MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM FORESTRY UNIVERSITY STUDENT THESIS Evaluation of impacts of silk village’s waste water on surface water quality in Van Phuc village, Ha Dong district, Ha Noi City Major: Natural Resources Management (Advanced Curriculum) Code: D850101 Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management Student: Nguyen Viet Anh Student ID: 1153091131 Class: K56 Natural Resources Management Course: 2011 – 2015 Advanced Education Program Developed in Collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Bui The Doi Hanoi, October 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Assoc Prof Dr Bui The Doi for the continuous support of my study and related research, for his patience, motivation, and immense knowledge His guidance helped me in all time of research and writing of this thesis I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my study Besides my advisor, I would like to thank officers in Division of Natural Resources and Environment who have helped me during the implementation of this thesis I thank people of Van Phuc village, Ha Dong district to have created favorable conditions for me in the collecting data process Due to limitation in experiences, working conditions and time, my thesis can not avoid from inevitable shortcomings I look forward to receiving feedback ABTRACT Silk making is one of the traditional culture of Vietnam that store a deep history Van Phuc commune is the most famous village in Vietnam for silk making, which has brought benefit for people in term of economic and tourism However, waste water from silk making process has been affecting badly to the water surface environment The purpose of this thesis is to gain a deep understanding of how waste water from silk making process impacts water environment in Van Phuc Futhermore, based on data collected and analysed make suggestions for the authority to put efforts on improve waste water treatment and water quality discharged from silk making process To gain the requirement of the thesis, methods of silk making process, waste water treatment manegement and water samples quantification were conducted TABLE OF CONTENTS I INTRODUCTION II GOAL AND OBJECTIVES III METHODS 3.1 Researching the weaving and dyeing process in Van Phuc Village, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi 3.2 Researching the waste water management situation of weaving and dyeing process in Van Phuc Village, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi 3.3 Evaluation of impacts of weaving and dyeing waste water on surface water quality in Van Phuc Village, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi IV RESULTS 10 4.1 Researching the current situation of weaving and dyeing activity of Van Phuc village 10 4.1.1 Production characteristics of Van Phuc weaving and dyeing village 10 4.1.2 Used chemicals 14 4.2 Evaluation of current situation of weaving and dyeing waste water in Van Phuc Village, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi 16 4.2.1 Characteristics of weaving and dyeing waste water 16 4.2.2 Current situation of surface water environment in Van Phuc Village, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi 18 4.3 Evaluation of impacts of weaving and dyeing activities on surface water environment in Van Phuc village, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi 20 4.3.1 Evaluation of waste water quality 21 V DISCUSSION 27 5.1 Technological, technical solutions 27 5.2 Propagandizing and education solutions 29 5.3 Law and policy solution 30 VI CONCLUSION 31 VII REFERENCES 32 LIST OF TABLE Table 3.1 Sampling position Table 4.1 Quality of waste water discharged by weaving and dyeing households 18 Table 4.2 Exploration and evaluation results of waste water management in Van Phuc Ward, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi City 19 Table 4.3 Content of fast measuring targets in water environment in Van Phuc Village, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi City 20 Table 4.4 Content of analyzed targets in laboratory 21 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Study site map Figure 3.1 Sampling position Figure 4.1 Weaving and dyeing technology procedure 11 Figure 5.1 Diagram of small scale waste water 27 Figure 5.2 Concentrated waste water processing model 28 Figure 5.3 Diagram of waste water processing using biological lake 29 LIST OF DIAGRAM Diagram 4.1 TDS target of surface water 23 Diagram 4.2 Content of suspended solid in water 24 Diagram 4.3 COD content in analyzed samples .25 Diagram 4.4 BOD5 content .25 Diagram 4.5 SO42- content .26 I INTRODUCTION Currently, thanks to industrialization and modernization of country, industries have developed dramatically Together with this development, handicraft and small scale industries, especially traditional villages are invested by the Party and State This development has contributed significantly into socio-economic development of Vietnamese villages However, the villages have been facing with more and more serious environmental pollution which has had impacts on health and lives of inhabitants of the villages, especially old people and children The production activities in trade villages have created significant pressures on environmental quality, especially quality of water environment – the valuable resource of human and creatures on the earth The trade villages, such as food processing and producing, weaving and dyeing, casting copper, knitting rattan and bamboo, making pictures, and etc., have a high demand and huge discharge of a significant quantity of waste water which has not been processed It is an important reason that contributes into water environment pollution on trade villages There are many studies on environmental problems in trade villages The most general study is the book “Vietnamese trade villages and environment” of Dang Kim Chi and co-workers Based on general study on characteristics and also production situation, the current situation of environment of trade villages, the author proposes the most common solutions for each activity of trade village And the graduation thesis “Evaluation of impacts of waste water of village making vermicelli on surface water quality in Khac Niem Commune, Bac Ninh City” of Nguyen Van Nguyen in 2014 This thesis has shown the impacts of waste water discharged from making vermicelli on quality of surface water Or the graduation thesis “Evaluation of impacts of weaving and dyeing activities on water environment in Phung Xa village, My Duc District, Ha Noi” of Do Dinh Dinh in 2008 The thesis has shown impacts of weaving and dyeing activities on water environment, properties of waste water discharged from weaving and dyeing activities, the current situation of water pollution in Phung Xa village, My Duc district, Ha Noi However, these studies have not solved absolutely issues, for example: Dang Kim Chi shows the common methods for each village, but does not introduce detailed solutions Because these studies have many shortcomings and limitations, I continue studying the issues of trade village to clarify and solve issues that a trade village can cause Van Phuc silk village, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi City is one of trade villages with implicit risks of water environment pollution The art of silk making brings huge economic benefits for local inhabitants However, the art of silk making also brings about significant consequences for environmental issues In each day, an amount of waste water with high content of organic substances and cleansing chemicals… is discharging directly to the environment without any treatment Whereas, the local inhabitants know or not know that the environmental issues are becoming worse and worse and more and more serious Facing the urgency of clarifying significant risks of trade village’s waste water to water environment, I have implemented the thesis: “Evaluation of impacts of silk village’s waste water on surface water quality in Van Phuc village, Ha Dong district, Ha Noi City” The thesis concentrates into researching impacts of waste water of silk making on surface water, so that it can propose reasonable solutions to reduce the decrease of surface water quality in particular and environmental pollution in the locality in general * Characteristics of researching area: Van Phuc Village locates near Nhue river of Van Phuc Ward, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi City The terrain is rather even and flat, the population density is high 6,720 people/km2 It is favorable to develop lots of trees and animals Van Phuc belongs to climate area of Northern delta, it has cold and dry winter, and hot and wet summer with many rains The average temperature in year is 230C, the highest temperature in year is 38.20C and the lowest temperature in year is 70C The rainfall allocates unequally, frequently concentrates from May to October; occupying 60-70% total rainfall of whole year The average rainfall in year is 1,620mm, the highest rainfall in year is 2497mm The highest humidity in year is 94%, the lowest humidity in year is 50%, the average humidity in year is 86% According to geographic position, Van Phuc bears influences of Nhue river, the new planning water level of Nhue river in Ha Dong District is 6.3m (with frequency of flood is 5%) and 5.8m (with frequency of flood is 10%) The population of area increases 129 people/ year on average, whereas the area of natural land is constant, thus the population increase is the pressure for sustainable development of locality The population in labor age occupies a rather high rate, this is a big advantage for the locality to develop the economy, but simultaneously it is a big challenge to solve employment The traffic system in the locality is rather favorable to develop and exchange goods in the area and provinces in the North of Vietnam Land used in hydraulic system occupies 1ha, including ditches, drains and hydraulic works The quality of education is stable, 100% children go to school The ward has a medical station with doctor and physicians It basically satisfies demands of caring health of inhabitants The whole ward has broadcasting stations to broadcast continuously and to propaganda policies and guidelines of Party and State laws + Aromatic ring washing agents * The third group: the agents are rather non-toxic and able to decompose microorganisms Fiber and natural impurities Starch used to size vertically Detergents easy to decompose Acetic acid Normal salt Three groups stated above cause waste water pollution The first group has the highest risk level, because they are toxic for creatures living in water, and then the second and third groups The weaving and dyeing waste water has very different properties depending on categories of processing goods and production plan of the enterprise Beside dissolved substances, it has emulsifying agents and suspended agents Several agents not cause obstacles in processing mechanically and biologically, but several agents cause big difficulties 4.2.2 Current situation of surface water environment in Van Phuc Village, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi The amount of waste water used in weaving, bleaching and dyeing steps in Van Phuc Village is rather big On average, each household uses 2.84m3 per day to product, including waste water of dye solution 0.18m3, dyeing waste water 0.22m3, one-time washing waste water 0.4m3 and other waste water 2.04m3 Table 4.1 Quality of waste water discharged by weaving and dyeing households Targets pH Suspended solid DO COD BOD Van Phuc 9,15 123 1,19 11421 5680 TCVN 5945-2005 5,5 - 100 - 80 50 (Source: Report of environment’s current situation in Ha Dong City) 18 The contents of BOD and COD in waste water discharged in Van Phuc village are thousand times as high as permitted standard The post-production waste water and unprocessed domestic waste run into waster discharging canals and then to Nhue river, which cause environment polluted The total quantity of post-production water and domestic waste water in Van Phuc is from 235.3 – 285.3 m3/ day The post-production waste water contains many unprocessed chemicals of weaving and dyeing village, it runs directly to aquatic basins and pollutes the surface water layer Especially, the pollution reaches the alarm level in Nhue River (Nhuệ) and Day River (Đáy) Because of serious pollution of surface water layer, the number of households using driven wells for living purposes is gradually reducing Through actual survey, to evaluate the situation of waste water quality management in the locality, I have interviewed in the locality and acquired the results, as follows: Table 4.2 Exploration and evaluation results of waste water management in Van Phuc Ward, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi City Object Exploration issues on waste water Producer Inhabitant Official No attention 4/30 3/15 0/10 government on waste Little attention 5/30 4/15 2/10 water Much attention 21/30 11/15 8/10 Processed 0/30 0/15 0/10 Unprocessed 30/30 15/15 10/10 Concentrated Yes 0/30 0/15 0/10 processing system No 30/30 15/15 10/10 Processing system of Yes 0/30 0/15 0/10 each household No 30/30 15/15 10/10 Attention of local Waste water discharged to environment In table 2, we can see the local government has paid attention to situation of waste water and quality of surface water of trade village, 70% ideas show that the local government has much attention, 20% ideas show that they have little attention and only 19 10% ideas show that they have no attention Although the local government has attention, but we can see in the table that 100% waste water discharged to environment has not processed, the production households have not had waste water processing system Therefore, it is necessary to have useful methods to solve this issue It is necessary to improve awareness of inhabitants to contribute into environmental protection and the local government and investor must build and put the waste water processing system into operation 4.3 Evaluation of impacts of weaving and dyeing activities on surface water environment in Van Phuc village, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi After researching process, I take water samples in the researching area I have measured fast parameters and analyzed in laboratory, and I achieve the following results: Table 4.3 Content of fast measuring targets in water environment in Van Phuc Village, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi City Kind of water No Temperature Color Odor pH sample ( C) M1 Surface water Light red 32,50C Rotten 7,7 M2 Surface water Brow yellow 31,90C Slightly rotten 7,6 M3 Surface water Black - Uncomfortable - - 5,5 – 40 - 5,5 - QCVN 08 (for surface - water) QCVN 40 ( for waste water) Note: - no comparison data in norm 20 Table 4.4 Content of analyzed targets in laboratory Analyzing result Analyzed No Vietnam Vietnam norm 08 norm 40 (for surface (for waste water) water) Unit targets Sample Sample2 Sample TSS mg/l 112 24 640 50 100 TDS mg/l 973 243 1950 - - NH4+ mg/l 22,4 13,34 17,97 0,5 10 T-P mg/l 3,75 2,1 - SO42- mg/l 41.49 14,871 531,85 - 0,5 COD mg/l 91 21 1435 30 150 BOD5 mg/l 53 19,2 902 15 50 Coliform MPN/100ml 4,1 105 2,8 105 7,8 105 7500 5000 Note: - no comparison data in norm 4.3.1 Evaluation of waste water quality In the table, we can see that almost targets exceed the norm, only target of total phosphorus lies in the norm, the other targets exceed the norm as COD is 9.57 times as high as; TSS is 6.4 times as high as; especially the target SO42- exceeds 1063.7 times Therefore, waste water cause serious surface water pollution if it is discharged into environment but is not processed In two tables, the water samples analyzed in laboratory and measuring fast the environmental targets stated above and comparison with QCVN 08: 2008/BTNMT, we can see that almost targets and parameters on water quality exceed the permitted standard many times However, each sample taken has different characteristics and impacts Therefore to understand clearly each detail of sample, I will analyze and compare each target afterwards 21 a Color and odor In the table, we can see that samples with red color, brow yellow and rotten and uncomfortable odor All samples are affected by waste water from weaving and dyeing process and are not processed directly into environment, make the surface water polluted b Temperature The temperature is influence parameter and to evaluate the pollution level of water In table 3, we can see that temperatures of two samples are different, which proves that the water samples have different pollution levels, higher the temperature is, polluted water is Therefore, through the temperature parameters, we can temporarily evaluate that the 1st sample has higher pollution level than level c pH Through data in table 3, we can see that all surface water samples lie in the permitted standard According to Vietnam Standard 08, the pH value is about 5.5 – Two surface water samples analyzed above not exceed the standard, two samples have pH 7.6 and 7.7 Therefore, we can see that pH value of two samples not have too high difference in comparison with standard According to this parameter, the surface water source in this locality is not polluted 22 d TDS M1: Place discharging to river M2: On river, far from discharging place Diagram 4.1 TDS target of surface water Total dissolved solid is total number of ions bearing electric charge, including mineral, salt or metals exiting in several specific amount of water In this diagram, we can see the change of TDS content in water between two samples is huge, the big fluctuation amplitude between discharging place and place far from discharging place The 1st sample is times as much as 2nd sample The content of TDS in two samples is huge, which proves the content of dissolved solid into water in Van Phuc Village is huge and water in the researching area is not homogeneous Although the TDS parameter does not lie in QCVN 08: 2008/BTNMT but it can be estimated that it has very high content, and is a parameter to evaluate the pollution and decrease of surface water quality in Van Phuc Village 23 e TSS M1: Place discharging to river M2: On river, far from discharging place QCVN 08: Vietnam norm 08 (for surface water) Diagram 4.2 Content of suspended solid in water The suspended solid is solids with small amount which does not sink into water and is suspended into water The suspended solid frequently make water muddy Based on content of suspended solid in water, we can estimate the content of mud and small different molecules in water In diagram 2, we can see the amount of TSS of two water samples analyzed in two locations have huge change The TSS content in the discharging place is 1.4 times as high as the permitted standard The nearer the discharging place is, the higher the content of TSS is, which presents clearly impacts of weaving and dyeing activities in the surface water environment Because the waste water contains many natural impurities and organic impurities, so the suspended solid has high content in surface water The high content of suspended solid makes the surface water muddy, the ditches is extended fast, stagnant, and make the water flow narrowed 24 f COD M1: Place discharging to river M2: On river, far from discharging place QCVN 08: Vietnam norm 08 (for surface water) Diagram 4.3 COD content in analyzed samples Two observing samples have values exceeding standard from 0.6 – 2.6 times The nearer the water is, the higher the COD value is The organic impurities which are easy to decompose in waste water and the left chemicals discharged into environment make the COD content in surface water high These impurities will decompose chronologically, which makes the surface water source polluted, the decrease of dissolved oxygen amount affects the life of aquicolous species g BOD5 BOD5 60 53 50 M1: Place discharging to river 40 M2: On river, far from discharging 30 place 19,2 20 15 QCVN 08: Vietnam norm 08 (for surface water) 10 M1 M2 QCVN 08 Diagram 4.4 BOD5 content 25 Because the weaving and dyeing waste water has many organic impurities, it is the ideal environment for microorganisms to develop The BOD5 content in surface water exceeds 0.768 2.12 times the permitted standard The too high BOD5 content makes the surface water environment become polluted, the content of dissolved oxygen amount decreases, which affects the lives and development of aquicolous species h Sulphate wood content ( SO42-) M1: Place discharging to river M2: On river, far from discharging place Diagram 4.5 SO42- content The presence of SO42- in surface water is caused by the usage of chemicals with sulphate radical as: NaHSO4, Na2S Sulphate radical is difficult to decompose in the natural environment; they accumulate in bodies of plants, animals and cause diseases of stomach and headache 26 V DISCUSSION SEVERAL SOLUTIONS TO MANAGE EFFECTIVELY WASTE WATER IN VAN PHUC SILK VILLAGE, HA DONG DISTRICT, HA NOI CITY 5.1 Technological, technical solutions a For household Waste water Post-processed waste water Sludge Diagram 5.1 Diagram of small scale waste water Trash rack, screen Filtering equipments through cinder with preliminary sludge Waste water through trash rack will be separated big waste, and then waste water will run through the cinder and sand layer Here, the small fiber will be retained; water will be discharged into common waste flow to concentrate into processing Dust and sludge will be dredged periodically Therefore, this processing tank can reduce the solid flow in weaving and dyeing waste water in each household before entering into common waste flow to continue processing 27 b Concentrated waste water processing method Ca(OH)2 Waste water Waste water Post-processed waste water Receiving source Diagram 5.2 Concentrated waste water processing model Trash rack Waste water processing tank by physical-chemical method in each household Preliminary processing equipment (trash rack, septic tank) Reservoir (tuy nghi lake) Waste water from heavy polluted flow runs through trash rack and then runs into tank added with lime and mixing The amount of quicklime added is not fixed, depending on pH-index of waste flow Checking pH of tank by litmus paper Waste water processed by lime will be stored in tank for one night In the next morning, waste water will be discharged into the common culvert system The sludge can become construction materials for leveling * The waste water processing tank by quicklime in household: The storing time is night, the sludge in tank is retained and removed periodically week per time This sludge can become construction materials for leveling and etc The reservoir can clean water in natural condition + Using biological lake method: The production waste water runs through trash rack, and then it is separated all solid impurities from water Water will be put into preliminary sedimentation tank, then 28 runs through flow compensating reservoir Waste water continues running through the filtering equipment by cinder, and then waste water will be put into the secondary sedimentation tank to separate the secondary solids pulled by cinder The water flow outside the sedimentation tank will run with domestic waste water into biological lake system (free and aerobic) Thanks to characteristics of trade village, lakes are used as biological lakes The final waste flow satisfies waste water standard and discharged to the environment Cinder in filtering tanks is replaced periodically and mixed with clime to solidify and bury Waste water Receiving source Separating water and mud Trash rack, screen Filtering equipment through cinder level Preliminary sedimentation tank Sedimentation tank and adjusting pH Compensating reservoir Biological lake Diagram 5.3 Diagram of waste water processing using biological lake 5.2 Propagandizing and education solutions - Strengthening to train and cultivate professional capacities and management operations and policy regime for officials to implement the environmental protection, in order to satisfy timely requests of environmental protection in locality, unit and etc - Inventorying waste source, studies on impacts of socio-economic activities for environmental pollution, declaring observation data in each year in forms of diagram and picture in order to make inhabitants recognize the current situation of surrounding environment and tendency of pollution level - Increasing roles of community in supervising the implementation and application of regulations and policies on environment in the locality, community who directly 29 participate into environmental conflicts Educating to improve knowledge of inhabitants and calling for cooperation of community in environmental protection - Organizing periodic meetings of residential group, propagandizing environmental knowledge in the locality, environmental laws understandably and clearly to improve knowledge of inhabitants on maintaining and protecting environment Having rewards for organizing and individuals with many good achievements in environmental protection - Introducing the education program on environmental protection in schools; organizing extra-curricular activities to help pupils and students understand more about role of environment - Building and implementing the communication plans to propagandize education, improve knowledge on water recourses protection and living environment of aquatic species Combing with television, radio stations, magazines, and etc., to propagandize awareness of community 5.3 Law and policy solution - Increasing to build institution, environment management policies and having the community participation Assigning and unifying the management responsibilities of management offices related to environment in the locality to prevent from overlapping, to increase the efficiency and validity in environmental management in the locality - Fast issuing and building Vietnam norms, Vietnam standards for waste water in trade village - Increasing budget for environmental protection to create the long-term and absolute efficiency - Having the deterrent policies for willfully violating households, besides to have awards for households complying well and having awareness of environmental protection - Always connecting tightly the economic development with environmental protection to limit the load of waste into water environment 30 VI CONCLUSION After the process of researching, the thesis introduces several conclusions: The weaving and dyeing process in Van Phuc village, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi City is a common procedure such as: spinning => sizing => weaving => cooking, cleaning => dyeing, washing => completing fabric => finished fabric The art of weaving and dyeing in Van Phuc village brings high economic efficiency, creates employment for inhabitants in the locality However, together with economic benefits, the production activities of trade village cause serious consequences, including surface water pollution The current situation of surface water in this locality is polluted seriously; all waste water is not processed but discharges directly into environment The surface water source and waste water in Van Phuc village is polluted seriously The content of several parameters exceed the permitted standard many times among all analyzed samples The environmental protection in the locality has significant change, the local government and inhabitants have paid attention to environmental pollutions in general and water environment pollution in particular Thanks to researching findings, the thesis introduces several solutions The technical and technological solutions: solutions on human resources, increase of community participation in environmental protection; policy and law solution * Shortcomings of thesis: - The researching time is short; samples have been taken in one time, the number of samples analyzed is limited because lacking of finance, and thus the result is not representative for the whole locality 31 VII REFERENCES Dang Kim Chi and coworkers, Vietnamese trade villages and environment, 2006 Nguyen Dang Nguyen, graduation thesis, evaluation of waste water impacts of vermicelli village on surface water quality in Khac Niem Commune, Bac Ninh City, 2014 Bui Van Nang, Environmental analysis curricular, 2010 Do Dinh Dinh, graduation thesis, evaluation of impacts of weaving and dyeing activities on water environment in Phung Xa Village, My Duc District Ha Noi, 2008 Vietnam environmental protection law, 2005 QCVN 08: 2008/BTNMT: National technical norm on surface water quality QCVN 40: 2011/BTNMT: National technical regulation on industrial wastewater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vạn_Phúc_silk_village https://inest.hust.edu.vn/de-tai-nghien-cuu 10 https://www.thuvientailieu.vn/tai-lieu/de-tai-tong-quan-ve-lang-nghe-thu-cong-truyenthong-o-viet-nam-20613 32 ... ? ?Evaluation of impacts of silk village? ??s waste water on surface water quality in Van Phuc village, Ha Dong district, Ha Noi City? ?? The thesis concentrates into researching impacts of waste water of silk. .. District, Ha Noi 18 4.3 Evaluation of impacts of weaving and dyeing activities on surface water environment in Van Phuc village, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi 20 4.3.1 Evaluation of. .. Researching the waste water management situation of weaving and dyeing process in Van Phuc Village, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi 3.3 Evaluation of impacts of weaving and dyeing waste water on surface