先行研究
日本語の類義語に関する研究は、数多くある。以下はその一部である。
Yoshio Morita (1982) highlighted examples of synonym misuse in essays written by second and third-year students at Sungshin Women's University in South Korea He referenced the "Basic Japanese Dictionary" (Kadokawa Shoten) and "The Meaning of Words" (Heibonsha) to elucidate the differences in meaning among the words in question.
In 1986, Meng Xinheng examined ten pairs of synonym misuse examples from the essays of second-year students in the Japanese Language Department at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies He referenced five different dictionaries to clarify their meanings Furthermore, he explored how the dictionary definitions of verbs convey different meanings in specific contexts, using literary works as illustrative examples.
In 2003, 河室兼一郎 analyzed writing samples from second-year Japanese language majors at a two-year college, identifying instances of verb misuse He categorized the causes of these errors into three types: (1) transfer from the mother tongue, (2) incorrect word choice, and (3) other factors This analysis clarified the differences in meaning and usage contexts of synonymous verbs.
In 2015, Go Shuchin extracted verbs considered synonyms from "Kanji Master Vol 3 Level 2 Kanji 1000," referencing definitions from the "Dictionary of Basic Japanese Verb Usage" and the "Basic Japanese Dictionary."
I verified that nine dictionaries categorize certain words as synonyms and selected ten pairs of synonymous verbs Following this, I clarified the commonalities and differences in meaning based on example sentences.
Several synonymous verbs have been analyzed by previous researchers through examples of misuse.
＜表 1＞先行研究の類義語動詞
先行研究者 類義語動詞
The Japanese verbs "打つ" (utsu) and "たたく" (tataku) both convey the action of striking or hitting Meanwhile, "いる" (iru) and "ある" (aru) differentiate between existence, with "いる" referring to living beings and "ある" to inanimate objects The verbs "探す" (sagasu), "たずねる" (tazuneru), and "訪れる" (otozureru) pertain to searching, inquiring, and visiting, respectively Additionally, "引く" (hiku) also relates to searching but emphasizes pulling or drawing The terms "過ぎる" (sugiru) and "過ごす" (sugosu) highlight the passage of time, with "過ぎる" indicating something has passed and "過ごす" focusing on spending time Finally, "届く" (todoku) and "着く" (tsuku) both involve arrival, with "届く" emphasizing reaching a destination and "着く" denoting the act of arriving.
「なる・できる」
The Japanese language features a variety of verbs that convey nuances of movement and change, such as "to descend," "to lower," and "to fall," which illustrate different aspects of downward motion Additionally, terms like "to communicate," "to commute," and "to pass through" emphasize the concept of connection and movement within a space The verbs "to occur," "to happen," and "to emerge" reflect the ideas of creation and events coming into existence Furthermore, expressions related to the passage of time, such as "to exceed" and "to elapse," highlight the flow of moments Finally, verbs like "to decide" and "to establish" convey the importance of making choices and setting parameters.
河室兼一郎
"Living, residing, and experiencing life involves understanding and gaining knowledge, as well as reflecting and contemplating It encompasses the alignment of thoughts and ideas, the act of listening and questioning, and the pursuit of discovery and research."
The Japanese language features pairs of verbs that convey nuanced meanings, such as "to touch" (触る・触れる) and "to remain" (余る・残る) Other pairs include "to dry" (乾かす・干す) and "to grasp" (つかむ・握る), showcasing the subtle distinctions in actions Additionally, verbs like "to choose" (選ぶ・決める・定める) and "to gather" (集める・そろえる・まとめる) highlight the importance of selection and organization in various contexts Understanding these verb pairs enriches one's grasp of the language and its expressive capabilities.
「言う・話す・しゃべる・述べる・語る」「願う・望む」
3.研究の目的
There has been no research on the meanings of the synonymous Japanese verbs "言う" (iu), "話す" (hanasu), "語る" (kataru), "しゃべる" (shaberu), and "述べる" (noberu) as used by Vietnamese learners of Japanese This study aims to investigate the contexts in which these verbs are used by Vietnamese speakers, the meanings they convey, and the reasons behind their misuse The findings will serve as a reference for teaching methods.
Exploring the nuances of synonymous verbs in Japanese, such as "言う" (to say), "話す" (to speak), "しゃべる" (to chat), "述べる" (to state), and "語る" (to tell), is essential for developing translation skills Understanding these distinctions enhances comprehension and effective communication in both written and spoken contexts.
This study not only examines the usage of specific verbs in Japanese novels but also explores their translation examples in Vietnamese translated works.
This list analyzes Japanese novels and their translations into Vietnamese, providing examples of translated works.
1 角田光代（2003）『キッドナップ・ツア』、式新潮社。
2 An Nhiên dịch (từ nguyên bản tiếng Nhật)（2014）Tôi “bị”bố bắt cóc, NXB
3 越谷オサム（2011）『陽だまりの彼女』、式新潮社。
4 Mộc Miên dịch (từ nguyên bản tiếng Nhật) （2014）Cô gái trong nắng, NXB
5 木藤亜也（2005）『「1 リットルの涙」難病と闘い続ける尐女亜也の日記』、 社幻冬舎。
6 Trần Trọng Đức dịch (từ nguyên bản tiếng Nhật) （2011）Một lít nước mắt - Kito Aya, NXB Văn hóa Văn nghệ Tp Hồ Chí Minh
また、ベトナム人日本語学習者の「言う」「話す」「しゃべる」「述べる」
A study investigating the translation of synonyms for the verb "to speak" was conducted among Vietnamese university students majoring in Japanese at an intermediate level.
上述のように、日本語小説及びベトナム語の訳本における「言う」、「話す」、
研究の対象、範囲
類義語
This article provides an overview of synonyms in modern common Japanese, highlighting the significant research conducted by Japanese scholars on this topic It discusses the definitions and characteristics of synonyms based on these studies, offering insights into their usage and importance in the language.
1.1.1 類義語の定義
The term "synonyms" has been defined in various ways throughout history This article will discuss some of the most prominent definitions of synonyms.
まずは辞典を見ることにする。
『国語辞典 第亓版』（「岩波書店」 1996）は類義語を次のように定義する。
「意義の類似する言葉のことである。例えば、「対照」と「対比」、「両親」と
「母父」である。」
According to the "Nihongo Daijiten Second Edition" (Kodansha, 1995), synonyms are defined as words within the same language that have different sounds but similar meanings For example, they illustrate the concept of synonyms through various word pairs that share close meanings despite their phonetic differences.
The distinctions between terms such as "inference" and "speculation," "spread of fire" and "similar fire," "clothing" and "kimono," as well as "belly" and "stomach," and the differences between "to be" in its forms "de aru," "da," and "desu" are essential for understanding nuanced language use.
教科研東京国語部会・言語教育研究サークルの『語彙教育』（1964）によれば、
Synonyms are words that have the same or similar meanings Examples include "desk" and "table," "tomorrow" and "asita," "book" and "literature," as well as "lose" and "misplace."
「わらう」と「ほほえむ」など」が類義語である。
When a word has multiple meanings, known as polysemy, it can represent different concepts depending on the context In such cases, each meaning can be considered a synonym of the others For instance, the term "fresh" can imply "new" when referring to "a plate full of fresh fruit" or "fresh flowers delivered directly from the source."
「新鮮な山の気」というときには「きれいな」と類義語である。
Yasuo Iwasa (2011) defines synonyms as a set of words that share common semantic features, stating that when a group of words possesses the same meaning characteristics, they can be classified as synonyms.
以上の定義から、本論では類義語を次のようなに定義する。
According to the "Japanese Language Dictionary, Second Edition" (Kodansha, 1995), synonyms are defined as words that have different sounds but similar meanings within a language.
また、これからこの定義に基づいて類義語を確定する。
1.1.2 類義語分類
When considering synonyms, it's essential to recognize that words can be similar or different from various perspectives Consequently, there are multiple methods for classifying synonyms The following classification is based on meaning, nuance, and part of speech.
1.1.2.1 意味の側面
意味の側面から考えると、類義語は４グループを分けられる。
・グループ 1：意味の重なり合いがある言葉。
The distinctive feature of this group of words lies in their overlapping intellectual and conceptual meanings, while their subtle nuances differ.
例えば、「夜」と「晩」、「来年」と「明年」、「ふたご」と「双生児」、
「投手」と「ピッチャー」である。
類義語を考える上で、ニュアンスの違いを無視することはできない。
例えば、「夜」と「晩」。
The term "night" is contrasted with "day," as seen in the phrase "day and night."
The day is divided into two distinct periods: "daytime," when the sun is shining, and "nighttime," when the sun has set.
一これに対して、「晩」は「朝・昼・晩」という言葉にみられるように、
「朝」や「昼」と対比して用いられる言葉である。
The term "evening" refers to the latest segment of the day when humans are typically active, distinguishing it from the hours when they are usually inactive This period is identified by dividing the active hours of the day into three distinct segments, focusing specifically on the final time frame.
The terms "late-night snack" and "dinner" convey different nuances due to the distinct meanings associated with "night" and "evening."
・グループ 2：広い意味－狭い意味（包摂関係）がある言葉。
例えば、「うまい」と「おいしい」、「幅」と「幅員」、「時間」と「時刻」、
「木」と「樹木」である。
When discussing flavors in cooking, men often use the term "umai," while women typically opt for "oishii." Although these two words may seem synonymous, "umai" carries a connotation of praising the cooking skills involved, which "oishii" does not Consequently, the meaning of "umai" is broader than that of "oishii."
・グループ 3：意味の一部に重なり合いがある言葉。
例えば、「愛」と「愛情」、「のぼる」と「あがる」、「美しい」と「きれ い」などである。
ベトナム語における類義語
Similar to Japanese, Vietnamese also has synonyms, and the definitions of these synonyms can vary significantly.
The definition of synonyms in the "Vietnamese Dictionary, 7th Edition" (Danang Publishing, 2000) states that synonyms are words that have different pronunciations but similar meanings.
Nguyễn Đức Tồn（2011）は類義語を次のように定義する。2 つの語彙/語彙卖位が
Synonyms are words that have different forms but represent the same object or concept.
While the two definitions differ in expression, they share a commonality: synonyms are words with similar meanings but different forms Based on this definition, this paper aims to define synonyms in Vietnamese as follows.
Synonyms are words that have similar meanings but differ in sound They convey the same content or share a similar nuance, or may possess both characteristics simultaneously.
Synonyms are not entirely identical in meaning; they share commonalities but also possess distinct differences Identifying these differences can be challenging, yet they are crucial as they contribute to the unique nuances and values within synonym groups.
グループ化されている各類義語は類義グループと呼ばれる。
例えば、ベトナム語における「cố, gắng, cố gắng」は類義グループである。
Within synonym groups, there are commonly used terms that hold a general meaning These terms, often referred to as central words, serve as a neutral foundation for comparison and analysis against other words in the group.
Trong nhóm từ đồng nghĩa "yếu, yếu đuối, yếu ớt", "yếu" được coi là từ trung tâm.
In Vietnamese, synonym groups typically center around several formal expressions.
When a group contains both simple and compound words, the central word is typically the simple word.
In cases where a word has few derivatives or cannot generate derivatives, the root word that produces these derivatives typically serves as the central term.
類義語動詞
As previously mentioned, synonyms can be categorized into four types based on parts of speech: noun synonyms, adjective synonyms, adverb synonyms, and verb synonyms This section will focus specifically on verb synonyms, summarizing their characteristics According to the definition of synonyms, this discussion will outline the definition of verb synonyms.
Synonymous verbs are defined as two or more verbs within the same language that have different sounds but similar meanings, and in some cases, can be used interchangeably.
In the Japanese language, it is common for verbs to have synonyms that are used in pairs or groups of three Examples of such synonymous verbs include "omou" (to think) and "kangaeru" (to consider), "mezasu" (to aim for) and "nerau" (to target), "kiku" (to listen) and "tou" (to ask), as well as "sagasu" (to search) and "hiku" (to pull).
The terms "思う" (omou) and "考える" (kangaeru) are synonymous when expressing one's thoughts about a particular subject For example, one might say, "I think that is correct."
また、文脈によって「思う」と「考える」は異なるニュアンスがある。
[例文 6] 相手のことを｛思う・考える｝。
When we say "thinking of someone," it reflects feelings of affection and concern for that person In contrast, "considering someone" implies a more analytical approach, where we reflect on the situation and circumstances surrounding them.
Thinking about the answer to a problem involves a logical and analytical approach, indicating an objective judgment, while merely feeling or believing about the answer reflects a subjective and emotional response or an instantaneous judgment.
The terms "めざす" (mezasu) and "ねらう" (nerau) are synonymous when they refer to a target or objective Both words convey the idea of aiming for a specific goal or aspiration.
Producers are currently preparing for the reopening of trade and are actively engaging in discussions to facilitate this process.
The term "nerau" can carry a negative connotation in certain contexts, suggesting an intention behind undesirable actions.
The president, determined to cling to power, is exploiting the internal divisions among the Kurds to expand his influence.
「めざす」と「ねらう」は類義語の関係にあり、同時に文脈によっては（＋）
（―）のニュアンスが関わる。
類義関係で使われる 3 つの卖語の場合、「探す・たずねる・訪れる」、「生きる・住む・暮らす」、「選ぶ・決める・定める」などがある。
The terms "choose," "decide," and "determine" all represent actions of decision-making driven by human will, indicating their synonymous relationship.
[例文 9] 第 2 外国語は韓国語を選ぼうと思う。
[例文 10] 洋服の生地はこれに決めましょう。
[例文 11] 定められた規則にしたがって行動してください。
In addition to other verbs, there are groups of four and five verbs that share synonymous relationships For instance, the group of four verbs includes "to arise," "to become," "to be born," and "to occur."
る」、「通じる・通う・通る・通す」である。5 つの動詞グループは例えば、
The article discusses various Japanese verbs that convey similar meanings, including "to descend" and "to lower," such as 降りる (oriru), 降ろす (orosu), 下がる (sagaru), 下げる (sageru), and 降る (furu) It also explores synonyms for "to speak," including 言う (iu), 話す (hanasu), しゃべる (shaberu), 述べる (noberu), and 語る (kataru).
This article provides a detailed exploration of the nuances and distinctions between the Japanese verbs "言う" (to say), "話す" (to talk), "しゃべる" (to chat), "述べる" (to state), and "語る" (to narrate) Each term conveys different aspects of communication, highlighting their specific uses and contexts in the Japanese language.
1.4 「言う」「話す」「語る」「しゃべる」「述べる」という類義語動詞の意 味の考察
ベトナム語における発言行為を表す語
In communication, individuals use language to express their thoughts and emotions, transforming social interactions into speech acts.
Hoàng Văn Hoành (1992)によると、ベトナム語は発言行為を表すグルー
The language is rich and diverse, particularly when categorized by its forms Within this variety, there exists a group of terms known as "bargain language."
（１つの音節）から成るものとして、「nói」、「 kể」、「 hỏi」、「 đáp」、
Trong tiếng Việt, có nhiều từ và cụm từ diễn tả hành động hoặc trạng thái như "kêu", "la", "mắng", "khuyên", "bảo" Ngoài ra, còn có các từ ghép như "nài nỉ", "năn nỉ", "bàn bạc", "nói năng", "lảm nhảm", "cằn nhằn" Một số thành ngữ phổ biến như "bụng bảo dạ" cũng thường được sử dụng để diễn đạt ý nghĩa sâu sắc hơn.
Câu thành ngữ như "cãi chày cãi cối", "rát cổ bỏng họng", "cà riềng cà tỏi", "câm như hến", và "dây cà ra dây muống" thể hiện sự phong phú trong ngôn ngữ và văn hóa Những cụm từ này không chỉ mang ý nghĩa sâu sắc mà còn phản ánh những khía cạnh khác nhau của cuộc sống.
Từ "nói" được coi là trung tâm của nhóm từ diễn đạt hành vi phát ngôn trong tiếng Việt Ý nghĩa của "nói" thể hiện những điểm tổng quát của các từ trong nhóm Hơn nữa, "nói" có tính chất trung hòa trong sắc thái nghĩa.
Do đó, từ "nói" thường được sử dụng như một tiền đề để giải thích ý nghĩa của các từ còn lại trong nhóm.
『ベトナム語辞典 第七版』（ダナン出版社 2000）によれば、「nói」
には 6 つの意味がある。
1 音声を出す、コミュニケーションの中で何かを言葉で伝える。 例 えば、:「Đã nói là làm.」、「Hỏi chẳng nói, gọi chẳng thưa.」 である。
2 発音する 例えば、「Nói giọng Nam Bộ.」である。
3 何か言語を使用して、コミュニケーションのために発音する。例 えば、
「Nói tiếng Việt.」である。
4 批判を表す。例えば、「Người ta nói nhiều lắm về ông ta.」である。
5 節をつけて述べる 例えば、 「Nói thơ Lục Vân Tiên.」「 Hát nói.」である。
6 何かの内容を表す 例えば、「Những con số nói lên một phần sự thật.」、
「 Bức tranh nói với người xem nhiều điều.」である。
Hoàng Văn Hoành (1992)によると、「nói」は 2 つの意味がある。
「Nói」 là hành động phát ra âm thanh, như trong câu nói của Hồ Chí Minh: "Tôi nói, đồng bào có nghe rõ không?" và trong câu "Nghe như có ai đang nói."
2 「nói」は言葉でノコミュニケーション行動である 例えば、
「(3)Người ta hỏi, mà nó chẳng thèm nói.」、「(4)Nói mà nó không chịu nghe.」、
「(5)Đã nói thì phải làm 」である。
Trong ngữ cảnh giao tiếp, từ "nói" ở (3) mang nghĩa là "trả lời", ở (4) có nghĩa là "khuyên" hay "bảo", và ở (5) tương đương với "hứa" Các từ "trả lời", "khuyên", và "bảo" được sử dụng để trung hòa ý nghĩa của "nói" trong các tình huống cụ thể.
つまり、ベトナム語では、発言行為を表すグループの中心語である
Nhóm "nói" có thể được thay thế bằng các từ khác dựa trên bối cảnh cụ thể của cơ chế giao tiếp.
日本語で発言行為を表す言葉の意味のベトナム語との対照
According to the "Japanese-Vietnamese Dictionary, 7th Edition" (Encyclopedia Publishing, 2007), the synonyms for the act of speaking, which include "to say," "to talk," "to speak," "to narrate," and "to state," are described in the following table.
＜表 1.6＞５つの発言行為を表す類義語動詞の意味
動詞 意味（越訳語）
言う nói, bảo, bày tỏ, phát biểu (ý kiến), có tên là, được gọi là
話す nói, nói chuyện, chuyện trò
しゃべる nói chuyện phiếm, tán gẫu, nói huyên thuyên
語る nói, kể lại, thuật lại
述べる trình bày, phát biểu, đề cập
＜表 1.6＞を見ると、ベトナム語における「nói」という動詞は日本語における
The verbs "to say," "to speak," "to talk," and "to tell" are synonymous and often used interchangeably in the Japanese language, each carrying distinct nuances that enrich communication Understanding the subtle differences in meaning and usage among these terms can enhance clarity and expression in conversation.
まとめ
This chapter explores the definitions and classifications of synonyms in the Japanese language, focusing on the basic meanings of the synonymous verbs "言う" (to say), "話す" (to talk), "語る" (to narrate), "しゃべる" (to chat), and "述べる" (to state).
Initially, the definition of "synonyms" refers to words within the same language that differ in sound but have similar meanings, often serving as alternatives for one another These are also known as similar words or equivalent terms.
In the section on "Synonym Classification," synonyms are categorized based on various criteria These classifications include words with overlapping meanings, words that exhibit a broad-narrow meaning relationship (inclusion relationships), and words that share partial meanings.
The article categorizes synonyms into four main types based on their meanings and nuances These types include "old-fashioned," "modern," "formal," and "elegant," as well as those with negative connotations such as "derogatory" and "demeaning." Additionally, it highlights terms that may be disliked by the individuals they refer to and those that are considered taboo Furthermore, synonyms are also classified by parts of speech, specifically focusing on nouns.
「形容詞」、「副詞」、「動詞」の４種類に分けた。
Additionally, it is important to distinguish between "synonyms," "equivalents," and "hypernyms/hyponyms" to avoid confusion This differentiation clarifies the relationships between these terms.
なお、類義語動詞の例を挙げた。
In the concluding section titled "Exploring the Meanings of Synonymous Verbs: 'to say,' 'to speak,' 'to tell,' 'to chat,' and 'to state,'" the article examines the meanings of these synonymous verbs as presented in prior research and dictionaries, highlighting both their commonalities and differences.