannah, resulting in the loss of many Georgian soldiers.
Georgia, a state with a complex history, was the last Confederate state to be readmitted to the Union after the Civil War, where approximately one in five soldiers served The state has experienced multiple divisions, notably in 1802-1804 when western Georgia was ceded to the Mississippi Territory, which later contributed to the formation of Alabama in 1819 Additionally, Georgia has been a focal point for racial issues, exemplified by the establishment of a white primary in 1908 that effectively marginalized Black individuals from participating in political contests within the Democratic Party.
The Ku Klux Klan, an American terrorist organization, has rapidly gained traction in Georgia through the establishment of the Association of Georgia Klans, promoting extremist ideologies such as white supremacy, white nationalism, and anti-immigration.
The director's choice to set the movie in Georgia likely stems from the state's complex and divided history, particularly during its own national conflicts This intentional selection highlights the enduring divisions among its people, making it a poignant backdrop for the film's narrative.
The Vietnam War is often seen as a significant event that traumatized and divided the American populace for decades, severely damaging the United States' global image.
The genre of Forrest Gump is a drama but mixing with a comedy
The film portrays an epic tale centered around an American citizen with a low IQ of 75, often viewed as a local fool Despite this perception, he emerges as a hero in the war by bravely rescuing his teammates from a bomb explosion and enemy attacks Forrest Gump is celebrated as a multifaceted individual: a football star, war hero, national celebrity, shrimp boat captain, and college graduate from Greenbow, Alabama.
In a humorous twist, the protagonist's life is filled with absurd events, such as being selected for the All-America Team and receiving an invitation to meet the President of the United States in the Oval Office However, his primary concern during this prestigious occasion is simply the availability of food and drink, highlighting the comedic nature of his experiences.
United States is the food‖ He drank about fifteen Dr Peppers When
President Kennedy shakes his hand and asks ―How do you feel?‖, he replies ―I gotta pee‖
In a notable scene, Forrest Gump humorously reveals a bullet wound on his bare buttocks to President Johnson while receiving the Medal of Honor This absurd act serves as a deliberate critique of American values, challenging notions of wealth, freedom, and nobility.
Forrest's actions symbolize the complexities of American society during that era While public media portrayed America as a utopia of freedom and democracy, the reality revealed a landscape rife with racism, inequality, and discrimination permeating every aspect of life.
Language
The movie features a diverse range of language, with a notable prevalence of offensive language throughout the script One character, in particular, stands out for their frequent use of such language, highlighting the film's exploration of complex themes and character dynamics.
Lt Dan frequently uses profanity, including expressions like "goddammit," "shit," and "son-of-a-bitch," which reflects the uncomfortable sentiments of Americans during that era His language also includes phrases such as "Viet fucking Nam," "this fucking war," and "the whole damn country," indicating a deep-seated frustration with the societal conditions they faced This pervasive use of curses in their conversations highlights the emotional turmoil and discontent experienced by individuals living through that tumultuous period.
The Vietnam Syndrome highlights the pervasive issues of discrimination, violence, and racism that affect individuals in various aspects of life, leading to widespread disappointment with the government and a sense of hopelessness about the future.
Together with those offensive words, there are many other expressions that demonstrate the syndrome presented in the film script
In the heat of battle in Vietnam, American soldier Bubba, as he faced his final moments, posed a poignant rhetorical question to his friend Forrest: "Why'd this happen?" This inquiry reflects not only his personal anguish over his injuries but also a deeper, more universal contemplation about the war itself and America's involvement in it For years, both during and after the Vietnam War, Americans have grappled with the origins of the conflict, the widespread dissent it generated, and its prolonged duration Bubba's question echoes the sentiments expressed in Country Joe McDonald's 1967 song "I Feel Like I'm Fixing to Die Rag," capturing the frustration and confusion surrounding the war.
And it’s one, two, three What are we fighting for?
Don’t ask me, I don’t give a damn Next stop is Vietnam
And it’s five, six, seven Open up the pearly gates
Well there ain’t no time to wonder why Whoopee! We’re all gonna die
The song is about placing blame on American politicians, high-level military officers, and industry corporations on starting the Vietnam War
―What are we fighting for?‖ is the question which young Americans drafted for the Army always attempts to get the answer
Bubba's poignant last words to Forrest, "I wanna go home," encapsulate the deep longing of a soldier far from his hometown, yearning for the comfort of family Tragically, his dream remains unfulfilled as he dies by the river in Vietnam This heart-wrenching moment resonates with the anti-war sentiment of the late 1960s to early 1970s, echoing the widespread protest slogan, "Bring them home."
"Bring them home" or "Bring the boys home" are powerful slogans reflecting growing opposition to the U.S involvement in an unpopular war These phrases resonate with public sentiment and are also the title of a well-known anti-war song by Pete Seeger, released in 1971.
For defense you need common sense Bring them home, bring them home They don't have the right armaments Bring them home, bring them home
The song is an anti-war anthem emphasizing the fact that American government should pull their military out of Vietnam
Another expression deeply indicates the Vietnam Syndrome is that of
In the film, Lt Dan expresses his anger towards Forrest after being rescued from the battlefield, feeling that he was cheated out of his destined fate to die with honor in combat.
In fact, he was rescued by Forrest, and Forrest did not cheat him anything, but he repeatedly said that Forrest cheated him So who cheated Lt
The American government, particularly its Presidents, deceived soldiers into fighting in the Vietnam War under the guise of stopping communism and liberating the oppressed Many soldiers believed they were embarking on a noble mission, only to confront a harsh reality where they were involved in the tragic killing of innocent women and children This disillusionment led to a painful realization that they had been misled by their own leaders.
After badly injured, Lt Dan became ―a legless freak‖, he did not know what to do with the rest of his life He screamed: ― What am I gonna do now?
Lt Dan's struggle after his amputation symbolizes the broader impasse faced by American society following years of war involvement, reflecting the US Army's inability to either remain or withdraw This predicament evokes the themes of Pete Seeger's 1967 song "Waist Deep in the Big Muddy," highlighting the challenges of finding a way out of the quagmire.
We were waist deep in the Big Muddy
And the big fool said to push on
The song was considered symbolic of the Vietnam War (the Big
Muddy) and President Lyndon Johnson (the big fool) 's policy of escalation, then widely seen as pushing the United States deeper into the increasingly unpopular war
The rhetorical question posed by Lt Dan serves as a haunting reminder of a dark chapter in American history, reflecting the collective consciousness of a nation The United States intervened in what was fundamentally a civil war in a distant country, motivated by justifications that were largely inadequate.
Despite their extensive military might and a willingness to commit severe human rights violations in a struggling third-world nation, they failed to achieve any meaningful victory or even a clear definition of what winning truly means.
During Forrest's visit to Washington, DC, to receive the Medal of Honor, he found himself among veterans opposed to the Vietnam War, yet his voice was silenced when a policeman disconnected the audio equipment, leaving the crowd unable to hear his message The only audible part of his speech was the resigned statement, “That’s all I have to say about that.” This moment symbolized a broader national silence regarding the realities of the Vietnam War, as the American public was deprived of authentic insights from soldiers Despite their desire to understand the truth, citizens were left in the dark, with the government actively obscuring the genuine narrative behind the conflict.
The Vietnam War profoundly shattered American society's faith in the noble values that symbolize the United States, leading many, despite approximately 70% identifying as Christians, to question their religious beliefs This crisis of faith is poignantly illustrated in Lt Dan's speech to Forrest during their reunion, where he expresses doubts about the existence of Jesus Christ in the world.
Have you found Jesus yet, Gump?
The discussion around Jesus often leads to profound questions about faith and personal transformation A priest emphasized that while God is attentive, self-initiative is crucial in this journey Embracing Jesus in one's heart is portrayed as the pathway to a fulfilling relationship with Him and the promise of eternal life in the Kingdom of Heaven.
Did you hear what I said? Walk beside him in the Kingdom of Heaven Well, kiss my crippled ass God is listening What a crock of shit
The despair expressed in Lt Dan's speech highlights the hopelessness felt by many Americans, who have lost faith in the promises of peace and a better life often prayed for in church His repeated references to "Jesus" and "God" reveal the profound sorrow of an amputated veteran, reflecting a life filled with loss and depression, leaving him with nothing to lose and little to live for.
Theme songs
The film features several notable anti-Vietnam War songs from the 1960s and 1970s, including the iconic "Blowing in the Wind" (1962), which is performed by the character Jenny.
How many roads must a man walk down before you call him a man?
How many seas must a white dove sail before she sleeps in the sand?
Yes, and how many times must the cannon balls fly before they're forever banned?
Written by Bob Dylan in the early sixties, during the escalation of U.S troop deployment to Vietnam, the song poses rhetorical questions about peace, war, and freedom This anti-war anthem critiques the Vietnam War and reflects the sentiments of its time, encouraging listeners to view the conflict negatively Through a series of thought-provoking questions, Dylan effectively challenges the nation's involvement in the war, highlighting the broader implications of military engagement.
This song employs rhetorical questions to effectively critique America's foreign policy during the Vietnam War, despite not naming specific policies.
“Fortunate Son” (1969) is one of the Vietnam era’s best-known protest songs
Some folks are born made to wave the flag
Ooh, they're red, white and blue
And when the band plays "Hail to the Chief," ohh, they point the cannon at you all
It ain't me It ain't me
I ain't no Senator's son, no
It ain't me It ain't me
"Fortunate Son," written by John Fogerty and performed by Creedence Clearwater Revival, critiques the U.S political and military elite who advocate for war while remaining largely unaffected by its consequences Fogerty revealed that the song was inspired by the marriage between Dwight D Eisenhower’s grandson and Richard Nixon’s daughter, highlighting the disconnect between those in power and the realities of war.
Fogerty's lyrics express anger and frustration, highlighting that it is the children of the working class, rather than the privileged elite, who are sent to fight in wars The repeated refrain, "It ain't me It ain't me I ain't no Senator's son," emphasizes that those with connections can avoid the draft, underscoring the disparity in who bears the burden of conflict While the song emerged during the height of U.S involvement in Vietnam, its critique extends beyond that specific war, addressing broader themes of inequality and injustice in military service.
John Fogerty emphasizes that the true message of war often highlights class inequality, stating, "It's the old saying about rich men making war and poor men having to fight them." This perspective underscores the unfairness faced by lower socioeconomic groups in conflicts instigated by the wealthy.
Another song, ― For what it worth ‖ (1967) is a well-known protest song written by Stephen Stills and performed by Buffalo Springfield
What it is ain't exactly clear
There's a man with a gun over there, telling me I got to beware
Written during the Vietnam War, the song aimed to bridge the divide between anti-war protesters and pro-war supporters, urging listeners to recognize the true impact of the conflict and form informed opinions based on the unfolding events.
There are some other songs mentioned in the film such as “Mr
During the Vietnam War, iconic protest songs like "Have Pity on the Working Man" by Randy Newman (1974), "Where Have All the Flowers Gone?" by Pete Seeger (1961), and "All Along the Watchtower" by Bob Dylan (1967) emerged as powerful cultural expressions This era, marked by significant social upheaval, saw the creation of some of the 20th century's most memorable music, reflecting widespread dissent against America's involvement in the conflict Renowned artists such as Bob Dylan, Pete Seeger, and Randy Newman used their music to voice opposition to the war, leaving a lasting impact on the cultural landscape.