Giáo trình: Nguyên lý thống kê kinh tế

NHA XUAT BAN TH6NG KE... NHA XU'T BAN TH6NG K~GIAOTRINH STATISTICS FOR MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS TRUONG f~1 HOC KINH Tt THANH PH6 HO CHr MINH eo MONLY THUYETTH6NG Ka - TH6NG KE KINH TE Ch

NHA XUAT BAN TH6NG KE

NHA XU'T BAN TH6NG K~

GIAOTRINH

(STATISTICS FOR MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS)

TRUONG f)~1 HOC KINH Tt THANH PH6 HO CHr MINH

eo MONLY THUYETTH6NG Ka - TH6NG KE KINH TE

Chubifm:HAVAN SdN

Chung tOi xin chAn thanh cam dn anh Hoang NgQc Nh~m, anh TranTuan Cuang, chi Duang Xu!n Sinh da dQCva gop y cho cuon giao trlnh na

f)~ dap ung yeu c4u nghi'n cuu, glang d,y va hoc h)p cua giao vien

va dOng dao sinh vi6n cac chuyen nganh kh6i kinh t€ X8 hQi,cung nhtJ y6ucau tham khao cua dOng dao cuu sinh vien va nhOng nguo! dar.g lam c6n9tac thlJCtA, 8e) mOn Iythuyft thong kll th6ng k6 kinh tfi 16 chuc bi6n so~ngiao trlnh Ly thuyft thOng k~ Giao trlnh nay dU(1c xAy dl,lng vcfjj d!nh htJangung d~ng trong kinh t~ va quan trj theo xu th~ hOi nh.p qu6c t~ Vai kinhnghi~m giang d$y dll~c tfch lOy qua nhieu nAm c¢ng vai n6 Il,Icnghien cuu tlJcac ngu6n tsi Ii_'u phong phu giao trinh bi4)n s~n 14n nay c6 nhi~u thay dCS!

va bd sung d' dap ung y6u c~u nAng cao chAt IUQngdao t~o d~t ra

Tham gia bi~n 90$n g6m c6:

- ThS Ha VAn Son, chu bi'n, billn 90~n cac chtJang 6,7,8

- T5 Tr!n VAn Th6ng bi~n SO,,"chuang 1

- TS Mai Thanh loan bitn so~n chllang 5

- ;hS •'Jguy6n Vin Trai bi6n s~n chllang 13

- ThS Hoang Trong bi6n so@nchUdng 2,3,9,10

- ThS Va Thj Lan bien so~n chUang 11,12

- ThS £)~ng NgQCLan bi!n so~n chtJang4

La cOngCI,I khong thEfthi6u dlf<;fCtrong hoat dQng nghi6n cuu va cOnghie thl,tcti~n, cho n n th6ng k6 da tr~ thanh ml)t mOnhoc c4n thi6t trong hAuh6'tc c nganh ds tao.Trong cac chuy~n nganh khOi kinh t~·xa hQi,Ly thuy6't

thOng k6 la mQt mOn hoc co sO bAt bUe)cc6 vj trf xung ching vol 11I<;fngthoi

Cling vol chfnh sach mO clla va sl,t phst trlfn clla klnh tt thi tnlong

c ju st! dl~u ti~t clia nha mJoc,tlnh hlnh klnh t' -xA h~i m/Clcta dA c6 nhi~uchuy~n bifn TrtJoc dAy cOng tac th6ng k6 diAn ra chu yAu trong khu V!JC klnh

tf nha 0I1(1c,trong cac co quan th6ng k6 nha nuec d' thu th.p thOng tin phl,lcVI,I chovi~c.quan Iykinh tAxih¢i cua cac co quan chinh quyt1ncac cap

Hi~n nay cOng tac th6ng kA da cJtJ~ccnu y trong cac doanh nghi~p a

tat ca cac nganh VI~c sll dl,mg cac phllong phap thOng ke trll ntn c4n thi6't

va phcSblfn B6n canh d6, trong xu huang he)i nh.p vol khu vtJc va th' glol,giao dl,lc d~i hoc Vi~t Nam dang tllng btJdcchuy~n minh, va dao taoth6ng kecOng khOng nam ngoal quy d~o d6 Nhu cau vt1 mQt giao trlnh th6ng ke vllaphu hQp val di6u ki~n giang d,y va hoc t.P hi(\n nay, vua thong nhat voichuang trinh dao tao th6ng ke kha chu~n "We tal cac mroc dang to ra cap

bac

L~IN61f)AU

ki~n trao do;va d6ng g p cua ban doc d' Ia taiban sau gieo trlnh dll~c hoan

thi~n hdn Thu g6p Y xin gui v4 dla chi sa :

CHUONG I: GI<l1 THltU MON H(lC

1 3 KHAI QUATQuA TRINH NGHlf-:NcuuTHONe; Ki : 5

I A.2 Thang do Ih(t h(lc " " " , , , , , , 7

Di~u Ira Ihm"'ng ~uy~n v~ di~u Ira kbOng th\t()ng xuyh , 1 Di~u Ira loon bQ va dj~u Ir a !thOng loonl>9 1-1 2.4cAc PHl]ONG PHAp THU THA,POUI.Itu BANDAU J (J

2 5 4 Xa djnb tMi ctii!m 'h~i Ittcti~u Ira ~ 1

2 5.5 Bi~u di~u Ira v{1bdn gi:titldch deb ghi bi~u ~ , 20

Ml)C Ll)C CHI TIfT

4.1 2 1 sIS'\uy~tdtSjIh ~ i <1ilm : 5!'i

4 3 cAc DA.c TRl1NO 00 UJlJNG KHUYNH Hl1dNG TA.PTRUNG 6 4.3.1 S 6lnJnl blob C;~DJ (s6lJ'UDgblnb56 bQc) 6

4 3 456 trun, blnb nbAn (s6&run& blnb hlnh bQc) 69

5 1 1.l' ~ T PH A PH O lxx c XliA T ellA J-)~ l L tJ( NC i N GAU N Ji : N 1I 9

5 1 1 [.1I ~ p a n ph i\ i x ~ k s u l cua d 1i1U' IJ n ngau Ilhi ~ r ~ i ra ')()

5 3 2 I \I~ I ph n ph i~ i xa s u t cua d~i 11I ng ng_allllhi c l iell w e 9

:'i ~ M < ) T soQ Y L A T P H :-.I P H<) I X C SU AT TH()NG Dl ,} NG 92 sA I Q u I U ;' l pMo ph t",i n hl.lh a 9

C HUdNG 7: f)1 ~ U T R ACHON MAU

7 3 4 U( k li nh de) 1 c.: h l e c h S ": 1:!6 7.4 c Ac PH U ON G P H A p C H O N M A T Il l1<'1NG m l N G : 128

I I I K i~m din h gi:.l th uyc ' l \'~ m6il ic n h II t( 1ti G 411 ;) n , 1 2

1 1 2 1 MI) hinh ht qui luyC : n tinh don giiin (U" ICin Ih e , 11 R

1 1.:! ,Jhl(,1 g trlnh h( 1 i qui luy":n t n C 3 m ~ 2 ':1

1 2.3 H~ S<lx.iedjnh vaki~mdinh F trong p !in lith h6i qui dl1 gian 2 22

11.2 4 Ki6 dinh gia thuy c ' t v~ m6'iIi~ h I; luyC:n I in h (ki ~m dinh l ) 22 5

11.2 5 Khoang lin c~y cua c dc h ~soh i q ui 2 7

1 1.J 6 Ki ~ m Ilio gia Ihiet v~ cdc M sf)hOi qu i ( kie m dinh t)- 236

I U 7 H escixa c di nh v;\h sci)ta c dinh aiidi6u c h l nh 2~ 7

CHU(1N( 12: 1);\ Ys oTH<'HGIAN

1 1 1 i>:)y sci I h il i ky , , , , , , , ,., ,., , 2~

12 2cAeT H ANH PHAN C(JA DA Y soTHc'll (;IAN 244

12 3 CAC CHi Tli : ll M(JTA DAy soTIle)1 mAN , 2~:;

1 2.3 5 ( ii tril uy~t d6ic u 1 % ~ ng (g i n m ) lien hott n 248

1 6 DtJroAN BIEN DONGdJADAYs6THO I G I AN 2 5

1 6 1 i>IIdo 4n <No.vbo l U'(1 n gtlng (g ia m ) I UY ~Id6itru n b l nh 2 65

1 6 2 D1$404n d l,ta v a o t O e d Q pM I tri ~ n trU ng b l n 2 5

I"sullislicsi ~ wha t st ati s ticia ns do " P a ul Newbold - St a t s lic sforB u s i n ess and conomks,

Pre nt i cc - H a ll In t ernati o a l , I nc, J 995 · page I

C Hl1<1NO J : oldl T HI~ U MON HOC

Thuc ra khi hoi lh()ng k IIIgl, c6 nhi~u each tni l(1i vi d1,llnt 1(1i nhu sa

k o co lhl! hAt be.•,Th6ng ke l a cong vi~c rna cac nha thC';ng kc lam." I

Cong vice cua nha l h n kcbao g6m cac hoar dOng tren mQl p arn vi n)ng.c6(h~lorn t~l thanh cac muc ld n irsau:

Thu hai: ThC;ng kc IIIM l h6 n ~ac phuon phap dU'<;1Csli' dung dt nghie

ciru cae hien urong kin t6 -x3 h<)i 1 1;(nhien, ky thuat

ThO'n ha ' t; Th n k iAca c so' liC ; udlt~1<.:thu lh~p d~ phan anh cac bienurongkinh t o' - xii h<)i,t \l'nhien, ky lhu~t Chin han nhusan lu'<;1og cac loai

s a n phamc tl ye du'<;1c.:san XUalra lro g n e n kinh t trong m(Hnarnnaod6

M 1! c mrdc c o n al va thitp nhitt cua m e.ld ng song taim (> t dia d i~m nao d6

tro g n rn

1.1 THONG KE L~ GI?

Tron <.: o guic thu l ecling nhu trong dC1is6 ng hang ngay chang ta

nghla:

GI~I TRI E U M6N HO C

CHUdNG 1

, De scri ptive S tat istics

1 Inf e ren ti a l S ta tis ti cs

l Pop u l a ti n

1 2 1 TOng thl th6ng kf3 v A ddn vi tOn gth~:

T6ng tb ~ th 6 ng k e (con gQl lA l~ ng th e c hun g) l ~ ~ p h o cac dCfnvi ( h ay

ph!n ttl') thu Ochi~n tu'<,1ngn hie n c ttu: tin qu a n sa l thu lb i p v A p M n tac h

m ~tItl'c;ln cuac u g theom ~t h ~ c~t 56 ti u thttcn Ao d

Cic" dn vj:( b ay phin ti)cauthAoh t 6 0g th~th6ngk goi II d n vitang th E

Vi d\l:Mu 6 tl.nh thu nh $ truo g blnhcuam O t 119'gia dlnh aThanh Ph 6 H 6

Chi Minh thl t~ n th ~ se la tc1Dg 56he>cda ThAnh P M H & C hi Minh Muontfnhehieu cao trung bloheua si n vien Daml " p Xthl t5ng th~ se la otoan bQ

1.2 M OT SO KHAINl~M DUNGT RO NGTHONG K E

• Thf)n k erno lel ': Baog(\m cac phuo g phap lhu lh~pso' lieu, mC>Ii

va trtnh hay.s61i¢u tinhtoan cacd~etnrngd hro g.Ph~n tht)n k

mo L du'<,1Ctrlnhbay tr ong cac chuo g 2,3,4

• Thong ke suy di~n 2 : Bao g6rn cac p uon phap nhu U'delu'~1n ,

kifun dinh, p an tk moi lien he. d" dean.tren co sd cac tho g lnthu tMp tir miu Ph'n th6ng k su di6n du'<,1ctrlnh b y to g cac

•Cac hi~n lu'~ng v~ d(liso ngv~teht van hoa c uad nell'

•Cac hj~n urong v esinhhoar chinh lrjxi hQ i.

Tho'n k du'~1Cchia thanh haiJan vile:

ella hien Iu'<,1ng Nhung m~l ehat thu'<1ngin ben tro g, con m~l hrong hi~u

hien ra ben ngoai du'''i dang cac d~i ht<,1nggiu nhien Do d pbai thong

qua cac phuong phap xU' 1 t hic hhcp tren m~t hro g ella 561"0 don vi ca'u

thanh hien tu'<;1ng,tac dQng cjia cac ye'u t o'ngiu nhien mdi du'~e bu Iit va

triet tieu ban ehal eua hi~n lu'<,1ngmdi boc 1{) v~ta c6 th~nh~ntbut dun

dAn ban chi, quy lu~t v~n de>ngeua 06

1 C Hl J ONG Gldl THI ~ U MON H O C

I

~ mpl e

1 2 2 Tdngth~ miu ' ( miu)

T 5ng t h ~ m l u IA t 5 g lh~ ba o g6 mm~l56 don v j d\t <;1 c h Qn r a l lt l6 n th~

T 6ng th~·tb 6 08 ~ · c6 · th&ll;lh~ h~ri.t:Ui\gcO,th~dvv c COl·avo h"" n

( Kh o og th ~ ,h o~c: k.h 6de dinh du'~ : 16 cfon vi ; · thg t h~· nb" t6 g:lh~ tr e s o

s inh. t60g thisan p M ml do m¢t ~i .My d )lullra , : ) Oh o nen:)chi de

dj n Wn gth~'t 6 g k C· lch o g ·nbtlo g phi i · g · h\l.,,~ tht;t e tb i! ( t 6 g th~ I ii

't d g th~ g1), rnAebn phii gi d i ~n v~ th<J i ' giA&Y.l.kht> ng·g ian ( t 5 g th ~ t 5

tl,lid th ~ i gia n n ~o kh6 g g i a n 'na.o).·

c c don vi(hayph4n lU } kh 6 g gi a n lihautl nhilng ~ c di ~ m c bu ye co

li e n quan a 6 muc d fc h ngh ie n e d'u dU\1 c g Qi I a tdog tb4 thang 4dng chA't V( du muc dfch nghU ~n cau 110m higu v~ hi ~ u qu a s d\,lng v 6n e ua cac

do a nh nghiep d~t iren mQt d ta bln thh 5 ng ' lh g cac-doanh'n hi ~ p d~l(f e n dja ban IAtdn g · ' th ~ · d n · ch4't ohttng t d ogth~ta t ca'clc·doanh n bi~p lr ~ n

dia ban la t 6 ng tb~ kh o ng ct d ilgchit Vi~c de d jn h rtl~l l a n 't~ la d 0g

c h a t haykh6ng d n CJJl'1lA l~y lhu ~ c v a om\1Cdfch nghien cau ct) th ~ Ok

k t lu~nrul r a tif DStll~ i ftlc ~ · th6~ k~ ~ 'C tl H ! " :i ~ Dglf'kJri n hi en elm trcn

t 6 g th ~ d n c at•

T6n g th i tr o g d b a o gd m ca c d on vi ( h ay pb4 n tU' ) rn a t a c o thi t ru e li e p

q a n sal h a nh ~ n bie t d\t <;1cg i Il tdng the~c ~ (Vi du: T 6 g th si n

v i e n c uar.l~ttr\t~ ng ; T d g th ~cac d a nh ng hie p lr ~ n rn ~ l di a ban )

Khixacdin t d g lh ~co th ~ g~ p tr u'~ nghopcac d n v i 1 n th Ich o gtnrc

tie quan s t h ~c nM n hiC't d \t<;1c t , a g i d fa tdng thl ti m An Khi

n hie cuu cac hi e n uro g xli hQi t a t h lf~ n g*p } ~ i 1 6 ngth6 Olly (vi dl,l

I d g th<SnhiJn g n lf ~ i d 6 g y ( un g h~) ro~t v a n d ~ nao d ; T 6 g lh ~ nh il n

n tt ~i ua th ic h o gM thu ~t ca Iu' o g )

Nam sinh vien cua l~p X

Nh\( vh th\l'Cch4'tc ua viec xac dinh l d g th~th 6 g k e I dc dinhcac doo

vi 1 6 ng th E D d n v i t d ng th i l a x a t p hli t di E m cila qu' trlnh I,lgbi a n ceu

th6 n ke v l ~6 c htl' a d\fng nhiln g th O n tin b a n d 4u d n c h quatrln n hi e n

c au :

I O ~ '1'\ ' a li n

1.2.4 Ti~u thd'c th6ng kf

Tieu lhlte th6ng le I Akh'i ni¢m dung d~ ehi cac d~c diemc ua d o vi tdn

th~

Vid", khi nghien cuu nMn k 'u m M nh1ln khiu c6 cac tieu thlte nhu ;girti

tlnh, dQtu6i trlnh d hoc vi'n n he n hiep, dan t <, c o giao Khi nghien

de doanh nghiep, m~i doanh nghi¢ co cac lieu IhU'cnhu: S 6 1\t<;1ngeong

nban v6 eodinh, v n htu dQn , gia trisan xua'l

Tieu tmrc th6ng k dlt<;1echia thanh hai loai:

• Tifu thli'c thu~c Hnh: 1 Alieu thac phan anh tinh ch l hay loai htn

eua ddn v i t5ng lh kho g c6 hieu hien tru e tiep hhng cac con s6

Vid\l cac li e u lhtl'cnhu gidi tinh, ngh ~ nghiep, tlnh tran h n nhan,

dan IQc.to gio1o 18 cac licu thlte thuQc tnh

• Ti~u thd'c stillicjng: la tieu lhltc c6bi~n hien true li6p bln eo so

Vi du: Tu5i ehi~u cao, trong l\t<;1ngcua con ngltCfi n an g sua'l l a m

v ie e cu a ca n nhin

Cactrj s6 C\1 thfkhlie nhau eua lieu thti'cs611t<;1nggoi IAllif/ngbiln

Vi ~,\l:Tu6i ~ , li e u thtl'c s<1 l';'<,1ng tu d i khong phAi lA lu'<;1.nghie"n

LU'(,1ngbi6n'U: ' ·18 tu~i.20 tu5i;30 tu6i '

Lltc;1ngt>i e' n e ~th~ phan bi~t th a nh h ai loai

i;lif/ng ! biln fiJi'r"c: 111lt<,fri~bi~n rnacac gia tr] c6 lh~ eoCU~n6

I A hi1u han ttay\ '6 han vA c6 tll t d 6 nidu'<;1c: '

V{ du: secong nhAn trong m(>tdoanh nghiep, s6san ph!m san xu1l1

trong nga c ll a mol phin x\tdng

• Llicjng~iln li~ntye: 1 lu'(,1ng bie"n rna clie gia lri c6 the co Clia noc6 th~ lp kin c m~t khoang lren tr1,le s6 VId\l: Tr9 g Iltc:1ng.chieu

cao cua sinh vien Nangsu(t eua m~t 10~idly tr 6 ng

Ok tieu thac thu(>ctSob ho~c lieu tblle 56hS(,1ngchi c6 hal bi~u hien kho g

tung nhau Ir~n m~l ddn "l l d og lb~ d\t<,fcg Qi18 ti~u thdc thay phien Vi

dl,l.lieu lhuc gidi Hnh la tlen thac tbay'phi~n VIehi c6 hai bi6 hi¢n l A nam

1.2.3 Quan sat I

Qua sal l a c o s<}de thu tMp s6lieu v a th n lin d nghien ciru Chin

han tron di~u Ira ch n m & u m ~ i d n vi m A u s c d\t<;1el~n hanh ghi chep,thu tMp tho g tin va dlt<;1egoi la mQIqua sat

chung theo m Q Iph\tdng phctp Ii'y m A u n a o d C ac dlJ, ctntng mAu d\t<;1es «dung d~ suy r o ng ra cac d~c tntng cila 6 g lh~ chung,

1.2.5.1 Chi ti~u kh6i hi(fng: Iii cac chi leu bi~u hi¢n qui mo cua

t6ng thtf VIdu sonhan khc1u, sodoanh nghiep, v6n co dinh, v n lu'u dQn

ella n19tdoanh n hi~p, tfln s an phc1mq aen()j(GOP) dien tlch gieo tr6ng

s; sinh vicn,'4<,ti hoc., ,

;1.2.5.2 Chi ti u ch t htf,1ng ta c c chi te bi€'u hi~n tinh eMit trlnh d¢ph6 hiC'n q un h~s sanh tron tOng t110.Vi dugia thanh (j(tn vi san p cfm

lil m();'chi tieu chatIlf<.,ng n bi€u hic;n qua h~ so sa h giua t<fng giu th nh

vi s({h(,sng s:in phffm san xuut fa l1 n thifi no philn anh tinh c at ph(~bie

yt mrrc chi phi c o Ill()t u(1nvi san phii'm oAOtf <, f C sun x ut ra Tiro g tI c c

c i tieu n:1n~sua't 1:10 I1(Hlg nang SUill <.:iiy lrOng, ti~n lircng Iii cac c i tieu

eh l Ilf(,1n

Cue d\t'ticu ChalJlf~fn mang y n hlu pMn tch, tr] so cuano olfc;1C x c din

c uY~~ tlt ri~c sosan giU'a cdc chitieu khoiIIf<;Jn ,

1.2.S Chiti~uthongk~

Chi tieu th()n k€ Iiidc trj sophiln anh cac d~c dj~m cac tn c at co ban

cua to n the thong k tron di~u ki~n th<'figian vakh6ng gian de din

va nft Doi\,Oitiellth((l'(:() nhieu hi~u hi~n ta coth~ chuycinthanh tieu thuc

thuy phien t'ltn~ each rut gonthan hai bi€ hie Vi du, thanh p !n kinh te

chia th nh nhunu'(1c va ng.()~tinhil.mi(k s6congnha c a cac doanhnghie

c iaIh~lnh:< 5()Ova ~500

Trong 010bifthn A , HW ti g ;lnfii ten t\Yl·r,enu n chi'trlnh t\l" lie n 'hanh cac

c n dOl,tnclia qua trlnh nghien c~~fl\t~~g!mi:ii lu 'lU' dU'(1ilen chl nhii'n

, B ao do va truye d e nk ' q a n hic cuu

Than d lha b~c IhU'(lng dl1c:,1CsO'dung cho cac lieu thl1'c thu c tnh va n l)

bit5uhi¢ cua lieu tha c6 quan h tbl1'b~ch n k rn St!chenh l¢ch gii1acac

bi~u hi!}nk en nhat lhiC'1phai b n nhau Vidu, hub chuo g co ba han :

Nhifl nhl, ba Ta cung hay g~p Ioai (hang d n y tro g cac cau h i pho g

1 ) Anhlchjlon /ba h y xc'p ha gcac ch d~ sau tren bao Ph Ntr tu thea

mire de)quan lam.(Cbu d~nao quan tim nhi't (hi ghi so 1.quan tam thl1'n l

lh) ghisO2 quan tam lhl1'ba thl ghi 5(3)

Gii1a c c con seid day kho g co quan M ~hon k rn chl d n d dC'rn1 ns

ca u h i p ong vcr nn u sau:

10)Tin trang hon n ancua AnhIchi/onglba:

I.Co gia dlnh 2 E>Qethan 3.Lydi 4 Tnrcn h p khac

Deii v i rn6i nglt<1i sech n mOltron c c rna s61.2,3,4 Cac rna s6nay lei

tha gd dinh danh.Cac rnas tren cilng c6 the thay d i nhusau:

1.Doclhan 2.Cogia dlnh 3.Lyd] 4.Tnron hop khac

Ho~c:

1 Ly di 33.C6 gia ~nh 5 TrU'~n h<;1pkhac 88 DQc thanTron 'lhan d dinh danh n U'(1i ta ding coth~stl'dung ky tV':

D=D('>cthan L=Ly di C= C6 gia dln T =Tnro g h pk ac

I In te rv a l scale

1 R atio sca l e

1.4.4 Thang dot y If 1

Thang d ly l~ 11 loai thang do dung cho dt1lic$us61"<;1ng.Thang do tY· l eco

'dl1y d cac d~c tlnhella thang dokhoan , ngoai ra n6 co m<>ttis60 tMt"

Day IAloai thang do cao nha't tron cac loai than do

St!khac nhau gilla thang d khoang vAthang dO'ly Ie thirong bi Ia IOn VI

1.4.3 Thang do khoang I

Thang do kh an thu'~n dun ch cac th~u th c so ht"ng va cung,con apdung cho cac lieu tbac thu~c tinh Thang do khoang lAthan do thtt b~c co

de k odngcach d~u nhau Vi d ro nhit c o loai than do nay tll nhi~t d(>

Vi du: 32°c> 30ue va 80uc > 7S"c.St!c enh I~ch gilla 32(1cva 30llc.ciIn

gi6n nhu Sl!chenh I~ch gilla SOlieva.78(1c.d IAeach nhau ic NhU'v~y

thang d khoang c o phep chUngta dO'Iu'~ng mQt each chinh xac st! kha

nhau giita haigia tri bi tkY.Con trong tban d thatb~c tb'i k ong th~.tachi

.c6 tb~n6i gia trinay l~n ho gia tri khac

Ta ding g~p loai thang do nay tro g cac cau hOi phon vindang:

13)E>~n hi quy Thay/C6 ch biet y ideo cila mlnh v~t~m quan trong cua

cac muc tieu dao tao ch sinh vie d~i hoc sau day b1ng eachkhoanh trocac con56tttong atng tren thang danh gia chi muc dc)t tt I den 5 (1 =khOng

quan tro g;5=rit q an trong)

9 C H l1 dNO 1 : Gl dl THI~U M ~N H OC

Hai than do d~ tien cung e a' pch chung ta c c da li~ dinh tinh, ch nen

con g il a thang d din tinh.Hai thang do con lai cung ca' pch chang tadiY

li u dinh IU'<;1ngne, n con goi 1 than d dinh hrong Tro g thuc t v a' nd

than d phuc tap va Ir a nen quail tron hon nhi~u, V I chan ta co thc5a p

dung thang d d,nh tinh d6i vdi tieu illite s6ht<;1n(vi du n u thu nMp, chi

tieu ),va n u c lai c6 lhi ap du g ihang d djnh Ilt<:1nd i vdi tieu thuc

lhuQC tinh(d n y ,khon d n y ) Trongde tnro g h p nay thl loaid lieu

ta th lh~ dl1'<;1Cl a tu thuoc vao lhan~ do, chit kho g p ai lily th QCvan

lieu thuc siid n d thu tMp d le

Ngay cci khi dil l¢ da thu thap xong ch n ta con co lh~ chuy~n d i dil

li~udinh hrongthanh dan dil lieu dinh ltnh Vid~nhtt lii' duli¢u tu6i (lhan

d lil~ va da Ii~ din Ilt<;1n )ta c6lh6hien d6i lh an h dO'leu v~ dQlu6i(thang d thltb~c va d li u djnh tin )

cua anb ban gip d i s6ti n cua ban Ne'uta d~i san dollars, p un d s,lire,

yen boa marks thls6l~ncua anb b~n v l n gt p d i s 6t~n cua ban Ntu s 6

t~ncua ban bimt't hay bidanh dpthlb4D c60d ng S60 " day l a m Q I tri

so tMt, Vllh~t sl! ban k ong c6d n D a Occi.Nhu v y ti~n t~c6 trjs6 0 IMt

va 11loai thang d t y I~.Cac loai thang d t y I~kMc nhu m,k , la'n•.~ Trai lai vdi nbi¢l dQIil than d khoan , vi dl,lnhi~t dQ h m nay la 1 "c

(5 ,6 (IF)va hom qua la 6(1c(42,8°F), ta kho g thi n irh g h o m nay il' map

gip hai M nh m qua N€ ta d i tU' "c sang I~ thlly I~khong c o la 2/1

(53,6/4 ,8) Ho ntra, n l u nhi~t (~ l a OUc, kho g c6 n hla IIIk ong c onhiet

dQ.O cdi nhien lanh ho e«N11U'v h n i~l dQkhOog c6 tr i so0th~

MQt 86·da li u khac v~ vi~c EliIb them, nhU'ng kh n lien quan lAm denml;lC·ti~u nghien·clttninh hltd g clia vi¢c di lam them d€n k@'tqui h9C ttpthi·thOng nh lt thi!t phi t thutMp, vidl,lnh\(:

I • B i la m : M m 'c6 p iim~c ct 6 gphl,l c kh o g

•.: C6<'fWc butn llJy~ntnldc kbililmkhOng

Vidu nhu k i nghicn cuu vI! va'nd~ sinh vien di lam them co anh hltdng

den kct quah C t~phay kh ng, hai n orn d\lli¢u chinh dnthu th~P Itl (1) dilam them va P )k,c'tqu a h Cl~p V~nhornduli¢u di lam them, ell lh thulh~pnhtlng du ¢ en quannhir:

• C6 di Ulm them baykhi)ng

• M a c d e)tbllt1ngx u y e c o ng \':~c lam th e mnhllthe" nao

• Th<~igian lam !,bemhang ngay, hang twinbaonhiC:u gieJ

• Ti~h cha'tcAn vi~c<::6lien quan \ <1 1nganh ng ~ dang d <;1cl1a 1') 0kMng

• M\lCdichcua viec dilam tile l n

Ne vin d n hien cuu va muc lieu nghien cuu cang cu the:lhl de dinhdi1

li ud thu lh~p cang de!dang

2.1XA C DJNHnoL1tu CAN THUT~P

Qua trln nghien ceu tho'n k ecac hi~n nro g n6i chung va hien nro g kinht6 xii h i d~u d phai e6 nhi~ dlllieu Viee thu th~p dll1ieu doi hoi nhi~utMi gian, con sa , va chi phi Chon~n cong tac thu tMp di1lieu d phaidlt(.1elitn h3nh mQIeach c6 he tho'n theomOtk ehoach tho'ngn i d~ thuth~pdlt(.1Cd£llieu dapung muc tieu va nOidung n hien cuu vdi khci nangnhan luc vA kinh phi trong giOihan th()igian ch phep

CHl1dNG 2

Oilli u dinh' tlnh d~ thu tb$p heln d illi~u din Itn;1ng,nhttng d a leu diah

hrong thlCo g cung c(p nhi~ ,tb6itg ~ boo v A d~ 'lipdung nhi~ phuong

p apphan uch hOO.Khi thl1e:lii~n nghi~n cltu, trong giai doan lp ke' hoach

n bien ciru, n t1C1inghien cdu cAnde dinh tntdc c cphueln phap phin nch

dn s , fdun d~ phuc vu eb o m~etieu nghien eU'uc a mlnh, v a tU' d xa

din loai dilli~u cAn thu th~p, c 6ngbIa 11;tbang d phu h<;1pcSn sir dung

• Tinh chat con vi¢c lamthem lalam motmlnh bay lam v j nh~~un lfui

• Ngtl~j phu (tach cong vi~c lAnam hay nU'.co pbai lil euu sin vien cua

Ol1li~u thU' cip c6 U'Udi~m J thu tMp nhanh reonhU'ngdoi khi it chi tic't v

C6 hai loai 1ft dtl lieu thU' cip va socip phan th e ngudn Orrli~u (hur cip ladfi' li~u thu tMp tll' nhirng ng d c6 san d6 chinh lA nhtrng d11 Ii~u da: qua16ng hop, xU' 19.011 li~u so ea'p 13.dilli~u thu th~p true tie"p,ban c!~u tlr d6inrong nghien cnu.Vi dl;lkhi nghien cuu v~a h huan cua viec ditam th mde'n ke't qua hQC t~p cila sinh vie , nhtrng dilli~u lien quan dC'n ket qua hQCt4.p ciia sinh vien co thE l y tlt pho gdaD t~o h y thtt k khoa nhu di~mtrung blnh, s6mon thi t~ (diltieu thll'cip) Nhrrng drr1i~u c6 lien quan dc'nvi(k di lam them cua sinh vien thl kho g co sin, chUng ta phai lflfetie thutMp tlt sinh vien (dff lit$uSC$eip) '

2.3 DU LltU THO CAP vA DU LItU S<1CAP

Thi1igian lam th e m Ke't qua hQCt.;_p Loai ki6m din

• Du'di6giCJ/tu!n • Trung blnh

• 6- 1 gi<1/uin • Kha

• tren 12gio/tuan • Gioi

• Du'di6 gi(f/tu§ • f}itm t run g bl nh 1ye'u t6

NC'umu6n n hien cuulhC'1igian lam th m ~hi~u Itcoanh hlfdng dc'n kC'lqua

hQC t~p kho g chang ta ding e6 th6 sli' du g ki~m dinh ph, th m sO'.philn

tich phuo g sai mo hlnh h6i q y SIi' dung c n C\I nao tuy thuoc v o tinh

chi cua dil lieu tad thu t MP IIIdinh tinh hay dinh hrong (Bang 2.1)

Ban 2.1: Loai d11li~u va loai ki~m dinh lh6ng ke sli' dung khi phan tich

chungc o roan hi) sinh vie , chun ta ph,\i s it dung nhung ki6m dinh tb6 g

1 C lJcJNG 2 : TH U TH~P D1) L1 ~U T H 6N G KE

I

: " ' ~ ~ ~ :' ( i' :Oir:li¢ ~dcap c!.U'gcth u.r b i p , q ua e a~ ' ~ u Ocdi~u'tra khaQ:sal cae cUQCc1i~u

tra kh o'sal d ~U:Jh~ :d~ !i ~.u.b~n.,d~ )c6'lht! dU'<;1Cchill thanh nhi~u lo~i

ca cU'vao tJnh cha't'lien U , J Cha y khOn lien t \l C c u a vitc.ghi ch ep dU'li¢chia fa di~u Ia Ihu'C1n x yen h ay khOng thU'C1nxu yen Can c uvao ph~m vi

khao s at : v alh ~ lll ~ p ~h l( cI chia.ra~di~utra toan PQva die tra kho g l:)un

sl,f c u a cac p ho n han n OpMn; cac s6li¢u bao ca tlr cd c c u c di ~u tra

k h iio sat i nr dc d ay.

giarn theingk c N Qi d ng chu y u IIIciicuil'Ii¢ u 1 n q al v v du n 56.laodOn vi¢c lam rmrc sa n dan cu, tai ngu en d u til.kC'lq a siin xuat cua

n~n kin le' xuii'tn ~p khiu,

• Co q an chinh phu: so le;u do c c en qu a true lhuQC ehinh phu (Bc), Cl l

quan n ga n bQ Uy b n nhan dan) co n tx i' h ay eu g ca'p C ac scil t; u nay

thu'(1n e i lC'lhon va man tin d~e th coa n a nh hay dia p u ng Vi dl,l

n u s6 hrong n U'(Jimi{cb n t~ du'(1ng cua eli n de hay c ua TP H uChi

M i nh (con ty san xuat k in h doa n h, xua't nh~p khlu san p ffm y l ehay

n gan h dU'<;1sec q uan tam de'n co s6nay) s6xc tiivA xc b u y t qua nienh n

d nthay the"

e~y phu thu c vao n u n s61il$u ciia c in l<f bao h y tap chi sO'dung Vi

• C;1c t(i clute, hic;phQi vien nghicn euu vid l:lnhU' sCi)~(_1J:lgdoanh nghiy

co sap xUitt ong.nU'tk n}ll,fa

Cae cong tyn hien cuu va cun cifp thOn ln

2 3 1 Ngud n dtl ~ u thdcip

itdap u g dung nhu eg nghien cUu Ngu c lai da leu so cip dap u g l6t

nhu e~u ng ien cuu nhllng p Ai 6 k rn chi phi v~ th<Ji gian rit nhi~u

., I •

<ttlnV( d l ' ( t_ f!: ch-;~'ra t u loan h9 c~~ a'd ~ !'th Qc t6 g Ih hi~~ lU(.n n hicn

f)i~lI Ira to~_.n be>~u•g cap,• <.i(? li~u'. d~y 4ti• nha·lch• f n ~ie! err\! th(')n• g kc.,

vi cua,lfln th~hien umn nghic ciru Vi du l6 g l1icutra dt1nso.L6ngaieu

tra lll k o valllt han hoa t(lng di~lIlra v n san xlui'l kinh d anh ella de

hi~Jluro g tai th(1i<li~mn at din Vi du lClngdicliIra lHinS\I.t(ing dicu Ia

tra di dai n ng n hi~p l1iculra dan gia SUI.:gi.a d Ol dicu tra nan sui cay

ln n , n ft g C U (lC<licu Ira nghicn diu th] tntin l a nhirn l ' U \)l: dicu tra

1 CH 110N G2 : TH Unf~pDUL i e U TH 6 N O KE

Di~ tra trQng di~m IA tien Mnh thu th~p dO'leu tren bl)ph~n chU y€ Dhat,

t~p trung nhit lrong toan hi>td g th~ hi~o U(<,fnn hien c(tu KC"tq a th

dtt<Jctit di~ (ra tr<;>ngdi~m giup ta nMo hie't nhanh tlnh hlnh cd ban cuahi<}n tu'<;1ngnghi~ cau, chii' khOn dung d~ suy ron thanh cae d~c trung

ch ng t6 g th~ Ch!n'g htln"k i d nnAm nhanh tlnh hloh cd ban v~ san xu'tcao su, ca phe ella n de la, ta e6 lh~ chi titn hanh di~u tra ve sao x al eao

su, ca p e d mien Dong Nam Bi) vA Tay'nguyen cha khong c~n tien 'baohdi6u Ira lrong ccl nu'dc T~i TP H6 Chi Minh, do nh~n bie't nhaoh n h hlnhlieu thl; ban di~n l~nh chi dn khao sat va thu th~p dil1i~ t~i vai dja di~m

Di~ tra ch n mlu dtt c;1c th\l'c bi~n bbg c~ch chQn ra m Ot soph~n tlt hayddn vithuoe l6n lh ddn vioghien c\tu d~ thu i Mp dir li~u th1!cIe, Di~u trachQn mh du'<,fcdung nhi~ ohit Lro gnghlen ct1uVI tiC't kj~m th(ri giant chi

phi va dO'Ij~u dling tinch Dirli u clla di~u tra chQn miu dU'c;1cdung d~ suri>n lbanh cac d~c tntng chung cua toan be>1 0g th hj~n tl!<,fngnghicn cUu

Vi du di~u tra di6 hlnh m{>lso itsinh vien co di lam them, dat kel qua hoct~P.lo't va thanh tich nghien ceu k oa hoc xui sic, vai sin vien co di lamthem nhu'ngkc'l qua h9C t~p kern, hi tarn dirng hoc I4p Cac ket qua di~u tra

chuyen d nay giup ta k arn pha nhirng y6u t6quan tro g co an hird g dc'nkc'tqua h c t~p cua sinh vien, lr en co sa d xac din cac dir lieu d o thtMr tro g nghicn cuu dinh hrong (di~u ir a ch n m~ ) tiC'p theo d kctlu~

v anh huang ella vi¢<.: di lam them doi vdi ket qua hoe t~p cua sinh ViCD

Hoac kC"tqua di~u tra chuyen d~ gulp n uCJi nghien cuu giai thlch c:1l!<;1c

n uyen nhan ella cac kharn pha phat hi¢n qua cuoc di~u tra ch n m~u hay

toanb 'Q

Di~ tra chuyen d~ la ti6 han di~u tra tren mi}t s6rit it cac dd vi cilal6 g the, nhu g laidi sao n hien cu n i~u khia canh ciia d n vi d6 Mucdlch l u d k arn pha ,tim hi~u cac yc'ut oanh hu'dng dtD hien nrcng nghicncU'u.Dir lieu cua di~u tra chuyeu d~ phuc V I,J cho n hien cuu dinh tlnh,

kho g dung d<! su r¢ng, khong dung d tim hi~u tlnh hlnh co ban ella hi¢n

tu'c;1ng,rna chi rut ra ket lu n v~ ban t han cac ddn vi du'c;1cdi~u tra K € t qua

di~ t ra ch u e n d~ c6 th du'~cs O'dung lam c o s<'J d thiet k€ cho m¢l c u oc

di~ tra trcn quy mo ldn hon, mang tlnh ch n hien cti'u dinh 111<;1o

cuu Tuy theo each Ch Q so den vi d~ ti ~ D hanh dic!u tra th\l'c tt di~ ir

khong toan b{>chia thanh 3 loai C I,J th~ sau: di~u tra chuycn d~, di~u tra

h :It :'i.d'> d'~

c o n I ~ l a U v a leu tr a trong rem,

Vi du trong d.i~u tra th chi cu~Mgiadlnh.nhan vien di~u tra g~.Pd,i dien

hQ giadlnh.trao phi6udi~u tra, giai thichy nghiadi~u tra,each tra lCti f)~idien h gia dlnh"de djnhc c da lieu C~ Dthiet va QIg i vao phie'Udi~u tra,

r6i gdi cho nhin vien di~.u tra.Trang di~u tfa v~ bie'n d(lngdan s6 c u ~ m o t

c ua cd quan dia phu'dng v~ s6sin , til' chuyEn di, chuy~n de'n Tra g di6

tfa v~ fioh hloh vi~c lam cua sinh vien ra tru'C1ng.nhan vie ph\! teich di6

Nhan vien d i~u tra thu th4p tAi li e u qua trao d i blng <ti e nthoai, ho.c thttgll'i qu buu di~nv~i ddn vidi~~ trah~c qua chung tir, s 6sach co s in dddn

v idi~u tra

2.4.2.Th u th4p gtaintitp "

Phuo g phap ph6ng va true tiep co ttudi~m ldn 18 dil li~u du'(1cth th p

d~y d thea n{lid ng di~u tra va cod chinh xac kM cao, ch nen du'(1cpdu.n ·pb6bien trong di~u tra th6ng k Tu nhie , phuong phap nay dl) h ichi phi ld'n, nh",t I chi pht v~ nhAnlife vAth(1igia

PluJn I' el n true ti ll'

Ngttbip o g v i n tr u e ti e' phoi d6i nrongiht<jcdi~u tra vat~ g i chcp d\f lic;uvao bin cau hoi hay phi€u di~u I a Phuo g phap phong va'ntnrc tie phiihopvdinhilng cu¢c di~\1tra phuc tap c'n thu th~p nbi~u dif)j~u.l1udiGmlilth(1igian ph ngva'nco lh~ ng~n bay dai IUYth oc vao s6ht<jngdif li¢ d

th tMp; va nhan vi~ntnrc tiepp o g van c6 di~u ki~n dEco th~ giai thichmoteach d~y du ,c~n k~,d~tn trng ca.u hoichi tie'ld khai thac tho g tn vaki~mtra dlr li~u tntdc khig i chep V80phie'u di~u tra

Q uan \"(11

Quan sat la thu tMp d\f Mu h~ng each qua sat cac hanh d(ln , thai dQcua

d i ttt(jng khdo sat tro g nhit g ti h h 5 g nhi dinh Vi du quan s,i s(')

hrc g v~ thai dQc a cac khach d n tharn gian hang ciia co g tytai m<? 1h(i

ch hay ·m¢l cuec triEn lam; quan sat thtl't~ hanh (l<)ng didc"ncac kc;hang

cua ti'tngk ach han disieu th]

trung tam mua ban hang di~nlanh chinh ye'u

2.4.1.Th u th4pt r\i c titp

17 CHVON G 2 : T HUTH~P DiJ L I ~U THO NGK E

Vi¢c xac dinh ml,lC('lith di~ tnt c6 t,k d\Jng dinh hltdng cho loan b(l qua

trln di~u [ra N6 lie n quan d n dedinh dtri'tu'<;1ng,ddn vi'va nQi dung di~u

tra.Mu o'n x~c <linh m1,lcdich di~u lra phiH cAn cd~a m\lc dich c u toan b()

Sift k mQth ien lu'~ ngnao cli g c the d <;1cquan sa t n hicn cuu lir n ieug6c dQkhac nhau Nhtlng vltj·m6i cu()c t1i~u'tra ta kh6n th~vA·cling kho g

d thie't pMi ('Ii~u tra t ( lcci.cac kh[a c~nh cua hi~n tu'<;1ng, rna chI e gnkhcio

sat 'dieu 1ra nh\rng'khia c~nhp \lc'V\l yeu cliu ngwe cU'u C\lth~

f:) o' iv i m~·icuOc !li~u Ira lh6ng k crtn phai xa:, uung kC'hoach (li~u tra phu

hop N()i dung coban c a k6 h ach di~u tra thU(1J'lg ao g(~mmQlsC{V it Od

chti yC'u sau day

2.S.1 Me)t8 muc dich di~u tra

M I;lC dich (li6u tnt 1 nOi dung quan tro g c:t~u.tien ciia kC'h ach di6u tra,

xac dinh ro di<!u tra d~ tim bi~u nhung khia canh nao cua hien tu<;1ng.phuc

v yeu d n hien cuuh acyeu d q a l~nao

K eh ach (li~u lra 1ft m(Hti\i li~u dltdi d ng van ban, tro g d6 d~ c~p nhl1ng

vall d dn giai quyC'thoac c!n dlt(.1chi~u th5 g nhit, trinh '" vA phironphap tien hanh cUQC di~u tra, nhang va'n d~ thuoc v~ chuAn b] va 1 ch(l'c

loan hQcuec'di~u tra.'

£)~ thu lh~ d 'lic;'ll k a h q ail (lap ung dlt<Jcyell c~ n hien cou kip thi'Ji

vA d~y dli th! lli~lI Ia thil'n kc d nphai dU<;1c1<>ch c mOLeach khoa hoc,

lho'n nhal va c u·d~io.V;i'nd co ban n a'l dU<;1cd~l ra tnrd khi tie'n hanh

di~u Ira thuc l eIAphaix ay dung dU<Jck ehoachdi~u tra

2.5 XAY OtJNG K EHO~CH DlRU TRA THONG Kt

tra co the! gi1i ban ch hoi q a dUC1ng buu dien <ltn dia chi cila 'sinh vien da

15t n hiep d thu tMp diJ li~ v~ tnh chat cong vie , khu v c kinh te·danglam viec, Ilnh vue hoar dOng, thu nhap va dai ngO hu(n lu en va dao I ~O

Cu sinh vien, sau khi tra lC1ixong segii'i lai quan du'C1n buu di~D de'n diachi liep nM.n

Thu tMp gian tie'p ith ') n kern hon thu 'h~p tnrc tie-p, nhimg chit hrc g dulieu khe g cao, n n thuC1ng chi dU<;1capd n tro g n trng 1ruC1ng h<;1pkb6

k an hoac khong el di~lI ki~n thu th~p tr~c le'p

• 'I • '

Khi xac dinh ddn vi di~u (fa phai can eli'vAorn\lc <lichdi~u tra v d i lu'<;fn

di~u tea Ddn vi di~u tra c 6'lhi lAti)'ng doanh nghi~p lU'ng cii'a hAn LUOng

X a dint) dan vi di~u tra c in IAd,c.djohndj sCc ~g c(p nhlfn d(r li';u d nthiet c o q l\ trlQ~ n gJ,U cn~ti'u.D6ng lhCfi.d~n vi di~u ;tra IAc , i {l cti' d~ liC'nbanh t6ng h<;fp,phh tic va d\l' hc1o,tllQp ,k,e ' ,'

D (ln II i d i ~ 1I tre l

I:)dnvi di~u tra JAddn v , thU9C~ 6 jurc;J~~,di~,~~r:aI Y ~d;~?c de din ~c<lietra thlfCIe Tro g di611I ra lOan hO thi s o d Dv i di~ u tra chlnh ia s o dl1n vi

, th ~e d i lU'(,1 gi~u Ira Trong ~i~u tra khoDg lOan bQ[hi sf)d n vi (lie lra

p di dinh nghia nhtrng (ieu ehufi'n pha bi~t r5 rang, VI nhi~u khi bi<!u hi~n

khau thu't1n tni "tren tanh th Viet Narn D6 phan bi~t "nh n khdu thimng

tni " vdi "nhan k iu tarn tru" va voi "n an khlu c6 mat", tranh dan ktrung lAp hay hO s t.Ke h a hdi~u tra da neu ranhirng lieu c uln c th~

· <1 6 xac dinh the nao 1 nhan khiu lhU'ong tni.M(H vi d\1 k ac la khi t~n

Xa c dinhd i tu'<;fn di~u tr a c6 nghia I Aquy din" r o p arn.vi cua hie tU'<;fn

n hi e n cuu , v ac h r o r a nh gioi c u a hien tU'<;fngn h i e n c uu vdi h ie n ur cng

k a , gill, La de dinh d n d n s6d n vi'c!n di~u tra thl/ C t~ Xac dinh

c inb xac d i tlt<;fngdi<1u Ira giup ta tra h dU'<;fenhim I ln khi tbu th~p d

lie ; lAm cho d(r lil;u thu lMp vAt6 g h p phd anh dung hien nrong d

q a trlnh nghie cuu

2 5 2 Xa c c1lnh c1~1tttC1ng c1i~utra va c1dnvI ' d il u tra

D ff ; 'II <, n g dM u I ra

D6i tlt<;fngdieu tra I~tGn th~ cacddn vi thuQc bien nro g nghien cuu c th~

e ng cl p nhang dirlieu e!o thi 6 tkhi ti n hanh di~u tra '

1 C U N 2 : TH U THAp 0(1 Ll ~UTOONGK

Khi dc djnh Ih<Ji diim dieu tra' phdi cAn cd' vao tfnh chi moi lo hi~

Khi x~Cdinh ~Qi dung di6u tra p ai can clf vao rnuc dich n hicn cuu ch n ,

rnuc dich dic'!utra cu th~ d n th<Ji phdi tinh de'n khli nan ve nhsn hrc, th<Ji

gian, chi phl Ch nen nQidung dieu tra chi nen bao g6m nhjrng leu thue

hay cl~etnrng quan trong nha't c6 lien q an true ti p d~ muc dich'di~ tra

va co quan h~ ch*t ch ho~c co th~ b sung cho nhau, tao di6u ki~n thu n

i(.1ich vie kii~ Ira t{Dh~hi't chin xac cua d liQu

M6i teu thti'ctro g nOidu~g ~i~u ~a,phaid'lt~c di~n d~t thlnh cau hoi n ~

g n, cu tb~ ro ran di ca ngu'lJi di~u tra va ngu'<Ji dlt<;1cdieu tra d u hii

thl)n nhA't

2.5.4 Xate dlnh thbi ciilm ,th~i k~~~utra

Tuy thea d h chat d c d m clla' hien, 1U'l;1ngn hien ct?udn phcIi xac din

dun d~n va cMt chc th<Jigian thu th p dl1'li uve hien tu'~fng

Th t' T ; di l m di J u tr a

Th<Ji di~m di~u lra lAm6c th<Jigian dltc;fCxac d,nb de th6 g nhal dAng k diJ

lieu cua l oa nb(lc~c d<1n idi~ tra.-x~c difth th<Jidi~m <li~uIra l a xac djnh

cl.llh ngay gi<'Jde th6 g nhat dAn k diJ li~ lUC tA de djnh y mu n

n hien c11'utr~ g thai hi~n lu~ng <)chinh lh<Jidiirn d6

Ttl don vi dieu tra ta c6 lh~ thu tMp du'l;1cdfi' lieu theo nhieu li~ thlfc kha

nhau Nhung tron 'moi cuoc di~u tra ta khOng c4n thu tMp d111i~~ the t t

cclcac tieu th11'c,rna c h I thu tMp thea mQtseitieu th1tc.N~(Jng leu thirc nay

di.iclap tl'ng ch muc dich di~u tra va muc dich nghien ctru Vi v~y tro g kl

h a h dj~u tra p i xa dinh va thein n tt muc 1\ , I Ccac tieu thtrc c4n thu

lh~p d(1lieu, xac dinh va thein nh!l oQidung di~u tra Khi 'lie'n hanh dieu

tra dothu tMp diJ Ii¢u theo dung nQidung dieu tra tl)'titca cac d n vi dieu

2 5.3 Nc')idung di~u tra

NI)i dung dj~u tra la m1,1Cluc ca lieu th11'chay d e tnmg dn thu lMp dfi'

lieu lren cac d n vidi~u tra

Tren hi6 di~u lra nhirng thang d dinh Hnb ~ dl,lq trong noi dung dicu lra

can dU'(fc rna hoa sant,~o dieu ki~n lhu~n ic,fi c o viec nMp lieu vao may

tlnh ThU'('Jngngu'<1i ladung chii'sf)d rnah()a

Thili han di~u tra dai h y ngan tuy thuoe qu y mo ti h cha'l phU'ctap cua

hien urong, vao n i dung nghien ciru, hrc hrc g tharn gia di~u tra Nhirng

lhC1ihan di~u tra kh6ng nen q a dai

2 S S.Bi@udi~u tra va bin giaithich each ghibilu.

Bi t u iJi ~ u Ira

Bi~u di~u tra (con gQi IAphie di~1itea, baDcluhoi) 11 lo~i ban in sfn theo

Ii~u ciia ddn vidie tra

Th ai k.Yd ; g tra

U khoang th<1igian dtt(,1cxa dinh d~ th6 g nhat dan k dl1li¢ ciia cac

den vidit!u tra tro g su t khoan thi1igian d6 (ngay, tu~ lO ngay 1 than ,

3 than hay I nam ) Vi d1,1di~u tra 111(1ngnguyen lieu lieu thu tro g san

x il t ,s61ti<,1ng san p cfmlam ra cila 1ky nao d6; s6 n U'(1isinh, ehC't, ehuy~n

thang qua 86 hrong ~ vd h c sinh sU' dung trong RA hoc qua Thci k

di~u Ira c6 th dai bay ngAn phu thuocvan muc dlch nghien cu'u

Thai han iJi J u tr a

La th<1i gian danh c o vi¢c dan k ghi chep t a l ca cac dll lieu di~u tra ,dlJ'(1Ctfnh til' khi bAtd~u c o d n hie kC'l thuc loan bl) viec thu th~p d lieu

Vidu 16 gdi~u tra dan s6thCfihan di~ tra iAtro g von 10 ngay d~u than

4

UJc1ng.d6n th<1iphdi d m bdo thu~n ti¢ cho vi~c dang k duli u va tlnh

de chi ti~u lit dO'li~u di~u tra Vi du t6ng di~u tea din soVi~l Nam, lh(1i

di i m di~u ira d 11 ~ede di n l a 0'gi<Ynga 1 than 4 VI dlhCli d i 6 m na y dan

s6 I biE'nd()n nht d~ vita d~ dang dAngk du li~u chinh xac, vU'atranhding k trun h ~eb s6l do v~di~u tea khi thu th~p dill~u E>i~utra th]

lru'<1n ao mira khon th li 'n hanhtr o g mua kh6 vi hie d n u'Cli han va ccl

ngu'<1imua sii' dung khong quan lilm d~ th a rn gia cung cap tho g tin tilt dlf<;1c

21 C V(1NO2 : T HU T H ~P 0 (1 LI~ U TH ONO KE

c at h1(,1ngciia ca qua trln~ nghien cll'u lh6 g ke.Nhll'ng tro g tht!e t ek 6

co th xac d i nh du'<jc sai s6 va kh6 c6 tha lo~i b ,hoao toan dlJ'<;1Csai.s6

I ro ng di~u tra th 6 ng k v fi' n d d~t r a I l phai ni{m ctlJ'<;1ccac nguyen nhan

l a m phat sinh sai s6.tro g dieu lra d~~hP : d9ngfun bi~nphap kh'c phl)c lam

Cac cuocdi~ tra lho'ng kc,du dU'<jct6chirc dU'''iblnt~lbltc nao va thu th~p

d(l lieu hhng phuong phap nao, d~u pMi dam bao yeu d u chinh xac vdirmrc c1 9 nh a' t dinh Tuy nhien, lron thuc t di~u tra dalieu thu t Mp dU'<jc

• Cac hU't'eva tie'ndQlien hanh ai~u Ira

• T t chirc va quy dinh nhicm VI,! c u a hQpMn tharn gia di~u tra

Kern theohieu di~u tra IAban giii thich v a hU'''ogdAncu th~each de dinh

v a g i diJli u vao bi~u di~u tra, N6 ghlp ch ohio vien di~u tra va don v i

di~u tra oMn thlt'c th6 g Dhtlcac du hoi trong bi~ di~u tra N(Hdung, y

n hia cac cau hoi phlli ctu'<;fegiai thfch m'Qteach khoa hQCva chin xac

Nh n cau hoi phuc tap co nhi~u khi nang tea UJie'o c6 vi du el,llh~

2.6.3 M~t s 6bj~n phap chu y l u nhAm han che' sai s f trong di~utra th(in~ k4!.

• Lam ( 6 t dlng lac ehu§:n hidi6u lra: ch(.)n.hunn luy¢n, ki6m tra nhan vicn:

in a chrn xae p iC'u v cae lai li¢u httd g d , ph6 hi6 m l,lC (iC:u.y

n hin cu cuoc k ao sal

• Ticn hanb ki6m tra mot cach c6 helb6 g lol'tnhI) eUQcdi0u tra: chc)n fa

van hay kh n , k m I a v~ m~t logic e u a d lie hlin each d9C smit

n hil$m lhu lung phieu, kiim Ira vi¢e xae djnh va LinhlOan dil lit;u ki~m

khon c6 tnh dai di~n e o Tro g di6u tra ch n m~u, ta cbl thu !h@p dif leu

t u m(Hs6 Itdon vi th oc d i urong di6u tra rdi can cll' ke't qua dj~u tra thulC'ma suy rl)n than c c d~e tnrng cila t6 g lhe Nhu v~y bin the cac <1(1n

vi d\1~cch n neu khac v~ k~t cau theo lieu (h edi~u tra vdj t5ng th6 ch ng

k o g chinh xac C6 nhicu n u en nhan d~n dc'n loaisais6nay nhu:

• Vach kc' h ach c.1ic tnt sai hoac khong khoa hoc, kho g sal vdi thuc I e

• Do trlnh dO e a nMn vicn di~u Ira,k o g hieu chin de nQidung elk

c u hoi khOng bic'!each khai thac diJl~

di~ Ira lhap d~n den xac dinh, cung ca'p boac ghi chop sai (h i urdng,

can, do d m sai va ghi sai),

• Do d ng cud ht~ng k ong chinh xac

• Do con tac tuyen truyen, v~n d()n k On ur i dln den don v i di~u Ira

khong hi~u helmuc dlch di~u tra ncn cung ea'p d111i¢1Ikhon dung

• Do thicu tlnh tru g thuc, khach quan ncn C()tlnh cling c p h()~e ghi chcp

sai

• Do li)i in a hi6 mau,phic v hangi,ti thlchsai

Narn du\.1ccac n u e nh:l c lh dAndc'n loai sai so nay cung Ct ) nghlu In

urn dtt<Jch dng dt khac phu

2.6.2 Suis6d tinh chil'td~i bi@'u

Sai s 6do tinh cha't d<;libi~u III loai sai s 6 xa y ra trong di~ tra k ong loan

bo. nha't I n tro g di~ Ira ch n m l u

23 CIIVONG 2 : THU TH~PDOL1~UTH<)NGKE

3.1LY THUytT PHANT6

3.1.1Kha~ni~~: Phan' t8 lh6 g: k In din ell'van mOLha mOl Sll

li u thU'e (el~c lntrg)nao <16 c1 s!p xc'p Ctlca(1~vi qua~I s~1 vao C i tC 1

nMm c6 tlnh 'chat khae nhau, Jtay noi fi t} l c:.ich kh,1c I~\ chia t ~) lI gth~ h y

mAu nghien ell',ulMoh ,eac.l? n 6m'c.:~·tnh dl:i'tk ac.: nha

Tro g lntC1ng h(,1p.so' hroug ddn vi di~u Ira ld , Itt<)n o il leu ld , lb

thl!c l eo Cae con C cd han eltf(Jc.r'ioh hay trang.ph~n nay.ta: hln t.-in

so'.cae <.1~iItf<.1 gtho g k mCHa, ban kc'lh<:1p, ~u d va d thi·

Nhiem V ,I e(1hinciia torn u <.Iirli¢u lM'n k Iii1 c c thl) !! ln rieng

hi';t trcn tllng d n vi thV'e hien s~p xc'p phUn lo j d~ giup ch ngttlJi

n hic cuu th y dU'lJ cue d~c tnmg chung cua rn a u hay toan he) h1ng th~

n hicn cU'u.Khi t6m tilt <.I(fli¢u thO-o k nc'u so'd(1n v] di~u tra It,lll'cIII

hJl.fngdlY lic;u It Lac6 lh6 tie hanh bAng phirong pha drm gian Iii sAp

x p <.I(flic;u thco m(lllr~llV' nao d6: (r4 H!tang d n ho~c gidrn <.I~n (dlli

v(li dll Ii';u dinh ht(,ng) ho~c theo tr~lll! q idinh nao d6 (d6i vdi d lieu

djnh tinh),

Saukhi lien h nh di6 Ira th6 g kc,ia sc thu dtt(.c rillnhi~u uir li u b n

d u (ull li¢ so ca'p) trcn ml\i dl1nvi di~u tra Nhllng <.IillH)u nay la nhilng

(.)\1lieu th(l phdn anh cac dl)c tntng ca hi¢t cila tirn d n vi Cl) tnh ch(lr{1i rae nen rR't kh<>q an s l d rUI ra nhlYng nhan xct, kc'llu~ v hien

ll(.fng n hieu cllu va din chua lh~ sli'dung n ay vao phan tlch va <.IV'

d in lh(ing kc Vi'v;Jy phili ticn hanh ll;m l~ ( nhirng tai lic;u thu dtt(1c

tron di~lI trn va trtnh hay chung u\(cti nhiln hlnh IhO'c phil ho

TOM TAT vA TR1NH BAy Df! LltuCHUONG 3

25 C HtJ<J NG] : T O M TA T vAT R 1N HS Y D cr LIe u

D6 h!a ch n lieu thuc phfin t( ,Irl/(fe hel p fi d a vao p fin tlch l y lh yCl

d chon falieu thac:p u h<,1pdap ang uU' < , 1crnuc dlch nghien Ca ll ,Ngoai ra

p i din eu vao <1i~ ki<;nc u lh dia hi~n lU'l,fng<l ch n lC'u lhl(C p dn

, Tieu th\tc thu c tinh co m(>tvai bi~ hien (loai hlnh): vi 0\1 nhuphan t 8 nhan kh§ thco gidi tnh, p an t 6 cac doanh ngi(:p theo lbanh

p h kin I e' 'Trong In/C1n nay vi~c chia hi~ ttl'(ln ra l a m bao nhicu t6

kha o o gian, lh6ng lhU'(fng ell'm6i hi6u hie cua lieu thuc th ()c tfn CI l

lh~ chia lMn mOt1 ,

TrU'i'1n h<,1pnay ta ghcp nhi~u nMm nhi) l~i vI, j n au then n uyen t~c

cacn om g c h~iv(li nhauphai gi6 g nhallho~e giln giclngnhau,

V d1,l:Khi philn •.5ngan con n hi(!p, c.i<.:san ph~m c6 loh chrll giong

din h p Vl v~y khi lien hanh pMn li~,tnf<k tic ta rMi IVacho dung

a~ lieu Ihacphfin 1< iphil hl.1p,

Vi <lw C6 ta ilic;u v~ n n suit lua (l~lha) cua 5 hQn ng d5n e:holrong

Khi Hnh h n tf~i tet lh i1n lam tro s6.

Trong thuc t e' so tC)k<1 tt 1 e:xac dinh chu ye'uu Va v o kin nghi¢m v lUy

theo d c di~m cua hi¢n LU'<.n nghiCn cU'u Ngoai ra LaCl) th.3 lham kh,lo

(;a h xae c.1inh k h~ng cong thU'(;: k= (2 n) 10.Tron d n lit sf) (hlnvldtt~ Cyuan sal

se{ nhdn kh,1 pha t f) d"in nhan tro g xl nghiep thco h~<.:th<:f Tro g

trln n h p na lhttifng ct1 mOi trj sC,U'ng vdi m(HI(l

* Tie thl1c ,6ltrong c<)nhi~u tri st).VI <1\1p a hi d n s(~the <l(

lu i, phan t5 cong nha trongmOt xinghie thco nan s ft! lao <lOn Ta

k o g th~ thtrc hi¢ git)ng n lt' tnro g h<.lptrc , VIn u urcng l1ngv{fi mOi

Lr')S(~hlnh thanh mOL L()lhl s6 l6 sc qua nhicu va n ttC1in hien c uu kho

q an s l va th{(y ro sl,l'k ac nbau gil1a cac l6 Tro g lru'(in h~1p nay ta

gidi han tren Gidi han <Judilit tr]s6 nh<>nha't e u a l6 Gidi han trcn l a tri

sOld nh ~ f lcua L6

Tri sOchenh I¢eh giita gidi h•in Lre va gidi han dlldi cua m6i t6 g i

It.khod g each t 6.Tro g thuc t e't y th c od~c <li0m eu hi¢n unrng n hien

cU'ud~ quyet dinh XCCR pha t t) cclkhodn each l( ~ d u hay kho g d u

Delivdi de hi¢ lll(Jng n hien (;11ue6 h (.fn hiC'ntren cell: d n vi th y<l(li

m9l each d u d~n <.:6th0 phfin leS vdi kho n ea c h t t) d u nhau

Khi pMn tf, co khodng e ch leiu ~ u If! S(~k o n dh:h te)d t e xac

dinh:

Ti'\n si'i elia 11H\ I { ;Ul fcx.k din h n ~:h:hd(:m sC;q un s.iI nri vau gWi

Ta nh.n Ih:IY t'ik II'! S( Illnhun 50 s0 k tlllg Ju't,h.:xC'p"an li'i n a n, Do \'~y

d l ~l'l lh~: x0'r J\ (I , lc lifll 'i cilc tr] si'l\';10 trong coil:(I''),tn chon ~hnin!! ddt

Na g sutt hia (t~Iha) s ehQ gia dlnh

n a'l va nh( nM'1d tjnh trj sokhodng e ch 1 h Khi d( ta etl th6 gini

quyct hAng each phan l6 m l ' ,ta co hUn p an t om() nhir sau:

Nellnhus q a s r ldn, c h Kn g h n n= 1000.c iing ta IhU't 'i n khong lhe

d m hhn tay Tro g tntt'1n h p n y ngU'<,jta sii'dung cac c mtng trmh

ma tinh ph6 hien nhu Ex el hay chir ng trtnh t h n kc chuy n dun nhu

S S for Win ows d liC'nhanh philn L6 va xa din titn s 6ella mOili~sau

khi L etan 4r <lity<ltlcac s 6 i C u V~Hlrruiy

3.1.2.3 P A n t li mel: )it phan tf, rna t ~ d~u len kh6ng co gidi han

dudi td cu6i cu g kh n co gidi han tren, cac uico lai co lh6 co k oao

each t ~d u hoac kbo g d u Muc dich cua phein 1 m() IIId l6 d u tcn

va t6 eu i cnng ch a dU'~ccac don vi co tr]s6 1U'~n hien dQl hicn, n hTa

III 1U'-;1ngbic'n nho bitt lhlJ'fJn hoac I~n ha't IhU'fJn va tranh viCe hlnh

3.2.1.2 HallA Hillsf, Ct)Ahep nht)m { e) phSn tC

Tro '~ tn '1ng1\(.fP<:() qmi nhi~ll hi(!\1 hi(:n, m6i hi0\1 hi~n I~I1l1ly l

nl\()llllhl hiin,!,! dn st)s0 rfll ui'ti g:Y k {) khun <.'ill) vi¢l: q an sat vi d m

n ij Ck lIuan s; il d nUlf(,f phiinli'i t ((1: Inp ;' i n IOi,1iV ~ lx0'p vi lO · m (1 1so

3.2 VI~N D(,JN(; I'HU(jNG I'HAI HAN T O'fRONG T()M T k r vA

TRi N H n A Y 0(' U ( U;

~ , I I I)" r -'

, J • , • • ~CI n ta n S CI

(X;j \Ili u ul~ll dinh uuh thu lh.}p lit ciic li-:UlhU'c lhu(ll.: tinh nhir g i ti unh

ngilllh h c, ngh~ Il ~ i (: p . hay thu thfip t (t cue le thU'c sf, h((.lug nhuugquu cic (hang u dinh tinh flln(I t l ) lut «(.Ilftl IH, I X-2 , 26-3 36-4 -lh-

(0) 11111'(.'th nh ( p (uudi I tricu uOllg li ( I uc'nuudi 2l ~'u d ng, 2Jll

dl({'l 4 trh;u l1i\n , Ir e n 4 i ~'lI 111~ g).n lc) ta I hl ' l ng u L-' m .'(1,' 11\ (;( ' ) buonhi c u J l n vi q a !'oi l! C l )dIn m ( hiell hicn, v i s o v (lj Il S n S 4U<l1Is ithl .,iilhlll vi l'{ )ding hiC:uhi~1l n yt:hiC:11lbao nhic ph~n tram Kel 4 iIhu i lll g Jl(.1t: I - i llh h y uudi da g hin I , in s t{ (jd •l.n ·c(f hiln nh,ll th) hin

I Ng III ', n: K ( : qll; i kh;i ,, ; h i ~ n l r ~ lnl:!X;lY d ~r ng Ihl( ( ln g hi u lll ~ I: : il: d o anh n <!hi ~ r

V i ~ t NUllI 21102 s:it.:hT lll( l fn g H i ~ ' lI V i~l. Nhil Xu i h a ll T P H C l\ 1 J

Khi tinh IlHinll1ii v l ~ i ; li ll p ein l l~mi ll!!lftJi ta qui lt c lay kh iing erich

CO n a v i ~ c e ll a e u hO Un so %

La m vi~c toan t h oi a la n trong hO k in h do a nh ca t h ll 6 59

Ulm vi ~c ' k hOna I h an g xuy lm tlJ 1 - 10 a l o 1tu4n 1 0 1 Lam v i ~c th eo t h aiVIJ tro ng cae x ua na c h' bi~ n 1 0 1

Lam v iac Ir n ca c co ou a nhQ nud c 5 0 5

L m v i e c chan ta y t r o ng c a c co q an n a n u de 1 1 , 3 Lam vl ~ c van phana tr ng c a c cd qu an nh a n ud c 1 1 5

va'n.Co g vi¢c cua cac ch h dU'< ctom tAL v a trlnh hay trong B ang 3.2a

B a ng 3za: Ccng vice cila chf hQ