绪论
汉语成语概说
1.1.1汉语成语的研究历史及方向
Idioms are significant units of language and culture, characterized by their unique structural forms, semantic content, and distinct expressions rooted in national cultural traits Consequently, Chinese scholars have long focused on idioms, exploring aspects such as phonetic features, vocabulary, grammatical structures, and cultural characteristics, as well as their relevance in teaching Chinese as a foreign language.
各位研究词典的学者最早地注意成语特点。在“辞源”（1915 年出版）的
The article discusses several characteristics of Chinese idioms; however, at this stage, scholars have yet to clearly define the boundaries between idioms and other linguistic units.
In his 1954 work "A Discussion on Modern Chinese Vocabulary," author Zhou Mozu explores Chinese idioms from a lexical perspective This foundational study has paved the way for further in-depth research into idiomatic expressions, focusing on their basic characteristics, origins, and meanings Notable contributions in this field include works by scholars such as Shen Songyou and He Sanxi.
In the 1980s, researchers such as Liu Ye (1988) and Yi Yan (1984) contributed significantly to the study of phonetics, exploring various aspects including concepts, scope, structural characteristics, origins, and developmental trends Notable works from authors like Ma Guofan (1978), Shi Shi (1979), and Xiang Guangzhong (1980) further enriched the discourse on phonetics and annotation, highlighting the diverse approaches taken in this field of study.
This article explores various issues related to dictionaries, including semantics and structure, with notable works such as "Chen He Village," "Bai Yun" (2002), "Yu Yu Lin" (2002), and "Lu Zhuo Qun" (1996) Additionally, it examines methodologies for teaching Chinese idioms in schools and the cultural characteristics of these idioms, with contributions from authors like Ni Bao Yuan, Yao Peng Yu (1991), and Mo Peng Ling (2001).
Many Chinese linguists focus on studying the characteristics of idioms used in literary works, particularly in Confucian classics such as the "Analects," "Book of Documents," and "Book of Rites." Notable examples include the work of Peng Ling.
（1995年）、《鲁亚萍》（1996年）等。
With the development of international communication, the comparative study of languages has emerged as a novel field, particularly focusing on Chinese idioms in relation to idioms from other languages Research in this area typically compares structural forms, semantic characteristics, and the cognitive features of different cultures Most studies have focused on comparisons between Chinese and Russian, English, Korean, and Japanese idioms Notable contributors to this field include Gui Jie, Fan Tianjin (2000), Zhang Shunmei (2001), and Zhang Weidong (2000).
The study of Chinese idioms has seen significant development and achievements across various aspects This highlights the importance and notable position of idioms within the Chinese vocabulary system and fixed expressions.
1.1.2 汉语成语定义
From a vocabulary perspective, Zhou Mozu has introduced the concept of idioms, defining them as phrases or fixed short sentences that have been used by people over a long period These idioms exhibit a stable structure, typically consisting of four characters, and function as cohesive units Supporting this view, Liu Jie (2000) also asserts that idioms are fixed phrases characterized by historical and national significance, with their primary components being monosyllabic units and a predominant four-character format.
From the perspective of idiomatic semantics and function, Ni Baoyuan (1990) asserts that idioms are fixed phrases or short sentences that have been in use for a considerable time They typically possess a stable structure and profound meaning, serving a function comparable to that of a single word.
Scholar Liu Shuxin presents a differing perspective, asserting that the true meaning of a fixed phrase, or idiom, lies in its literal interpretation If a fixed phrase possesses a literal meaning that can reveal its extended meaning, then that extended meaning is considered its genuine significance.
根据各位汉语学家的看法，我们可以看出成语具有以下突出特点：
+ 一些汉语成语来源于寓言故事、神话或历史事件。
+ 一些成语来源于诗歌或古代文学作品。
意义的象征性
Although the components of idioms are relatively independent linguistic units, the meaning of an idiom often possesses a sense of completeness within its structure.
结构的稳定性
成语是语言单位，由社会约定而成，因此结构比较稳定。
形式的简短性
Idioms often have a concise and clear form, primarily consisting of a four-character structure Statistics show that four-character idioms account for 94% of Chinese idioms, making them the most common form of idiomatic expression.
The definitions mentioned above serve as a typical representation of research findings related to Chinese idioms After summarizing the concept of idioms, the author presents the following key characteristics.
是具有稳定结构的固定短语，一般是四字结构。
根据习惯而使用，常有历史性，有明确的来源。
成语一般带有象征意义，而不是构成要素的字面意义的总和。
在使用过程中，成语的功能相当于一个词。
1.1.3 汉语成语与其它语言单位的区别
1.1.3.1 成语与惯用语
Idioms are fixed expressions that convey complete meanings, functioning similarly to colloquial units The actual significance of an idiom is not merely the sum of the literal meanings of its individual components.
一般三音节单位被视为惯用语，四音节单位被视为成语。
如：“耳边风 ”（在耳边吹过的风，比喻听了不放在心上的），“泼冷水”
（比喻挫伤别人的热情或兴致）是惯用语。“春暖花开”、“天寒地冻”是成语。
越南语成语概说
1.2.1越南语成语研究历史及方向
越 南 语 第 一 个 研 究 成 语 词 典 工 程 就 是 范 琼 的 《 关 于 俗 语 民 谣 》
In 1921, significant contributions to the study of Vietnamese idioms were made, notably by authors like Nguyen Luc and Liang Wen Dang in their work "Vietnamese Idioms" (1976), which provided valuable resources for scholars and those interested in Vietnamese expressions Additionally, Nguyen Linh's "Dictionary of Vietnamese Proverbs and Idioms" (1989), the edited collection "Stories of Idioms and Proverbs" by Huang Wen Hang (1988-1990), Nguyen Van Khang's "Vietnamese-Chinese Dictionary of Proverbs and Idioms" (1998), and Chen Qing Lian's "Chinese-Vietnamese Dictionary of Proverbs and Idioms" further enriched the understanding of these linguistic elements.
The study of idioms in Vietnamese, particularly in relation to compound words, idiomatic expressions, and proverbs, has been explored extensively by various scholars Notable researchers in this field include Nguyen Van Hieu, Du Youzhu, Nguyen Kim Tan, Qu Ting Xiu, Nguyen Van Minh, Nguyen Thuan Gia, Hu Li, Dai Chun Ning, and Zhang Dongshan Additionally, significant works addressing the formation, development, semantics, and cultural aspects of Vietnamese idioms have been contributed by scholars such as Pei Keyue, Nguyen Duc Minh, Phan Xuan Thanh, Vu Quang Hao, Nguyen Ru Yi, Nguyen Van Khang, and Nguyen Xuan He.
Currently, a significant research focus among Vietnamese linguists is the exploration of literary works.
的 成 语 运 用。 这 个研 究 方 向 的代 表 作者 有 ： 瞿 庭秀 （1972） 、 黄 文行
（1973）、阮善甲（1988）、潘文桂（ ）。
依 据 对 比 研 究 方 向 的 工 程 有 ： 阮 春 和 的 《 俄 — — 越 成 语 对 比 》
Key comparative studies on idioms between different languages include Jiang Shiba's "Comparative Study of Chinese and Vietnamese Idioms" (1996), Huang Gongmingxiong's "Comparative Study of Russian, English, and Vietnamese Idioms" (1999), and Wu Mingshui's "Comparative Study of Japanese and Vietnamese Idioms" (2006).
1.2.2 越南语成语定义
到现在为止，各位越南语学家已经提出较多越南成语定义。
One perspective on idioms is that they are fixed phrases that serve a naming function, characterized by structural stability and semantic completeness As noted by scholars like Ruan Wenming, idioms act as units that convey specific content, depicting imagery, phenomena, personalities, and states Furthermore, the majority of idioms are primarily fixed word groups, as highlighted by Dai Chun.
Chengyu are fixed phrases that consist of elements that have lost their independence and have combined to form a relatively stable whole.
Another perspective is that idioms are fixed phrases that possess structural stability and semantic completeness They are characterized by their vividness, as idioms are defined as fixed expressions that have both complete meaning and descriptive value, reflecting profound and imaginative semantics.
Idioms serve as vital units of language and culture, characterized by their fixed phrases within the vocabulary They possess naming and conceptual functions, facilitating communication while reflecting unique cultural and cognitive patterns As stable linguistic units, idioms embody the specific ways of thinking and interacting inherent to a particular ethnic group, capturing various concepts and phenomena within their structure.
Scholars have noted various characteristics of Vietnamese idioms Huang Wenxing emphasized their pragmatic nature, describing idioms as stable, structurally fixed phrases with complete meanings that are commonly used in daily communication, particularly in spoken language In contrast, Nguyen Ru Yi, Phan Chun Cheng, and Nguyen Van Khang highlighted the rhyming aspect of idioms, stating that these fixed phrases often feature rhyme and are widely utilized in everyday life, with meanings that extend beyond the literal interpretation of their components.
In summary, there is a high level of consensus regarding various perspectives on Vietnamese idioms, with subsequent definitions primarily enhancing the fundamental characteristics of these expressions Based on the discussed concepts of idioms, we can identify the following essential traits of Vietnamese idioms.
是固定短语的代表部分
有稳定的形态结构和完整的意义，一般带有象征意义。
有口语文风，常有押韵。
是语言文化单位。
Based on the definitions of idioms provided by Chinese and Vietnamese linguists, it is evident that there are differing perspectives on this linguistic unit Chinese scholars focus on the number of syllables and the origins of idioms, while Vietnamese scholars emphasize the semantic structure and characteristics of idioms.
1.2.3越南语成语与其他单位区别
1.2.3.1成语与合成词
词是具有完整意义与稳定结构的最小单位，用来造句。
Idioms and words serve a naming function, designating various phenomena, attributes, actions, and relationships in the objective world While words typically relate to concepts and accurate terminology, conveying factual information, idioms go beyond mere information delivery by incorporating metaphorical and vivid connotations This distinction highlights the difference between idioms and free phrases, emphasizing the unique expressive qualities of idiomatic expressions.
Từ tự do và thành ngữ đều là sự kết hợp của các từ, đóng vai trò như các thành phần cấu tạo câu Tuy nhiên, từ tự do chỉ là sự sáng tạo tạm thời, tồn tại trong một bối cảnh nhất định, và các thành phần của nó có thể được thay thế bằng những yếu tố tương tự khác Ngược lại, thành ngữ được cấu thành từ các yếu tố cố định, những yếu tố này thường mất đi tính độc lập và có cấu trúc ổn định, vững chắc, chẳng hạn như: “Cực kỳ xinh đẹp”.
“Rất đẹp” là một cụm từ linh hoạt có thể thay thế bằng “vô cùng” hoặc “cực kỳ” Câu thành ngữ “Sắc nước hương trời” thể hiện vẻ đẹp tuyệt mỹ và sự quyến rũ của thiên nhiên.
1.2.3.3成语与俗语
Proverbs are fixed structural units that are not easily altered in their component order, similar to idioms, and they serve a descriptive function.
汉-越语有关天气成语综观
Agriculture in China dates back to the Neolithic era, with the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins recognized as one of the world's agricultural cradles The production structure of Chinese agriculture encompasses crop cultivation, forestry, animal husbandry, aquaculture, and sideline industries, though crop farming has remained dominant for thousands of years Due to a large population and limited arable land, grain production holds a particularly significant role in the agricultural landscape Traditionally, the cultivation of the five grains has been synonymous with agricultural production in China.
Throughout history, the relationship between agriculture and weather has been profoundly interconnected Crop growth relies on essential factors such as light, heat, and water, while livestock breeding and development also depend on suitable climatic conditions Agricultural regions with favorable temperatures and adequate rainfall tend to thrive, as seen in China's Yangtze River basin, where timely and moderate early summer rains benefit rice cultivation Similarly, Australia’s climate supports robust pasture growth, leading to a flourishing livestock industry Conversely, disasters like droughts, hailstorms, and cold waves can cause significant agricultural losses and even social unrest, as evidenced by the severe droughts in late Ming Dynasty Shaanxi that led to widespread famine and rebellion Recently, prolonged droughts in parts of Africa have resulted in crop failures and severe hunger, drawing global attention to the crisis.
Weather refers to the short-term atmospheric conditions in a specific area, including temperature, precipitation, cloud cover, and wind It plays a crucial role in shaping human living environments and is essential for both production and daily life.
Weather plays a crucial role in human production and daily life, significantly impacting sectors such as agriculture, industry, transportation, and national defense.
The impact of weather on industry is generally less significant than on agriculture, yet it still notably affects sectors reliant on agricultural raw materials, such as the food and cotton textile industries Severe weather conditions can disrupt transportation and communication systems, with fog and snowstorms grounding planes and halting trains, cars, and ships Additionally, weather plays a substantial role in sports and daily life activities.
天气对战争的胜负也有很重要的意义，有时甚至影响到历史的进程。公
In the year 208 AD, the Battle of Chibi saw the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei launch a fire attack aided by the southeast wind, leading to the complete destruction of Cao Cao's camp This decisive victory resulted in the defeat of hundreds of thousands of troops and established the foundation for the tripartite division of power during the Three Kingdoms period.
In conclusion, weather significantly impacts humanity, exerting its influence constantly Today, we have learned to understand weather patterns and can make fairly accurate forecasts to minimize losses from adverse conditions Further research is essential to harness and modify weather for the benefit of human activities With the advancement of science and technology, the era of human control over weather changes is on the horizon.
1.3.2 天气成语概括
1.3.2.1天气成语定义
根据《现代汉语词典》，“天气”一词可以用来指：
+ 气象变化，如：天气预报。
+气候，如：“不怕天气已很冷，沿路上还是有不少烧香的客。” （丁玲
+ 时候或某一时刻，如：“吃过饭，天气已经不早了”。（ 魏巍《在风雪 里》）
+ 也指一段时间，如： “他并不是党员，快到六十岁，结婚才不过十年
天气”。（康濯《徐水平原的白天黑夜》）
Weather idioms refer to phrases that incorporate elements related to atmospheric phenomena, such as wind, snow, sunshine, rain, heat, cold, and coolness This article explores how these idioms not only describe various weather conditions but also reflect the characteristics or nature of certain aspects of life as influenced by these phenomena.
越南语定义
《越南语辞典》的天气定义却不一样，“Thời tiết ”(天气) 一词被解释为:
Thời tiết được định nghĩa là trạng thái của khí quyển tại một địa điểm và thời điểm cụ thể Trong tiếng Việt, các thành ngữ liên quan đến thời tiết có thể được hiểu là những câu diễn tả trạng thái của khí quyển.
We believe that Vietnamese contains many weather idioms similar to Chinese idioms, such as those that purely describe natural phenomena, use weather as a metaphor for people, or employ weather to symbolize events Therefore, in our study of weather idioms in both languages, we adopt a broad concept of "weather idioms," specifically defining them as words or morphemes related to weather phenomena, which include descriptions of various weather conditions and the characteristics or nature of certain aspects of life as conveyed through these weather phenomena.
1.3.2.2有关天气成语分布情况
汉语中有关天气成语的情况并不简单：
序号 季节 季节的
例子 实际意义
暖和 风和日丽 和风习习。阳光灿烂。形容晴
朗暖和的天气。
春雨 春雨如油 春雨贵如油。形容春雨可贵。
春风 春风和气 春天和煦的春风吹拂着人们。
比喻对人态度和蔼可亲。
景色 春暖花香 形容春天美丽的景色
春和景明 春光和煦，风景鲜明艳丽。
使金石熔化枯焦。形容天气酷 热。
指阴历五、六月间天气最炎热 的时候。
夏雨 夏雨雨人
Rain, as a noun, symbolizes water, while as a verb, it represents the act of raining This can be likened to summer rain falling on a person, serving as a metaphor for timely assistance and education.
凉快 金风送爽 金风：指秋天的风。古时以阴
阳五行解释季节，秋为金。秋 风带来了凉意。
景色 落叶知秋 看到地上的黄叶就知道秋天来
临。比喻通过某一迹象便可预
测形势的发展变化
天寒地冻 岁暮天寒 冰天雪窖
形容天气极为寒冷。
指年底时候的寒冷景象。
窖：收藏物品的地下室。到处 是冰和雪。形容极为寒冷的景 象。
表 1：汉语中有关天气成语的情况
越语中有关天气成语的分布情况如下：
序号 季节 季节的
例子 实际意义
春季 景色 Trăm hoa đua nở
形容春天景色非常优美。
炎热 Nóng như đổ lửa (流 形容天气酷热，好象金石
夏季 金铄石) 都快要熔化
夏雨 Mưa như trút nước(大雨倾盆）
雨大得象盆里的水直往下 倒。形容雨大势急。
秋季 凉快 Gió mát trăng thanh
形容天气非常凉快，清爽
冬季 寒冷 Rét cắt da cắt thịt
寒风象刀，严霜象剑。形 容气候寒冷，刺人肌肤。 也比喻恶劣的环境。
表 2：越语中有关天气成语的分布情况
本论文的第一章的主要内容是概括课题的有关理论，具体是:
This article summarizes the current state of research on Chinese-Vietnamese idioms, addressing fundamental issues such as definitions, characteristics, and classifications Idioms are unique linguistic and cultural units distinguished by their structural form, semantic content, ethnic cultural traits, and modes of expression Typically consisting of four characters, idioms are stable phrases or fixed expressions that have evolved through prolonged usage by the people Additionally, the article clarifies the distinctions between idioms and other language units, such as free phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, and double entendre.
The article summarizes the fundamental aspects of weather-related idioms in Chinese and Vietnamese Weather idioms consist of words or morphemes related to meteorological phenomena, such as wind, snow, sunshine, rain, heat, cold, and coolness These idioms describe various weather phenomena and relate them to the characteristics of certain aspects of life While there are numerous specialized studies on idioms in both China and Vietnam, comprehensive examinations of all Chinese weather idioms are scarce Scholars typically record these idioms in various dictionaries but rarely categorize them systematically.
The realm of weather idioms encompasses the four seasons—spring, summer, autumn, and winter—each characterized by distinct features and scenery For instance, spring is warm, summer is hot, autumn is cool, and winter is cold We have clarified key concepts related to various weather idioms, including examples and their practical meanings, such as spring rain, summer rain, spring breeze, warmth, heat, coolness, and coldness.
汉-越语有关天气成语的特点对比
天气成语的产生动因
To achieve the best descriptive effect of weather and to use it as a metaphor for people, events, or life characteristics, there is an increasing reliance on weather-related idioms This trend is largely due to the inherent qualities of Chinese idioms, which are subtle, easy to understand, memorable, and pleasing to the ear.
Chinese idioms, with their deep historical roots, fixed structures, and holistic meanings, have become treasured elements of the nation's language They are familiar to the general public and serve as fundamental vocabulary and linguistic forms in social life Their rhythmic and catchy syllables make them easy for people to remember and use, aligning perfectly with the need to describe natural phenomena and draw analogies between weather and human experiences.
The significance of weather and the consistency of natural phenomena make weather-related idioms easy to remember and centered around relatively fixed themes Chinese idioms are concise and profound, showcasing strong expressive power through brevity Compared to ordinary words, idioms possess a heightened expressiveness, often derived from metaphors and exaggerations, characterized by vividness and strong imagery, reflecting the rich cultural heritage of the Chinese people These qualities of idioms align perfectly with the creative requirements of weather-related expressions, leading to an increasing use of idioms in the creation of weather-themed language.
The primary purpose of weather is not merely to capture people's attention; rather, its ultimate goal is to accumulate economic benefits.
In agricultural practices such as farming, livestock, and fishing, it is essential to achieve optimal results while minimizing disasters or losses Additionally, the Chinese creatively utilize the idiom "flexibility" to generate more enriching outcomes.
Natural resources in agriculture encompass various meteorological elements, as well as water, land, and biological materials, excluding minerals like coal, iron, and petroleum, which are used for producing agricultural tools or energy Understanding the status, characteristics, and development potential of agricultural natural resources in different regions is strategically significant for agricultural development and beneficial for environmental protection and economic growth Despite the reduced prominence of agriculture today and advancements in weather forecasting, the significance of weather-related terms remains high in our industrialized society The unique linguistic features of Chinese idioms enhance the informational value and impact of weather expressions Effectively utilizing these idioms can greatly enrich communication Below, we present a statistical overview of weather idioms in both Chinese and Vietnamese.
序 季节 汉语成语 越南语
表 3：汉语和越南语里面的天气成语数量统计
号 数量 比例 数量 比例
4 冬季 寒冷 64条 13% 35条 24.8%
In both Chinese and Vietnamese, idioms describing weather conditions such as "cold," "rain," and "wind" are predominant, likely due to the influence of Chinese idioms that have been translated into Vietnamese.
有关天气成语的结构类型
2.2.1 汉语有关天气成语的结构类型
Just as the structure of syntax is crucial, the internal structure of idioms highlights their grammatical features and significance In the first chapter, we introduced the grammatical structures of idioms Below is a classification of weather-related idioms along with some typical examples.
汉语成语包括四个音节，在这里我们规约这四个要素分别是ABCD
Generally speaking, idiomatic expressions with a subject-verb structure reflect the typical construction of the Chinese language, encompassing two fundamental categories.
名词+ 动词.名词+动词
其中，A和 C的要素是名词，指人或事物，而 B和 D是陈述动词，充当 A
和C的谓语，如：瓦釜雷鸣，寒来暑往、雨过天晴。
此外，主谓结构类还有名词+动词的结构，其中 AB可以是合成词名词，而
CD是动词，例如：春色撩人、春光漏泄
名词+形容词.名词+形容词
Trong đó, A và C là các danh từ chỉ người hoặc sự vật, trong khi B và D là các tính từ đóng vai trò làm vị ngữ cho A và C, ví dụ như: gió trong trăng sáng, gió nhẹ mây thanh, gió nhẹ mây sạch, gió hòa nắng đẹp.
Additionally, there are idiomatic expressions that follow the structure of noun + adjective, where AB represents the noun and CD represents the adjective Examples include phrases like "wind and rain are bleak," "the summer sun is fearsome," and "the sky is cloudless for miles."
Cấu trúc này được hình thành từ hai cấu trúc đồng vị độc lập Nói chung, tính chất của A và C tương đương với động từ, trong khi B và D có thể đóng vai trò là tân ngữ của cấu trúc.
动词+名词.动词+名词
具有这种关系的天气成语常常具有及物动词 A和 C，B和 D是宾语。例
如： 知疼着热、嘘寒问暖、缩手缩脚、啼饥号寒
上面成语里面的 A和 C是及物动词，这些语素所表达的是行为，动作，
The actions directly implicate B and D, indicating that the objects in the aforementioned examples serve as passive objects.
但也有一些成语里面的 A和 C不是及物动词而是“使动”动词，这意味着
使B，D具有A和C的动作或使B，D具有某些状态。例如：流金铄石
The "Dingzhongshi" (定中式) is a subcategory of formal expressions in Chinese language, characterized by a structure where the preceding element modifies and restricts the following element, with the latter being the main focus This includes both Dingzhongshi and Zhuangzhongshi constructions.
形容词+ 名词.形容词+名词
这是典型的定中结构，A和 C 是定语，B和 D 是名词，如：凄风苦雨、
动词+名词.动词+名词
这种结构里面的两个字结构具有联合关系，如：铄石流金（描写“热”的成 语）
The structure of the "jiān yǔ shì" (兼语式) in Chinese grammar follows the pattern of subject + predicate + jiān yǔ + predicate Examples of this structure include phrases like "滴水成冰" (dripping water turns to ice), "借风使船" (using the wind to sail), and "看风使舵" (steering according to the wind).
2.2.1.2修辞格结构
Symmetry in idiomatic expressions showcases aesthetic beauty through various forms, including identical word symmetry, same-part-of-speech symmetry, antonym symmetry, and synonym symmetry This rhetorical device offers auditory pleasure, making it enjoyable to listen to and easy to recite, while also possessing a distinct charm.
The meaning is clear and vivid, showcasing the beauty of symmetry through idiomatic expressions related to body language These symmetrical phrases effectively illustrate the concept of symmetrical beauty in the Chinese language.
+ 相同词的对称
Synonymous words are formed through symmetrical expressions of similar meanings These terms generally convey the same idea and can often be used interchangeably Additionally, the substructures of these phrases should remain consistent.
例如：（1）狂风暴雨、（2）天昏地暗。
The two four-character idioms discussed exhibit a strong requirement for symmetry, with their components needing to be balanced In the first example, "狂" (mad) and "暴" (violent) are both synonymous and symmetrical, while "风" (wind) and "雨" (rain) also maintain this symmetry, with both pairs being complete in structure In the second example, "昏" (dim) and "暗" (dark) are mutually symmetrical synonyms, forming the phrases "天昏" (the sky is dim) and "地暗" (the ground is dark), which both follow a subject-verb structure.
+ 反义词的对称
Antonyms are primarily focused on the concept of symmetry, encompassing both nouns and verbs Importantly, the structural components must be identical; for instance, in the phrase "暑来寒往," the substructures are consistent Here, "暑" (heat) and "寒" (cold) represent opposing meanings, while "来" (come) and "往" (go) also serve as symmetrical antonyms.
Metaphor, a figure of speech in rhetoric, also known as "simile," involves comparing one thing (A) to another (B) It consists of a subject and a vehicle Many weather-related idioms are rich in metaphorical expressions, showcasing this linguistic device effectively.
Metaphors draw on similarities between different things, where one object is compared to another based on shared characteristics For example, the phrase "spring flowers blooming" originally describes the pleasant climate and beautiful scenery of spring, but it has evolved to symbolize a great opportunity In this case, the beauty of spring serves as the metaphorical image, while the underlying concept refers to favorable circumstances.
有关天气成语的语义分类
2.3.1汉语 有关天气成语的语义分类
如上已术，汉语中有大概 488 多个有关天气的成语，而越南语中大约有
The article explores over 50 folk songs and 141 idioms related to weather in the Chinese language Our research categorizes Chinese weather idioms into distinct groups, highlighting their cultural significance and usage.
Spring is a season often celebrated for its beauty, with idioms that praise the delightful and charming aspects of springtime These expressions vividly depict the enchanting scenery of the season A notable idiom is "spring flowers and autumn moon," which signifies that the flowers of spring and the moon of autumn represent the finest beauty, generally referring to the picturesque landscapes of spring and autumn.
Spring is a season of warmth and blooming flowers, creating beautiful scenery that makes it an ideal time for outings and sightseeing This phrase is now commonly used to symbolize favorable conditions for work or study, highlighting opportunities for growth and success.
春光明媚—— 明媚：美好，可爱，形容春天的景物鲜明可爱。
“春”还被用来指生机或活力。 例如：
"枯木逢春" translates to "A withered tree meets spring," symbolizing the revival of vitality in a dying patient or struggling situation This phrase encapsulates the idea of renewal and hope, illustrating how even the most desperate circumstances can experience a resurgence of life and energy.
其次，“春天”还可以用来比喻各有值得称道的, 如:
春兰秋菊——春天的兰花，秋天的菊花。比喻各有所长，各有值得称赞 的地方。
“春” 还出现在指事件的规律，如:
春生秋杀—— 意思是春天万物萌生，秋天万物凋零。
"Spring" symbolizes warmth and hope, representing an era filled with positivity In Yuan Jing's work "The Tiger's Tale," the third program features a recitation by the young scholar Li Jin of the poem "Spring in the Heart of a Warrior," which embodies this sentiment Chinese idioms related to spring, such as "spring wind and rain dew," illustrate the nurturing essence of spring's gentle breezes and refreshing rains, traditionally used to metaphorically convey blessings and grace.
另外“春”还用来形容美好的时代将来代替痛苦的，如：
As the old year comes to an end and spring arrives, the transition from the twelfth month of the lunar calendar symbolizes renewal and beauty This is reflected in idiomatic expressions that include the word "spring," which typically carry positive connotations and often describe picturesque scenes.
春色撩人——意思是春天的景色引起人们的兴致。
春色满园——意思是园内到处都是春天美丽的景色。比喻欣欣向荣的景 象。
春山如笑——意思是形容春天的山色明媚。
“春天”的时候不一定是全部都好的，如：
"Spring ice tiger tail" symbolizes the danger of walking on thawing ice, akin to the peril of stepping on a tiger's tail This metaphor highlights that not all idioms associated with "spring" carry positive connotations; some, like this one, convey a sense of caution and risk.
除此之外，春天还表现在一些表示春天温暖晴朗性质的成语中。 例 如：
春回大地——形容严寒已过，温暖和生机又来到人间
风和日暄——形容微风和畅，阳光温暖
另外，还有形容天气温暖而晴朗的“和风丽日”、“风和日暄”等成语
Summer, the second season of the year, is the hottest period in the Northern Hemisphere, traditionally marked by the Chinese solar term "Lixia." Meteorologically, summer begins about 25 days after Lixia In ancient times, the months of April, May, and June in the lunar calendar were considered summer, while modern interpretations align summer with June, July, and August in the Gregorian calendar In the West, summer is commonly defined as the period from the summer solstice to the autumn equinox In the Southern Hemisphere, summer typically spans December, January, and February Scientifically, summer is defined as the season when the average temperature exceeds 22°C.
低于22℃时即为夏天结束。
In the realm of weather idioms, a notable expression featuring "summer" is "scorching summer days," which describes the typically hot summer season For instance, during scorching summer days, the beach is filled with crowds enjoying the water.
Idioms related to "summer" often signify the passage of time and are commonly paired with "winter," such as "无间冬夏" (no gap between winter and summer) and "无冬无夏" (no winter or summer), both indicating that the seasons flow continuously throughout the year In the following section, we will specifically explore the theme of summer heat.
The phrase "流金铄石" (liú jīn shuò shí), originating from Liu An's "Huainanzi," describes extreme heat, as noted in Ming Dynasty scholar Song Lian's inscription "故丽水叶府君墓铭," which emphasizes enduring summer's scorching conditions without shedding one's attire This idiom has become a well-known expression for describing sweltering weather, alongside similar phrases like "焦沙烂石" (burning sands and crumbling stones), "焦金烁石" (scorching gold and melting stones), "蝉喘雷干" (cicadas gasping under the dry thunder), and "火伞高张" (the sun as a high-opened fire umbrella), all vividly illustrating the intensity of summer heat.
另外的例子有：
烈日炎炎——形容夏天阳光强烈。也可称“赤日炎炎”。例：“烈日炎炎似 火烧”。
The sun blazes fiercely, resembling a burning fire, often used to describe the intense heat of summer In harsh weather conditions characterized by strong winds and scorching sun, ancient camel caravans traversing the Gobi Desert frequently endured the challenges posed by such extreme elements.
五黄六月——指农历五、六月间天气最炎热的时候。
The phrase "浮瓜沉李," derived from Cao Pi's letter "与朝歌令吴质书" in the Three Kingdoms period, translates to "floating melons in clear springs and sinking red plums in icy waters." This expression symbolizes the refreshing and enjoyable aspects of summer life The imagery of melons and plums floating in water evokes the idea of cool, delectable foods that characterize the season, often referred to as "floating melons for summer relief."
Autumn, the third season of the year, serves as a transition from summer to winter According to the lunar calendar, it spans from the beginning of autumn to the beginning of winter, covering the months of July to September, while the solar calendar marks it from September to November Astronomically, autumn is defined by the period from the autumn equinox to the winter solstice Meteorologists consider autumn to begin when the average temperature falls below 22 degrees Celsius for five consecutive days and ends when temperatures drop below 10 degrees Celsius.
Idioms that describe the cool and clear aspects of autumn include "Autumn is high and the air is fresh" and "The golden wind brings a refreshing breeze." The latter was famously used by Lu Xun in his work "A Christmas Greeting from Hong Kong," where he wrote, "The golden wind brings a refreshing breeze, and the cool dew surprises autumn." Other idioms that illustrate clear weather include "The sky is as blue as washed silk," "The sky is vast and cloudless," "The wind is light and the clouds are clear," "The wind is gentle and the clouds are sparse," "The sky is devoid of clouds," and "The sun is bright and the wind is pleasant." Notably, many of these idioms often feature words related to "wind," "cloud," and "autumn," highlighting the logical connection between them when depicting clear and refreshing weather.
含“秋”的 成语具有较丰富的引申义，如：
文化含义
2.4.1 汉语 有关天气成语的文化含义
描写与天气有关的风俗习惯
Chinese traditional customs, a vital part of China's cultural heritage, have developed and been passed down under the unique influences of the nation's natural environment, economic practices, social structures, and political systems These customs reflect both universal human folklore and distinct characteristics that set them apart from those of other countries and ethnicities Analyzing the fundamental traits of Chinese traditional customs is essential for folklore studies, as it complements the detailed descriptions of various phenomena within Chinese folklore Notably, many Chinese customs are closely linked to weather patterns, a fascinating aspect that is prominently reflected in numerous Chinese idioms.
出自《礼记ã曲礼上》 “凡为人子之礼，冬温而夏凊，昏定而晨省。”的
The idiom "温凊定省" signifies the practice of providing comfort to parents through warmth in winter, cooling in summer, attentive care at night, and morning greetings This reflects the deep-rooted virtue of filial piety among Eastern and Chinese cultures, highlighting the importance of honoring and serving one's parents as a cherished tradition.
The Chinese idiom "东风化雨" refers to the favorable wind and rain that promote the growth of plants, symbolizing the importance of nurturing and education This illustrates the deep value that Chinese culture places on education, using natural phenomena and weather as metaphors for this cultural practice.
Certainly, one of the most notable aspects is the weather-related idioms associated with agriculture Over thousands of years of cultivation, the Chinese have accumulated a wealth of farming experience linked to weather patterns.
The phrase "秋收冬藏" translates to "autumn harvest, winter storage," referring to traditional agricultural practices Additionally, the saying "雪兆丰年," meaning that heavy snowfall in winter is a sign of a bountiful harvest the following year, highlights the connection between seasonal weather and agricultural success This expression originates from the Qing dynasty work "镜花缘" by Li Ruzhen, where it is noted that ancient wisdom suggests snow in winter heralds a prosperous year ahead, ensuring abundant crops and peace throughout the land.
The concept of "Four Seasons and Eight Festivals" is a significant aspect of Chinese culture, where "Four Seasons" refers to spring, summer, autumn, and winter The "Eight Festivals" include the solar terms of Lichun (Beginning of Spring), Chunfen (Spring Equinox), Lixia (Beginning of Summer), Xiazhi (Summer Solstice), Liqiu (Beginning of Autumn), Qiufen (Autumn Equinox), Lidong (Beginning of Winter), and Dongzhi (Winter Solstice), collectively representing the seasonal transitions throughout the year.
借天气喻人
In the Chinese language, there are numerous idioms that use objects to metaphorically describe people or situations, with approximately 75 such expressions identified Among these, idioms that use weather as a metaphor for human behavior are particularly abundant, showcasing the rich interplay between nature and human characteristics Here are a few typical examples.
"Spring breeze and warmth" originally referred to the gentle, soothing winds of spring that touch people Over time, it has come to symbolize a friendly and amiable attitude towards others.
In the Song Dynasty, Chen Tian's work "Praise of Cheng Bochun" includes the phrase “like the winter sun and summer clouds,” which metaphorically describes a person's gentle and approachable demeanor This comparison highlights how the warm winter sun and pleasant summer clouds are natural phenomena that evoke happiness and invite closeness, illustrating the appeal of a kind and amiable personality.
其他呢？《左传ã文公七年》的鄷舒问于贾季曰：“赵衰、赵盾孰贤？”对曰：
Zhao Shuai represents the warmth of winter, while Zhao Dun embodies the harshness of summer According to Du Yu's commentary, "the winter sun is lovable, whereas the summer sun is fearsome." The phrase "summer sun is fearsome" serves as a metaphor, likening a person's strict demeanor to the oppressive heat of summer, evoking fear and intimidation In contrast, "the winter sun is lovable" suggests a gentle and caring attitude, akin to the comforting warmth of the winter sun, making individuals approachable and endearing.
The phrase "咆哮如雷," derived from the 38th chapter of Luo Guanzhong's "The Painted Skin," describes a person's furious shouting demeanor This idiom vividly captures the intensity of someone's anger, likening their roar to the sound of thunder.
The phrase "ice soul and snow spirit" symbolizes purity and high moral character, with "ice" representing transparency and "snow" signifying whiteness This idiom originates from Wang Dingbao's "Tang Zhi Yan" during the Five Dynasties, where it highlights the difficulty of achieving such purity It later reappears in Song Dynasty poet Lu You's poem "Mei on the North Slope," which references the concept of restoring one's noble essence.
The term "Four Seasons' Atmosphere" originally referred to the weather across the four seasons, later symbolizing a person's expansive demeanor Its origin can be traced back to Liu Yiqing's "Shishuo Xinyu" from the Southern Dynasty, where it is noted that "Xie Taifu held a deep regard for Zhu Gong, often praising Zhu Jiye for embodying the essence of the four seasons without needing to speak." Additionally, this concept appears in Li Bai's "Record of Rencheng County Hall" during the Tang Dynasty.
“季野备四时之气，士元非百里之才。”
The phrase "春风沂水" originally refers to the enjoyment of bathing in the Yishui River and feeling the breeze at the Wuyou Terrace, symbolizing a carefree and noble way of life This idiom is derived from a passage in the Analects of Confucius, which describes a scene of adults and children enjoying springtime together It is important to note that "Yishui" refers to the largest river in Shandong Province, which also shares its name with Yishui County, located in the northern part of Linyi City in the southern region of Shandong.
Using metaphors to describe the characteristics of a subject makes it vivid and tangible, sparking readers' associations and imaginations while leaving a strong impression This technique enhances the expressiveness of language, making profound and abstract concepts more accessible and concrete By likening complex ideas to familiar objects, metaphors simplify understanding and enrich the narrative Additionally, employing weather as a metaphor for human emotions achieves the same effect, illustrating the power of figurative language in conveying deeper meanings.
借天气喻生活