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QKLӉPP{LWUѭӡQJ&iFYҩQÿӅWRjQFҫXQKѭOӛWKӫQJWҫQJR]RQPѭDD[LWÿLӅXFKӃ
YjVӱGөQJGѭӧFSKҭPôFNJQJFyPһWWURQJEjLWұSFNJQJQKѭFiFÿӅWKLĈһFÿLӇP
Qj\[XҩWSKiWWӯEҧQFKҩWFӫDNKRDKӑFKyDKӑF
1KӳQJNӻQăQJFҫQWKLӃWFӫD*9NKLEӗLGѭӥQJ+6NKi- JLӓLKyDKӑF [11]
7URQJ YLӋF ÿjR WҥR EӗL GѭӥQJ +6* ÿӝL QJNJ *9 ÿyQJ YDL WUz KӃWVӭF TXDQ
WUӑQJ.LӃQWKӭFÿӇEӗLGѭӥQJ+6FyWtQKFKX\rQVkXFyÿӝNKyFDRWtQKEDRTXiW UӝQJQrQ*9Gҥ\+6*SKҧLOjQJѭӡLFyQăQJOӵFVӵÿDPPrWkPKX\ӃWFyQLӅP
WLQYjOjFKӛGӵDWLQKWKҫQYӳQJFKҳFFKR+6*9SKҧLWKѭӡQJ[X\rQWKDPNKҧRFiF
WjLOLӋXFұSQKұWEәVXQJYjSKiWWULӇQFKX\rQÿӇPjPuQKSKөWUiFKSKҧLFKӫÿӝQJ ÿLWUѭӟF+6PӝWEѭӟFKѭӟQJGүQYjFQJWKDPJLDJLҧLEjLWұSYӟL+61JRjLUD
KLӇXELӃWFӫD+6QJj\FjQJUӝQJQJѭӡL*9FҫQFyWUuQKÿӝKLӇXELӃWVkXYjUӝQJ
PӟLFyVӭFWKX\ӃWSKөFÿӕLYӟL+6*
1.4&iFQKyPNӻQăQJFѫEҧQ ĈӇWKӵFKLӋQWӕWFiFF{QJYLӋFWUrQQJѭӡL*9FҫQFyPӝWVӕNƭQăQJFѫEҧQ sau:
7KӇKLӋQӣYLӋF ĈӑFYjQJKLrQFӭXWjLOLӋXWәQJKӧSYjWyPWҳWWjLOLӋX
7KѭӡQJ [X\rQFұS QKұW NLӃQ WKӭF WK{QJ WLQ WjL OLӋX YӅ EӗL GѭӥQJ
;k\GӵQJÿӅFѭѫQJELrQVRҥQJLiRiQOұSNӃKRҥFKEӗLGѭӥQJ
.ƭQăQJWUuQKEj\YjFKX\ӇQWҧLNLӃQWKӭF
*LiPViWWKHRG}LWKiLÿӝKӑFWұSFӫD+6ÿӝQJYLrQNKX\ӃQNKtFK+6
7LӃSQKұQÿLӅXFKӍQKWK{QJWLQSKҧQKӗLWӯ+6
6ӱGөQJFiFWKLӃWEӏKӛWUӧQKѭWUDQKҧQKSKѭѫQJWLӋQQJKHQKuQ
;k\GӵQJQJkQKjQJFkXKӓLÿӅNLӇPWUDÿӇNLӇPWUD+6WKѭӡQJ[X\rQ
[HPPӭFÿӝQҳPEҳWNLӃQWKӭFFӫD+6NӏSWKӡLNKҳFSKөFFKӍQKVӱDEәVXQJNLӃQ WKӭF
3KkQ ORҥL ÿӇ NLӇP WUD WKHR ÿӕL WѭӧQJ PөF WLrX WKӡL OѭӧQJ FKѭѫQJ
ӝWVӕFKL WLӃWWURQJNӻQăQJ
.ƭQăQJ[k\GQJQJkQKjQJEjLW̵SYjVR̩n th̫RFKX\rQÿ͉
1JkQKjQJEjLWұSOjNKROѭXWUӳ FiFKӋ thӕQJEjLWұp theo chӫ ÿӅSKKӧSÿiS ӭng vӟi nӝi dung thi tӯng cҩSSKiWKX\ÿѭӧFWUtWK{QJPLQKyFWѭGX\ViQJWҥo ӣ hӑc sinh
*LiRYLrQFҫn phҧLOLrn tөFVѭXWҫm, cұp nhұp nhӳQJWjLOLӋu mӟi nhҩt vӅ FiF
OƭQKYӵFOLrQTXDQÿӃQKyDKӑc, cұp nhұp nhӳQJÿӅ WKLKyDKӑFWURQJQѭӟFYjTXӕc tӃFiFWjLOLӋXQJKLrQFӭXEiRFiRNKRDKӑc vӅ KyDKӑFôĈӗng thӡLVѭXWҫPFiF
FiFK JLҧi hay, ngҳn gӑn cӫa hӑc sinh troQJ TXi WUuQK EӗLGѭӥQJÿӇ ÿѭD YjR QJkQ KjQJEӗLGѭӥng sau
7K{QJWKѭӡng, kiӃn thӭFWURQJFKѭѫQJWUuQKNK{QJÿӫ ÿӇ phөc vө cho viӋc bӗi
Gѭӥng hӑc sinh giӓL9uYұ\ÿӇ mӣ rӝng kiӃn thӭFYjÿLVkXYjRNLӃn thӭFYjÿLVkX YjR NLӃn thӭc trӑQJWkPJLiR YLrQSKҧi soҥn thҧRFiFFKX\rQÿӅ ÿӇ phөc vө cho
9tGө : Mӝt sӕ FKX\rQÿӅ trong bӗLGѭӥng hӑc sinh giӓi:
- &KX\rQÿӅ KyDOѭӧng tӱ
- &KX\rQÿӅKyDOұp thӇ hӳXFѫô
- &iFEѭӟFÿӇ soҥn thҧo FKX\rQÿӅ
- ;k\GӵQJFѫVӣ OtWKX\Ӄt nӝi dung cӫDFKX\rQÿӅ
1rXOrQQKӳng vҩQÿӅ OtWKX\ӃWFѫEҧn, trӑQJWkP[RD\TXDQKQӝi dung FKX\rQÿӅ ĈLVkXYjRQKӳng phҫQOêWKX\ӃWNKySKӭc tҥSFyWiFGөQJUqQOX\Ӌn
WѭGX\YjFyQKLӅu vұn dөQJWURQJFiFÿӅ thi hӑc sinh giӓi
+ DӵDWUrQFѫVӣ OtWKX\Ӄt, hӋ thӕQJKyDFiFKJLҧLFiFGҥQJEjLWұSNKiF nhau
&iFNLӃn thӭFQj\FyWKӇ lҩy tӯ FiFWjLOLӋXQkQJFDRYjPӣ rӝng kiӃn thӭFKyDKӑFFiFWjLOLӋu tham khҧo hoһFFiFWjLOLӋu ӣ ÿҥi hӑc
- ;k\Gӵng hӋ thӕQJEjLWұp cӫDFKX\rQÿӅ
3KkQWtFKFiFEjLWұp, minh hӑDOjPFKRU}FKROtWKX\Ӄt chӫ ÿҥo &yWKӇ WUuQKEj\KӋ thӕQJEjLWұSWKHRKDLKѭӟng:
* Sau phҫQFѫVӣ OtWKX\Ӄt cӫDWRjQEӝ FKX\rQÿӅ
* Sau mӛi mөFOêWKX\Ӄt nhӓ WURQJFKX\rQÿӅ
- Sӱ dөQJQJ{QQJӳ WKtFKKӧSYjGLӉQÿҥWFiFêWKHRWKӭ tӵ logic
- Nhҩn mҥQKêFKtQKYjOLrQWөFOLrQNӃWFiFêYӟi nhau
- &kXKӓLÿѭӧc diӉQÿҥWU}UjQJQJҳn gӑQ[~FWtFKGӉ hiӇXNK{QJTXiSKӭc tҥp
ƭQăQJNL͋PWUDÿiQKJLiÿ͋ ch͕n h͕c sinh gi͗LKyDK͕FYjRÿ͡i tuy͋n ĈӇ FyWKӇ lӵa chӑQÿѭӧc nhӳng hӑc sinh giӓLFyÿӫ QăQJOӵFYjSKҭm chҩWYjR ÿӝi tuyӇn, nӝLGXQJYjKuQKWKӭFÿiQKJLiWKHRÿӏnh Kѭӟng sau:
- KiӇm tra sӵ SKiWWULӇQWUtWXӋ cӫa hӑFVLQKWK{QJTXDYLӋFÿiQKJLiFKҩWOѭӧng nҳm vӳng hӋ thӕQJNKiLQLӋPFѫEҧQKyDKӑFQăQJOӵc thӵFKjQKYұn dөng kiӃn thӭFYjRWKӵc tiӉQô
- 7ăQJFѭӡQJ\rXFҫu kiӇm tra vӅ WKtQJKLӋPKyDKӑFYjQăQJOӵc tӵ hӑc cho hӑc sinh bҵQJFiFKSKӕi hӧp nhiӅu loҥLKuQKEjLWұSFK~êNLӇPWUDNƭQăQJWKӵc
3KkQ WtFK WuQK KuQK WKӵF WӃ EӗL GѭӥQJ +6 NKi± JLӓL KyD KӑF ӣ WUѭӡQJ
3KiWKLӋQOӵDFKӑQYjEӗLGѭӥQJ+6*OjPӝWWURQJQKӳQJKRҥWÿӝQJYҩWYҧ
NKyNKăQYjWKӱWKiFKÿӕLYӟLQKӳQJQJѭӡLOjPQJKӅGҥ\KӑF%ӗLGѭӥQJ+6*Oj
F{QJWiFTXDQWUӑQJJL~SQJjQKJLiRGөFSKiWKLӋQQKkQWjLFKRÿҩWQѭӟFÿӗQJWKӡL FNJQJJL~S+6FyÿLӅXNLӋQSKiWKX\QăQJNKLӃXFӫDPuQK9LӋFÿjRWҥR+6*ӣEұF
7+37 Oj PӝW TXi WUuQK PDQJ WtQK NKRD KӑF QJKLrP W~F NK{QJ WKӇ FKӍ PӝW WKӡL
JLDQQJҳQPjSKҧLFyWtQKFKLӃQOѭӧFGjLKѫQWURQJVXӕWFҧEDQăPKӑF&{QJYLӋF Qj\SKөWKXӝFUҩWQKLӅXYjRÿӝLQJNJ*9
+LӋQQD\F{QJWiFEӗLGѭӥQJ+6*ӣFiFWUѭӡQJ 7+37FzQJһSNK{QJtWNKy
NKăQYӅQӝLGXQJFKѭѫQJWUuQKWjLOLӋXWKDPNKҧRJLӟLKҥQNLӃQWKӭFFҫQÿҥWÿѭӧF ӭQJYӟLPӛLFҩSÿӝ+6*WӍQKNKXYӵFTXӕFJLDôWKӡLKҥQNLQKSKtFKӃÿӝFKtQKViFK
0ӝWVӕQKұQ[pWFKXQJYӅQӝLGXQJFKѭѫQJWUuQKYjViFKJLiRNKRDKyD
KӑF7+37KLӋQKjQKSKөFYөFKRYLӋFEӗLGѭӥQJKӑFVLQKNKi- JLӓi
- 9u NK{QJ SKҧL WUѭӡQJ FKX\rQ QrQ NK{QJ Fy FKѭѫQJ WUuQK GjQK FKR OӟS
FKX\rQWKLӃXÿӏQKKѭӟQJYjWKLӃXWtQKOLrQWK{QJWURQJFKѭѫQJWUuQK
- Nӝi GXQJ FKѭѫQJ WUuQK KyD KӑF 7+37 ÿm ÿӅ cұp nhӳng kiӃn thӭF Fѫ Eҧn,
QKѭQJFzQWKLӃu nhiӅu so vӟLFiFOêWKX\Ӄt chӫ ÿҥo NhiӅXFkXKӓLYjEjLWұp mang
WtQKFKҩt giҧ ÿӏnh thiӃu thӵc tӃ
- /ѭӧng kiӃn thӭFTXiQKLӅu so vӟi quӻ thӡi gian dҥ\YjEӗLGѭӥQJ+6*+yD hӑc ӣ WUѭӡng THPT
- ĈӅ WKLÿӅ cұp kiӃn thӭFFzQTXiUӝng so vӟi nӝi dung hӑFGRÿy*9NK{QJ
[iFÿӏQKÿѭӧc giӟi hҥn cӫDFiF NLӃn thӭc cҫn dҥy cho HS sao cho hӧSOtÿӫ sӭc
WKDPJLDFiFNuWKL+6*TXӕc gia, khu vӵFYjTXӕc tӃ
- &yPӝt sӕ FKX\rQÿӅ FKѭDthӵc sӵ SKKӧp vӟLWUuQKÿӝ cӫa HS
- 7URQJFiFORҥLViFKPjF{QJW\WKLӃWEӏJLiRGөFFҩSFKRFiFWUѭӡQJ7+37 WjLOLӋu tham khҧRFzQtW*9SKҧi tӵ ELrQ VRҥn nӝi dung dҥ\WKHRNKXQJFKѭѫQJ
- NӃXFăQFӭ YjRWjLOLӋXJLiRNKRDFKX\rQ+yDWKuOѭӧQJEjLOX\Ӌn tұSFzQtW nӃXFăQFӭ YjRWjLOLӋu vӅ ÿӅ thi Olympic quӕc tӃ hҵQJQăPÿmÿѭӧc xuҩt bҧQWKuFy nhiӅXEjLWұSÿӅ cұSÿӃn nhӳng kiӃn thӭFQJRjLFKѭѫQJWUuQKTXi[D
1KӳQJNKyNKăQYjQKXFҫXFӫD*9NKLEӗLGѭӥQJ+6NKi-JLӓLKyDKӑF ÿӭQJWUѭӟFWKӵFWUҥQJWUrQ
- 7ҩWFҧFiF*9Gҥ\EӗLGѭӥQJÿӅXSKҧLWӵVRҥQWӵQJKLrQFӭXYjWӵVѭXWҫP WjLOLӋX
- *9 Gҥ\EӗLGѭӥQJSKҧLKRjQWҩW F{QJ WiF JLҧQJGҥ\ QKѭFiF*9NKiF ÿ{L
NKLFzQNLrPQKLӋPQKLӅXF{QJWiFNKiFQKѭFKӫQKLӋPWәWUѭӣQJEӝP{QF{QJ ÿRjQôÿyOjPӝWWKӵFWӃGREDQJLiPKLӋXO~FQjRFNJQJPXӕQJLDRF{QJWiFFKR
QKӳQJ*9WӕWJLӓLFyX\WtQ&KtQKYuOtGRÿyYLӋFÿҫXWѭFKRF{QJWiFEӗLGѭӥQJ
- K{QJ[iFÿӏQKÿѭӧFJLӟLKҥQFӫDFiFNLӃQWKӭFFҫQJLҧQJGҥ\FKR+6VDR
FKRKӧSOtYuÿ{LO~FÿӅWKLÿӅFұSNLӃQWKӭFTXiUӝQJ
- ĈDVӕFiF*9NK{QJPXӕQWKDPJLDEӗLGѭӥQJ +6*YuFiFOtGRNK{QJFy
WjLOLӋXVӭFpSSKҧLFy+6*OX{QÿqQһQJOrQWkPWUtFӫDQJѭӡL*9NKLWKDPJLD Gҥ\ FKX\rQYjEӗLGѭӥQJ+6* VӵÿҫXWѭFKX\rQ P{QYj F{QJVӭF EӓUDUҩW WӕQ
- *9FKѭDWLӃSFұQÿѭӧFYӟLÿӅWKL2O\PSLFTXӕFWӃFӫDQKӳQJQăPJҫQÿk\
GRWUuQKÿӝQJRҥLQJӳFzQKҥQFKӃ
- 9LӋFSKiWKLӋQQăQJNKLӃXӣOӭDWXәLEұF7+37OjTXiWUӉWURQJF{QJWiFÿjR WҥRYjEӗLGѭӥQJ+6FKX\rQ+6*
- 7KӡLOѭӧQJGjQKFKRP{QFKX\rQ FzQTXi tWWURQJNKL NLӃQWKӭF TXiQKLӅX
QrQÿD Vӕ*9SKҧLGҥ\WKrPWUiLEXәLNK{QJOѭѫQJFKR+6WURQJÿӝLWX\ӇQ
- +6NK{QJPXӕQWKDPJLDYjRFiFÿӝLWX\ӇQ+6*YuKӑFWұSYҩWYҧWӕQNpP
UҩWQKLӅXWKӡLJLDQ7kPOtFӫDFiFHP+6*OjKӑFÿӇWKLÿұXYjRPӝWWUѭӡQJÿҥL KӑFQjRÿyPjFiFHPYjJLDÿuQKOӵDFKӑQ
- &ҫQFyFKӃÿӝѭXWLrQNKX\ӃQNKtFKEӗLGѭӥQJFKRQKӳQJ*9WKDPJLDYjR
F{QJWiFEӗLGѭӥQJ+6*KyDKӑF
- ThiӃt kӃ WjLOLӋu bӗLGѭӥQJ+6*ÿҫ\ÿӫSKKӧS[k\Gӵng hӋ thӕQJEjL tұp ÿDGҥng vӅ loҥLKuQKYjSKRQJSK~YӅ nӝLGXQJÿӇ OjPWjLOLӋXFKR*9WURQJF{QJ
WiFEӗLGѭӥng HSG
- TҥRÿLӅu kiӋn thuұn lӧLFKR*9WKDPJLDFiFOӟp hӑc tұSQkQJFDRWUuQKÿӝ
&iFEjLWұSYӅKLGURFDFERQWKѭӡQJ[X\rQ[XҩWKLӋQWURQJFiFÿӅWKL+6*FҩS
WKjQKSKӕFҩSWӍQKFҩSTXӕFJLD'RÿyYLӋFUqQOX\ӋQWѭGX\WURQJYLӋFEӗLGѭӥQJ +6NKi± JLӓLKyDKӑFӣWUѭӡQJ7+37WK{QJTXDKӋWKӕQJEjLWұSSKҫQKLGURFDFERQ
OӟSOjPӝWQӝLGXQJNKiTXDQWUӑQJYuYұ\WURQJFKѭѫQJQj\W{LÿmWUuQKEj\
- &ѫ Vӣ Ot OXұQ FӫD TXiWUuQKQKұQ WKӭFWѭGX\YjVӵSKiWWULӇQWѭGX\
WURQJJLҧQJGҥ\EӝP{QKyDKӑFӣWUѭӡQJSKәWK{QJ
- 1KӳQJÿһFWUѭQJFӫDGҥ\YjKӑFKyDKӑFӣEұFKӑFQyLFKXQJYjEұF
- 1KӳQJNƭ QăQJFҫQWKLӃWFӫD*9EӗL GѭӥQJ+6*YjWuQK KuQKWKӵFWӃ
EӗLGѭӥQJ+6*KLӋQQD\ӣWUѭӡQJ7+37± QӝLGXQJFKѭѫQJWUuQKYj6*.KyDSKөF
YөFKRYLӋFEӗLGѭӥQJ+6*KyD7+37QKӳQJNKyNKăQYjQKXFҫXFӫD*9WURQJ
'ѬӤNG HӐ& 6,1+ +ẩ - GIӒI +ẽ$ +ӐC PHҪN HӦP CHҨT
Mӝ t sӕ nӝ LGXQJFѫE ҧ QWKѭ ӡQJÿѭ ӧFÿ Ӆ cұ Sÿ Ӄ QWURQJFiFEjLWKLFK ӑQ+6
2.1.1 Mӝt sӕ nӝLGXQJÿmÿѭӧFÿӅ cұp tӟi cӫDFiFEjLWKL+6NKi- giӓLWKjQK
SKӕP{QKyDKӑc phҫn hӧp chҩWKLÿURFDFERQOӟp 11 tӯ QăPÿӃn nay
- Quy tҳc thӃ, quy tҳc cӝng, phҧn ӭQJWiFKSKҧn ӭng cӝng
- &iFSKѭѫQJSKiSÿLӅu chӃ, tәng hӧSFiFKLGURFDFERQ
- &iF ORҥi phҧn ӭQJ KyD Kӑc: thӃ FKi\ WUQJ KӧS R[L KyD- khӱ ÿӅ hidro
- /tWKX\Ӄt hӳXFѫWrQJӑLFѫFKӃ phҧn ӭng thӃ, cӝQJWiFK
VD 1 Ĉ͉ WKL +6* WKjQK SK͙ Ĉj 1̽ng, 2007 ± 2008) X, Y, Z lҫQ OѭӧW Oj ankan, ankaÿLHQOLrQKӧSYjDQNLQÿLӅu kiӋQWKѭӡng tӗn tҥi ӣ thӇ NKtĈӕWFKi\
OtWKӛn hӧp ba chҩWQj\FҫQOtWNKt22WKXÿѭӧc CO2 Yj+ 2 2FyVӕ mol bҵng
QKDX&iFWKӇ WtFKNKtÿӅXÿRӣ 25 o &YjDWP
D;iFÿӏQKF{QJWKӭFSKkQWӱ cӫa X,