Актуальность темы
Time is one of the most complex categories in linguistics and is fundamental to the theory of cognition, alongside space and motion It is a subject of study across various fields, including both natural and social sciences, particularly linguistics The relationship of temporal aspects in complex sentences has been a focus for many Russian and Vietnamese syntacticians Despite numerous scholarly works addressing the expression of temporal relationships in Russian complex sentences translated into Vietnamese, the topic remains contentious and warrants further investigation Understanding the means of expressing temporal relationships is essential for language acquisition, as it enables learners to grasp Russian more fully and accurately However, practical experiences in learning Russian reveal that students often encounter difficulties and make mistakes when using complex sentences with subordinate clauses of time This underscores the relevance of our chosen dissertation topic.
Цель и задачи исследования
Цель нашей работы заключается в том, чтобы описать все средства выражения отношения разновременности в русском языке и их эквиваленты во вьетнамском языке Поставленная цель определяет следующие задачи исследования:
- Провести обзор литературы о сложноподчинѐнном предложении, о категории времени и о сложноподчинѐнном предложении с придаточной частью времени в русском языке
- Систематизировать средства выражения значения разновременности в современном русском языке
- Описать средства передачи значения разновременности русского языка на вьетнамский язык.
Предмет исследования
Предметом исследования являются средства выражения разновременности в сложноподчинѐнном предложении в современном русском языке и их эквиваленты во вьетнамском языке (на материале художественных произведений Льва Толстого)
To achieve the research objectives, this study employs descriptive, comprehensive analysis, and comparative methods The illustrative materials are sourced from the literary works of Russian author Leo Tolstoy, including their translations into Vietnamese, as well as from novels and short stories by various Vietnamese writers.
The scientific novelty of this study lies in its detailed examination of the system of primary means for expressing temporal relationships in complex sentences within contemporary Russian Additionally, the research presents methods for conveying this temporal meaning in the Vietnamese language.
6 Практическая значимость Практическая значимость диссертации состоит в том, что результаты нашего исследования могут быть использованы в практике изучения, преподавания русского языка во Вьетнаме и в переводческой практике
The structure of the work includes an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a bibliography, and a list of illustrative sources The introduction establishes the relevance of the topic, defines the research aim, objectives, and subject, and outlines the research methods, scientific novelty, and practical significance The first chapter presents a literature review on complex sentences, the category of time, and complex sentences with temporal subordinate clauses in modern Russian The second chapter systematizes the means of expressing temporal relationships in complex sentences in contemporary Russian The third chapter examines how these temporal meanings are conveyed from Russian to Vietnamese The conclusion summarizes the key findings of the research, followed by a bibliography and a list of source materials.
A complex sentence is defined as a sentence where parts are connected by subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns In such sentences, the subordinate clause depends syntactically on the main clause, with the subordinate part being called the dependent clause and the main part being the independent clause This syntactic dependency is structural rather than semantic, although subordinate clauses often carry significant meaning For instance, in the sentence "It is known that elephants are rare here," the subordinate clause is crucial for understanding the main idea The connection is indicated by specific formal markers, such as subordinating conjunctions For example, from the sentences "He felt suffocated, so he went out" and "He went out because he felt suffocated," only the latter is a complex sentence due to the presence of the subordinating conjunction "because." The parts of a complex sentence are interrelated both semantically and structurally, with the main clause often lacking independence and necessitating the subordinate clause for completeness This interdependence can manifest in the need for clarification in the main clause or through the presence of correlating words and specific verb forms For example, in "He felt that all this would not be accepted by her," the main clause requires expansion due to the transitive verb "felt." Thus, complex sentences represent a cohesive structural and semantic unit.
The category of time in the Russian language is one of the most complex yet fundamental aspects of linguistics In her book "Ways of Expressing Temporal Relations in Modern Russian" (1975), M.V Vsevolodova introduces the principle of binary oppositions to describe temporal relationships She argues that all instances of the correlation between processes, actions, and phenomena with time can be understood through three aspects, or three pairs of primary differential features.
The first aspect pertains to the simultaneity or non-simultaneity of the moment of action and the moment of time In cases of simultaneity, where the action occurs within a specific time frame, this is referred to as direct time For instance, "All night long, Alexey trembled under the blanket and leather coat." Conversely, in instances of non-simultaneity, where the action occurs either earlier or later than the specified time frame, or only partially overlaps with it, this is known as relative time An example of this is, "It was reading from early morning until late at night."
The second aspect pertains to the indication of whether a time period is fully or partially occupied by an action When an action occupies the entire specified duration, it signifies that the time is completely filled with that action Conversely, if the action only partially occupies the time or if its presence is not explicitly marked, it suggests that the time is not fully engaged by the action For example, "My productivity over the course of 18 days was good; I translated seven pages in two hours."
The third aspect of time in language indicates completion, as seen in the example: "Over millennia, humans have developed a relative immunity to tuberculosis, and since then, surgeons have performed eight operations." Additionally, the fourth aspect highlights uniqueness, such as "I solved the problem in an hour, and left in the morning," or repetitiveness, like "Every half hour, boats depart from the river station, and I go to the pharmacy in the mornings." According to A N Gvozdev in his book "Modern Russian Literary Language," time can convey three significant meanings.
When indicating the timeframe of an action, it can be specified in three ways: 1) The action occurs during a specific part or moment of the period, such as "I will finish my work next week"; 2) The action spans the entire timeframe, as in "I worked from January to May"; 3) It denotes the timing of recurring actions, for example, "I travel every year."
- Отмечать предел: 1) начальный: учился с сентября, ушѐл с вечера, 2) конечный: занимались до пяти часов
- Констатировать несовпадение во времени действия с указываемым явлением и разделяющий их промежуток: через месяц, после заката [А Н Гвоздев, 1978, стр 121]
Câu phức với mệnh đề phụ chỉ thời gian chứa đựng thông tin về thời điểm thực hiện hành động hoặc biểu hiện đặc điểm được đề cập trong phần chính của câu Mệnh đề phụ có thể mở rộng phần chính khi phần này thiếu trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian, như trong câu: "Mặt trời đã cao khi tôi mở mắt." hoặc làm rõ hơn trạng ngữ thời gian đã có trong phần chính: "Bây giờ, khi các xe đã rẽ vào đèo, biển vẫn ở phía sau và trước mắt tôi là rừng núi ồn ào." Các câu phức chỉ thời gian thể hiện mối quan hệ thời gian khác nhau giữa hành động trong phần chính và phần phụ Tùy thuộc vào sự liên hệ về thời gian giữa hai phần, có hai loại mối quan hệ: 1) Đồng thời và 2) Khác thời Mối quan hệ đồng thời được thể hiện trong các câu có mệnh đề phụ được nối bằng các liên từ như khi, trong khi, như, miễn là.
(разг.), в то время как обычно при глаголах в главной и придаточной частях несовершенного вида одного времени [Н С Валгина, 1978, стр
In the exploration of complex subordinate clauses in modern Russian, it is essential to highlight the expression of temporal relationships, often conveyed through conjunctions such as "when," "after," and "as soon as." For instance, in Tolstoy's "Anna Karenina," the protagonist reflects fondly on her past with Levin, demonstrating this temporal nuance Similarly, in "Resurrection," the moment he speaks of a particular topic evokes tears, showcasing the immediate emotional response tied to a specific moment This article will focus on the significance of temporal relationships in complex sentences, emphasizing their two primary forms in the Russian language.
- В одних предложениях действие главной части предшествует действию придаточной
- В других предложениях действие главной части следует за действием придаточной
In complex sentences, the main clause often precedes the action in the subordinate clause, establishing a relationship of precedence This occurs when the action in the main clause takes place before that in the subordinate clause Such sentences typically use conjunctions like "before," "prior to," "until," and "as soon as," each adding its unique meaning to the sentence.
The conjunction "до того как" (before) is utilized in complex sentences to indicate a time interval between two actions, such as "long before," "shortly before," "a month before," and "an hour before." For instance, "A year before their son started school, he learned to read and write." Additionally, "Even before he told his mother about his trip, she already knew everything." In contemporary Russian, sentences using the conjunction "до того как" are widely employed, although they are not specifically highlighted in this material.
2.1.2 Союз перед тем как Неосложнѐнное указание на то, что действие или состояние главной части предложения предшествует действию или состоянию придаточной, содержится в предложениях с союзом перед тем как
The conjunction "before" is used in sentences to indicate that the action in the main clause occurs directly prior to the action in the subordinate clause It is often accompanied by words such as "directly," "just," "at the last moment," and others For example, "Just before the plane landed, an explosion was heard." In literature, such as in Leo Tolstoy's "War and Peace," characters experience moments of hesitation, as seen when Prince Andrei notices the Emperor's confusion before a conversation The conjunction "before" can also be split, as illustrated in the sentence, "We met him just before he left."
2.1.3 Союзы прежде чем и раньше чем
The conjunctions "прежде чем" (before) and "раньше чем" (earlier than) are synonyms of "до того как" (until) and "перед тем как" (before), but they do not indicate the duration of the time interval between the main and subordinate clauses These conjunctions emphasize that the action in the main clause must occur before the action in the dependent clause, potentially expressing a sense of anticipation where the dependent action may not happen For instance, in the sentence "Before going to Bilibin, Prince Andrei stopped by a bookstore to gather books for the journey," the sequence of actions is clear The verb aspect used reflects the nature of the action: a completed action is expressed with a perfective verb, while an ongoing or repeated action uses an imperfective verb Additionally, "раньше чем" is used less frequently and can be illustrated by "Before dining and resting, feed the horses." In some contexts, "прежде чем" cannot be replaced by "до того как" or "перед тем как."