THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY FRANCINA MAE A BALIDO DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF CORTICOLOUS LICHENS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO LEVELS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN CHIANG MAI PROVINCE, THAILAND BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode: Full-time Major: Environmental Science and Management Faculty: Advanced Education Program Batch: K46 Thai Nguyen, 15/11/2018 i DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student Name Francina Mae A Balido Student ID DTN1434290109 Thesis Title Diversity and Distribution of Corticolous Lichens And Their Relationship to Levels of Nitrogen Dioxide in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand Supervisor(s) Asst Prof Dr Wanaruk Saipunkaew (Thailand) Dr Ho Ngoc Son (Vietnam) Supervisor’s signatures Abstract The study aimed to investigate the diversity and distribution of lichens and their relationship to levels of nitrogen dioxide within the basin of Chiang Mai Province The study evaluated six districts which were Mae Tang, Mae Rim, Doi Saket, Mae On, San Pa Tong and Chiang Mai City 10 mango trees (Mangifera indica L.) were selected for lichen investigation in sites A total of 14 families, 22 genera and 38 species were found Thirty- eight species consists of 24 crustose lichens and 14 foliose lichens The richness and diversity of lichens were determined by using Shannon Diversity Index The highest diversity index was found in Mae Tang and the lowest diversity index recorded was in Chiang Mai City The highest richness was both discovered in Mae Tang and Mae On and the lowest richness was found in Doi Saket Bray-Curtis Similarity Index was used to determine the similarity of lichens communities and the distribution of lichens among sites was illustrated by using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) The results indicated two main groups within the six study sites and 30 % similarity were found between the groups Lichens species such as Pyxine cocoes, Hyperphyscia adglutinata, Phyllopeltula cf corticola, Rinodina roboris and Dirinaria picta were found in urban and suburban areas Pyxine cocoes, Hyperphyscia adglutinata and Phyllopeltula cf corticola were identified as tolerant species to air pollution Dirinaria picta was identified as sensitive species on air pollution The lowest NO2 concentration (9.5 ppbv) was distinguished in Mae On and highest concentrations (19.1 ppbv) were found in Mae Tang, Doi Saket, San Pa Tong and Chiang Mai City Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to correlate all factors and lichen diversity, whereas the results showed that there is no significant correlation between nitrogen dioxide, environmental factors, species richness and lichen diversity in the study Keywords: lichen diversity, lichen distribution, NO2 concentrations, passive sampler i Number of pages 67 pages Date of submission 15/11/2018 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My sincerest thanks to my thesis supervisors, Dr Wanaruk Saipunkaew and Dr Ho Ngoc Son for the kind supervision and guidance which both helped me to my thesis at my best In particular, I want to give thanks to Dr Wanaruk Saipunkaew for giving me opportunity to worked on my thesis topic “DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF CORTICOLOUS LICHENS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO LEVELS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN CHIANG MAI PROVINCE “that I can never finished without the help of my laboratory members which were MS Student, Sujinda Bungwan, Ph D students, Nattakarn Sransupphasirigul and Chitsupang, Kheawsalab Jiraporn Saenthiya for the help in collecting, and identifying lichen specimens My appreciation also extends for, MS Student View Varaphan for assistance in using pH meter and for Dr Sompron Chantara for approval of using passive samplers on her laboratory and for the assistance of her laboratory students that were MS Student Sukanya Prawan, MS Student Patcharee Saejiw and MS Student Tantaraporn Charoen in preparing and using the passive samplers I also want to acknowledge the Head of the Faculty of Science, Dr Chitchol Phalaraksh for the appreciation of our work in our research in Chiang Mai University I want express my gratitude to Thai Nguyen University, Chiang Mai University, ASEAN International Mobility of Student (AIMS) for the opportunity and support for their students on this internship I would like to express my gratitude Dr Ho Ngoc Son for choosing me as one of the students he would like to handle And I want specifically to convey my thanks for his motivation and iii encouragement to well even in making my bachelor thesis even before and after the conduction of data My sincerest gratitude to my family and relatives for the endless and genuine support and understanding on my decisions within the span of living abroad for studying and making thesis For that, I become more confident and matured than before The blessings and challenges I faced were all worth it with these people all behind my back and will strive to better in the future I also want to acknowledge my school “Refiners Christian School” which I studied for years and gave me the chance to study abroad which was I am not expecting to so and to our Administrator,Mr Marjun Macaleng, Mrs Irene Macaleng, School Principal Mrs Cherry Tanyag and Ms Elsa Belen for their encouragement for us students to venture to this opportunity and be equipped students I want to convey my gratitude to my longtime friends which are both in the Philippines and close friends studying with me which were in Thai Nguyen University for being there and being each other support and strength whenever I am in good situation and in a bad situation I want to specially express my thanks to Kristina Reyes, my roommate which is a close friend that is very helpful and gave advices whenever I had worries and Veatriz Malitic for the understanding me and for sharing same interests with me especially in music Joy Ongkiatco for being such a honest and caring friend to me, Enzo Bernardo and Luis Chavez for being such good friend to me since before until now that proves whenever we understand each other in worrying times Jessica Cosico, Aj De Castro, Lester Lagansua, Ghia Sarmiento and King Reyes which were comfortable friends that I can joke and play with and iv same goes for the laughter you had brought to me and to other as well My Ate’s and Kuya’s from other batch for looking after me and us younger Filipinos and gave advices whenever it is about academics and in life situations My Vietnamese friends which were I am thankful were Chi Ha Trang, Chi Qunyh Trang, Chi Luyen Nguyen, Chi Minchau Nguyen Chi Duong Hoàng and all the Chi and Anh in K46B class who were like my older sisters and brothers that treats me well My special thanks also to Pi Puangpech Pongpa for the friendliness and generosity of your time for me and all of us who are new in Thailand The memories of my college journey were about to end and will be forever cherished, completed and remembered with the friendship that felt already like a family whenever and I hope to continue for a very long time I also want to congratulate myself for holding and giving all the best You’ve worked hard And save the best for last, I want to thank God for everything, the guidance, blessings and challenges which helped me to grow You showed me what will happen if I will just follow you and by that, I entrust and give back all the achievements and experiences I’ve earned for your own glory Student Balido, Francina Mae A v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale 1.2 Research objectives 1.3 Research Questions and Hypotheses 1.4 1.3.1 Research Questions 1.3.2 Research Hypothesis Limitations 1.5 Definitions PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Lichens 2.2 Morphology 2.3 Growth forms and reproduction 2.4 Factors affecting the lichens 2.5 Lichens as biomonitors of air pollution 10 2.6 Passive Sampling 13 PART III MATERIALS AND METHODS 17 3.1 Time frame and description of the study areas 17 3.2 Materials 20 3.3 Methods 21 3.3.1 Lichens Study 21 3.3.2 Passive Sampling 23 a) Preparation of the solutions 23 b) Preparation of diffusion tube 23 c) Exposure of the diffusion tube 24 d) Extraction of the sample 25 e) Analysis of the sample 25 3.3.3 Data Analysis 26 a) Lichens Diversity: Shannon Index 26 b) Similarity of lichen communities and distribution of lichens 27 c) Correlation between nitrogen dioxide, environmental factors, species richness and lichens diversity 28 vi PART IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 29 4.1 Results and Discussion 29 4.1.1 Lichens Diversity 29 4.1.2 Similarity of lichen communities and distribution of lichens 40 4.1.3 Environmental factors in the study sites 44 4.1.4 NO2 concentration in the study sites 45 4.1.5 Correlation between nitrogen dioxide, environmental factors, species richness and lichens diversity 46 PART V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 49 5.1 Conclusion 49 5.2 Recommendation 51 REFERENCES 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Tree no.: _ Site: _ Specific name of the place: _ Altitude: _m GPS: Physical Parameters Temperature: Wet tem. Dry tem _ Relative Humidity (%) : Light intensity: _ Location Information (where the trees that have lichens is found) Urban Area Rural Area Village Not stated Grassland Agricultural Land Temple Graveyard Grazing Land Park Roadside Vacant Land Tree Information Tree species: _ Bark pH : _ Tree location in the area: Protected Exposed Circumference of tree trunk cm (150 cm above ground level) Type of bark: Smooth Rough Flaky Persistence Aspects (which you place grid frame on the trunk to collect lichen) N S W E NE SE NW SW Possible factors affecting lichens Human Intervention: Urban Area/ Rural Area Traffic Problem asphalt road (low traffic) asphalt road (high traffic) non-asphalted road Other Institutions /Activities near the location of the study: _ Distance of the tree from roadside or to the establishments/ human activities