Pronouncing dictionary of proper names pronunciations for more than

Cross References and Variant Spellings Entry Identifications Two Pronunciation Systems Pronunciations in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA Vowels in IPA Transcriptions Consonants i

2nd EDITION

Pronouncing Dictionary

ah AH BAH-thuhr, KAHT; bother,cot;

FAH-thuhr, AHSK father,ask

aw AW KAWT, LAW caught, law

hi HL hlah-NEHL-e Welsh UaneMi (Anglicizedalternative 1 orthl)

JJ JET iet

IL LEG, MID-1 leg, middje

nN NET KIT-n net, kitten

ng NG RING, RINGK ring, rink

oiOI BOI, KOIN boy, coin

00 00 MOOD mood

owOW OWT, NOW out, now

pP PIN, LIP £in, lie

r R RED, KAHRD red, card

uU GUD, PUT, PUR good, put, poor

ueUE RUE, FUE-luhn; Fr rue, Ger.fuhlen;

FUEL-uhn Ger.fullen

uhUH buh-NAN-uh, BUHD banana, bud

uhr UHR BET-uhr, BUHRD better,bjrd

uh(r) UH(R) BUHCR)F,

HUH(R)L-uh

FUH(R), Anglicizationo/Fr feu, Ger Hohle.

HUH(R)-Iuh

vV ahv-LAHR Span, hablar(Anglicizedalternative hor v)

wW WET, WICH wet, witch

zhZH MEZH-uhr measure

International Phonetic Alphabet Symbols

Symbol Example asin Symbol Example as in

English Consonants English Vowels

d 'did did sr 'bard, 'batar bird, butter d3 'dset let £ 'faed, 'aesk fad,ask

ai

au

'bai, 'raid'bau, 'nau

buy, r|de bough, now

1 'midj middle i: 'bi:d bead

m 'oiprn open (some d: 'kD:t, 'Id: caught, law

n 'net net u 'gud, 'put, pu^ good, put, poor

n 'kitn kitten u: 'mu:d, 'mju:zik mood, music P

'rir), 'rir)k

'pin

r 'red, 'meri' red, merry oe 'hoela, boef German Holle,

r(raised 'kafd (= 'kard, card French boeufr) 'ka:d)

oe: 'hoe:l3, foe: German Hohle,

J •Jo: show

y 'fylan Germanfullen

t 'to:, 'to:t toe,tote

y* 'fy:l3n, ry: German fuhlen.

t 'sitir), 'hi:t3d sitting, heated

vision, beige 1 Ia'neii- Welsh Llanelli

^^':^ ' :^ f~ J^ 'di:ji French digne

^ -i'/S.'^. implosiveclick)

1 'aep9l|So:s applesauce secondary stress

: 'ni:t neat an augmented vowel

b5 French bon nasalization ofavowel

'sitir), 'hi:i9d sitting, heated voicingofa usually unvoiced consonant

ia'neii- Welsh UaneMI the voicelessequivalent ofa voiced

1 'kitn kitten

consonant

asyllabicconsonant

Pronouncing Dictionary

of

Pronouncing Dictionary

of

Proper Names

Pronunciations for more than 28,000 Proper Names,

Selected for Currency, Frequency, or Difficulty of Pronunciation

Including Place Names; Given Names; Names of Famous

Mythological Names; Names of Peoples and Tribes; Company Names and Product Names; with Pronunciations Transcribed into

Editor:

John K Bollard

Associate Editors:

Frank R Abate Katherine M Isaacs Rima McKinzev

Omnigraphics, Inc.

Penobscot Building • Detroit, Michigan 48226

Frank R Abate, Katherine M. Isaacs,

and Rima McKinzey, Associate Editors

Hlaine Chasse, Jennifer Feola, Terri Finkeldey, Jacquelyn Goodwin, ElizabethJewell, Jane Wozniak, Editorial Assistants

Design Consultant: John F Kallio Computer Consultant: Stephen Bladey Data Processing and Typesetting: GAC/Shepard Poorman

Indianapolis, Ind

Omnigraphics, Inc.

MatthewP Barbour, Production Manager

Laurie LanzenHarris,Vice President, Editorial Director PeterE.Ruffner, Vice President, Administration James A.Sellgren,Vice President, Operations & Finance

Frederick G Ruffner,Jr.,Publisher

Copyright © 1998 Omnigraphics, Inc.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

currency,frequency, ordifficultyof pronunciation/editedby John K.Bollard:associate editors,FrankR.Abate, KatherineM.IsaacsandRimaMcKinzey

p. cm

"Including placenames;givennames;namesoffamousindividuals; cultural,literary,historicaland

Biblical names;mythologicalnames;namesof peoplesandtribes;companynames andproductnames;withpronunciations transcribedintothe InternationalPhoneticAlphabet anda simplified phoneticrespellingand

includingan explanatoryintroduction."

I.Englishlanguage— Pronunciation—Dictionaries 2.Names—Pronunciation I.Bollard,JohnK

II.Abate,FrankR III.Isaacs,KatherineM. IV.McKinzey, Rima

efforthas been madetoensure reliability, thepublisherwillnotassumeliabilityfor damages caused by

that appears above indicates that the paper in this book meets that standard

Cross References and Variant Spellings

Entry Identifications

Two Pronunciation Systems

Pronunciations in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

Vowels in IPA Transcriptions

Consonants in IPA Transcriptions

Diacritics Used in IPA Transcriptions

Pronouncing Dictionary of Proper Names 1-1097

In this world of instantaneous global communication, where national and international

confined to the familiar As a result, especially in the realm of names and proper nouns,

we are often confronted with an uncertainty about pronunciation How is a name to be pronounced, particularly ifwe have never heard it spoken aloud or ifwe are not sure of

what we heard? English spelling isnotorious for being only an approximate, often uous indication of pronunciation, and proper names are particularly troublesome in this

ambig-regard Couple this with the need to talk about people, places, things, and ideas from

around the world and it would seem that to sound well informed we ought to know not only English, but the rules for pronouncing more than a few other languages as well.

indicating acceptable pronunciations for a wide range of names that may not easily be found in other reference sources Pronunciations appear both in a respelling system that should be "user- friendly" to the non-specialist, and in a version of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), widely employed by linguists and other specialists.

The pronunciations shown in the Pronouncing Dictionary of Proper Names reflect the

major variations in American dialects, and to the best of ourability we have represented

the local or personal pronunciations used by those who live in a particular place or who

themselves bear a particular name We have drawn on a wide range of current reference

books, studies of pronunciation in English and other languages, and on the actual

pronunciations of those familiar with the person, place, or subject in question Thus, we

are confident that the users of the Pronouncing Dictionary of Proper Names will findit a

reliable guide to the pronunciation of more than 28,000 names Both common and usual names may be found here, making this dictionary useful to native English speakers

un-as well as to those who have learned or are learning English as a second or additional language.

Ihave enjoyed working with Frank Abate and Katherine Isaacs of Omnigraphics, who

selected the bulk of the names for inclusion and who spent many hours refining the conception, layout, and design ofthis dictionary A considerable debt of gratitude is also

made through an innovation used, we believe, for the first time inthe preparation of any

dictionary — pronunciations were actually "proof-listened." Through facilities made

available by AT & T Bell Laboratories of Murray Hill, New Jersey, all pronunciations

were actually heard using speech-synthesis technology We are particularly grateful to

Indianapolis, Ind., who, besides typesetting, developed the programming that

automati-cally generated drafts of the simplified respellings used in this dictionary from formal

IPA transcriptions (for furtherdetails, consult the Introduction) Their work transformed

Preface D viii Pronouncing Dictionary

a collection of raw data into the pages you see here, and they accepted with graceful

equanimity all the quirks, complexities, and problems we presented them with Many

friends and colleagues tolerated my frequent requests for information about

pronuncia-tions in their fields of knowledge or about places they have lived in or visited Craig Davis of Smith College has freely shared his knowledge, linguistic expertise, and time in

discussions of many names in a number of areas Special thanks in this regard go to

Dennis Hudson, also of Smith College, whose interests and understanding are

wide-ranging and who has made both freely available to me; his contribution to thisbookisnot

limitedto advice on the terminology of those world religionsinwhich heisrecognized as expert.

Finally, while living with any writer is trying, living with a lexicographer — who may

seem more interested in words and isolated names rather than whole sentences or

coher-ent ideas — must be doubly so For her contribution to this book, for her patience, for her

understanding of me ifnot always of my often obscure queries, and for her

encourage-ment, mere thanks seem woefully inadequate, but they are offered here to my wife, Margaret Lloyd, as small recompense.

John K Bollard

May 1993 Florence, Massachusetts

Preface to the Second Edition

Forthis second edition of the Pronouncing Dictionary of Proper Names a wide tion of over 5,000 geographical, biographical and other proper names have been added to the corpus of the first edition Many names were included that have come into promi- nencein recent years through current events, popular culture, and sports Here you may now find Zalata Filipovic and Brett Favre, Srebrenica and Arab, Alabama In addition

selec-toadding many placenames around the world, a particular effort has been made to extend

our coverage of US placenames with difficult or unpredictable pronunciations; thus, we

have added such places as Mexia, Texas, the Oquirrh Mountains, Utah, and Vienna,

Georgia The editors have also added all names from the Old and New Testaments not

found in the first edition Rather than giving specific identifications to these names and

after the Anglicized pronunciation.

I owe many thanks to my associate editors, Frank Abate, Katherine Isaacs and

es-pecialy Rima McKinzey, who produced with great care the IPA transcriptions for most of

offerthis second edition confident that itwill continue tobe a useful and reliable addition

John K Bollard

some 28,000 names that are frequently encountered in speech and reading Entries are briefly identified and current English pronunciations are shown both in a simplified phonetic respelling and in a formal transcription In many cases alternative or variant

pronunciations that may be considered as acceptable variants are also shown.

For foreign names not as widely known in English, it is assumed that the

English-speaking users ofthis book will be interested in approximating the pronunciation of the language of origin, without being required to learn the intricacies of pronunciation for

many different languages The pronunciations given for such names enable the reader to

do just this Careful use of the transcriptions should result in an intelligent, acceptable

English pronunciation of the name in question.

Selection Criteria

With the universe of proper names numbering in the many millions, clearly some

Frequency and Currency

Certain classes of items considered of primary interest for their frequency or currency are covered in depth These include:

Countries of the world (and terms for inhabitants)

National capitals and other important cities

Principal landmarks

Common given names and surnames

Principal religions of the world

Principal languages of the world

Principal ethnic groups of the world

Names "Difficult to Pronounce"

For many of the entries in PDPN, inclusion was on the grounds of difficulty The

spelling of a name, even a fairly common American English name, is not always a clear indication of how it is pronounced Certain names, those of foreign origin to a native

speaker of English, perhaps many names to someone learning English, may be

problem-atic This is true especially when a name that one wishes to say has been encountered

only in writing Some of the more unusual or foreign-sounding names may cause

diffi-culty or uncertainty even after one has heard them PDPN provides a handy resource in such instances, providing a fully acceptable pronunciation — in an easy to use form — for thousands of troublesome names.

Introduction D x Pronouncing Dictionary

Categories of Names Covered

The following categories of names are covered in PDPN In selecting individual

and variation or troublesomeness of pronunciation for many speakers of English:

their non-English forms), and some 1,000 commonly encountered surnames

importance

riv-ers, lakes, deserts, etc

People: famous and infamous individuals, both living and dead, particularly those whose

phenom-ena

History: peoples, cultures, tribes; dynasties and royal houses, kings, rulers

Politics and Current Affairs: national legislative bodies; parties and factions; news

agencies and services; newspapers and magazines

Literature: authors and their works; settings, both fictional and real; literary characters Religion: sects and denominations; sacred books; all Biblical names; founders, prophets; popes; shrines and holy places

Philosophy: schools; philosophers; "-ologies & -isms"

Culture and the Arts: museums and works of art; musical works; groups, orchestras, ensembles; concert halls; holidays around the world; art/musical/cultural festivals;

awards

Company and Product Names: especially if "difficult to pronounce"

pro-nounce"

Food and Drink: wines and spirits; brands of beer; famous dishes

Science and Technology: chemical elements; subatomic particles; units of measure; theories; "-ologies & -isms"; eponymic phrases, as for apparatus (e.g., Petri dish);

of Proper Names xi D Introduction

Cross References and Variant Spellings

Many names, especially foreign place names, appear in various forms, depending for

instance on the source language and the manner in which the name has been anglicized,

as in Krakow/Cracow Some places, entities, and a number of people, too, have more

Abdul-Jabbar/L^w Alcindor are familiar examples Two types of cross reference are used to direct the reader to alternative names and variant spellings of names.

Cross references for alternative names are given in square brackets following the boldface headword:

In some cases the cross reference is given only at the less common form, directing the

reader to a more common or more fully anglicized form:

Makkah [Mecca]

city, Saudi Arabia

l\/lecca

city, SaudiArabia, centerofIslam

Square-bracketed cross-references always lead to entries with a different

pers.name

Tchaikovsky,

Tsch-PeterIlyich,Russiancomposer

Ifspelling variants do notfall in close alphabetical proximity, the variant spelling will be

entered at its own place with a cross reference to the main entry given in the entry

to define the name in detail

Some abbreviated identifications are used, especially pi name, for particularly

com-mon names The identification pers name used for personal names.

Introduction D xii Pronouncing Dictionary

that is, both given names and surnames of people For many non-English given names, the identification statesthe foreign language inwhich the name isso pronounced Entries

for surnames may also specify in the identification a particular individual (by given

identification the surname of the individual who uses the given name being pronounced.

The identification pert, to is used to refer not only to the adjectival forms of proper names, but also to indicate "demonyms" (names that are used for residents or inhabi-

References to states of the United States use the standard two-letter postal

abbrevia-tions

Variant Pronunciations

The pronunciations given in this book may be considered acceptable in American

English, as judged by the editors.Where there are two or more pronunciations for a given

many cases pronunciation differences between two or more widely used dialects (for example, the dialects of the north-central U.S., eastern New England, the upper and lower

South, and the Southwest — each spoken by millions of Americans) require the

representa-tion of two or more equally acceptable variants A classic example is the name Mary.

In cases of foreign names, transcriptions that represent the pronunciation of the guage of origin are given first, followed by anglicized versions, as at Bach In cases

lan-where the first pronunciation shown for a non-English name differs markedly from oris

not as common as other anglicized pronunciations, the subsequent anglicized variant or

variants are preceded by a dollar sign, ®, to indicate that they are common U.S pronunciations:

Cortes

HernanorHernando,-Spanish kawr-TAS, ® kawr-TEZ, KAWR-tez ko:r'te:s,®ko'J'tez,

conquistador 'ko:'',tez

A number of names are pronounced significantly differentlyin the U.S and Britain In

these cases a U.S pronunciation is given first and the British version or versions are preceded by a pound sign, ©:

Davies

familyname DA-vez,©DA-vis 'de:vi:z,© 'de:vis

Two Pronunciation Systems

The Pronouncing Dictionary of Proper Names shows pronunciations in two different

systems A simplified pronunciation system, based on familiar conventions of English

spelling, is shown inthe middle (second) column of thetext The second system employs

the alphabet of the International Phonetic Association (IPA), widely used by linguists and found in several standard dictionaries Considerable attention has been given to making

these systems comparable and compatible Both show the same basic information, though

IPA provides more who

of Proper Names xiii D Introduction

In the body of the book the two pronunciation respellings or transcriptions are shown

in side-by-side columns In the explanation of each system that follows, pairs of uprights

I I set off the simplified respellings; slash marks or virgules I I enclose IPA

transcriptions.

Simplified Pronunciation System

The simplified pronunciation system uses ordinary letters or combinations ofletters to

represent sounds Diacritical marks and unusual symbols or combinations of letters are

kept to a minimum; only a macron and an underline are used As will be familiar to many

from traditional practice, the macron Tl is used above vowels to represent the "long" vowels e, i, o, and oo (as in beat, bite, boat, and boot) Of course, as with any system, itwill help to spend a few minutes learning the conventions used to represent sounds in

PDPN The simplified symbols are explained below.

Pronunciation Key

For quick reference, a summarized key to the simplified pronunciation system appears

sound represented by each of the simplified symbols A fuller form of the key also

appears on the inside front and back covers of PDPN and is also given below.

Stress

In simplified respellings, heavily stressed syllables are indicated by full-size capital

syllable are shown as stressed, that is, in all uppercase symbols Though by its very

nature stress is relative, any syllable spoken without context, as in a dictionary citation

form, must be given some degree ofstress Thus, an isolated utterance of the name Smith

is closerin sound to the first (stressed) syllable of smithy than to the second (unstressed)

syllable of the phrase blacksmith shop Thus, to show the pronunciation of smithy as

confusing; hence the entry Smith ISMITHI

Secondary, or lighter, stress is shown in small capital letters: Stonehenge I

STON-HENJI , Alamo IAL-uh-MOI

In accordance with international usage, no stress is shown for languages such as

dictionaries generally show no stress, pronunciations of French names in PDPN are

shown with stress indicated in the simplified version This is in accord with the general

impression of French pronunciation on the native English speaker's ear No stress is

shown in the corresponding IPA transcription of French names.

SimpliHed Pronunciation Symbols

The following lists, arranged more or less "alphabetically," includeall of the symbols

used inthe simplified system The list of English vowels and consonants is followed by a

listof some non-English sounds. Itis helpful to think of these characters as just symbols

and not as letters of the alphabet While a single letter of the alphabet may represent

Introduction D xiv Pronouncing Dictionary

above; g in go, gin, beige), each simplified pronunciation symbol has just the single sound value indicated below.

aA FAD, ASK fad, ask } Some speakers use lahl in ask

ah AH FAH-thuhr, AHSK father, ask -j Many U.S speakers do not

K rhyme father and bother;

BAH-thuhr, KAHT bother, cot J see theIPA chart

aw AW KAWT, LAW caught, law } Many U.S speakers use 1ah1

in these words, rhyming caught with cot

hwHW HWET, HWICH whet, which I Many U.S and Bridsh

speakers pronounce these the same aswet

kK KIK, KUK kick, cook

IL LEG, MID-1 leg, middle

nN NET, KIT-n net, kitten

ngNG RING, RINGK rinq, rink

oiOl BOI, KOIN boy, coin

owOW OWT, NOW out, now

pP PIN, LIP ein, lie

rR RED, KAHRD red, card

tT TO, SIT-ing toe, sitting

uhr UHR BET-uhr, BUHRD better, bird

of Proper Names xv D Introduction

Most of the traditional "short" vowel sounds are represented by single letters (There is

no plain "o" symbol, as explained in the section on IahI below.)

laI as in bat

Jul as in good, put,full

The traditional "long" vowels are represented by single characters with macrons or by

A few additional vowel sounds are represented by double characters:

lahl as infather and bother The combination lahl is used, rather than lol because: (1)

It avoids the misleading use of different symbols for the same sound For example,

IMAHKI for one and IMOKI for the other, as in some dictionaries (2) Itconforms

to actual phonetic fact — for most U.S speakers this isan unrounded vowel, thatis, it

more consistent with the spelling and pronunciation of a high percentage of names

in PDPN, especially non-English names.

Most U.S speakers rhyme the stressed vowels of father and bother For those

who do not rhyme these vowels, the distinction is shown in the IPA transcriptions For example, the simplified respellings for these words would be IFAHTH-uhrI and

IBAHTH-uhrI , whereas the IPA transcriptions would be /'fa'dar/ (= /'fadaf, 'faid^r/) versus /'badar/, thus allowing for both rhyming and non-rhyming

pronunciations In any case, users ofthis book are simply recommended to use the

no confusion should occur.

IawI as in law and bought Many speakers in the U.S do not rhyme cot and caught; we

represent their differing pronunciations as IKAHTI and IKAWTI But a great

num-ber of U.S speakers (in eastern New England, western Pennsylvania, and

increas-ingly elsewhere, particularly in the midwest, west, and southwest) do not distinguish

collar —caller, hock — hawk, wok — walk, and stocking — stalking Such speakers will quite naturally interpret both IahI and IawI as the single sound they normally use.

unstressed syllables in such words as America^ banana, cabmet, nation, computed,

and believable In such unstressed syllables inthe actual speech of many Americans

Introduction D xvi Pronouncing Dictionary

In some dictionaries the symbol/a/, called "schwa," pronounced ISHWAHI , isused

to represent this sound.

In stressed syllables lUHI represents the sound of the vowel of bud and glove In

most U.S speech the quality of this stressed vowel is much the same as it is in

unstressed positions, thus the simplified system uses the same symbol to represent

luhr, UHRI represents a vowel-consonant combination that has a vowel similar to luhl

and lUHI , but the presence of IrI changes the vowel sound to that heard in sister,

Familiar combinations are also used to show diphthongs:

IoiI as in boy.

IowI as in now.

The following characters represent the familiar and usual English sounds of the sponding letter of the alphabet: lb, d, f, h, m, n, p, s, t, v, z I

corre-The remaining consonant symbols may be described as follows:

IchI as in chip (This is actually a combination of two sounds: ItI + Ishl.)

Ihwl as in whet, which when pronounced differently than wet, witch Many U.S and British speakers do not have Ihwl in their speech; such speakers pronounce both wet and whet as IWETI

Ij I as in^^r, gem (This is actually a combination of two sounds: IdI + IzhI .)

In Polish there are two distinct 1 1 1 sounds The simplified system represents both

of these as 111 Polish names spelled with an ordinary / are pronounced with the

tongue-tip 111 heard in English lily; Polish names spelled with the slant-crossed /

(called barred 1)are pronounced with an 1 1 1 produced farther back on the tongue, as

in some pronunciations of English pool The latter sound may be approximated in

Polish names by using a Iv^I, as in Czesfaw ICHES-lahfl or ICHES-v^ahfI , and

Walesa lvah-LE"-suhI or lvah-WE"-suhI This Polish backiis represented as/I/

and fingerIFING-guhrI

Irl as in red, card The pronunciation of speakers who do not pronounce Irl before another consonant or a pause is not represented inthe simplified respellings, though

it is indicated in the IPA transcriptions See /r/ in the IPA section below In French and Portuguese, Irl is frequently made with the uvula, at the back of the mouth In

many other languages it is trilled or is pronounced by tapping the tip of the tongue just once behind the teeth, as itis in Spanish andin many British and Scots dialects

To indicate the tapped Irl, as opposed to the usual U.S retroflex Irl, some

Ameri-can cartoonists spellthe British pronunciation of very as "veddy." This issimilar to

the voiced tap of the tongue heard in both ladder and latter in most U.S. dialects

of Proper Names xvii D Introduction

IshI as in show This is actually a single sound, not two.

IthI as in this This is actually a single sound, not two. Itis a "voiced" th, thatis, the th

indicate voicing, as distinct from unvoiced IthI without the underline.

!wl as in wet When shown without a vowel symbol preceding it in the same syllable,

lyl as in yes Always represents the consonant y, never a vowel sound as in the yat the

end of city

IzhI as in measure This is actually a single sound, not two.

Some Non-English Vowels and Consonants

Special symbols or combinations of symbols, some with macrons or underlining, are used to indicate several sounds that are present in foreign names, though not commonly

used in English.

SimpliHed Examples

hi HL hlah-NEHL-e \^e\s\\ )Aane\V\; Anglicizedalternative: \\\ or

Ithll

kh KH BAHKH, IKH, LAHKH Ger Bach, ich, Scottish loch.

" BAW" aftera nasalized vowel, as in Fr bon; Anglicized

ue UE rue, FUE-luhn Fr rue, Ger fuhlen.

uh(r) UH(R) BUH(R)F, Anglicization ofFr boeuf, Ger Holle.

Introduction D xviii Pronouncing Dictionary

Non-English Sounds

Igl as in Spanish amigo This consonant is pronounced much Hke Igl, except that the flow ofairisnever completely stopped as it iswith English IgI It is similarto IkhIbut with vibration of the vocal cords In most English contexts Igl is an acceptable

alternative.

position for II I and simply blowing airpast the side of the tongue; the 111 of English clean is very similar Many English speakers substitute either a regular English 111

or the combination Ithll; thus Llanelli Ihlah-NEHL-el could be anglicized as Ithlah-NETH-lel orlla-NEL-el

Ikhl asin Ger Bach, ich, Scots loch In German there are two distinct phonemes (sounds that differentiate words) in Bach and ich, but the distinction is not usually main-

tained inEnglish In PDPN the difference is indicated onlyinthe IPA transcriptions These consonants are pronounced much like the Ik! in book and beak, except that the flow ofairisnever completely stopped as itis with IkI In most English contexts

IkI is an acceptable alternative; when spelled H or Chat the beginning of a word, as

in Hanukkah or Chanukah, Ihl is an acceptable alternative.

I"I as in French bon or Mont Blanc The raised n does not itself stand for a sound;

rather it indicates that the preceding vowel (or occasionally diphthong) is

of Gennanfiihlen, is shown as lue, UEI inthe simplified system. It can be

the / offill while keeping the lips somewhat rounded as in the vowel sound offull.Some common anglicizations of these sounds are lei, 111, luI , lyooI , and lyuI

luh(r), UH(R)I The vowel shown as /oe/ in IPA, as in French boeuf, German Holle, is

similar to the vowel of English bird, without the IrI sound In the simplified lings it is anglicized to luh(r), UH(R)I. It can be more closely approximated by pronouncing the e of bed with the lips somewhat rounded as in bought.

sound above and is similarly anglicized. It can be approximated by pronouncing the

ay of hay while keeping the lips fully rounded as in the vowel sound of hoe.

Ivl as in Spanish hablar is produced with the two lips, rather than with the upper teeth and lower lip as in English Ivl. In most English contexts either a lbI or aIvl is an

of Proper Names xix D Introduction Pronunciations in the

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

In 1888 the International Phonetic Association (IPA) was formed and its members

devised a phonetic alphabet for representing the pronunciation of any language The

basic principles for this alphabet are that each symbol stands for only one sound, each

characters in the Roman alphabet (insofar as ispossible) The transcriptions appearingin

the third column in the text of PDPN employ a version of the IPA alphabet that is

familiar to many linguists In this introduction, IPA transcriptions are enclosed in slant lines / /; square brackets [ ] are occasionally used to discuss a degree of pho- netic or dialectal variation implied by the IPA symbols as they are used in PDPN.

systems is compatible, the IPA transcriptions show more phonetic detail and dialectal variation than is possible in the simplified versions These differences are outlined

below, as are the particular conventions of IPA transcriptions used in PDPN.

The IPA transcriptions in PDPN are broadly phonemic; that is, each symbol sents a sound thatis a phoneme (a meaningfully significant unit of sound) in some orall

repre-dialects of English By the very nature of a wide-ranging dictionary of names, it is also necessary to include a few symbols to represent sounds not commonly found as pho-

nemes in English words or names but that are phonemes in other languages These have

been kept to a minimum, and anglicized equivalents are either shown explicitly in both

simplified respelling column.

Regional or Dialectal Variation

In the IPA transcriptions in PDPN, variation in the regional or dialectal use or

distri-bution of phonemes is explicitly shown, for there is no single variety of speech in the U.S that is standard for the whole country For example, Quincy is pronounced

/'kwin(t)si'/ in some parts of the U.S and /'kwinzi'/ in others; Gary is pronounced

are shown in PDPN However, regional or dialectal differences in the actual sound of

each phoneme usually remain implicit A native speaker of English using PDPN will interpret each symbol in phonetic accord with his or her natural speech, depending on

the context For example, the pronunciation of the phoneme/i/ in bid varies regionally

espe-cially in the southeastern states, pronounce bid as a single syllable with a diphthongal glide: ['biad] The IPA transcription for bidin PDPN would be /'bid/, which users will

naturally and automatically interpret appropriately for their own dialects Non-native

speakers of English, of course, will approximate the pronunciation of whatever variety

have

Introduction D xx Pronouncing Dictionary

Such phonetic differences are part of what gives our language the rich variety and

range of character thatit enjoys Any transcription can only be a partialrepresentation of

the living sounds of the language Even though PDPN does not explicitly represent

variation at this level of narrow phonetic detail, users still will be able to reproduce

pronunciations that are both widely acceptable and consistent with their own natural

speech.

Stress in IPA Transcriptions

In IPA, primary stress is indicated by a raised mark and secondary stress by a lowered

one: Daisy /'deizi/, Decatur /di'keitaf/ Alamo /'aels.mo:/, Stonehenge

/'sto:n,hend3/ Single syllable entries are generally transcribed with primary stress on the understandingthat, though stress is relative, the utterance of an isolated form without the

context of running speech requires a degree of stress comparable to that of a relatively stressed syllable in context, as in Smith /'smiG/ and smithy /'smi9i7 In accord with

international practice, no stress is shown in those languages, such as French, Japanese,

and Korean, which have relatively level stress or stress that is variable according to

context in a sentence.

Vowels in IPA Transcriptions

The following discussion of vowels will outline briefly the phonetic production of

them.

ae 'faed, 'aesk fad, ask

a 'bad^r, 'kat, 'fad^r bother, cot, father

ai 'bai, 'raid buy, ride

d; 'ko:t, 'b: caught, law

oi 'boi, 'koin boy, coin

u: 'my:d, 'mjyizik mood, music

3 b9'naen3, 'bad banana, bud

IPA Vowel Symbols

A vowel is produced when sound generated by the vocal cords passes through the

number offactors, among the more important of which are the shape of the mouth cavity

of Proper Names xxi D Introduction

area plays a major role in the differing pronunciation of vowels Thus, the vowels are

usually classified as low, mid, or high, and as front, central, or back, according to the

position of the highest part of the tongue when the vowel is sounded.

For example, in the high front vowel of beat the tongue is raised close to the upper front of the mouth cavity For the low front vowel of bat the mouth is open wider and the tongue lowered; for bought the tongue is low and moved farther toward the back of the mouth In English the back vowels are generally accompanied by some degree of lip-

rounding Thus, a doctor asks a patient to say "Ah" in order to examine the patient's throat, for in pronouncing that low central vowel the mouth is open wide, the tongue is

lowered, and the lips are unrounded.

This can be elucidated by the use of a diagram Diagram 1 represents a schematic vertical cross-section of the central mouth cavity The front of the mouth is toward the

left of the diagram; the back is toward the right (For ease of reference, the diagram is

divided accordingly and the resulting boxes are numbered from 1 to 9.)

For the present discussion, the vowels of American English are classified into two

broad categories: simple vowels, as in bit, bet, bat, pot, put, and but, and augmented

Diagram 1: The Vowel Chart

Introduction D xxii Pronouncing Dictionary vowels, as in beat, bait, bought, boat, boot, and bird These two categories are discussed below.

Simple Vowels

The simple vowels, traditionally called "short vowels," are sometimes called lax elsbecause the muscle of the tongue is relatively relaxed when they are spoken They are also called checked vowels because, with the exception of/a/, they do not usually occur

vow-atthe end of a word or syllable Thatis, checked vowels are almost always followed by a consonant, as in bit, bet, bat, hot, and put Diagram 2 shows the relative positions of the

simple vowels.

1 /i/ as in bit

2 /e/ as in bet The symbol /e/ with thetilde indicating nasalization isused to represent

the nasalized vowel heard in French vin /'ve/; to American ears this vowel might sound closer to the vowel ofbat, as in ['vae], but since in PDPNthis vowel occurs

most frequently in French names, the symbol /e/ is used to accord with French practice.

Diagram 2: The Simple Vowels

u (put)

of Proper Names xxiii D Introduction

3 /ae/ as in bat

4 The high central vowel, represented inIPA by [i], isnot phonemic inEnglish; thatis, it

does not contrast with other vowel sounds to make different English words Noris it

necessary to show a distinction in PDPN for languages in which [i] may be

phone-mic, for the distinction would be lost on English speakers, who regularly and quite

adequately anglicize and interpret it as /i/ or/a/ Therefore, no high central vowel

un-stressed syllables, the vowel /a/ is the most common vowel in American English.

The actual phonetic realization of unstressed /a/ varies considerably depending both

on dialect and on the sounds it occurs in conjunction with For example, the final

show only /'pe:d39z/.

Britain, who have a low, back, somewhat rounded vowel [o] for these words will

automatically interpret the symbol /a/ as [o] in accordance with their own speech; see /o/ below The symbol /a/ also represents the sound of a in French chateau and

of a in Spanish hablar.

nasalized vowel heard in French blanc /bla/.

7 /u/ as input, good.

distinguishes road /'rod/ from rode /'roid/ Even in New England this distinction is

rapidly disappearing, and it isreflected inPDPN transcriptions only occasionally (as

at the entry for Holyoke)in names where itisfairlycommonlocally, but even there

only in free variation with /o:/

9 /o/ as in eastern New England or British pot, cod, bother This rounded low back

cart /'kait/ and cot/'kot/ The great majority of U.S speakers, however, have only

one vowel, /a/, in these words cart /'kart/ and cot /'kat/; hence /o/ is not used in

PDPN Speakers with the rounded [o] intheir speech will interpret /a/ as [o] where

appropriate for their dialect — usually where it is spelled with an o However, the

for such speakers is, indeed, represented in PDPN as explained below in the sions of /a:/ and /r/ Some other languages do contrast /of and /o:/ phonemically,

discus-but since most U.S speakers do not have such a contrast /o:/ is used throughout

PDPN; see /o;/ below.

Introduction D xxiv Pronouncing Dictionary

Augmented Vowels

thought of as similartothe corresponding simple vowels with the addition of one or more

features This augmentation is indicated by the use of a special colon /:/ in conjunction with a simple vowel symbol In general, the augmented vowels are produced with the tongue more tense than for the simple vowels Hence the augmented vowels are often referred to as tense vowels They may also be referred to as free vowels, because they

occurat the end of words or syllables, as inplay, see, and blue Another common feature

in English is some degree of diphthongization or movement of the tongue from one position to another Also, the augmented front vowels are usually produced farther for-

pronounced farther back, with the addition of greater lip-rounding.

NOTE: In PDPN the half-colon /'/is used to indicate that in some speech a simple

be thought of as the shorthand equivalent of an IPA colon inparenthesis Thus, tions such as/'siti'/forcity (=/'siti(:)/)indicate that some speakers say/'siti:/and others say /'siti/

transcrip-Diagram 3 adds the augmented vowels to the schematic outline of simple vowels This

vowels.

occurs, this movement begins at or near the position for the corresponding simple vowel

and moves upward and toward the front or back as indicated inDiagram 3 For instance

the vowel oflate /'leit/ is actually [ei] inmost (but notall) U.S speech, beginning atthe position of /e/ and moving toward /i/ or even /i:/ This diphthongization is shown in

square brackets in the explanations below In many other languages the augmented els are true monophthongs, articulated at a higher and/or more tense position than the

vow-corresponding simple vowel.

1 /ill as in beat.

2./&:/ as in bait Often pronounced inEnglish as [ei], in other languages as

monophthon-gal [e:]

in "Let's can ['kaem] what we can ['kaen]." This vowel is often realized as [aea] or

[aei] /ae:/is not used in PDPN because its phonemic status is uncertain and limited

in its geographic distribution and even there restricted to a very few items (and

perhaps then onlyincareful speech), such as can "to preserve" vs can "to be able"

and halve vs have In most U.S speech [ae:] occurs as a positional variant of/ae/ in

certain phonetic contexts — most notably before nasals, as in man and ham.

4 The high central augmented vowel, represented in IPA by /ii/, is not phonemic in

English and is, therefore, not used in PDPN; see the note on the simple vowel 4 /i/

above.

5 /s:/ as in bird The presence of r after a vowel and before a consonant or pause has the effect of constricting the tongue (drawing it back or lowering it and bending back the tongue tip), thus affecting the quality of the preceding vowel In dialects in

which

of Proper Names XXV D Introduction

Diagram 3: The Augmented & Simple Vowels

of bird /'baid/ is distinct from the vowel of bud /'bad/; in comparison with the

latter, the vowel of bird /'bsid/ is raised and/or lengthened in duration, as well as

affected by the shift in the position and tenseness of the tongue The pronunciation

of those who do pronounce this r may be represented simply as /'bard/ In PDPN a transcription such as /'bord/ for Byrd indicates that many speakers pronounce

/'bsrd/, and many others pronounce /'baid/; see /r/ below.

In some New York City speech and in parts of the southeastern U.S., /di/ may be diphthongized in the direction of /i/, resulting in [ai] Those who do not use this

diphthongized vowel often comment on it or satirize it as boid or Boyd for bird,

though only for a very small and diminishing number of New Yorkers is bird

actually realized as /'boid/; other New Yorkers will differentiate Boyd /'boid/ and

bird ['boid] = /'boid/ In the southeastern U.S Boyd and bird are always distinct

6 /a:/ as infatherin the speech of those who do not rhyme it with bother and in ask in

the speech of those who use a vowel distinct from that in black This is also the

Introduction D xxvi Pronouncing Dictionary /ar/ for those speakers who do not pronounce preconsonantal or prepausal r. Thus

/'paHc/ for park indicates that some speakers say /'park/ and others say /'pa:k/; see

/r/ below.

7 /u:/ as in boot.

8 /o;/ as in slow, coat Usually pronounced as diphthongal [ou] in U.S speech In educated southern British speech /o:/ is often realized as [au] In other languages /o:/ is usually monophthongal [o:], i.e., a rounded mid back vowel that does not

move in the direction of/u/

9 /oi/ as in bought, caught, callerin the speech of those who do not rhyme these with cot and collar The growing number of U.S speakers in eastern New England, western Pennsylvania, the midwest, west, and southwest who do rhyme such pairs as

cot — caught and collar — caller will interpret /o:/ as their own appropriate variety of

/a/ In somedialects, such asinthe southeastern U.S., /o:/isoften diphthongal [ou];

in some northeastern dialects it is often strongly rounded and sometimes

Diphthongs

1 /ai/ asinsigh, night, buy This diphthong begins inthe area of box 6 inDiagram 4 and

moves toward or into that of box 1 In some southeastern U.S speech, especially

before voiced consonants such as /d/ or /z/ in contrast to unvoiced /t/ or /s/, the

diphthongal movementis minimal or even absent, though incompensation the onset

in such speech tide /'taid/ (= ['ta'd,'ta:d]) does not rhyme with either Tod /'tad/ or

2 /au/ as in now, house, out This diphthong begins in the area of box 6 in Diagram 4

and moves toward or into that of box 7 In some dialects, such as parts of Canada

and the upper midwestem U.S., and parts of Virginia, when it occurs before

voice-lessconsonants such as /s/ or/t/ (e.g in house andout), thisdiphthongis realized as

nasalization is used to represent the nasalized diphthong in Portuguese sdo /'sou/.

3 /oi/ as in boy, coin This diphthong begins in the area of box 9 in Diagram 4 and

moves toward or into that of box 1. In dialects or utterances where the diphthongal

movement does not actually reach the position of/i/inbox 1,thisdiphthong may be realized as [oa] or [0:0]

of Proper Names xxvii D Introduction

Diagram 4: The Diphthongs

As shown in Diagram 5 below, the non-EngHsh vowels used in PDPN are front rounded vowels,i.e., vowels pronouncedin approximately the same position as the corre- sponding unrounded English vowels, but accompanied by lip rounding The simple front rounded vowels are accompanied by slight lip rounding; the augmented front rounded

vowels are accompanied by rather more, tense lip rounding.

1 /y:/ as in Germanyw/i/ew, French rue A high, tense front vowel, fully rounded.

2 /y/ as in German ^7/^n A high, lax front vowel, somewhat rounded.

4./oe/ asinGerman Holle, French boeuf A mid, lax front vowel, somewhat rounded The

introduction D xxviii Pronouncing Dictionary

Diagram 5: Non-English Front Rounded Vowels

k

(Rounded)

Low

German: fiihlen,fiillen,Hohle, HoUe

French: rue, feu,boeuf

Consonants in IPA Transcription

In contrast to vowels, a consonant is produced when the flow of air is partly or fully

obstructed at some point in the throat or mouth or by the tongue or lips The particular

nature of a consonant is determined by the place in which the flow of air is obstructed

and by the presence or absence of voicing from the vocal cords.

Following is a table of the IPA consonant symbols used in PDPN The table is

contexts and on sounds that are not English consonant phonemes Consonants not

dis-cussed in the notes should be easily understood from the examples given in the table

itself

of Proper Names xxix D Introduction

IPA Consonant Symbols

P aP'lar Spanish hablar

1 ia'neji' Welsh UaneMi

m 'oipm some pronunciations of open

n 'net net

D 'rir), 'rir)k rinq, rink

Ji 'di:ji French diqne

r 'red, 'meri' red, merry

r 'rand9 Welsh Rhondda

t 'to:, 'toit toe, tote

i 'sitir), 'hiijad most U. S pronunciations ofJ

V 'vet yet

X 'lax, 'bax Scottish loch, German Bach

^ mil French lui

C 'Cxu jKung (an implosive cHck)

6 '^hoisa: Xhosa (an implosive click)

Introduction D xxx Pronouncing Dictionary

IPA Consonant Symbols

/{3/ as in Spanish hablar This represents a voiced bilabial fricative It is a fricative sound

teeth and lower lip In most contexts where it occurs, /b/ and /v/ are acceptable

alternatives in English.

Iql as in German ich In some languages the palatal fricative Iql, heard in German ich,

contrasts phonemically with the velar fricative/x/, heard in German Bach English

speakers, who generally have neither sound as a significant feature of their speech,

l(;lusually occurs before or after front vowels and English speakers will produce the

appropriate sound automatically in such positions, because the tongue is moved

forward to produce the neighboring vowel In contrast, /x/ usually occurs before or

after central or back vowels in which the tongue is positioned farther back.

For both Iql and /x/ the sound /k/is an acceptable anglicizationinthe middle and

at the end of words, as in Joachim and loch; /h/ is an acceptable variant at the beginning of words, as in chutzpah and Chanukah.

I&^l as m judge Many linguists interpret the consonants oi judge as a combination oi16.1

+ 73/, giving /'d33d3/ This is the method adopted in PDPN Other linguists

inter-pret these as single fricative consonants, represented by the single symbol /]/

/y/ as inSpanish amigo This symbol represents a voiced fricative thatispronounced like

/x/ but with the addition of voicing In English, /g/ is an acceptable alternative.

/hw/ as in whet In PDPN the pronunciation of whet is indicated as /'hwet/ when it is

pronounced differently than wet /'wet/ Some linguists analyze the sound preceding

/I/ as in leg, pool See /I, rn, n/ and /I/ below.

/I, rn, n/ as in middle, open, and kitten The mark /,/ under /I, m, n/ indicates that the consonant so marked is syllabic; thatis, the consonant alone forms the nucleus of a

syllable with no vowel Thus, for buttoning the transcription /'batnir)/ represents a

three-syllable pronunciation /'bst-n-ir)/, while /'batnig/ represents a two syllable

pronunciation /'bat-nig/ The incidence of syllabic consonants varies somewhat in

English dialects and at different stylistic levels; the usual alternatives are /al, am,

an/ Syllabic /rn/ is heard much less frequently than /I/ and /n/; it occurs most

frequently between two bilabial consonants in casual speech, as in an open boat /an

'oiprn 'bolt/ in contrast with an open eye /an 'o:p9n 'ai/ or an open sea /an 'oipan

'si:/

position forIIIand simply blowing airpast the side of the tongue; the /I/of English clean is very similar.Many English speakers substitute either a regular EnglishIIIor

the combination /91/; thus Llanelli /Ja'neji'/ could be anglicized as /01a'ne01i7 or

/la'neli'/

IV as in Polish Czeslaw, Walesa In English the /I/ of leg and theIII of pool are actually pronounced indifferent parts of the mouth The /I/ oi poolis farther back than that

ofleg But these variants of/I/belong to the same English phoneme and need only

two

of Proper Names xxxi D Introduction

spell-ing by an / with a slanted bar through it. This Polish phoneme is similar to the/I/ of

English pool, and it may be approximated either with /I/ or with the phonetically similar /w/.

/m/ as in men, home See also /I, rn, n/ above.

/n/ as in none See also /I, rn, n/ above.

SLSfinger, longer, and stronger, the /r)/ is followed by /g/ in most English dialects.

Compare singer /'sigsr/ and finger /'figgar/.

/ji / as in French digne This is a palatal nasal consonant pronounced farther back on the

tongue than /n/ In French it is frequently represented by gn.

part of the mouth However, the consonant represented by/r/may be pronounced in

different ways in different languages and in different dialects and varieties of

retro-flex position, with the tip of the tongue turned up or back In some varieties of

trill or a single tap of the tongue tip on the alveolar ridge behind the teeth This is

similar to the sound heard for dd in ladder and for tt in latter in most U.S dialects;

see the note on /t/ below To indicate a British pronunciation which usesthis tapped

as "veddy."

1^1the raised r, as in card In most U.S speech /r/before another consonant or a pause is

York metropolitan area, and the southeastern states)and ineducated southern British

speech, an r in the spelling is not pronounced /r/ when it occurs before another

consonant (as in card, burn, or Can you hear me?), or before a pause (as in Who

took my car?) This feature is often referred to as r-dropping, though the r is not

always completely dropped In many cases r may be realized as a lengthening of the preceding vowel (e.g arms may be homophonous with alms f'aimz/), or as a diph- thongization by the addition of an unstressed, non-syllabic /s/ to the preceding

indicates that some speakers pronounce a consonantal Ivl while others augment the

preceding vowel by lengthening or diphthongizing it, or (especially after unstressed

syllables) by simply dropping theIvl altogether.

Some "r-dropping" dialects pronounce a word-final Ixl when the next word gins with a vowel, as inyour apple, and others do not This is known as a "linking

be-r"; it occurs consistently in southern British speech, frequently in the r-dropping speech of eastern New England, and oftenin that of New York City, though it is less

commonin other r-dropping American English A related developmentis the

occur-rence of an "intrusive r" between a word ending in /a/ or /oi/ (and occasionally

IclI) and another word beginning in a vowel, but where there is no rin the spelling,

as in the phrase law and order, which may be pronounced /.biran'oida/ by British

who do of the

Introduction D xxxii Pronouncing Dictionary

linking r. Intrusive r is most frequent among British and eastern New England

r-droppers This is the feature that accounts for /r/ the heard at the end of the word

Cuba as often remarked oninthe speech of President John F.Kennedy Intrusive ris

not shown in PDPN or, indeed, in most general dictionaries.

The following examples illustrate the types of variation implied by the raised/^/;

in these examples the raised dot ["] isused to indicate a lengthening or prolongation

beard /'bird/ = ['bird] or ['biad, 'bi"d]

bear /'baer, 'heU = ['baer, 'ber] or ['baea, 'bae', 'bea, 'be']

bird /'bard/ = ['bard] or ['baid]

bard /'bard/ = ['bard] or ['baid]

bored /'boird,

'boird/

better /'betar/ = ['betar] or ['beta]

NOTE: In PDPN these distinctions are indicated in the IPA transcriptions with raised r

but are not reflected in the simplified respellings.

interpret it as /hr/ In Welsh it is usually a voiceless tapped or trilled III A plain voiced /r/ is an acceptable English equivalent, as is /hr/

inthe word For instance, the plosive lil inteam is aspirated or released, whereasinmeet thelil is stopped but often not aspirated or released In most U.S speech alil

not usually occur at the beginning of a stressed syllable, as in potato /pa'teito:/, though in some New England speech one may indeed hear /ba'teita/ In PDPN the voicedlilis indicated as1^1 in positions where U.S speakers commonly useit, with the understanding that in some dialects — and especially in British and other non-

stop lil rather than a voiced tap

/tj/ as in church Many linguists interpret the sounds spelled with ch in church as a

combination of lil + 1^1, giving /'tjartj/ This is the method adopted in PDPN.

Other linguists interpret these as single fricative consonants, represented by the

single symbol Icl

Ixl as in Scottish loch, German Bach See also Iql above For both Iql and /x/ the sound

/k/ is an acceptable anglicization in the middle and at the end of words, as in

chutzpah and Chanukah.

I\\l as in French lui This sound, actually a rounded /j/, is difficult for native English

speakers to reproduce; itmay be approximated by pronouncing /w/ Note, however, that in French lui/Iqi:/ is distinct from Louis /Iwii/.

languages that are clicks or implosive consonants The first is similar to the palatal sound made to imitate a popping cork; the second is similar to the sound English

speakers make on up

of Proper Names xxxiii D Introduction

Diacritics Used in IPA transcriptions

the palate, adding a/j/-likesound to the consonant This palatalization is indicated by the addition of a hook to the bottom right of the character, e.g. /j", I,^, m,/inRussian Lavrenti

transcriptions and not in the simplified respellings.

Abbreviations

States of the United States are identified with the standard two-letter postal

abbreviations.

Corp corporation pi. name place name

dept.

E

department East

prov.

s

province South lang.

mtn.

language

mts mountains tdmk trademark

pers name personal name W West

Simplified Pronunciation Symbols

(See the Introduction fordetailed explanation)

Symbol Example

aA FAD, ASK fad, ask

ah AH BAH-thuhr, KAHT; bother, cot;

FAH-thuhr, AHSK father, ask

aw AW KAWT, LAW caught, law

hlHL hlah-NEHL-e Welsh Uanelli (Anglicizedalternative1 orthl)

tI Bl, RiD, Ll buy, ride,lie

JJ JET let

IL LEG, MID-1 |eg, middle

nN NET KIT-n net, kitten

ngNG RING, RINGK ring, rink

oiOI BOI, KOIN boy, coin

00 00 MOOD mood

owOW OWT NOW out, now

pP PIN, LIP ein, lie

rR RED, KAHRD red, card

uU GUD, PUT, PUR good,put, poor

ueUE RUE, FUE-Iuhn; Fr rue, Ger fuhlen.

FUEL-uhn Ger fullen

uhUH buh-NAN-uh, BUHD banana, bud

uhr UHR BET-uhr, BUHRD better, bird

uh(r) UH(R) BUH(R)F,

HUH(R)L-uh

FUH(R), AnglicizationofFr.feu, Ger Hohle.

HUH(R)-luh

vV ahv-LAHR Span, hablar(Anglicizedalternative b orv)

wW WET WICH wet, witch

zhZH MEZH-uhr measure

International Phonetic Alphabet Symbols

Symbol Example asin Symbol Example asin

English Consonants English Vowels

d 'did did ar 'bard, 'batar bjrd, butter d3 'd3et iet X 'faed, 'assk fad, ask

ai

au

'bai, 'raid'bau, 'nau

buy, ride bough, now

1 'leg leg i 'bid bid

1 'midl middje i: 'bi:d bead

m 'o:pm open (some d: 'ko:t, 'b: caught, law

n 'net net u 'gud, 'put, pu"" good, put, poor

n 'kitn kitten u: 'mu:d, 'mjuizik mood, music D

P

'rir), 'rir)k

'pin

r 'red, 'meri' red, merry ce 'hcel9, beef German Holle,

r(raised 'kai"d (= 'kard card French boeuf

J 'Jo: show

y 'fylan Germanfullen

t 'to:, 'to:t toe,tote y'

'fyilan, ry: German fuhlen,

i 'sitir), 'hi:t3d sitting, heated

r 'tjeslaif PolishCzeslaw

'di:ji

Welsh UaneMi French digne

r 'randa Welsh Rhondda

X 'lax, 'bax Scottish loch,

German Bach

^ Iqi: French lui

apple primary stress

applesauce secondary stress

neat an augmented vowel

vowels

French bon nasalizationofavowel

Welsh UaneMi thevoiceless equivalentof avoiced

consonant

Russian Mathilde apalatalizedconsonant

XXXV