研究目的
This study aims to examine the grammatical categories, meanings, usage characteristics, and word formation abilities of the Chinese word "看" (kàn) It also compares the corresponding expressions in Vietnamese, highlighting the similarities and differences between the two languages The research findings are intended to serve as a reference for Chinese language learners, assisting them in understanding and correctly using "看" and its derived terms, as well as grasping the corresponding expressions in Vietnamese This will facilitate accurate Chinese-Vietnamese translation related to this polysemous word.
研究任务
为了达到上述目的，本论文拟定完成以下几项任务：
（1）对现代汉语“看”的相关理论问题进行综述。
（2）对现代汉语“看”进行考察，分析，并阐明其语义、用法与构词 特点。
This article compares the modern Chinese verb "看" with its corresponding expressions in Vietnamese, highlighting both similarities and differences between the two languages By examining the usage and contextual meanings of "看" in Chinese and its Vietnamese counterparts, the analysis reveals distinct cultural nuances and linguistic structures that shape how each language conveys the concept of seeing or watching Understanding these variations enhances cross-cultural communication and language learning, offering valuable insights into the interplay between language and culture.
研究对象及范围
This study focuses on the fourth tone pronunciation of the Chinese character "看" in modern Mandarin It examines the meanings, grammatical functions, and morphological aspects of "看," particularly its role as a morpheme in word formation within contemporary Chinese.
The comparison of expressions corresponding to "看" in Vietnamese highlights the significance of this morpheme in modern Chinese vocabulary, particularly as outlined in the seventh edition of the Modern Chinese Dictionary Additionally, the unique characteristics of Chinese characters play a crucial role in understanding these expressions.
“看”的词义考察过程中，本论文也从文字角度去阐明“看”字的表意性质。
研究方法
为了达到上述目的，本论文采用以下研究方法:
（1）文献法：用以对本课题的相关理论进行总结、选得出理论依据。
（2）考察统计法：对现代汉语的“看”及其构成的词和词组进行统计 并归类；
（3）分析法： 用来对考察所获得的成果进行分析以便阐明其特点
The comparative method is used to analyze the expression of "to see" in modern Chinese and its corresponding forms in Vietnamese, highlighting both the similarities and differences between the two languages.
此外，我们还采取例证法、归纳法、演绎法进行研究。
语料来源
The data for this paper is primarily sourced from the Peking University Library, the seventh edition of the Modern Chinese Dictionary, as well as contemporary literary works and scripts from China and Vietnam.
论文结构
本论文除了前言、结语、目录及参考文献之外，共分三章：
第一章 论文相关的理论基础
第二章 现代汉语“看”作为语素的考察与分析——及其汉译越
方法考察 第三章 现代汉语“看”作为词的考察与分析——与越南语相对
应的表达形式对比
论文相关的理论基础
词与语素的区别
1.1.1.1 语素的定义
In "Modern Chinese," Huang Borong and Liao Xudong define a morpheme (also known as a word element) as the smallest unit in language that combines sound and meaning Additionally, Mr Lu Jianming emphasizes the significance of grammatical units in his discussions.
A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning and sound in a language, serving as the fundamental grammatical element Its defining characteristic is that it cannot be subdivided into smaller meaningful sound units.
所谓“最小”的是指再分析就没有任何意义了。如“玫瑰”，
“玫”没有意义，“瑰”也没有意义，“玫瑰”不能再分析了，所以
“玫瑰”是语素。
In general, a morpheme corresponds to a syllable and is often represented by a single Chinese character, sometimes even a word This might lead to the conclusion that in modern Chinese, one character represents one morpheme, suggesting a straightforward relationship However, the relationship between morphemes and characters in modern Chinese is actually quite complex.
有时，一个汉字就是一个语素，如“电”、“树”、“我”等。
同一个汉字，可以代表不同的语素：
乐：快乐——音乐
会: 会议——会计
有的情况下，一个汉字则不表示任何语素，“瑰”、“玻”、
“璃”这些汉字都不是语素。
From a functional perspective, a morpheme can combine with another morpheme to form a word, making it a fundamental "building block" or "unit of word formation" in language.
1.1.1.2 语素的区分
语素可以根据不同的标准进行分类，主要有下面三个：
第一，按音节多少划分：
A.单音节语素:一个音节的语素就是单音节语素。这是汉语语素的 基本形式。例如：书、天、打、很、她、说、习、子、老、家等。
B.双音节语素：两个音节有两个汉字表示，但只表示一个意义是 双音节语素。例如：蝴蝶、马虎、玫瑰、仿佛、沙发、垃圾、吩咐、玻 璃等。
C.多音节语素：三音节以上的语素叫多音节语素。例如：迪斯科、 巧克力、肯德基、可口可乐、乌鲁木齐等。
第二、语素意义根据：
Morphemes can be categorized into two types based on their semantic meanings: lexical morphemes and grammatical morphemes Lexical morphemes convey concrete meanings related to concepts such as names of objects, quantities, time, locations, actions, properties, and colors In contrast, grammatical morphemes do not represent tangible meanings but instead indicate grammatical relationships Furthermore, lexical morphemes can be further classified into categories like nouns, verbs, and adjectives based on their usage.
名素有：父、母、山、水、心、年、月等。
动素有：立、走、吃、睡、借、放、想等。
形素有：热、冷、方、圆、细、浓、緑等。
In most cases,虚语素 (function words) serve as bound morphemes that combine with实语素 (content words) to form words or phrases These combinations convey specific grammatical meanings, structural relationships, or even nuances of knowledge and tone.
（a）们、吗、的、了、着等；
（b）阿、儿、子、头、者等；
（c）就、或、而、但、且等。
Trong ba loại yếu tố ngữ nghĩa trên, loại (a) có phạm vi kết hợp rộng hơn và đảm nhận chức năng ngữ pháp; loại (b) có chức năng tạo từ, đóng vai trò là tiền tố hoặc hậu tố; còn loại (c) cũng có chức năng ngữ pháp.
第三，按构词能力划分：
A.自由语素：能够独立成词，也能够同别的语素组合成词的语素 叫自由语素。例如：你、我、笔、书、说、笑、美、好、和等。
B.半自由语素：这类语素不能单独组成词，只能同其它语素组成 词，在构词时位置不固定。例如：民、语、言、习、师、伟、机、视、 规等。
C.不自由语素：这类语素不能单独组成词，同别的语素组合成词 时，位置固定。例如：
（a）第、阿、初、老（前缀）
（b）子、头、们、者、家、性、儿（后缀）
In linguistics, morphemes can be categorized based on their position in a word, either as prefixes that appear at the beginning or as suffixes that appear at the end The core meaning of a word is conveyed by the root morpheme, while affixes, which add additional meaning, can be classified into prefixes and suffixes depending on their placement.
When learning a foreign language, the first step after mastering the alphabet is to engage with individual words, making words the fundamental building blocks of language Words often reflect basic categories of the world, and as people perceive their surroundings, they naturally acquire these essential concepts Consequently, when expressing these categories, specific words, such as "book," are used instinctively.
“说”、“吃”、“学”、“你”、“好”等等。
多义词的概说
In "Modern Chinese," Huang Borong and Liao Xudong emphasize that "meaning items are the rational explanations of a word's meaning." A word can have a single meaning explained by one meaning item or multiple meanings explained by several meaning items To fully understand and effectively grasp word meanings, it is essential to learn how to decompose and analyze meanings When discussing word meanings, we should focus on specific meanings rather than treating the word as a whole These specific meanings are documented in dictionaries as meaning items, as illustrated by the definitions in the "Modern Chinese Dictionary."
The term "津梁" refers to methods and means that guide or facilitate transitions, similar to a bridge or ferry Additionally, "大肚子" metaphorically signifies pregnancy.
（口）指饭量大的人（用于不严肃的口气）。
（方）对地主，资本家的憎称。
可以看出，“大肚子”有三个义项，“津梁”只有一个义项。
1.2.2 多义词的定义
Words can be categorized into monosemic and polysemic based on the number of meanings they possess A word with a single meaning is referred to as a monosemic word, while a word with two or more meanings is known as a polysemic word The phenomenon of polysemy, or "one word with multiple meanings," is evident in dictionaries where such words are listed with various definitions.
Tâm hồn xīn: 1 Tim: Trái tim của ông ấy vẫn đang đập; 2 Cơ quan tư tưởng hoặc cảm xúc; 3 Trung tâm: Chiếc thuyền đã chèo đến giữa dòng sông.
Chữ "处" (chǔ) mang nhiều ý nghĩa quan trọng trong tiếng Trung Đầu tiên, nó chỉ việc cư trú, như trong cụm từ "穴居野处" (sống trong hang động) Thứ hai, nó liên quan đến việc sống chung hoặc giao tiếp với người khác, như trong từ "相处" (quan hệ) Thứ ba, "处" cũng có thể chỉ đến tình huống hoặc hoàn cảnh, như trong "处境" (tình huống) Thứ tư, nó có nghĩa là xử phạt hoặc quyết định, như trong "处分" (kỷ luật) Cuối cùng, nó cũng đề cập đến việc xử lý hoặc giải quyết vấn đề, như trong "处理文件" (xử lý tài liệu).
The polysemy of words is a result of the evolution and change in word meanings Initially, a word is always monosemic; however, as objective phenomena continuously develop and change, the finite number of words in a language struggles to keep up Consequently, as people's understanding of these phenomena deepens, existing words are often repurposed to represent related concepts, leading to the phenomenon of polysemy.
Polysemous words reflect the expansion of meanings, showcasing the evolution and richness of language While a polysemous word may have multiple meanings, its specific meaning becomes clear when placed in a particular linguistic context Therefore, understanding the meaning of polysemous words requires consideration of the surrounding context to achieve accurate interpretation.
1.2.3 多义词的类型
Polysemous words can be classified based on the meanings they encompass, specifically considering the semantic and morpheme aspects The four categories of classification are as follows:
（1）全部义项是词义的多义词
例如：导游 ：带领游览；指导游览：〜者/ 《西湖〜》。
担任导游工作的人：他是我们的〜。
The terms "导游" (tour guide) have distinct meanings that can function independently as sentence components, indicating that both meanings are valid lexical entries In modern Chinese, compound words consisting of two or more syllables typically exhibit lexical meanings.
（2）一个义项是词义，其余都是语素义的多义词。
例如：书： 写字；纪录；书写：书法。
字体：楷书I篆书
装订成册的著作：一本书丨一部书
文件：证书丨说明书
“书”的义项中，③是词义，其余都是语素义。
（3）词义义项多，又带语素义的多义词。
例如：火： （〜儿）物体燃烧时所发的光和焰：〜光|〜花。
指枪炮弹药：〜器丨〜力 火气①：上〜
形容红色：〜红
比喻紧急：〜速|〜急
（〜儿〉比喻暴躁或愤怒：〜性丨冒〜
其中①⑥是词义，其余是语素义。
（4）多义不成词语素
Although these morphemes are not words in themselves, they were predominantly words in Classical Chinese, and some still function as words today Many terms are constructed from these morphemes, so understanding the meanings of polysemous morphemes is essential for grasping the meanings of the numerous words they form.
例如：危：危险，不安全（跟―安‖相对）：〜急，居安思〜；
使处于危险境地，损害：〜害，〜及生命；
指人快要死：临〜，病〜；
〈书〉高：〜楼千尺；
〈书〉端正：正襟危坐。
1.2.4 多义词的义项划分
In linguistics, when a word has multiple meanings, there is typically a primary meaning that holds a fundamental position, while the other meanings develop, extend, or transform from this core meaning Notably, scholars like Wan Yiling in "Chinese Vocabulary Tutorial" and Fu Huaqing in "Modern Chinese Vocabulary" categorize polysemous words into basic meaning, fundamental meaning, extended meaning, and metaphorical meaning.
本义指一个词本来的意思，是文献记载的词的最初的意思。
The term "scholar" originally means "a person who seeks knowledge." In the Analects, it is stated, "The Master said: 'Ancient scholars learned for themselves, while modern scholars learn for others.'" Here, "scholar" refers to someone who is dedicated to the pursuit of learning.
The basic meaning of a word is its most commonly used and primary definition in modern language When encountering a word on its own, the basic meaning is typically the first association For instance, the term "scholar" fundamentally refers to a person who has achieved a certain level of academic accomplishment.
The extended meaning, or derived meaning, emerges from the original definition of a word, playing a crucial role in the formation of polysemous words For example, the basic meaning of "cold" refers to low temperature, which can then be extended to signify concepts such as "silence or lack of activity" (cold reception), "unpopular or neglected" (cold goods, niche), and more.
“不热情”（冷冷地说）等意思。
比喻义是特殊的引申义，它是通过比喻而产生出来的意思。如：
The term "backstage" originally refers to the area behind a stage, but it has evolved to metaphorically signify those who manipulate or support from behind the scenes For example, one might say, "Someone like her, who becomes the leading actress, surely has influential backing." This illustrates the multifaceted nature of the term and its various meanings in different contexts.
现代汉语词类概说
1.3.1 词类的定义
目前，众多学者认为词类是词的语法分类，它的本质是分布。
《现代汉语词典》（2016 年，第 7 版）把词类定义为“词类是指 词在语法上的分类”。
In "Research on Modern Chinese Word Classes," Guo Rui asserts that word classes are categorized based on the inherent expressive functions of words at the lexical level He emphasizes that the differences in word class properties precede variations in word distribution, indicating that the nature of a word's class is fixed rather than arising temporarily during usage.
The term "grammatical classification of words" refers to the categorization of words based on their grammatical functions during the study of grammar A word's grammatical function indicates the syntactic positions it can occupy within a sentence structure.
1.3.2 汉语划分词类的标准及词类系统
1.3.2.1 汉语划分词类的标准
The purpose of categorizing parts of speech is to clarify the structure of sentences and the usage of different types of words There are three main standards for classifying parts of speech.
词的形态可分两种：一指构形形态，例如重叠：“研究”重叠为
The term "老老实实" combines the meanings of "老实" and emphasizes its verb and adjective forms, showcasing different grammatical functions Additionally, the morphological aspect of word formation is highlighted through the example of the morpheme "凿," which can stand alone as a verb, while adding the suffix "子" transforms it into the noun "凿子." This illustrates the concept of morphological variation in word formation.
马建忠（1898）、王力（《中国现代语法》，1943；《中国语法理论》，1944）都是以意义为划分词类标准。
Words possess two meanings: lexical meaning and grammatical or categorical meaning The lexical meaning of a word does not fully capture its expressive function.
语法功能标准
Liu Yuehua, in "Modern Practical Chinese Grammar," asserts that the primary criterion for categorizing Chinese word classes is based on the grammatical functions of the words.
Huang Borong and Liao Xudong, in their work "Modern Chinese," assert that the three standards of function, form, and meaning represent different expressions of a unified concept They emphasize the importance of distinguishing between primary and secondary classifications when applying these standards In the classification of word types in Chinese, grammatical function is deemed the primary criterion.
Guo Rui suggests that word classes can be categorized based on grammatical functions The selection of word classes is restricted by their grammatical positions, which depend on the inherent grammatical properties of the words themselves Consequently, different grammatical properties result in varying grammatical positions for words This selection restriction allows for the classification of word classes based on their distribution in sentences.
In summary, grammatical functions can reflect the expressive capabilities of words and can be observed comprehensively, serving as a standard for categorizing words.
1.3.2.2 汉语的词类系统
Many scholars classify modern Chinese words based on functional criteria into two main categories: content words and function words Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, classifiers, pronouns, and adverbs, characterized by their ability to serve as syntactic components and form relationships such as subject-predicate, complement, modifier, and conjunction with other linguistic units Function words primarily consist of prepositions, conjunctions, particles, modal words, and interjections With the exception of interjections, which can stand alone, other function words must be used in conjunction with content words.
In his 2004 work "Research on Modern Chinese Word Classes," Guo Rui identifies the Chinese word class system, which encompasses nouns, verbs, adjectives, state words, measure words, directional words, temporal words, and locative words.
拟声词、数词、数量词、指示词、区别词、副词、介词、连词、语气词、 助词、叹词、代词。
The book "Modern Chinese," edited by Huang Borong and Liao Xudong, categorizes the language into 14 types: nouns, verbs, adjectives, distinguishing words, numerals, measure words, adverbs, pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliary words, modal particles, interjections, and onomatopoeic words.
The "Provisional Chinese Teaching Grammar System," developed under the leadership of Mr Zhang Zhigong, categorizes Chinese word classes into 11 types: nouns, measure words, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, particles, and interjections.
In my opinion, Guo Rui's classification method is detailed, suitable, and clear, which benefits learners in understanding and mastering the subject Therefore, I have adopted Guo Rui's classification approach as the theoretical foundation for this research.
Guo Rui, in his work "Research on Modern Chinese Word Classes," defines "dual-class words" as words that belong to multiple categories Hu Yushu summarizes this concept by stating that from a classification perspective, some words frequently exhibit grammatical functions of two or more categories, which exemplifies the phenomenon of word duality.
语法化现象概说
The discussion of grammaticalization has a long history in both China and the West, but it was only formally proposed as a theory in recent decades As a result, some theoretical issues remain unresolved, leading to multiple definitions currently in use.
在西方，“语法化”这一术语最早是由法国语言学家 A.Meillet 在
1912 年提出来的，Meillet将这种语言现象解释为“自主词向语法成分转
化”。Kurylowicz 从历时的角度看，认为语法化是从词汇形素向语法形
The transformation from lower-level grammatical morphemes to higher-level grammatical morphemes, such as the shift from derivational morphemes to inflectional morphemes, is a key aspect of grammaticalization Levinson views grammaticalization synchronically, emphasizing the role of encoding in distinguishing semantics across vocabulary, morphology/syntax, and phonetics Meanwhile, Hyman approaches the concept from a pragmatic perspective, highlighting the importance of context in understanding grammatical changes.
把 语 法 化 定 义 为 语 用 结 构 经 过 约 定 俗 成 变 为 语 法 的 过 程 。
Hopper&Traugott（2011）认为，“语法化”是词汇单位和结构形式在一
The process of grammaticalization involves expressing grammatical functions within a defined context, which subsequently evolves to develop new grammatical capabilities.
中国从 11 世纪开始就已出现对于语法化问题的探讨。周辉《清波杂志》中有关于虚字之说的记载，“东坡教诸子作文，或辞多而意寡，或虚字多而实字少”。到了 13 世纪，元朝的周伯琦在《六书正伪》中又提到：“大抵古人制字，皆从事物上起。今之虚字，皆古之实字。”中国传统的语言学将“语法化”定义为语言中意义实在的词转化为无实在意义、表示语法功能的成分这样一种过程或现象，称之为“实词虚化”。“语法化”还有其它几种相近的定义，比如，刘坚，曹广顺，吴福祥（1995）将语法化解释为：“由于某个实词或因句法位置或者组合功能的变化而造成词义演变，或因词义变化而引起句法位置、组合功能的改变，最终使之失去原来的意义，只具有某种语法意义，变成了虚词，
The process of grammaticalization, as defined by Wu Fuxiang (2004), refers to the phenomenon where grammatical categories and components are generated and formed A typical example of grammaticalization involves meaningful words or structures in a language transforming into grammatical elements that have no concrete meaning but serve grammatical functions, or where a less abstract grammatical component evolves into a more abstract one.
Grammaticalization, as a formal theory, emerged relatively recently, within the last few decades Research into grammaticalization reveals it as a continuous and gradual process, rather than a self-contained and closed system This phenomenon reflects the diachronic evolution of language on a synchronic plane and is closely linked to external factors, such as human cognitive processes and abilities The study of grammaticalization primarily focuses on two aspects: first, how lexical items evolve into grammatical components, emphasizing the cognitive principles that drive this transformation; and second, how pragmatic and information exchange rules influence the conversion of discourse elements into syntactic or morphological components.
对比语言学概说
1.5.1 语言学中的比较和对比
According to Xu Yulong, when conducting linguistic comparisons, we can approach the subject along two intersecting axes based on the different objects of comparison, resulting in four distinct paradigms.
图 1： 语 言 学中 的比 较 和 对 比
象限 I 代表了同一语言内部的共时比较。象限 II 代表了同一语言 内部的历时比较。象限 III 代表了不同语言之间的历时比较。最后象限
Contrastive linguistics examines the similarities and differences in structural forms among various languages through a synchronic comparison.
1.5.2 对比语言学的定义
Mr Xu Yulong defines contrastive linguistics as a branch of linguistics focused on the synchronic comparison of two or more languages Its primary task is to describe the similarities and differences between these languages, with particular emphasis on their distinctions, and to apply this research to related fields.
Contrastive linguistics is a branch of linguistics that is closely interconnected with other linguistic subfields, highlighting the complementary and mutually reinforcing nature of research across these areas.
第二，对比语言学是对两种或两种以上语言的对比描述。
Contrastive linguistics focuses on synchrony, examining the state of a language at a specific stage of its development rather than its evolution over time.
Contrastive linguistics focuses on the differences between languages while also studying their similarities, distinguishing itself from general comparative studies.
In summary, the primary task of contrastive linguistics is to identify the differences between languages by studying their commonalities.
1.5.3 对比研究的一般程序
对比研究经常通过如下六个程序：
First, define the scope of comparison, which encompasses three key aspects: (1) the linguistic level of comparison, (2) the language units or phenomena being compared, and (3) the linguistic content involved in the comparison.
The second step involves literature collection and research, which consists of two parts: one focuses on existing comparative studies within a specific research scope, while the other analyzes each of the two languages separately within that same scope.
Thirdly, establish the theoretical framework A comparative theoretical framework refers to a descriptive method based on a specific linguistic analysis theory or model In comparative studies, it is essential to determine which linguistic research method will be used as a unified analytical model for analyzing the two languages.
Collecting linguistic materials is essential for language analysis and can be categorized into two main types The first type consists of examples gathered from actual language usage, providing real-world instances of how the language is employed The second type is derived from eliciting native speakers to utilize their linguistic intuition, resulting in valuable language data.
The fifth step involves analysis and comparison, which refers to examining and contrasting collected linguistic materials based on a specific comparative framework established on existing research.
In conclusion, after analyzing and comparing the findings of this study, we can summarize the results and discuss their theoretical and practical implications.
翻译理论
Nguyễn Hữu Cầu (阮有求，2007〉认定“翻译是把一种语言文字
Translation involves expressing the meaning of one language in another, converting symbols or codes representative of a language into verbal form Broadly defined, translation encompasses the communication between dialects and a common language of a nation or ethnicity, as well as between different dialects and between ancient and modern languages It is the process of transforming the linguistic products of one language into those of another while preserving the original content and meaning This process includes understanding and expressing both the surface and deep structures of the language.
1 阮有求（ 2007 ），《汉越语互译理论》，河内国家大学出版社，河内。
Dịch thuật có thể được phân loại theo nhiều cách khác nhau, một trong số đó là dựa trên mối quan hệ giữa ngôn ngữ mẹ đẻ và ngôn ngữ đích.
顺译（目的语翻译成母语）
正译（母语翻译成目的语） b) 从语言存在形式或其表现风格来分：
笔译（笔头翻译）
口译（口头翻译） c) 从翻译题材來分：
一般性翻译
专业性翻译（如：商务翻译、法律翻译、文学翻译等)
“信、达、雅”标准
Chinese translator Yan Fu introduced the "Faithfulness, Expressiveness, and Elegance" standards in his work "Tian Yan Lun." These principles emphasize the importance of accurately conveying the original text's meaning without distortion, omission, or arbitrary alterations "Faithfulness" ensures that the translation remains true to the original, while "Expressiveness" allows for clarity and fluency, prioritizing comprehension over strict adherence to form Lastly, "Elegance" highlights the need for appropriate word choice, aiming for a refined and graceful style that reflects the text's inherent sophistication.
在《汉越语互译理论》中 Nguyễn Hữu Cầu 提到“雅”的新内容就是
Maintaining the original style of a text often involves varying interpretations and applications of the principles of "faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance." While new translation standards have emerged, the influence of these traditional standards remains significant.
等值翻译标准
The concept of equivalence in translation standards, introduced by Soviet theorist A.V Fedorov in 1953, emphasizes that a translation must fully and faithfully convey the complete meaning of the original text.
The primary focus of this standard is on content, ensuring that the translation maintains a consistent tone and style with the original text.
Trong tác phẩm "Teoría de la traducción entre tiếng Trung và tiếng Việt", Nguyễn Hữu Cầu đã chỉ ra ba phương pháp dịch thuật, bao gồm dịch nghĩa, dịch sát nghĩa và dịch kết hợp với giải thích.
Literal translation focuses on preserving the original wording of the text This approach includes transliteration, which involves expressing words from one language using similar-sounding phonetics in another language, as well as word-for-word translation methods.
意译：按照原词整个语义来翻译
解译：使用解释来翻译
本课题相关研究综述
1.7.1 在中国的研究情况
Polysemy, like synonyms, near-synonyms, and antonyms, is considered one of the key challenges in the study and teaching of modern Chinese vocabulary In China, there are numerous specialized studies on polysemy, ranging from comprehensive analyses to focused examinations of specific polysemous words or groups The research in this area has yielded significant results This paper specifically reviews studies related to the word "看" (to see), thereby narrowing its focus to the relevant research surrounding this term.
The word "看" is a frequently used polysemous term in modern Chinese that has garnered significant attention from scholars due to its multiple meanings and functions Current research on "看" in contemporary Chinese primarily focuses on several key aspects.
①对专书中“看”字的研究
Liang Guanghua's 1998 study on the character "看" in "Shishuo Xinyu" examines all instances of the term, providing a comprehensive analysis and summarizing its various meanings.
结为两类：第一类，表示“视察、观春、看见”等义：第二类，表示
“拜访、探望”义，并分别举例作了说明。
黄帅《〈世说新语〉中“看”的用法分析》（2003 年）考察了
The primary meanings and usage frequency of the word "看" are analyzed, highlighting its tendency for semantic expansion and versatility in application Additionally, a comparison is made between commonly used meanings and their synonyms, emphasizing the word's broad range of use.
In her 2004 article, "A Historical Comparison of the Single-Syllable Verbs of 'Seeing' in 'Records of the Grand Historian'," Bu Shixia examines the differences in the semantic field of the verb '看' (to see) between the historical context of the 'Shiji' and modern Chinese The study highlights three main aspects of change: the evolution of the central verb, the morphological development of words, and the decline in the usage of single-syllable verbs.
②对“看”组成的词语、短语、句式及其相关的研究
Trong bài viết của Zhang Ailing và Zhang Xiusong (2004), "Cách sử dụng đặc biệt của từ '看' trong ngữ pháp thời gần tương lai", tác giả chỉ ra rằng trong tiếng Trung hiện đại, từ "看" được sử dụng như một chỉ dấu cho thời gian gần tương lai, và cách sử dụng này đã xuất hiện từ trước những năm 1950 Các từ mới như "看好", "看跌", "看涨" được hình thành từ sự rút gọn của cấu trúc "看看 VP", bắt đầu từ thị trường chứng khoán và thị trường trái phiếu, sau đó mở rộng ra các lĩnh vực kinh tế khác và hiện nay đã lan tỏa sang nhiều lĩnh vực khác.
In her 2006 work, "The Lexicalization and Subjectivization of 'It Seems' in Modern Chinese," Lei Dongping examines the formation and development of the expression "it seems" from the perspectives of lexicalization and subjectivization, highlighting the evolution of this adverbial phrase.
“看来”的形成是“以身喻心”的隐喻与主观化的结果，认为其中的
The term "see" has evolved from denoting a visual activity to representing a psychological process, illustrating a transition from an objective verb to a subjective mental state.
Zhang Yunfeng's 2004 study, "An Analysis of the 'Look at You ' Sentence Structure," explores the semantic and pragmatic aspects of the phrase "看把你 的." The research highlights the semantic characteristic of "extreme degree" and its implications for grammatical structure.
制约与限制，并着重阐述了其在语用方面所表示出来的高兴、喜悦、满
意 、 难 受 、 苦 闷 等 的 多 种 色 彩 。 此 外 ， 还 有 李 德 华 （ 2010 年 ） 的
Nghiên cứu về cấu trúc câu “(你)看你 V 的” đã chỉ ra rằng loại câu này có những đặc điểm ngữ pháp và ngữ nghĩa mơ hồ, trừu tượng và đa nghĩa Tác giả nhấn mạnh rằng từ “看” chỉ đơn giản biểu thị một đánh giá về hành động hoặc trạng thái của nhân vật, và ý nghĩa của “看” đang dần trở nên mờ nhạt, tức là đặc điểm danh từ của động từ “看” đang giảm dần, dẫn đến hiện tượng ảo hóa động từ Về mặt ý nghĩa, từ “看” này đã khác xa với động từ “看”, nó chỉ còn mang ý nghĩa ngữ pháp của một đánh giá.
In summary, the study of the modern Chinese verb "看" showcases a multifaceted and comprehensive approach, with research focusing on specific and nuanced aspects Additionally, it is evident that scholars have recognized these diverse dimensions in their analyses.
The semantic evolution of the word "看" (to see) transitions from concrete to abstract and from the tangible to the intangible Most studies focus on its grammaticalization process and underlying reasons, while some scholars analyze its polysemous system In reality, as a polysemous term, it is essential to conduct a systematic study of the relationships among its various meanings.
③从语义角度进行的研究
Nghiên cứu về từ "看" từ góc độ ngữ nghĩa đã được thực hiện bởi Xu Qiuye (2014) trong bài viết "Phân tích so sánh về thể loại động từ '看' trong tiếng Trung và tiếng Anh cùng với khảo sát việc tiếp thu của sinh viên quốc tế", và Wang Guquan (2010) với bài viết "Nghiên cứu so sánh về sự ngữ pháp hóa của '看' và 'look'" Cả hai bài viết này đã phân tích các nghĩa và tần suất sử dụng của từ "看", cho rằng nghĩa của từ này đã được mở rộng và phong phú, với cách sử dụng đa dạng, đồng thời so sánh các nghĩa thường dùng và từ đồng nghĩa của nó.
The article "A Comparative Analysis of the 'See' Verbs in Chinese and English and an Investigation into International Students' Acquisition" examines the 800 words of Modern Chinese, summarizing eight meanings of the verb "看": to watch, to read, to visit, to diagnose, to observe, to consider, to depend on, to be careful or attentive, and as a particle used after verbs (often in reduplicated forms or with aspect markers) to indicate an attempt Additionally, the author references dictionaries and relevant literature to support the analysis.
The analysis and statistical examination of 1,760 modern Chinese language samples provide insights into the semantics of the term "看" (to see) This study categorizes the various meanings associated with "看," highlighting its diverse usage in contemporary Chinese.