CADRE THÉORIQUE
Acte de langage
1.1 Conceptions des actes de langage
Linguistic pragmatics has evolved from the theory of speech acts, which posits that the primary function of language is not merely to describe the world but also to perform actions.
The theory originated from British philosopher J.L Austin in his work "How to Do Things with Words" (1962) and was further developed by J.R Searle in two significant publications: "Speech Acts" (1972) and "Meaning and Expression" (1982).
1.1.1 Conception des actes de langage d’Austin
The theory of speech acts challenges the descriptive view of language, which posits that its primary function is to describe reality, making declarative statements inherently true or false Austin argues that language also serves to act upon reality, categorizing declarative statements as successful or unsuccessful rather than true or false He differentiates between constative statements, which describe the world (e.g., "the sun is shining"), and performative statements, which enact an action (e.g., "I promise to come") While constatives can be evaluated as true or false, performatives depend on their success, determined by whether the statement is directed at someone and understood by the recipient For instance, expressing dissatisfaction through a performative statement can vary in success depending on the speaker's tone and delivery.
1.1.1.2 Typologies des actes de langage À l'examen, Austin trouve qu'il est difficile de distinguer clairement constatifs et performatifs En effet, un énoncé peut être implicitement performatif Par exemple : je viendrai demain
En outre, un énoncé constatif correspond souvent à un acte de langage implicite: l'assertion
Par exemple : je dis la vérité
According to Austin, utterance consists of three complementary activities: the locutionary act (what is said?), which involves producing a sequence of sounds that convey meaning in a language; the illocutionary act (what is done?), which refers to producing a statement that is conventionally associated with a certain force, such as declaring, promising, or committing; and the perlocutionary act (for what purpose?), which extends beyond the linguistic framework.
L'énoncé provoque des effets (perturbations, changements) dans la situation de communication
Il y donc des remarques suivantes : À chaque niveau, l'acte peut être direct ou dérivé
Locutoire : sens littéral→ sens dérivé Ex : j'ai mal au coeur = estomac
Illocutoire : acte primitif → acte dérivé Ex il fait chaud ici = requête pour ouvrir la fenêtre
Perlocutoire : la dérivation dépend de l'interprétation qu'en fait le destinataire
A successful statement occurs when the recipient understands the conventional intention behind it To achieve this clarity, the recipient can utilize unambiguous markers, intonation, and context Conversely, for the sender to succeed, they must adhere to the rules of discourse, summarized as: not just anyone can say anything in any circumstances, exemplified by the statement "the sun is shining."
1.1.2 Conception des actes de langage de J.R Searle
American philosopher J.R Searle asserted in his 1969 work "Speech Acts" that speaking a language involves performing language acts, which are generally facilitated by specific rules governing the use of linguistic elements According to Searle, a linguistic statement functions as a particular act—such as a command, question, or promise—that produces an effect and alters the conversational context He makes a distinction between these various acts.
Speech acts, also known as illocutionary acts, refer to the various actions that can be performed through language The effectiveness of these acts is governed by specific linguistic rules.
+ Les forces illocutoires, qui correspondent à la composante, dans un énoncé, permettant à cet énoncé de fonctionner comme un acte particulier
In his 1982 work "Sense and Expression," the author identifies five general categories of illocutionary acts based on their illocutionary purpose and the alignment between language and reality These categories include assertives, directives, promises, expressives, and declarations.
Assertive statements aim to hold the speaker accountable to varying degrees for the existence of a particular state of affairs and the truth of the expressed proposition Their focus shifts from language to reality, emphasizing the connection between words and the world.
Directives are attempts by the speaker to prompt the listener to take action These attempts can range from very modest to highly intense, depending on the level of urgency and emphasis placed on the intended goal.
Les promissifs : Ce sont des actes ô dont le but est d’obliger le locuteur (ici aussi, à degrộs variộs) à adopter une certaine conduite future ằ
Les expressifs : Ils sont dộfinis comme ayant pour bit ô d’exprimer l’ộtat psychologique spécifié dans la condition de sincérité, vis-à-vis d’un état de choses spộcifiộ dans le contenu propositionnel ằ
Les déclarations : L’accomplissement réussi de l’un de ses membres garantit que le contenu correspond au monde
1.1.3 Conception des actes de langage de Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni
Speech acts emerged in classical theory in an abstract and isolated manner, often detached from their contextual application However, in practice, speech acts operate within a context and as part of a sequence of actions This understanding aligns with the goals of a more recent field, verbal interaction pragmatics, which aims to uncover the rules and principles that govern the functioning of conversations and various types of communicative exchanges observed in everyday life.
In general, speech acts, also known as illocutionary acts, refer to the various actions that can be performed through language The operation of these acts is governed by the rules of the language.
According to C Kerbrat-Orecchioni, a speech act is the fundamental unit of conversation, characterized by its illocutionary value or force It represents a linguistic sequence that aims to effect a specific transformation on the recipient.
1.2 Formulations des actes de langage
Distinguishing between direct and indirect formulations can be challenging, but there are generally two types of supports for the direct expression of speech acts: performative expressions and sentence forms.
Acte de compliment
Selon le dictionnaire Larousse (1996), le mot ô compliment ằ porte deux significations :
(1) Paroles élogieuses ou affectueuses, que l’on adresse à quelqu’un pour le féliciter
(2) Petit discours adressé à une personne à l’occasion d’une fête, d’un anniversaire
Selon le Petit Robert (2014:275), le mot “compliment” porte les trois significations suivantes:
(1) Paroles louangeuses que l’on adresse à quelqu’un pour le féliciter Faire des compliments à quelqu’un Tous mes compliments pour votre réussite! Compliment sincère, hypocrite
(2) Paroles de politesse Je vous charge de mes paroles pour M.Martin
(3) Petit discours adressé à qq1 pour lui faire honneur Réciter un compliment en vers
Après avoir bien observé ces deux définitions, nous remarquons que le compliment est considéré comme un “cadeau verbal” qui a le but de valoriser la
“face” positive du destinataire Il s’agit en fait du fait de faire plaisir à l’interlocuteur par une expression de sympathie, d’admiration favorable à son égard
Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous allons aborder principalement le premier sens du mot compliment, ỗa signifie des paroles ộlogieuses, obligeantes et affectueuses qui font plaisir à l’interlocuteur
Selon Véronique Traverso (1996:89), le compliment est une intervention :
- Possédant une valeur illocutoire assertive
• Ou sur un objet dont il est responsable
• Ou sur une personne à laquelle il est lié et dont le mérite rejaillit sur lui d’une manière ou d’une autre
Le compliment est considéré, selon Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni (1994:202), comme :
- Portant sur une qualité ou une propriété de l’allocutaire A (un compliment, c’est une louange adressé à la personne conce)rnée
- Ou bien encore, sur une qualité ou propriété d’une personne plus ou moins étroitement lié à A
Selon Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni, le compliment s’oriente vers :
- les qualités intrisèques de l’allocutaire (ses yeux, son intelligence…)
Ex : T’as de beaux yeux
- des objet dont l’allocutaire possède par hasard ou par choix (sa maison, sa voiture, son intérieur, voire sa ville ou son pays)
Ex : C’est chic, votre sac à dos
- des objets dont il est auteur (son article, son plat…)
Ex : Votre bouillabaisse est vraiment excellent
- les qualités et les biens, des êtres auxquels il est plus ou moins attaché
Ex : Ta copine, je la trouve adorable
En se basant sur différents critères, les compliments se distinguent de plusieurs faỗons :
2.2.1 Auto-compliment / Compliment orienté vers autrui
In her postgraduate thesis, Trần Phùng Kim argues that self-praise is generally frowned upon due to the principle of modesty, which discourages overt displays of vanity Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni elaborates on this phenomenon through the concept of the "law of flowers," suggesting that self-compliments are akin to "throwing flowers" at oneself, and violating this norm can lead to social sanctions, such as sarcasm or ridicule To navigate self-complimenting appropriately, she recommends using litotes or other forms of understated praise.
Ex : ô Dans la derniốre partie je prộsenterai ce qui constitue…euh ma contribution la plus importante, entre guillemets ằ
Ou bien il vaut mieux atténuer les auto-compliments par l’hyperbolisation des compliments adressés à autrui :
Ex : ô Quand j’ộcris de la fiction-enfin, quand on ộcrit de la fiction… ằ
Quant à des compliments orientés vers autrui, Holmes souligne que les filles tendent à s’entre-complimenter plus que les garỗons en proposant les chiffres suivants :
Féminin- Féminin : 51,2 % de l’ensemble des énonces du corpus
2.2.2 Selon Boisvert et Beaudry (1979), nous pouvons considérer qu’il y a trois types de compliments :
(1) Les compliments justes, sincères et spécifiques
(2) Les compliments complètement faux dits par ignorance ou flatterie
(3) Les compliments vagues et trop généraux
According to Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni, compliments can be categorized as direct or indirect Direct compliments target the recipient, such as "You are charming," while indirect compliments refer to someone else but still impact the recipient, like "Your child is adorable."
According to Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni (1994:206), a compliment is considered explicit when it is delivered through a performative formula or a statement that directly expresses an evaluative judgment, such as "How beautiful you are." In contrast, a compliment is implicit when this judgment is implied, as seen in phrases like "Hello, beautiful" or "Are those beautiful eyes yours?"
Ou sous-entendu : ô Il en a de la chance votre mari ằ
2.2.4 Les compliments sollicités de ceux qui ne le sont pas (obstensiblement du moins) ô- Comment trouves-tu ma nouvelle robe ?
According to Marandin, informants struggle to categorize a compliment as a positive evaluation in response to a request for feedback Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni suggests that solicited compliments, unlike reactive interventions, are not perceived as genuine This indicates that a true compliment must evoke a sense of spontaneity.
Selon C Kerbrat-Orecchioni (1994:212), c’est le phénomène ó le locuteur rapporte à A des propos louangeurs tenus sur A par un énonciateur individuel ou collectif, identifié ou anonyme
Ex : Il paraợt que c’est trốs intộressant ton sộminaire
Les recherches interculturelles des linguistes font preuve que les thèmes des compliments varient selon la culture de chaque pays Selon Barnlund et Araki
In Japan, the most common compliments in 1985 were related to actions (31%), work and studies (19%), and appearance (19%) In contrast, in the United States, compliments predominantly focused on appearance (34%) and personal traits (33%).
According to Trần Phùng Kim (2004), the quality of life in Vietnam is increasingly improving, with growing satisfaction in material comfort and a sense of moral well-being Compliments regarding women's fashion choices and ornamentation are becoming more common Additionally, there is a frequent acknowledgment of professional success, promotions, and competence in terms of educational attainment.
2.4 Cadre spatio-temporel d’un compliment
Compliments can be exchanged in a variety of settings, including within families at home, such as at the doorstep or around the dining table They also occur among colleagues in the workplace and among classmates in school Additionally, public places like cinemas, shops, markets, supermarkets, restaurants, and theaters serve as common venues for giving and receiving compliments.
Compliments are often used to initiate conversations for several reasons Firstly, they create a positive atmosphere for the interlocutor, especially when the complimenter genuinely intends to please, such as in the case of merchants aiming to enhance customer satisfaction or when seeking assistance from the complimented Secondly, this frequent use of compliments can stem from noticing changes in the partner or from a desire to strengthen solidarity, as noted by Trần Phùng Kim.
Compliments can arise during conversations, such as those at the dinner table, in the context of a variety show, or when meeting a well-known public figure.
Par exemple : - Tu ne m’as rien dit sur ma nouvelle robe
- Trop tard ( corpus Trần Phùng Kim)
Compliments often occur during the closing moments of a conversation, as individuals aim to leave a positive impression on their interlocutor before saying goodbye They can also help foster a pleasant atmosphere before parting ways, such as at the end of a party or social gathering.
Ex : J’ai eu une excellente soirée
2.5 Nature de la relation interpersonnelle dans le compliment
In horizontal relationships, compliments reflect a clear preference for familiarity, while in distant relationships, they tend to be more formal, as noted by Kerbrat-Orecchioni (1994: 215).
According to Kerbrat-Orecchioni (1994), vertical relationships characterized by equality promote the exchange of compliments, particularly in France This phenomenon can be attributed to the religious belief that all humans are considered children of God, resulting in their equality before God.
Ex : L1 : Je crois qu’on se connait
L1 : Finalement, tu n’as pas changé !
L2 : J’ai un peu vieilli (corpus de Kerbrat-Orecchioni (1994 :77))
In unequal relationships, compliments often flow from the higher position to the lower one, where the person in a superior role praises the individual in a subordinate role This dynamic is commonly seen in encouragement-based compliments.
Ex : Tu es la meilleure en nage libre, Amy On compte sur toi (Premier Amour, Callie West)
Au contraire, les compliments circulant de ô bas en haut ằ semblent rares
Ex : J’ai très envie de lui renvoyer son sourire, accompagné d’un compliment sur sa personne Je n’ose pas : elle est le chef (Robbe-Grillet, Djinn, 1985 :14)
In Western societies, particularly in France, upward compliments are quite rare, whereas they are common in many Eastern cultures, such as India In these societies, individuals in lower positions often express loyalty to their superiors through compliments highlighting their merits This is also true in Vietnamese society, especially during the era when Confucianism heavily influenced spiritual life Confucianism emphasizes the supreme role of the king and dictates five cardinal relationships: ruler and subject, father and son, elder and younger siblings, husband and wife, and friends of differing ages Despite significant societal changes, hierarchical structures continue to shape the lifestyle of Vietnamese people, as reflected in proverbs that emphasize respect for superiors and adherence to the superior-inferior order.
Cette idộe contribue à expliquer la production de type de ô bas en haut ằ au Vietnam
2.6 Structure de l’échange complimenteur en France
Il y a beaucoup de manières pour réaliser un compliment Pomerantz (1978) a distingué dans le compliment deux composantes :
En analysant son corpus, Véronique Traverso a répéré quatre formes principales très fréquemment attestées pour l’intervention initiative de l’échange complimenteur
Forme 1 : Tu + être + anxiologique positif ( +spécification)
Toujours selon Traverso, cette forme semble être utilisée pour le compliment le plus fort impliquant totalement le destinataire (l’intervention est focalisée sur la personne) :
T’es super avec tes cheveux courts !
Forme 2 : Ce X te va (très) bien
This specific compliment focuses not on the recipient as a whole but rather on an aspect of their appearance, highlighting a particular item For example, saying "This sweater looks great on you" or "The red really suits you" emphasizes the appeal of the clothing rather than the person themselves.
Forme 3 : Tu as un + axiologique + X
Tu as un joli pull
C’est aussi le cas dans les formules suivantes qu’ on peut associer à la même forme:
Réseau social Facebook
3.1 Qu’est-ce que le réseau social ?
Un réseau social, un terme que l'anthropologue australien John Arundel Barnes a introduit en 1954, est un ensemble d'individus ou d'organisations reliés par des interactions sociales régulières 5
It is possible to intentionally create structures designed to form social networks, providing participants with opportunities to expand or enhance their own social connections, whether professional or personal.
Social media encompasses various activities that integrate technology, social interaction among individuals or groups, and content creation According to Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein, social media can be described as a collection of online applications based on internet philosophy and technology, facilitating user-generated content creation and exchange.
Social media facilitates collective intelligence through online collaboration, allowing individuals or groups to co-create web content, index, modify, comment on, and blend it with personal creations Various techniques are employed within social media, including RSS feeds, blogs, wikis, photo sharing (Flickr), video sharing (YouTube), organizing social outings, podcasts, social networks, collaborative bookmarking, mashups, virtual worlds, and microblogging.
The principle of a social network is to connect with people you know, who can then introduce you to others This can rapidly expand your personal network, making it significantly larger over time.
Social media enables us to reconnect with lost friends, meet new people, stay updated on news from our contacts and friends, share passions and interests, expand our personal or professional networks, and even discover job opportunities.
La communication est sans doute un élément central des réseaux sociaux qui proposent tous des outils de communication synchrones (chat ou vidéoconférence) et asynchrones (commentaires, forum)
Il existe aussi des systèmes de communication indépendants tels que Skype ou Yahoo Messenger
Some social networks on the Internet connect real-life friends, while others help users create new friendships, find business partners, or seek employment Notable platforms include MySpace, Facebook, SoundMeet.net, Twitter, Identi.ca, Mupiz, Viadeo, Instagram, Snapchat, LinkedIn, The_Changebook, Blupps, Weebluzz, and Pheed Additionally, certain social networks focus on content discovery and sharing, such as StumbleUpon and Reddit for web pages, and 500px or Pinterest for photography There are also social networks tailored to specific sexual orientations, like Rainbow Web.
An increasing number of private social networks are emerging online, serving as exclusive clubs for seniors, singles, families, and various other interest-based communities.
Forty individuals are influenced by the principle of homophily, leading to the emergence of political parties that establish their own social networks Artists are also venturing into creating their own platforms, alongside the rise of culturally-focused social networks Additionally, high-level executives maintain their own community sites, and there are specialized social networks dedicated to social economy.
In 2010, only 2% of French HR managers reported using social media for recruitment, compared to 45% in the United States Additionally, social media is increasingly being integrated into organizations through enterprise social networks These secure, internal virtual networks allow employees, and even external partners, to connect within communities based on projects, expertise, and interests These networks operate on application platforms that provide various integrated collaborative features, such as directories, address books, calendars, messaging, and document sharing/archiving.
3.2 Qu’est-ce que Facebook ?
Facebook, originally derived from the English term "face book," was launched as Thefacebook.com in February 2004 by Harvard student Mark Zuckerberg Initially designed for Harvard students, the platform quickly expanded to include students from other prestigious American universities.
In September 2006, Facebook was launched to the general public, allowing users aged 13 and older to join the platform Defining Facebook can be challenging due to its rapid and continuous evolution.
Selon Wikipedia, Facebook propose à ses utilisateurs des applications, qui ont symboles de petites boợtes superposộes sur plusieurs colonnes qui apparaissent à
8 http://tisserands.catholique.fr/reflexions-et-formations/ressources-pratiques/reseaux-sociaux/272-quest-ce- que-facebook/
User profile pages on social media applications are designed to enhance interaction by allowing users to showcase and exchange information with visitors Key features include a friends list, shared friends with others, networks of participation, group memberships, access to associated photos, a mini-feed summarizing recent activities of the user and their friends, and a wall for friends to leave messages that the user can respond to Additionally, since its launch in April 2008, instant messaging enables users to indicate their online presence and engage in discussions with one or more friends in a group setting.
Users can select which applications to display on their Facebook page, allowing them to add, remove, rearrange, or hide certain apps from public view These applications also enable Facebook users to play a variety of games for free, including popular titles like FarmVille, Island Paradise, Fifa Superstar, and Top Eleven Football Manager, as well as smaller arcade games like Paf the Dog Since opening its platform to third-party applications in May 2007, Facebook has significantly contributed to its own success, with over 8,000 applications available by November 30, 2007, created by both novice and experienced developers Facebook provides tools and development frameworks, including programming interfaces and code examples, to help developers ensure their applications meet Facebook's standards.
Depuis novembre 2010, on peut d'obtenir une adresse e-mail qui termine par
In 2010, Facebook boasted over 200 million active mobile users, highlighting significant trends such as the rise of Open Graph, Facebook Connect, and the introduction of Facebook Credits as a virtual currency.
Since January 29, 2011, Facebook has transformed its messaging system, allowing users to view their conversation history, SMS, and messages in a new interface On July 6, 2011, Facebook introduced video calling in partnership with Skype Additionally, on October 11, 2011, Facebook launched its iPad application, which includes nearly all the features of the social network This was announced following its first marketing conference on February 29.
ACTE DE COMPLIMENT EN FRANÇAIS ET EN
Présentation du corpus
Our study consists of two distinct parts, focusing on observations from Facebook in both French and Vietnamese It's important to note that compliments are not consistently found across all the Facebook pages we examined; in some cases, they were entirely absent Whenever we identified a compliment, we meticulously recorded the source (URL), the specific post, and all associated comments To streamline our analysis and statistical evaluation, we created a compilation featuring only compliments: 100 in French and 100 in Vietnamese.
Analyse du corpus
2.1 Faỗons typiques de complimenter sur Facebook
Nous allons tout d’abord analyser nos corpus franỗais puis vietnamien sur le point suivant : ô Quelles sont les faỗons de complimenter typiques sur Facebook ? ằ
Facebook has introduced a new way to give compliments through the "Like" button, known as "J'aime" in French According to Wikipedia, the Like feature is a social module integrated into Facebook, allowing users to express their interest in various types of content, including posts, comments, Facebook pages, and photos.
Il y différentes manières pour donner un compliment par ce bouton Quand on voit une publication sur Facebook et on appuie sur ce bouton signifie qu’on complimente cette publication
Comme un jugement sans témoin – avec Margaux Blaa
Aùt-Salah Florence et 37 autres personnes aiment ỗa
On peut aussi complimenter quelqu’un en aimant un compliment d’une autre personne
Nawel Mdj Comment elles sont belles mes copines !!!
Ce mode de Facebook a influencé le langage parlant dans la vie quotidienne ô Like ằ - un mot anglais , est devenu un mot nouveau dans mờme le franỗais et le vietnamien
Louis Hry Lopez Là je surlike (meme si je préférais le premier acteur malheureusement décédé) moi perso #Jesuiscrixus
Bích Ngọc hót gơn nhìu lai quá :((
Pham Son Tung Nhiều like tnay mà chưa lấy chồng kìa J’aime ã Rộpondre ã 26 dộcembre 2015, 08:59
(beaucoup de like mais pas encore de mari)
The term "ô Like" has emerged as a popular new word in France and Vietnam, with French and Vietnamese internet users even creating variations like "lai" and "laik." The verbs "like" and "surlike" have also become part of the French language This colloquial usage of "ô Like" highlights the significant influence of Facebook on communication.
Emoticons are symbolic representations of emotions, moods, feelings, or atmospheres used in written communication This trend originated from combining various typographic characters, such as the smiley face :-), but the term also encompasses small images, whether static or animated, like a winking face Generally, emoticons serve to convey brief information in writing that resembles facial expressions, vocal tones, or gestures in spoken communication So, how are emoticons used?
In our analysis, we identified a significant presence of emojis within our dataset Out of 200 compliments, 79 incorporated emojis, including 48 in Vietnamese and 31 in French We categorized these compliments into two types: those that use only emojis and those that combine words with emojis In the Vietnamese corpus, we observed distinct patterns in the use of these expressive symbols.
The analysis reveals a total of 47 compliments, with 44 incorporating words and emoticons, while 4 consist solely of emoticons In the French corpus, there are 29 compliments that include linguistic markers along with emoticons, and 2 that are formed exclusively with emoticons.
2.1.2.1 Compliment formé seulement par des émoticônes
Examinons tout d’abord les exemples:
In daily life, complimenting someone doesn't always require words; gestures and facial expressions can be just as effective For instance, applauding can serve as a meaningful compliment Similarly, on social media platforms like Facebook, non-verbal cues can convey appreciation and support.
UTILISATION DES ÉMOTICÔNES Émoticônes Marqueurs linguitiques + Émoticônes
48 parle pas face à face, on a besoin des émoticônes pour remplacer des gestes, des émotions
Pourtant, observons les émoticônes qu’on utlisent souvent
Il nous semble que les émotions exprimées par ces émoticônes sont exagérées
Il faut noter que parfois dans la vie quotidienne on ne fait pas toujours des mêmes
49 expressions Par exemple, sur Facebook, quand un garỗon voit la photo d’une belle fille et il donne des compliments avec ces émoticônes :
In everyday life, when a boy gazes at a girl with sparkling or heart-shaped eyes, it can come across as impolite, leading many to avoid such expressions However, on platforms like Facebook, these emoticons are frequently used and tend to be perceived as humorous rather than offensive.
2.1.2.2 Compliment avec des marqueurs linguistiques et des émoticônes
On constate que sur Facebook, dans les compliments, on ajoute assez souvent des émoticônes
Benjamin Perdrix WhosBad Trop belle mon amour Hier, à 01:42
Phạm Nguyên Cát ù uôi c xinh thế
Le Bich Ngoc xuynh chia sẻ rằng cô thích những hình ảnh giản dị, đặc biệt là cánh đồng lau trong bộ phim hoạt hình "Tonari no Totoro".
Quels rôles jouent des émoticônes? En effet, les échanges de textes ne sont pas accompagnés de mimiques, de postures et de gestes qui facilitent la communication
The lack of emotional information in digital communication can lead to misunderstandings and ambiguity, making it harder to grasp the intended message Humor, sarcasm, and the sender's mood can be particularly challenging to interpret in online exchanges, potentially resulting in conflicts This is why emoticons have become essential, as they clarify the meaning of text Emoticons serve multiple purposes: they reveal the sender's state of mind and intentions, influence the reader's perception by mimicking facial expressions, and enhance the emotional content of the message For instance, a compliment accompanied by a smiley can uplift the recipient's mood, while a smiling emoticon reinforces an already positive message.
Emojis have become a popular trend not only online but also in everyday life They are frequently used in text messages among friends, family members, and colleagues, even in responses to supervisors Additionally, there is a noticeable increase in communication campaigns that utilize emojis as a key element.
Coca-Cola propage le bonheur sur internet avec des émoticônes
T-Mobile lance des émoticônes pour lutter contre le sida
Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni differentiates between solicited and unsolicited compliments In this context, we will explore whether compliments on Facebook can be classified as solicited compliments.
In principle, self-praise is frowned upon due to the law of modesty, which discourages overt displays of vanity Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni explains this phenomenon through the "law of flowers," suggesting that complimenting oneself can lead to social sanctions, such as sarcasm or ridicule However, if one wishes to self-compliment, using litotes—a form of understated expression—is advised to navigate social norms more gracefully.
On Facebook, users frequently share attractive photos and personal achievements, seeking validation through likes and compliments from friends This behavior can be seen as a subtle request for positive evaluation, where the responses often lack genuine spontaneity.
Compliments on Facebook are often not explicitly solicited, as the person receiving the compliment does not directly ask for feedback from a specific individual For instance, when someone shares a beautiful photo, all their friends on Facebook can view it, creating an implicit and subtle request for evaluation It is not mandatory for all friends to offer compliments, making those who do so completely voluntary in their praise.
Dans cette partie nous allons répondre à la question :
Sur le réseau social Facebook, qu’est-ce qu’on complimente ? (Quel est l’objet du compliment)
Our study includes a collection of 100 compliments in French and 100 in Vietnamese, with a significant focus on physical appearance Notably, 100% of the compliments in Vietnamese and 94% of those in French, sourced from Facebook, emphasize physical attributes.