12 RELATIVE CLAUSE ( MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ) I ĐỊNH NGHĨA là MỆNH ĐỀ TÍNH NGỮ , hình thức là một MỆNH ĐỀ ( S+ V ), chức năng như một ADJ, bổ nghĩa cho Noun đứng trước R C ( RELATIVE CLAUSE) The woman who is.
Trang 1I ĐỊNH NGHĨA:
là MỆNH ĐỀ TÍNH NGỮ , hình thức là một MỆNH ĐỀ ( S+ V…), chức năng như một ADJ,
bổ nghĩa cho Noun đứng trước R.C ( RELATIVE CLAUSE)
The woman who is sitting next to my friend
Movies that have happy endings
II ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ :
ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ ( RELATIVE PRONOUN )
that/ who/ whom/ which/ whose+N Đại từ là những từ thay thế cho Noun trong R.C Làm S/O
1 WHO
N(person) WHO + V …
N(person) WHO + S+ V….
Làm S/O trong R.C, thay thế N chỉ người
Ex:
I really like the woman who(s’) lives (v’) next to my house
The girl who(o’) you(s) like(v) has a boyfriend
2 WHOM
N(person) WHOM + S+ V….
Làm O trong R.C, thay noun chỉ người
The girl whom(o’) you(s) like(v) has a boyfriend
3 WHICH
N(thing) WHICH + V …
N(thing) WHICH + S+ V….
****NOTE:
Trường hợp đặc biệt, R.C bắt đầu bằng which có
thể bổ nghĩa cho cả câu phía trước
He passed the exam, which makes me surprised
= He passed the exam and this makes me
surprised
Làm S/O, thay N chỉ vật
The machine which broke down yesterday is working
again now
The machine which my father bought yesterday is
working well
4 THAT
N(thing/person) THAT + V …
N(thing/person) THAT+ S+ V….
Làm S/O, thay cho N chỉ người/ vật, chỉ dùng trong Defining R.C (mệnh đề xác định)
5 WHOSE + N
N(thing/person) {WHOSE+N} + V …
N(thing/person) {WHOSE +N}+ S+ V….
THAY THẾ CHO TÍNH TỪ SỬ HỮU (MY/HER/THEIR/
OUR/ YOUR/ ITS/ OF/ ‘S…)
I have just met a person whose brother I study the same class as
Trang 2III TRẠNG TỪ QUAN HỆ
TRẠNG TỪ QUAN HỆ
( relative ADVERB)
Thay thế cho ADV làm ADV trong R.C
1 WHEN = IN/ON/AT +WHICH
N(time) + WHEN +S + V….
Thay thế cho ADV_TIME
Prep (in/ on/ at ) + N(time) adv_time Ex: In September; On that day; at that time ….
I always remember the day I met my husband on that day( adv_time
)
I always remember the day when I met my husband
2 WHERE = IN/ON/AT +WHICH
N(PLACE) + WHERE +S + V….
Thay thế cho ADv chỉ nơi chôn
Prep _ N(nơi chốn ) adv_place
Ex: here, there, at home, in Vietnam, in Da Nang City
Da Nang is a worth-living city I was born in Da Nang (adv_place)
Da Nang, where I was born, is a worth-living city
3 WHY= FOR WHICH
The reason WHY S +V…
I want to know the reason You don’t talk to him for that reason
I want to know the reason why you don’t talk to him
IV PHÂN LOẠI:
1 Defining R.C ( mệnh đề quan hệ xác định)
là R.C dùng để xác định cho N, nếu k có R.C thì N
k tồn tại
***NOTE:
K dùng ’,’ trong defining R.C
Có thể dùng “ that” thay thế cho “ who/whom/
which” trong defining R.C
{People who we visited yesterday } were very nice
I like { movies that have happy endings}
{The man who you met yesterday)} is my teacher
2 Non_defining R.C ( mệnh đề quan hệ k xác
định)
là R.C chỉ bổ sung thêm thông tin cho N đứng
trước nó, có hay k R.C thì N vẫn tồn tại
***NOTE:
Phải có” ,” trong Non_defining R.C
That k được sử dụng trong non_defining R.C
Mr Tom, who is now teaching English, has written a
novel
Alan, whose father lives in USA now, is an engineer
Trang 31 Nếu trong R.C có giới từ đứng cuối thì có thể đưa giới từ ra trước “ Đại từ quan hệ” – whom/ which
Ex:
Mr.Brown is a nice teacher We studied with him last year
Mr.Brown, who/whom we studies with last year, is a nice teacher
Mr.Brown, with whom we studies last year, is a nice teacher
2 Giới từ k được đứng trước đại từ quan hệ who/that
Mr.Brown, with who we studies last year, is a nice teacher
3 Khi các đại từ quan hệ “ who/whom/which/ that” là O trong R.C, chúng ta có thể giản lược chúng đi
The girl who/ whom/that you met yesterday is my close friend
= The girl you met yesterday is my close friend
4 Có thể sử các cụm từ chỉ lượng như là: some of …/ both of /all of…/ a lot of …/ many of …/ none of
…/ any of …./most of …+ whom/which/whose+N
Ex:
I have two sisters Both are doctors
I have two sisters both of whom are doctors
He asked me a lot of questions I couldn’t answer most of them
He asked me a lot of questions most of which I couldn’t answer
***CÁC TRƯỜNG HỢP BẮT BUỘC PHẢI DÙNG ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ “THAT”
1 Khi N cần thay thế là tổ hợp gồm cả người và vật
Ex:
I can see a girl and her dog They are running in the park
I can see a girl and her dog that are running in the park
The police are looking for the man and his car They have just gone missing mysteriously
The police are looking for the man and his car that have just gone missing mysteriously
2 Khi N cần thay thế có chứa so sánh nhất
She is the nicest woman that I have ever seen
This is the most beautiful dress that I have
3 Khi N cần thay thế có chứa số thứ tự: the first/ the second/ the third/ the only/ the last …+N
He is the first person that comes to class
You are the only person that can help us
4 Khi R.C bổ nghĩa cho các đại từ bất định : everything/everyone/ something/someone/ anything/anyone/ nothing/no one/ all/little/much/none …
I will tell you something that is very interesting
I said all that I want to say
5 It + be+ N + that ….: chính là ….
It is my best friend that gave me this present
It is the book that I want to look for
Trang 4V REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSE ( RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ)
1 Sử dụng PARTICIPLES ( phân từ)
Present participles (hiện tại phân từ)
Ving
Past participles (quá khứ phân từ) V3
o Nếu Verb trong R.C có nghĩa chủ động chúng ta dùng Hiện tại phân từ : “Ving”
Ex:
The man who is talking (V chủ động) to the teacher is my father
The man talking to the teacher is my father The woman who teaches English at his school is Ms Smith
The woman teaching English at his school is Ms Smith Students that didn’t take the test on Monday will have a chance
to retake it next Friday
Students not taking the test on Monday will have a chance
to retake it next Friday
***Note:
1 Nếu sau khi rút gọn mà động từ trở thành “being” thì chúng ta có thể lược bỏ being luôn
Ex:
the man who was in charge of this department has just resigned
the man being in charge of this department has just
resigned
the man in charge of this department has just resigned her husband, who is a famous actor, used to be a teacher
her husband, a famous actor, used to be a teacher
2 Nếu sau khi rút gọn xong mà động từ trở thành “having”
thì chúng ta đổi thành “with” ; còn “not having” thì đổi thành
“without”
Ex:
Employees who have a Toeic Certificate will be given a raise
Employees having a Toeic Certificate will be given a raise
Employees with a Toeic Certificate will be given a raise
o Nếu Verb trong R.C có nghĩa bị động chúng ta dùng quá khứ phân từ- “V3”
Ex:
Some of the phones which were sold last month are broken
Some of the phones sold last month are broken The man who was interviewed before me got hired
the man interviewed before me got hired
2 Rút gọn bằng “to inf” o N đứng trước R.C có chứa so sánh nhất/ số thứ tự…
he is the most famous footballer who has played on this ground
he is the most famous footballer to play on this ground
Trang 5if he wins this match, he will become the first tennis player that wins the championship
if he wins this match, he will become the first tennis player to win the championship
o khi mệnh đề có dạng: S + have/has/had +N + R.C …thì cũng
dùng to inf
he has some pictures that he wants to buy
he has some pictures to buy
we have some books that children can read
we have some books for children to read
PHẦN LUYỆN TẬP:
I Choose a, b, c, or d that best completes the sentence
1 The company employs five hundred people makes video recorders
A who B whom C that D whose
2 The students _ for the train are good ones
3 The work increases alot when the boss is away is always interesting
4 This Is the seventh person late
5 I was introduced to the man _ brother If my teacher
6 The United States consists of fifty states, _ has its own government
A they each B each of which C which D each of that
7 The children _ are playing in the yard are Mr Brown's nephews
A whom B which C that D who
8 Animals _ plants are called herbivores
A eating B that eats C ate D A & B
9 The concert I listened last weekend was boring
A to which B to that C about which D for which
Trang 610 We'd like to travel to a city there is a lot of sightseeing
A which B when C where D that
11 The authority gathered those villagersthey explained the importance of forests
A that B whom C to whom D to that
12 My boss work takes him to a lot of different countries, has decided he needs an assistant In London
A who B whom C that D whose
13 My classmates dislike postcards _ show rough sea and cloudy sky
A who B which C where D when
14 Hoa and her dog are standing over there go to the park every day
A that B who C whom D which
15 We are not happy with the plans the architect showed us for our new house
A that B in that C in which D who
16 Colin told me about his new job, _ very much
A that he's enjoying B he's enjoying
C which he's enjoying D he's enjoying it
17 That book was written by a famous anthropologist It's about the people in Samoa for two years
A that she lived B that she lived among them
C among whom she lived D where she lived among them
18 Earl was one of the first American artists _ landscapes
A paint B painted C for painting D to paint
19 The ring is made of gold and diamond
A she is wearing it B he gave it to her
C Linda like D she is wearing
20 The problems _ they are discussing at the meeting are very important A O
21 The house is situated in the city center
Trang 7C in where we live D which we live
22 The film about _they are talking is fantastic
A who B which C whom D.that
23 That's the woman to Jim used to be married
A who B whom C which D that
24.1 have a message for people by the traffic chaos
A to delay B who delay C delayed D delaying
25.1 talked to a woman _ car had broken down on the way to the party
A which B who C whose D whom
26 Tell me the reason you were absent yesterday
A where B when C why D that
27 1 met a lot of people at the party name I can’t remember
A whose B which C whoD whom
28 The pilot was the only man _ after the crash
A was rescued B rescued C rescuing D to be rescued
29 The girl design had been chosen stepped to the platform to receive the award
A whose B whom C that D which
30 She won six gold medals in the tournament, _made us feel so proud of her
A that B which C who D whose
31.Would the person _muddy jogging clothes were found in the staff shower room please claim them at the lost and found office?
A.who B.that C.whose D.which
32.The company has hired a consultant for _ who is in need of help with his personal problems
A.anyone B.them C.one D.those
33.The president, comments in a press conference last week aroused considerable criticism ,will again address the media today
A.who B.that C.whose D.what
34.Marketing is a profession _ has always interested me
Trang 8A.which B.who C.in which D.whose
35.Unfortunately, several patients at the hospital have been struck by a disease for there is no known cure
A.while B.whose C.which D.that
36.Our new department head was among the first Americans of Asian origin _ from Harvard University
A.graduate B.graduated C.to graduate D.who has graduated
37.Our research department has recently developed a new computer system to guide the production robots in the factory
A.using B.that use C.used D.which are used
38.John always donates some money to local charities every month, he feels is a good deed
A.because B.so C.who D.which
39. with competition from the glass and plastic industries, aluminum can manufacturers are currently working on developing new shapes and features for their products A.face B.faced C.facing D.having faced
40. experienced significant growth in Western Europe, the company is planning to expand operations in Eastern Europe
A.to have B.have C.had D.having
II Defining relative clauses and non-defining relative clause:
1 My friend lives next to my house He shows a great talent for art
My friend………
2 Only people have good command of French They will be invited to the interview
Only people ………
3 I was born in a town It lies along the coast
I was born in a town ………
4 This is a photo of my hometown It lies along the coast
This is a photo of my hometown………
5 The Mekong river flows through the South of the country It is a great source of seafood
The Mekong river………
6 Children are fond of swimming They should join the local swimming club
Trang 9Children ………
7 My children are keen on swimming They often ask me to take them to the beach
My children………
8 The police haven’t known the identity of the man He was killed in the fight
The man whose ………
9 Tom was killed in the fight He was a well-known reporter
Tom………
10 The girl is waiting in the hall I was telling you about her
The girl ………
III.Relative adverbs: WHEN/ WHERE/WHY
1 There was a time Dinosaurs dominated the earth then
There was a time ………
2 I don't know the reason You didn't go to school for that reason
I don't know the reason ………
3 Our company's peak season is during the months of April and May Sales is the highest then
Our company's peak season ………
4 Ms.Dicaprio likes to go for a walk in the park a fountain was recently installed there
Ms.Dicaprio likes to go for a walk in the park ………
5 Uma's Hair Salon is opened until 6:00 every day except Friday Uma's Hair Salon closes at
5:30 on Friday ( when)/ (which)
Uma's Hair Salon is opened until 6:00 every day except Friday
………
6 Donald Peterson asked somebody in our audio- visual office to set up a DVD player in the
room Ms.Catherine Robs will give her presentation in this room
Donald Peterson asked somebody in our audio- visual office to set up a DVD player in the room
………
7 To show that we sincerely appreciate your help, we made a reservation for you at a famous
Italian restaurant you can enjoy a variety of delicious Italian cuisines at this restaurant
To show that we sincerely appreciate your help, we made a reservation for you at a famous Italian restaurant ………
8 I don’t know the time She will come back then
Trang 10I don’t know the time ………
9 That was the day I met my wife on this day
That was the day ………
10 He didn’t know the reason His wife was angry for that reason
He didn’t know the reason ………
IV Relative pronouns with prepositions
1 The girl is John’s sister I introduced you to her
The girl to whom ………
2 The shop is closed I bought the shoes from it
The shop from which ………
3 My English teacher is Mr Tam I had great respect for him
My English teacher, for ………
4 He gave me a lot of advice Much of them was very useful
He gave me a lot of advice ………
5 The man is a good friend of mine I borrowed the money from him
The man ………
6 The school has been given 50 computers Half of them are new brand
The school has been given 50 computers ………
7 Lan’s party is next Sunday evening We are all invited to her party
Lan’s party, ………
We are all invited to Lan’s party, which is next Sunday evening
8 They have changed the date The furniture is to be delivered on that date
They have changed the date ………
9 A number of my friends will be at the party You’ve met some of them before
A number of my friends, ………
10 Mrs Jason apologized for the mistake We complained to her
Mrs Jason, ………
V Relative clauses replaced by participles or to_infinitive
1 All the roads that led to the club is insured
All the roads………
2 A ship which was sailing from Canada to Europe nearly hit a huge iceberg
………
3 A lighthouse which is situated on a small island attracts a lot of tourists
………
4 A new international airport which is planned will cost 20 billion dollars
………
5 A chemical company that employed 4000 people has gone bankrupt
A chemical company ………