Mophologyfactors that impact the creation of new words

Word formation is a process to create new words and new meanings.. According to Yule 2010, word formation is the basic study of the process to create new words.. In other words, the word

Nha Trang University

Faculty of Foreign Languages

ĐẠI HỌC NHA TRANG

WORD FORMATION IN VIETNAMESE AND

ENGLISH IN THE RECENT 5 YEARS (2016-2021)

TEACHER: HOANG CONG BINH

Nha Trang, January, 2022

À

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1

II

III

IV

INTRODUCTION .cccscsssssssssssssssssssssscsssssesessssssssssssssnsssssssessssssessssesnens 4

L Rationale 4

2 Literature review 5

CONTTETNTT HT mm mm mm 6 mm n lBD 6

I8 Z0ìona 0 c cee cee seceeceeeesesesseseesesessesesessssessesessesesdeteneneees 6 1.2/ Compounding c + 222111211121 15 112 112211011 811101 2111111111181 Hy 8 I8 s2 1n < 11

20 a1 13

I0 s) in .S 15

290i) 16

I9 on 17

P8 ào 18

DA 010i 19

2 DISCUSSION 22

2.1/ Trend of new word ẨorImafIOH ác c1 211512 1121152111 21 crg 22 2.2/ Factors that impact the creation of mew words - ccccccecằ 22 CONCLUSION 25 IS enteee senses eeseeecetseeeseseesesnseseetieeesitiessenees 25 2, SUS@OSTION cece ” 25 REFERENCEES G0 0n HH g0 TH 00 0041561 00090099 099 27

Table 15 Examples of Conversion 1n EnglIsh - ác: 221121121 121121121 112211 x12 18 Table 16 Examples of Derivation in English Ì ác SSc 22122112122 19 Table 17 Examples of Derivation in English 2 ác 2 12.12212211 112 2x2 19 Table 18 Examples of Multple Processes In English Ì - 52-c c2 sc2252 20 Table 19 Examples of Multple Processes In English 2 ¿2s c s22 se2 20 Table 20 Examples of Multiple Processes in Vietnamese - - ác cà 21

I INTRODUCTION:

1 Rationale

Word is a part of language It is the smallest element of communication, either in verbal

or in written way According to Fromkin (2011), words are important parts of linguistic

knowledge and constitute a component of our mental grammar Linguists define words as the smallest free form found in language, meaning that words can be stood by itself (O’Grady and Archibald, 2016)

Word formation is a process to create new words and new meanings It is mcluded in

Morphology, the branch of Linguistics Plag (2002) notes that the study of word- formation can be defined as the study of how new complex words are built based on other words or morphemes According to Yule (2010), word formation is the basic study

of the process to create new words In other words, the word formation process is how

words in a language are formed

The study of word-formation is an important area worthy of effort and investigation Word formation mechanisms may be defined as a set of processes for the creation of new words on the basis of existing ones Thus, apart from borrowing from other languages, the vocabulary stock of a language is formed by means of what is usually known as word-formation rules and, particularly, of word-formation mechanisms, such as coimage, derivation, compounding, clipping, blending, conversion, backformation, The current section deals with such issues as ways of studying word formation, the smallest units constituting words, and the main areas where morphological facts manifest themselves in everyday life The practice tasks aim to uncover many new words formed in the last 5

years

Through the background of research, the research of this study is "How has to form new

words in Vietnamese and English in the last five years”

The purpose of word formation is to create many new words, which are appropriate for

many situations, with many contexts In the last three years, from 2019 to 2021, there has been a Covid pandemic, so many new words have appeared and when mentioned, people know to refer to Covid as handwashing, coronababies This study is expected to be beneficial for lecturers in teaching and can help the learners to learn in more depth

English language knowledge especially in linguistic for topic word formation.

2 Literature review

Stefan Gries investigates the word-formation process of blending in English The main

factors to be discussed are (1) the amount of information each source word contributes and (ii) the similarity of the source words to the blend He also investigates blending in terms of these questions: (1) how can blending be distinguished from other word- formation processes? (2) How can different kinds of blends be distinguished from one another? (3) Why do blends have the structure they have? Put differently, why are blends created the way they are? (2004:639-40)

George Yule explains about morphology, the process of word formation as well as free and bound morphemes making a word Free morphemes such as: lexical and functional and bound morphemes including: deviational and inflectional Moreover, he explains about allomorphs and their formations (2006:59)

Susan Dostert defines the term morphology, blending and its different types He also explains about other kinds of word formation including clipping and its sub-types: fore-

clipping, back-clipping (which is most common) and lexemes which have been both fore- and back-clipped (2006:18)

Haugen states that borrowing 1s the adoption of a linguistic expression from one language into another language when no term exists for the new object and concept (1950: 210) Robin explains that borrowed words must be considered as those words, which are not in the vocabulary at one period and are in at subsequent one, without having been made of from the lexical stock of language or invented as entirely new creation as for example, certain name of products (1964: 313)

Unfortunately, the back-formation didn’t occur over the period in question Therefore, it

1s omitted from the list, additionally, the indicated interval is mostly the pandemic, so the list of new words indicates a lot of Corona-related terms

or career fields (often used attributively)

The loud and boisterous energy emitted by

someone who has a colossal phallus and doesn't

A system by which a group of officials in a

VAR (n) Video Assistant control booth use multiple angles of video

Referee footage to review decisions made by officials on /,vit.e¥'a:/

the field in real time Table 1 Examples of Acronym in English 1

According to Lebedeva (2021), examples of this process include JOMO (“Joy of missing out”), STEAM (“Science, technology, engineering, art, and maths: an educational

approach”), BD (“Big Dick Energy”), and VAR (“Video assistant referee”)

© Covid (2019-2021)

Examples Acronym Analysis Meaning

'đAblju.£f.aO/

job that is usually done in an office /

‘dablju.efertf

/

Work From Home

Personal Protective | to protect people against infection or injury

/pi:.ju.al/ 5 have been to place where there 1s an outbreak

Table 2 Examples of Acronym in English 2

In recent years, Covid-19 has had a profound effect in the linguistic field According to Al-Salman & Haider (2021), it is common to witness lexical innovations associated with health pandemics Moreover, research from Nur Fitria (2021) indicates the new norm in

many countries now is WH meaning "Work from Home" In addition, other examples include PPE (Personal Protective Equipment), PU/ (Person Under Investigation), and WFO (Work from Office)

b Vietnamese:

Vietnamese alphabet is based on Latin script, so the most common abbreviation is to use

the first letter of each syllable

Example Acronym analysis Meaning

S

ey ak Used as a exclamation (express of having something QTQD Quá trời quá đât

too much/too many) CCCD Căn cước công dân Citizen identity card

The person who is in charge of managing a website,

QTV Quản trị viê group, or fanpage on social networking sites Their

uản trị viên

: job includes things like: managing approval of posts

and comments, adding or blocking participants

COCC Con 6ng chaucha Offspring of an influential family

Table 3 Examples of Acronym in Vietnamese

A type of artificial intelligence that uses

Deep learning (n) algorithms (= sets of mathematical

/,dizp ‘I3:.ntn/ instructions or rules) based on the way the

human brain operates

Climate denial (n)

Climate + Denial /‘klatmet dmatel/

Echo chamber (n)

Echo + Chamber

/'ekao tfetmba(r)/

The fact of refusing to accept that climate

change is happening and is caused by human

behaviour The act of doing something to reduce or stop

climate change and prevent serious

permanent damage to the environment

An economic system in which many short periods of work are available rather than permanent jobs

An encounters only opinions and beliefs similar environment in which somebody

to their own, and does not have to consider alternatives

Table 4 Examples of Compounding in English 1

The research from Lebedeva (2021) indicates new terms during this period include deep

learning (Deep + Learning), climate denial (Climate + Denial), climate action (Climate + Action), gig economy (Gig + Economy) and echo chamber (Echo + Chamber)

© Covid (2019-2021)

Examples

Coronacoma (n)

Corona + Coma /karaona kaoöma/

Coronaviva (n)

Corona + Viva /karaona vi:vo/

Compounding Analysis Meaning

The period of shutdown or that long

quarantine sleep’

An oral examination or thesis defense taken online during the lockdown’

Hyacking and/or Interrupting

videoconferencing on the zoom

platform

An emergency situation in which people are not allowed to freely enter, leave, or move around in a

building or area because of danger Coronaspeck (n) Weight gained during lockdown as a

Corona +Speck result of eating more than usual /karaUna spék/ because of working from home Table 5 Examples of Compounding in English 2

According to Al-Salman & Haider (2021), examples of this process include coronacoma

for ‘the period of shutdown or that long quarantine sleep’ (Corona + Coma); coronaviva (Corona + Viva); and zoom bombing (Zoom + Bombing) Moreover, research from Nur Fitria (2021) indicates during the pandemic, many people have verified /ockdown (Lock + Down) as a common word in English, as it occurs In addition, coronaspeck (Corona + Speck) also applies to compounding rules

b Vietnamese:

- Tha (v): to let itself levitate or fall straight

down, for a certain purpose

- Ao (adj): imaginary; virtual

Tré trau - Tré (adj): young

Bull-headed kid

- Trau (n): buffalow

- lay (n): bog; swamp + 16i (adj) Repeating actions that

Table 6 Examples of Compounding in Vietnamese

According to Professor Ngo Nhu Binh, there are three kinds of compounds in Vietnamese: coordinate compound, subordinate compound, and isolated compound

10

® Coordinate compounds are formed by two morphemes, none of them modifies each other or independent of each other such as ¢ré trdu

¢ Subordinate compounds are formed by two morphemes, one of them modifies the other like song do, tha thính

® Isolated compounds do not form systems, unlike the coordinate and subordinate compounds The meaning of one element is clear while the meaning of the other isn’t such as lay lội

Like English compounds, Vietnamese compounds have three types: compound noun, compound verb and compound adjective These three types of compounds can occur in coordinate compound, or subordinate compound For examples, tha thinh (compound verb — subordinate compound), séng do (compound verb — subordinate compound), tré trdu (compound noun —coordinate compound)

1.3/ Borrowing:

To form new words, we can take them from other languages (Hoang et al., 2021, p 5)

a English:

® Pre-Covid (2016-2019)

Examples Borrowing Analysis Meaning

Flight shame (n) The idea that people should stop travelling

Flygskam (Swedish) — by plane in order to limit damage to the

A Japanese dish consisting of an omelette

3^“Z1 filled with fried rice and topped with

/'Dm.ja.rals/ (Japanese) ketchup

Ube halaya (Filipino)

/u:ber/

Table 7 Examples of Borrowing in English 1

In research from Lebedeva (2021), flight shame originates from the Swedish language The original term is “Flygskam’’ Plus, according to the official Cambridge Dictionary’s

Blog, English also borrows a lot from other languages For instance, omurice is used to

describe a Japanese dish The same applies to ube (Filipino)

11

Borrowing Analysis Meaning

Infection with or disease caused by Covid-19 Corona (Latin)

a video, esp one that is livestreamed, which CHHt (Korean) features a person eating a large quantity of

food and talking to the audience South Korean popular culture and

Tr ( ) entertainment itself

behavior regarded as cute, charming, or

OH a2 (Korean) adorable

Table 8 Examples of Borrowing in English 2

The disease corona is originally y a Latin ancient word “corona’’ Its meaning is crown in English (Sidqityah et aL, 2021) Furthermore, earlier this year, mukbang, hallyu, and aegyo (Korean) was added to Oxford English Dictionary Mukbang is a video in which a

person eats a large quantity of food The Korean Trend is called Aa//yu and cute behaviors are considered aegyo

LLHLIILTLI (ha) Work

OO000000 Save money

(Thai)

The group of people who were born between Gen Z (English) the late 1990s and the early 2010s, who are

regarded as being very familiar with the internet

Fake (English) | Made to look like something else

A short article that someone writes expressing

Review their opinion about something such as a new (English)

product or service

` ` The concept is used to refer to the change in

" - activities, social relations and human behavior

after the Covid-19 pandemic

Table 9 Examples of Borrowing in Vietnamese

Most of the borrowed words imported into Vietnamese are changed to match the characteristics of the Vietnamese language This process is called the Vietnameseization

of loanwords The process of assimilation of foreign words takes place on all four sides: writing, phonetics, semantics, and grammar For example, "QTJHUUUUL" /Kéb negein/,

"QOO000" /Thangan/ are transliterated as "tham ngan", “kec ngắn" This transliteration is

called phonetic Vietnameseization In addition, fake /fetk/ is written as "pha ke" in

Vietnamese, this is called Vietnameseization of the wniting

On the other hand, for words borrowed from English, due to the increasing number of people who learn English today, keeping the borrowed word is a trend such as “gen 2”,

The name is from The nickname for a recently discovered Steve (n) one of the aurora natural appearance of purple lights 1n the

chasers, who was sky, similar to the aurora borealis and

/sti:v/ inspired by the aurora australis

children's movie Goldilocks star (n) The name is froma _ A type of star that astronomers consider

fairy tale character has exactly the nmght combination of

?'gaol.dr.Ipks.,stŒ:T/

13

features to support life

Table 10 Examples of Cotnage in English 1

According to the official Cambridge Dictionary’s Blog, Steve and Goldilocks star was

added in August 2019.Sreve (one of the aurora chasers inspired by the children's movie) is used to nickname a natural phenomenon and Goldilocks (a fairy tale character) is used to identify a star

© Covid (2019-2021)

; The name is from An adenovirus viral vector vaccine for Sputnik (n) the first satellite to COVID-19 developed by the Gamaleya /'spotntk/ be launched by man Research Institute of Epidemiology and

into orbit Microbiology in Russia

Abdala (n) The name is from a A COVID-19 vaccine developed by the

drama about a Center for Genetic Engineering and /zb 'dq la/ patriotic hero Biotechnology in Cuba

Delta Variant (n) The name is from A variant of SARS-cov-2, the virus that

the Greek alphabet = causes COVID-19 [delta ‘veoriont/

Table 11 Examples of Coinage in English 2

Moreover, examples of this process include various vaccines For instance, Sputnik 1s named after the first satellite to be launched by man into orbit and Abdala is named after

a drama about a patriotic hero The same also applies to the Covid variants, such as Delta (Greek Alphabet)

b Vietnamese:

Vozer is an example of coinage Vozer is a common name to refer to members who have

participated in Vozforums forum, the leading technology forum in Vietnam in the past Today, Yozers are known for being tech-savvy, funny, humorous, but also very erudite

1.5/ Blending:

Combining two separate words to form a single new word is blending (Hoang et al.,

2021, p 12)

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