( trong c©u nµy hµnh ®éng sunbath x¶y ra song song víi viÖc n»m trªn b·i biÓn nªn dïng sunbathing - nh phÇn lý thuyÕt ë trªn ®· tr×nh bµy).. The old dog just lay on the grass watching t[r]
(1)I- SPECIAL CASES:
* Những động từ dễ gây nhầm lẫn Đó động từ bảng sau: Nội động từ
rise/ lie/ sit rose/ lay/ sat risen/ lain/ sat rising/ lying/ sitting
Các động từ dễ gây nhầm lẫn mặt ngữ nghĩa, tả phát âm, cần phân biệt chúng ngữ cảnh câu cụ thể
Ngoại động từ
raise/ lay/ set raised/ laid/ set raised/ laid/ set raising/ laying/ setting TO RISE - từ dâng lên (động từ không cần tân ngữ)
Eg The sun rises early in the summer./ When the bell rings, the students rise from their seats When oil and water mix, oil rises to the top./ Jim rose early so that he could play golf
It must be late; the moon has risen./ Prices have risen more than ten percent in a very short time TO RAISE (sb, st) - Nâng ai, lên - Động từ đòi hỏi tân ngữ.
Eg The students raise their hands in class./ The weighlifter raises the barbell over it’s head
The crane raised the car out of the lake./ After studying very hard, John raised his grades greatly Mr Daniels has raised his tenants’ rent another fifteen dollars
The OPEC have raised the price of oil
TO LIE: ë t¹i , n»m - to lie in: nơi nào./ - to lie down: n»m xuèng/ - to lie on: n»m trªn.
Động từ dễ nhầm lẫn với to lie (nói dối) phải phân biệt với to lie mÉu c©u: to lie to sb Eg The university lies in the Western section of town./ If they are tired, they should lie down for a nap
Maria Elena lay on the beach for three hours yesterday sunbathing
( câu hành động sunbath xảy song song với việc nằm bãi biển nên dùng sunbathing - nh phần lý thuyết trình bày)
The old dog just lay on the grass watching the children at play ( hành động nằm xem xảy đồng thời nên dùng watching ) Don’t disturb Mary; she has lain down for a rest
That old rug had lain in the corner for many years before it was put in the garage TO LAY (st, sb): đặt, để đó, lên bề mặt
- to lay on: đặt - to lay in: đặt vào - to lay down: đặt xuống
Lu ý: Nguyên thể động từ dễ nhầm lẫn với thời khứ động từ to lie, cần phân biệt chúng theo ngữ cảnh
Eg Don’t lay your clothes on the bed./ The boy lays his books on the table every day The enemy soldiers laid down their weapons and surrendered
= The enemy soldiers laid down their weapons surrendering
The children laid their toys on the floor when they had finished using them The students had laid their composition on the teacher’s desk before the bell rang The nurse laid the baby in crib
TO SIT: ngåi - to sit in: ngåi trong, ngåi ë./ - to sit on: ngåi trªn./ - to sit down: ngåi xuèng.
Eg We are going to sit in the fifth row at the opera./ Bullfight fans sit in the shade because it is cool Because the weather was nice, we sat on the patio./ After swimming, Bob sat on the beach to dry off Nobody has sat through as many boring lectures as Peter has
They have sat in the same position for hours
Lu ý: Không đợc nhầm lẫn động từ với to seat ( có sức chứa, có chỗ ngồi) Eg This studium can seat 100.000 people
TO SET: đặt để ( tơng đơng với to put) Động từ dễ lẫn phát âm vói simple past to sit ( sat). Eg The little girl helps her father (to) set the table every night
The carpenters set their tools in the box at noon and go to lunch The botanist set her plants in the sun so that they would grow After carrying her son from the car, the mother set him in his crib Don’t set the chocolate near the oven or it will melt
No sooner had they set the roast in the oven, than the electricity went out ** Một số thành ngữ dùng với động từ này.
- to lay off (workers, employees) - D·n thỵ, cho nghØ bít, cho tạm nghỉ - to set (broken bone) in: bó xơng gÉy vµo
- to set one’s arlam for + time: để đồng hồ báo thức vào lúc Eg I set my alarm for am everyday
- to set fire to (st): làm cháy Eg While playing with matches, the children set fired to the sofa - to raise ( plants, animals) for a living: Trồng cây, nuôi gia súc để kiếm sống
Eg That farmer raises chickens for a living *** Một số động từ đặc biệt khác.
- agree to st ( Đồng ý làm gì) - agree to sbs doing st (Đồng ý với việc làm ai) Eg He agrees to my leaving early tomorrow morning
(2)- It means doing st: bao gåm việc làm
Eg He is determined to get ticket for Saturday’s game if it means standing in the line all night - propose to st: có ý định làm Eg I propose to start tomorrow
- propose doing st: Đề nghị làm Eg: I proposed waiting until the police came
- go on doing st: Tiếp tục làm việc ( bị bỏ dở) Eg He goes on talking about his accident - go on to st: Tiếp tục làm (vẫn chủ đề nhng chuyển sang khía cạnh khác) Eg He goes on to tell about his accident on the trip
He shows the position of the Island on the map and goes on to talk about it’s climate
- try to st: cố gắng làm Eg He tries to improve his English - try doing st: thử làm Eg They try putting wise netting all around the garden to stop entering of the livestock
1 Either infinitives or gerunds :
1.1 stop: a stop + to infinitives (= stop this work to start the other work) e.g He stops to smoke (He stops his work and starts smoking)
b. stop + gerunds (= to give up a habit ) e.g He stops smoking (He no longer smokes) 1.2 try: a try + to infinitives (= manage successfully to do)
e.g He tried to lift the case (He managed to lift the case and succeeded) b try + gerunds (= to experience)
e.g He tried lifting the case (He wanted to know whether he could lift it) 1.3 remember:
a. remember + to infinitives (= to make oneself aware of a task) e.g He remembered to lock the door (He had to lock the door) b. remember + gerunds (= to assure oneself a fulfilled task)
e.g He remembered locking the door (He was sure that he had locked the door) 1.4 forget:
a. forget + to infinitives (= to miss a task) e.g Sam forgot to buy food (Sam didn’t buy food) b forget + gerunds (= the fulfilled task is forgotten)
e.g Sam forgot buying food (He bought food but he didn’t remember) 1.5 regret:
a regret + to infinitives (not want to this task)
e.g Kim regretted to say the truth (He didn’t want to say the truth but he had to) b regret + gerunds ( the task is done unexpectedly)
e.g Kim regretted saying the truth.(He said and he regretted what he’d done) 2 Would :
a conditional sentences:
e.g If I were you, I would agree to come He would have passed if he had known the rules well
b. past habits: e.g I would sing romantic songs when I was young She would cry when she was too sad 3. Used to : past habit not happen at present e.g She used to walk to school.
4 Be (get) used to :
a. get used to (= be acquainted with) e.g She has got used to walking to office b. be used to (be familiar to) e.g He was used to walking to office 5 Would rather V1 than V2 :
5.1 would rather (not) + V: e.g She’d rather go to the meeting We would rather not mention that case.
5.2 would rather + O (not) + p V:
e.g I’d rather him brought there some cakes She would rather her husband not joined the army 6 Prefer gerunds/Ns to gerunds/Ns :
6.1 prefer + gerunds = like + gerunds/ infinitives:e.g She preferred walking to driving She liked walking/ to walk.
6.2 would prefer + infinitives = would like + infinitives: e.g She’d prefer to walk She would like to walk.
7 Could/ may/ might : possibility/ maybe = perhaps
7.1 in conditional sentences: e.g If it rains, we may cancel the trip
We might go to the park if it were Sunday today.
7.2 uncertain speculation: e.g It could/ may/ might rain tomorrow It will possibly rain tomorrow 7.3 perhaps/ maybe: e.g Perhaps he won’t come Maybe it will rain tomorrow 8 Should :
8.1 command; request; obligation: e.g You should study harder / She should bring along an umbrella 8.2 an expectation/ a wish: e.g My letter should arrive next week
(3)9.1 could/ may/ might + have + P.P: Past possibility e.g It may have rained last night./ He might have gone.
9.2 should have + P.P: Past unfulfilled actions e.g He should have done his homework
9.3 must have + P.P: Logical thought about past events e.g (She passed the exam) She must have studied hard.
PRACTICE EXERCISE – BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH 8 Choose one word or phrase marked A,B,C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Columbus America in 1492
A invented B found C discovered D saw A driver is a person who
A drives a car B sells cars C has a car D makes cars A singer is a person who
A composes music B writes songs C sings well D drives well Most of the in my school are under 30 years old
A teachers B workers C artists D farmers Darwin, was an English physiologist, was born in 1809 and died in 1882
A which B that C who D where Is there anything I can for you ?
A where B that C who D which Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn Twain’s best works
A consider B considered C is considered D are considered He is working a taxi-driver
A at B as C to D in A person who spends his/her whole life writing books is a
A writer B teacher C singer D worker 10 G Washington, was the first president of the USA, was born in 1732 and died in 1799 A that B who C where D which 11 He dropped the vase and it broke pieces
A into B down C off D in 12 When we travel in the streets, pay attention to traffic
A sighs B sights C scenes D signs 13 I am on a diet I want to
A over weighted B lose weight C gain weight D get fatter 14 Faraday is the great of all time
A scientific B scientism C scientist D science 15 Mathematics an important part in our lives
A lets B plays C applies D lays 16 The driver stopped a coffee because he felt sleepy
A have B to have C having D had 17 Have you ever considered a pharmacist ?
A to become B become C became D becoming 18 I would rather at home than out with him
A stay/ go B staying/going C stayed/went D to stay/to go 19 She suggested a break for a while
A took B take C taking D taken 20 It is likely that everybody at the age of 45
A retires B retired C are retiring D will retire 21 the water clock, Newton also made a sundial
A On B After C Besides D Before
22 M Curie, _ discovered radium, was a famous French physicist
A whom B who C that D whose
23 Newton’s first physical experiment was _ out in 1658
A carried B made C taken D done
24 Jane Eyre, which by Charlotte Bronte, is one of my favorite novels
A wrote B written C was written D writes
25 the _ of the steam engine made J Watt famous throughout the world
A invent B inventive C invention D inventor
26 M Faraday didn’t have much when he was young
A school B scholar C schooled D schooling
(4)A scientist B physicist C biologist D mathematician 28 Einstein, _ study of the theory of relativity made him famous, was a German physicist
A whose B whom C who D by whom
29 Most of the experiments are carried out in
A schools B libraries C factories D laboratories
30 He was very good _ mathematics when he was at school
A on B of C at D for
31 The steam engine was _ by J Watt
A discovered B invented C cured D made
32 When he grew older, he became _ in mathematics and physics
A interested B interest C interesting D interests
33 That’s the house uncle Ho was born
A which B where C of which D that
34 Darwin was the father of the theory of _
A relativity B gravitation C evolution D electricity
35 When , Newton was more of a mechanic than a scholar
A he was young B was young C be young D he is young
36 He was not interested in physics _ he grew older
A when B and C even D until
37 He died the age of 85
A for B at C in D about
38 Faraday’s father worked very _, but he could feed the family
A hard/ hard B hardly/ hard C hard/ hardly D hardly/ hardly
39 It was Professor H Davy’s lectures _ helped Faraday a lot in his later discoveries
A that B which C who D whose
40 Scientists and doctors haven’t found the for AIDS
A curable B curability C cure D curing
41 Gravity is the force of the earth to everything towards its center
A attractive B attract C attraction D distract 42 He’ll go with us it rains
A if B when C as long as D unless 43 We could visit Mercury – an outer space planet - in a
A spaceship B ship C plane D train 44 Mercury can be seen after sunrise soon after sunset
A neither /nor B either /or C not only /but also D none of A, B and C 45 You won’t pass your driving test unless you drive more
A carelessly B dangerously C A or B D carefully 46 The sea lever will rise if the ice on the poles to melt
A began B begin C start D begins 47 A journey which takes place every month is a journey
A daily B weekly C monthly D yearly 48 you phone me when you come to England?
A Do B Have C Will D Would 49 Liverpool won’t win unless they begin better
A playing B played C having played D play 50 Life will be destroyed all our sources end