Cd the tha'y ring, hau hdt cac edng trinh kidn trric Phat giao d Viet Nam cring thudng sri dung hai mau sic nay (trong eac ngdi chria, ngoai ra cdn sri dyng nhidu trong eac ddn, di[r]
(1)NGHg T H U A T RON PHI rnNfi
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TRONG KIEN TRUC C f PHUUNG DONG
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Cdc cung dien eiia vua ehiia phirong BOng xua thudng sii dung hai mau dd vd vang, bdi theo triet iy phuong Bdng, mdu vdng am duong ngu hdnh dai dien cho phuong vj trung uong, thudc thd, la ngudn gdc ciia van vat Mdu dd Id hda ehii ve su rang rd Hai mdu vang, dd the hien noi tdn nghiem tuyet ddi eiia eac bae Be vuong trung tam thidn
1
1 Mau vang va theo quan niem triet ly Phat giao
Cd le nhic tdi Phat giao, mpt nhung tdn giao ldn eua phuang Ddng, ta lien tudng tdi mau vang, mpt nhimg mau sic chfnh cua ton giao Ngoai ta cdn lien tudng tdi nhring tda thap nguy nga trang le mau vang dng, nhring tupmg Phat ngdi trdn nhung tda sen mau vang, nhung vj su, tang khoac ao tu mau vang, hay nhung chiec ao ca sa dng anh dd vang kim tuydn cua Trung Hoa
"Tu nhidu the ky, mpt kidn thric thien bam rd ret vd chat hda hpc vo ca da cho phep cae nha su Phat giao san xua't dupe nhung chide ca
sa, tien loi, hop ly cd mau vang tuoi sang rye rd lau phai Vay tbi hp da dung chat gi dd nhupm?" Nhung chide y vang cd mau sac rieng biet dac thri eua gidi tang si Phat giao chri ydu dupe lam bing loai vai bdng thd nhudm mpt dung djch dac biet lay tri gd cay Jak - tieng Viet gpi la cay mil
Theo quan diem cria Ddng phuang, mau vang tupng trung cho tri tue va tinh thuong Nhung ding sau sy kien vd mau y vang lai an chria mdt nen van hda va ljch su khae la Theo quan diem Phat giao, viec nhupm y la mdt bieu tuong mang y nghia vd sy phi mpi y niem tran tuc cua nhring mau sic the gian Dd la mau cria su bat hoai de
xac djnh cho ngudi pham tuc bidt ring ngudi mac nd khdng gpi nen mdt gia trj nao vd sy thu hrit trin gian
Qua thdi gian, gidi tang si din dan djnh cu hin tai mdt tu vien, ngudi ta djnh mpt mau chuan va nhung cau trric rap nd'i cae manh vai de xac djnh thri bac tu hanh hay tdng phai ma nha su thudc
Ngay nay, ngoai sic y vang ma mpi ngudi tha'y d khip noi, cdn cd y mau nau dd chri ydu dupe cie nha su xua't the an dat mac Khi drie Phat chri truomg tri bd nhung ham mudn Iran luc va dd xudng dudng Trung dao, anh dao vang cria Ngai da tda sang nhu mau sic thoat eao thuang cria chide y vang
Dac biet tu tudng Phat giao, hoa sen dupe tdn quy va chidm vj trf rat quan trpng Bdi vay hlnh anh cua Due Phat ludn gin vdi hlnh anh ngai ngdi tren mdt tda sen vang Tinh thin "cu trin bit nhidm Iran" dd cring chfnh la y nghia cria hoa sen, bidu trung cho nhung gia trj dao drie, sy thuin khidt va thien, sy tri va phat tridn cria Phat phap, trf tue, dan den nidt ban Trong cac edng trinh kien trric Phat giao d Viet Nam, sen ludn trd hlnh tupng nghe thual Mpt nhring cdng trinh kidn trric lieu bieu liy cam tri hoa sen la chria Mpt ept Theo truydn thuydt ngdi chria dupe hlnh
(2)VAN H A NGHg T H U A T MII^C MCOAI tri mdt gi^c mdng dai
sen eua vua Ly Thai Tdng (Cam hutng tiir mdng la cac loai tim ly nghd thuat cua cac dan tdc phuong Ddng) Chria ed hlnh dang hoa sen, mpc ldn tri hd nude, chi vdi mdt cdt - mpt cpng sen, tupng trung sy giac ngp, dat dupe sy sang va giai thoat dupe brin nho
2 Mau vang va dd kien true tdn giao phuong Ddng
Ngoai y phuc mau vang cdn cd nhring cdng trinh kidn trric mau vang hdt sric ddc dao Mpt nhung cdng trinh ndi tidng vd su trang Id, rue rd dupe bidt den dd la chria Vang - Agko, thap Shwedagon, dupe dat vang d Myanma, mpt qude gia ma Phat giao da truydn den rat sdm va trd qude giao Truydn thuydt eho ring Phat giao da du nhap xri tri Phat Thieh Ca cdn sd'ng, hai
dd tu la Tapussa va Bhallika da mang duoc soi tdc cua Phat vd va hien cac di tfch vSn cdn giri tai cae chua thap Du lieu dupe xac minh chic chin la cac doan truyen giao thdi vua Asoka da dd'n Myanma vao TK m TCN Yangon (hay Rangoon) va vung phu can la trung tam Phit giao ldn cdn giu" lai dupe rat nhieu ddn dai, dd ed thap Shwedagon, ngdi den ldn nha't tai day, toan bd dupe dat vang va trang trf rat nhidu gd, da quy Chu vi eua ngdi thap la 1.420 feet va cao 326 feet Xung quanh cd 64 ddn nhd Truyen thuydt eho ring ddn cd hon 2500 nam dupe xay tri thdi Thfch Ca cdn tai the Do eao nguydn thriy eua den la 66 feet nhung sau nhieu lin trring tu nd da dat dupe dp eao hien tai
Khdng nhung eac cdng trinh kidn true Phat
Thap Luong, nudc CHDNND Lao
giao ed ma ngudi ta cdn cho xay dung nhung cdng trinh kien true Phat giao mau vang, cung ri't ddc dao, nhung trdn tinh than phat huy nhung quan nidm cd Chang ban mdt nhting cdng trinh nguy nga trang le nhit xay dyng gan day ndi tidng khip the gidi la Phat dai Dhammakaya Phat dai Dhammakaya dupe kidn tao theo hinh thap trdn theo truydn thdng eua Phat giao Theravada, vdm dinh trdn d trdn gdm cd 300.000 tupng (va 700.000 tupmg cdn lai se dupe tdn trf bdn thap) mdi tucmg Phat cao 18 cm, nang khoang 2,5kg, duoc due bang loai ddng pha vang, dupe nung ndng tri 1.200 dp bach phan Cdng viec due tupng Phat rat ky cong, duoc ke't hpp tri kidn thric rut tia dupe tri thdi van minh dd ddng Ban Chiang d tinh Udon Thani, Thai Lan C!ac nha khao cd da tun thay mpt tupng bang ddng ma ngudi ta tin ring da dupe drie tri hon 5000 nam trude Vdi khf hau Thai Lan, mdt xri am udt vdi lupng mua acid kha nhidu nam Ban ky su da quye't djnh sri dung kim loai titanium va phu mpt ldp vang ben ngoai de bao ve tupng chju dung dupe thdi tidt khic nghiet tai xri sd trdn dudi 1000 nam
3 Mau vang va dd kieii true Kinh Hue
d Viet Nam, Kinh Thanh
Hue eung phin nao dupe xay dung dua trdn nhung anh
(3)IM^'^ % NGHg T H U A T R N PHI rnNfi
hudng eua kidn true Trung Hoa Hai mau dd va vang vin la hai mau chinh ndi bat cae edng trinh kidn trric cung didn, dien hinh la kidn true eung dinh Hue, mpt cPng trinh kidn trric vin cdn giri dupe kha nguydn ven cho dd'n Day la san pham da tidp thu va ke thria kidn true truydn thd'ng Ly, Tran, Ld, ddng thdi tidp thu tinh hoa my thuat Trung Hoa nhung Viet hda mdt each ed y thric cria cae nghd nhan tri cac midn Nam Bic quy ty ve xay dyng Kinh dd, ke ea nhring ngudi thp gdc Minh Hucmg Trung Qude va Champa, phri hpp vdi tam ly ban dja, dem lai nhung dae trung ban sic kidn trric Hue
Nam 1802 vua Gia Long khdi cdng xay dtmg Hoang va Tri Cam Nam
1805 mdi bit dau xay dyng Kinh thanh, quy md didn tfch rit ldn, 520ha, ehu vi 10km
Mdt sd cac kidn true chfnh d day cung su dung ngdi vang gidng Tu Cam Thanh cria Trung Hoa, dien hinh nhu dien Long An, Thai Hda, Tri Cam Thanh (Hue'), Ngp Mon, midu Hoang
Khio
Trdn phuong didn kien true c6, day la mpt ePng trinh cd gia trj tham my eao cua nha Nguydn Kidn trric didn Long An la mpt tda nha kep, dang trring thidm diep de, he thd'ng vl keo Iran vd eua dupe eham trd tinh td Khdng gian rpng, cd chidu sau, tao sy tham nghidm ehung quanh
Mdu vdng vd tr§n tupng chua Doi, Sdc Trang
tda nha Tda nha tuyet dd'i khdng xay vach ma chi dyng loan cria kfnh de tidp nhan anh sang Dien Long An dupe trang trf hlnh anh va thp van nhidu nhat Npi thit co bay muoi mdt d hpc trang trf theo ldi nha't thi nhit hpa vdi chat lieu dng a can xa eri, nga xuong Dae bidt trdn he thd'ng ban dd nha, hai bdn ed hai vach gd, ed 56 chri nho dupe sip xdp hinh bat quai va dring hdi van lidn hoan, ed the dpc 64 bai tho that ngdn va ngu ngdn khae vua Thidu Trj sang tie Dien Long An la mpt ePng trinh nguy nga trang le va nha bdi nhung ban tay kheo ldo cria cae nghd nhan, dupe xem la mpt cung dien dep nhat d Hue va Viet Nam Vd quan
nidm tham my, CP ban vin sri dung hai mau vang va dd la chfnh Ching ban nhu dien Thai Hda Phan mai sri dyng ngdi vang Ben npi that cria cung dien cring dupe sri dung hai mau dd va vang lam hai mau chri dao
The Midu dupe xay dyng trdn mat bing ISOOm^, cring la tda nha kdp theo kieu trring thidm, trring lucmg nhu Didn Thai Hda Ngdi mau vang, tudng mau dd, each sri dung mau sic kidn trric kha gidng vdi Tri Cam Thinh cua Trung Hoa, noi bat giria mpt khPng gian rpng ldn Tidn doanh (nha trude) cd 11 gian va chfnh doanh (nha sau) cd gian Hai doanh ndi lidn vdi bing trin vd cua Tat ca cd ehung mpt doan dudng ma ngan rieng tring that - trie la cring mdt tda nha ma chia
4 Mau vang va dd cac khdng gian kie'n triic dinh, chua Viet Nam
Cd the tha'y ring, hau hdt cac edng trinh kidn trric Phat giao d Viet Nam cring thudng sri dung hai mau sic (trong eac ngdi chria, ngoai cdn sri dyng nhidu eac ddn, dinh, midu mao) nhu la hai sic mau chfnh de trang trf cho cac khdng gian tam linh Khi dat chan vao bat ky ngdi chria hay dinh, ddn, midu d Viet Nam, nha't la nhring ngdi chria cd, ta thudng cd cam giac tjnh Cam giac dupe tao ndn bdi sy kdt hpp hai hda cua nhung sac
(4)VAN H6A NGHI^ THUAT MWOC MOOAI
mau, nhung chu, nhung hoa van thdp vang trdn ndn dd son, dd sim hay dd tram cua nhung hoanh phi, cau dd'i, nhung cdt, keo, hay nhung ban, be thd Mau vang ma, mau dd son eua son ta kdt hop eung vdi nhung mau nau tram, den canh gian, tat ca hda quydn vao nhau, tdn tao nen mdt khdng gian tram mac Cd nhung tucmg dupe hoan loan ma vang, cd nhung tupng dring son ta diem suyd't ddi chd, day ldn mau dd hay mau vang ma cua nhung y phuc lap lanh
Ngoai nhring cdng trinh kidn trric Phat giao, ta cdn tha'y hai mau vang va dd dupe sri dung rat nhidu cae kidn trric ddn, dinh, mieu, nha thd hp Chat lieu de tao ndn hai mau thudng la thdp vang va dd son ta, ta cd hai mau la mau dd son va den canh gian, vd mau vang thi chri ydu la vang ta dupe lam mdng rdi thdp ldn, thudng gpi la quy vang Chi vdi ba mau: dd va vang lam ehu dao, cdn lai la mau den canh gian da tao ndn nhung khdng gian tam linh lit tdn nghiem, td rd sy tdn kinh dd'i vdi cac vj thin, mdt sd vj xua't sri tri Trung Hoa, mpt sd vj la nhring vi vua chria, quan, ludng da ed edng vdi da't nude, nhan dan Hau het tri ban, be cho tdi cac hoanh phi cau dd'i, an hucmg, hay cac trang phuc eua eac vj than ddu sri dung hai mau
vang va dd de trang tri Mau den canh gian cung dupe sir dung, nhung hau het dupfc dung kha han che
5 Mau s^c hoi hoa trang trf chua Khome Nam Bo
Ngdi chua Khome d ddng bang sdng Ciiu Long la mdt cdng trinh kien true cd nhidu gia tri ve mat tham my, la khdng gian thieng lidng nhat tap hop kha nang kinh te, chfnh tri, van hda nghd thuat Ngoai chric nang thda man nhimg nhu cau sinh boat cria ddi sd'ng, ngdi ehua Khome cdn cd kha nang dap ring nhu cau tham my eho nhan dan Ngdi chria la mdt tap hpp loan ven nha't eua cae yeu td tao hlnh, kdt chat va hd trpr lin mpt the thdng nha't
Ddng gdp dung ehua, nudi chria coi nhu mdt khoan ude dam bao hanh phuc cho eupe ddi hidn tai va vinh hang mai sau, bdi vay, ngudi Khome khdng tide edng sric cho nha chria, tat ea vat lieu quy eung vdi sy kheo leo eua ddi tay ddu danh cho chria, vi the ma tu nhidn chria trd trung tam eua phum, sdc
Ngudi Khome la mdt tpc ngudi cd biet tai nghd thuat, vdi mpt ban nang hieu nghidm vd hlnh dang, mdt sy nhay cam ehie chin vd trang trf, mpt khidu tham my hdt sue ddc dao Nghe thuat eham ndi, vdi nhring brie eham sinh ddng trdn nhung canh cria chria Kl'eang (Sdc
Trang), trdn cac ddu hdi chua, trdn cac mi cua cung vdi nghe thuat tupng trdn gdm tucfng than, Phat, ngudi ddng hda vdi than, tuong thu (ran tri ba dd'n chin dau, su tijf, voi ), thd hien rd sy phat trid'n sdm ve tu tudng tham my cung nhu chat lupng nghe thuat va nghd thuat eham khic, tac tuong cua nhan dan Khome tir bao ddi
Nghd thuat kien true Khome d ddng bing sdng Cuu Long cdn luu lai den tap trung vao hon 600 ngdi chria cd kinh an hidn dudi eay dria xanh tdt Nhidu ngdi chria cd nidn dai rat sdm nhu: chria Ang, chria Samrdngdk, chria Phudng d Tra Vinh, chria Kl'eang d Sdc Trang cd nidn dai khoang dd'n tram nam trd lai day va nhidu chria cd nidn dai mudn horn dupe xay dyng theo mpt nguydn tie nhat djnh, nhung triy thupc vao didu kien kinh te cua tring phum ma ed sy ldn nhd khae
Trong ngdi chria khPng chi dieu khic - trang lri mdi lam ndi bat ldn tinh than tham my ma hpi hpa cring gdp phan khdng nhd tinh than dd
Nhring brie tranh chfnh dien dupe lay cam hring tri dd tai Phat thoai, ndi vd cupc ddi cria drie Phat tri sinh de'n vao cdi nidt ban Ngoai cdn ed nhring tfch truyen din gian, than thoai nhu: anh
(5)NGHg THUAT R N PHI rnNin
hung ea Ridmkd, nhung eanh tridt ly ve cudc ddi, nhring canh sinh boat eupe sd'ng
Hpi hpa d day ed nhidu hinh thric khae nhau, nhung cd thd chia lam hai loai chinh: Loai tranh truyen ke the hidn dd tai Phat giao, than thoai, chidm hau hdt didn tieh cac mat tudng eua chinh didn Loai hoa van trang trf gdm nhring khung trang trf hinh vudng, hlnh trdn, hlnh chri nhat, cac hlnh thidn than, vri nri, rdng rin, cac loai hoa van Nhung mdtip dupe the hien da dang va phong phu M ; hdt cac bfeh hpa chria thudng ve vd dd tai Phat giao, tieu su drie Phat va cd ghi chri tring canh mdt Ngoai cdn cd nhung brie tranh phan anh tridt ly nhan sinh, nguydn ly nhan qua cria Phat giao, eho ta tha'y cai nhin mpc mac cua ngudi Khome vd cupe ddi, e vu try quan cring nhu sinh hoat hang gin lien vdi mpt drie tin sang
Npi dung cac de tai, chri de deu lay tam diem ca ngpi sy loan nang, toan didn, nhring tridt ly tham sau cua drie Phat Nhung nhan vat trudng ea Riemkd nhu: Preah Ream, Seda, Hanuman, Chin, Tidn bidn nhung mdtfp dpc dao Vdi loai hoa van trang trf, thudng lay tri thien nhien phong phri, nhring dda hoa sen, hoa reang, hoa mai, cac la bd dd, hoa eric ddu dupe
the hidn vdi mdt trinh dp eao bang nhring mau sic rye rd Sy ty khPng ban chd cae mau, nhung d day chi co mau dupe ehuyen dring Day la mau ed cua Phat giio va cring tupng trung cho mdi kidp cria Phat Mau xanh lam: ndi vd cupc ddi drie Phat cdn la Bd tat da tay crin dp chring sinh Mau tring: cd y nghia kidp Phat cudi voi tring di gay mua cun nan chring sinh Mau ci vang: tupng trung cho long hi xa ma quy mudn an thjt, Phat da rdc thjt m 'h cho ma quy an Mau dd: la mau mau, ke lai chuydn mpt kidp khic Phat da md ngye minh de lay trai lim lam thudc me bj rin cin Cudi cring la mau inh Iria: the hien tren la cd la sy sip xep nam mau tren lien theo hang dpc, mau noi ldn mpt kiep cua Phat cdn la thd da hy sinh nhay vao Iria nudng minh dang cho De Thfch thd hidn sy bd thf tuyet ddi cria Phat
Ngay nay, cac brie hpa d cac chria Khome hau hdt dupe sua chua hoac ve mdi vdi cac mau nguydn chat ft pha trpn Hp rat thfch sri dyng mau phan quang phdi hop vdi tranh, ft dring ldi chuyen sic dp theo sy chri sic hay trpng tam, nen mau sic tranh thudng sac sd Nhin chjng ldi hpi hpa chria Khome vin dem lai sy ha'p din, phan anh ea tfnh, tinh
cam cua ngudi ve eung nhu thj hidu tham my cria nhan dan Khome
Cd the noi, trai qua hang the ky, vdi bao nhieu tidp bidn van hda va chfnh trj, cring nhung bidn dpng to ldn cria ljch su, hai mau vang va dd quan niem thim my, van hda cria ngudi phuang Ddng dudng nhu la mpt net tinh thin dac biet Nd nhu an vao mau cria ngudi phuang Ddng, dac biet la ngudi Trung Hoa, ngudi Viet Nam cring mpt sd qud'c gia khae bj anh hudng bdi van hda Trung Hoa Tdi cdn nhd mpt cau ndi cria giio su Dang Quy Khoa ring: "Kha nang cam nhan cria ngudi phuang Ddng vd eac tdng mau ndng, ching ban nhu tdng mau vang hay tdng mau dd thudng dd hem la cac tdng mau lanh" Tdi cho didu la dring, bdi vl, nhu da tha'y, hau hdt cac cdng trinh kidn trric cd cung nhu my thuat cd ddu sri dung tdng mau ndng, ma hai mau chinh thudng dupe sri dung rat nhidu la vang va dd va ed djnh vd mau sic nhu vay hang the ky, vl the ma nd da anh hudng sau vao tam thric cua ngudi Mac dri cac long mau lanh cring dupe sri dyng, nhung thudng thi rat ban che: mau xanh lam hay mau xanh ngpc thudng dupe trang trf cho Iran nha cria cung that, hay mpt sd nhung dd dring nhim tao cam giac mit me thu gian j
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