绪论
句子成分及句子成分倒装概说
1.1.1句子成分的定义
Words are interconnected through syntactic structures such as subject-verb and verb-object relationships Similarly, sentences are organized by these syntactic relationships, which connect various components known as sentence constituents In other words, the elements that make up a sentence are referred to as sentence constituents (Hu Mingyang & Sun Dejin, 2002, "Chinese Grammar Tutorial")
1.1.2现代汉语、越南语句子成分
现代汉语句子成分曾经有不同的划分观点。
Li Jinxie's "New Chinese Grammar" first categorized Chinese sentence components into six main elements: subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial, and complement In 2002, Hu Mingyang and Sun Dejin also addressed this topic in their "Chinese Grammar Tutorial," noting that, in addition to the subject and predicate, there are also object, attribute, adverbial, and complement components.
到目前为止，这个观点普遍得到汉语言研究者的支持。
同汉语一样，越南语句子成分（单句成分）也可分为以上 六大句法成分。
The subject and predicate are the two essential components of a subject-predicate sentence The subject represents a person or thing and answers the question "who."
In sentences, subjects are the entities that perform the actions or behaviors described, while objects are the elements that are stated or explained within the sentence.
主语处在句首，经常由名词、代词、名词性短语充当。越南语的主语在定义、
构成单位和在句子中的位置与汉语中的相同。例如：
（1） 我是大学生。（代词充当主语）
（2） 张老师教我们数学。（名词充当主语）
越南语例句：
（3） Tôi là sinh viên.（代词充当主语）
词译：我 是 学生。
意译：我是学生。
（4） Thầy Trương dạy chúng tôi môn Toán.（名词充当主语）
词译：张老师 教 我们 数学。
意译：张老师教我们数学。
Both Chinese and Vietnamese adhere to a common syntactic structure where the subject precedes the predicate, as evidenced by various examples.
In a sentence, the subject can be omitted, but the predicate is an essential component The predicate indicates the state or action of the subject, serving to describe, state, or judge it Typically, predicates consist of simple verbs, verb phrases, or adjectives In Chinese, the predicate usually follows the subject, and similarly, in Vietnamese, the predicate is commonly positioned after the subject.
（5） 树叶黄了。（形容词充当谓语）
（6） 他只答应了一声。（动词短语充当谓语）
越南语例句：
（7） Tôi đang học （动词充当谓语）
词译：我正在上课。
意译：我正在上课。
（8） Nó tên là Hoa （动词短语充当谓语）
词译：它叫阿花。
意译：它叫阿花。
In the Chinese sentence, the adjective "黄" and the verb phrase "答应了一声" both function as predicates and are positioned after the subject.
描写主语“树叶”的颜色和主语“他”答应时的状态。
Trong câu tiếng Việt, động từ "đang học" diễn tả trạng thái hiện tại của chủ ngữ "Tôi" Cụm động từ "tên là Hoa" đóng vai trò làm vị ngữ để chỉ ra tên của chủ ngữ.
The object in a sentence represents the entity affected by the action of the verb It is inherently linked to the verb, as an object cannot exist without it Objects can be expressed through nouns, pronouns, noun phrases, verb phrases, or adjectival phrases In both Chinese and Vietnamese, the object typically follows the verb in sentence structure.
（9） 你学过英语吗？ （名词充当宾语）
（10） 市民们反对拆迁房屋。（动词性短语充当宾语）
越南语例句 请看下面引自阮明说《越南语语法》的例子
（11） Tôi đọc sách (我在看书：名词充当宾语)
（12） Bà tôi muốn về quê (我姥姥想回家乡：动词词组充当宾语）
（13） Ba tôi hy vọng tôi sẽ trở về （我爸爸希望我会回来: 主谓结构充当宾语）
（14） Tôi cảm thấy mệt mỏi (我感到很累：形容词性充当宾语)
Attributive phrases serve to modify and limit the meaning of noun phrases Various parts of speech can function as attributives, including adjectives, noun phrases, verb phrases, and prepositional phrases.
定语处在其所修饰的中心语前面，和这些成分之间常常有助词“的”联系。
In Vietnamese, the position of modifiers differs from that in Chinese, as they can appear both before and after the head noun.
（15） 他发表了精彩的演说。 形容词充当定语
（16） 做的衣服比买的衣服合身。（动词充当定语）
越南语例句：
（17） Một cuốn sách hay （一本好看的书：形容词充当定语）
这例子中，充当定语的形容词 “hay（好看）”是为名词“cuốn sách （一本书）”
Cụm từ định ngữ “Một cuốn” bổ sung ý nghĩa cho danh từ “sách” Cụm từ này được dịch sang tiếng Trung là “一本好看的书”, cho thấy vị trí của định ngữ và trung tâm khác nhau giữa tiếng Việt và tiếng Trung, trong đó tính từ “好看” (hấp dẫn) đứng trước danh từ “书” (sách).
Adverbials serve as modifiers for the verb or adjective in a predicate In Chinese, adverbials are categorized into descriptive and restrictive types Descriptive adverbials typically require the addition of "地" and can be formed from adjective phrases, degree adverbs, or other descriptive terms These descriptive adverbials are placed before verbs or adjectives in the predicate.
Restrictive adverbials typically do not take the suffix "ly," and this primarily includes adverbials that express various semantic relationships.
Semantic relationships such as expressions of location, manner, and scope are also restrictive adverbs Restrictive adverbs can be placed before a verb or at the beginning of a sentence, providing additional context to the action being described.
相关研究成果综述
In Chinese language usage, the phenomenon of inversion of sentence components is quite prominent Many scholars have discussed this topic, notably Chen Wangdao in his work "Introduction to Rhetoric" and Zhu Deqi.
The article discusses key works in Chinese grammar, including "Grammar Lecture Notes," "The Phenomenon of Inversion in Chinese Spoken Syntax" by Lu Jianming, and "A Preliminary Discussion on the Issue of Attributive Inversion" by Li Laojie, as well as contributions from Zhang Yan, all selected from the first issue of "Chinese Language and Literature."
Recent studies on inversion and topicalization in Chinese, such as "Inversion and Topicalization" and "Research on Rhetorical Inversion and Grammatical Inversion" by Zhang Bojiang and Fang Mei, highlight the complexity of sentence structure Other notable works include Deng Qi's examination of inverted sentences from a functionalist perspective and Li Shengmei's exploration of the differences between rhetoric and grammar in inverted sentences While these academic writings address the phenomenon of altered word order in referential sentences, they employ varying terminologies and focus on different aspects of the subject Each work contributes uniquely to the understanding of this linguistic feature.
In our exploration of the topic, we discovered that there is limited research on the phenomenon of constituent inversion in Chinese and Vietnamese sentences Notable works include Zhu Fang's "Comparative Study of Inverted Sentences in English and Chinese," Pan Xi Xia's "Comparative Study of Adverbial Word Order in Chinese and Vietnamese," Nguyen Thi Hao's "Comparative Study of Various Restrictive Adverbial Word Orders in Chinese and Vietnamese (Time, Place, and Object)," and Du Shi Shuo's "Preliminary Study of Common and Variant Sentences in Modern Chinese." However, we found no literature addressing the comparative study of constituent inversion between Chinese and Vietnamese.
1) 对句子成分倒装类型的不同观点
Upon reviewing the theoretical framework, it becomes evident that traditional research findings exhibit inconsistencies in defining the phenomenon of inversion and categorizing it, leading to varied definitions and classifications.
Chen Wangdao's concept of inversion encompasses a broad range of applications He categorizes inversion into two types: spontaneous inversion and transformed inversion However, his classification lacks clarity and practicality, leading subsequent rhetorical works to abandon his framework.
多数学家都根据句子成分来分类倒装的。陆俭明（ ）把倒装句分为五
The article discusses various types of inversion in sentence structure, including subject-verb inversion, adverbial inversion, predicate-object inversion, verb-complement inversion, and the rearrangement of components in compound predicates According to Lu Jianming, these inversion types are categorized based on single sentences Both Lu and Li Lao share the view that there is no inversion phenomenon occurring between modifiers and their headwords.
Most scholarly works on grammar suggest that inversion also includes post-modification of adjectives, with detailed discussions by scholars such as Shao Jingmin, Luo Xiaosuo, Zhang Zhigong, Zhang Jing, Xing Heyi, Ding Mianzai, and Fu Dawei However, there remains a significant gap in their understanding Shao Jingmin asserts that "true post-modified adjectives are rare and can only be formed by certain nominal structures with predicative characteristics, primarily appearing in written language and less frequently in spoken language." Luo Xiaosuo, using the example "She bought three pots of bamboo and two pots of begonia," emphasizes this point further.
The phrases "盆" and "两盆" serve as modifiers for "文竹" (Wenzhu) and "海棠" (Haitang), respectively The inversion of these modifiers enhances the description, providing additional context and clarification.
有些意见认为倒装还包括复句内偏句的后置，如朱德熙《语法讲义》(1982)
The article discusses the concept of "inversion" in language, highlighting five specific cases: subject post-position, modifier post-position, object front-position, complement post-position, and the inversion of two direct components in a compound structure Huang Qingxuan defines inversion as the intentional rearrangement of adverbial elements, sentence components, or the typical order of complex sentences without altering their grammatical form or relationships.
Scholars focus solely on their own classification systems without acknowledging the strengths and weaknesses of existing ones This lack of continuity and communication among different classification methods hinders the development of a cohesive understanding in the field.
2) 关于句子成分倒装特点的一些主要观点
谈到倒装的特点，陆俭明（1980）已经从四个方面概括了倒装句的特点：
The position of sentence stress, the focus of meaning, and the restoration of inverted components are crucial aspects of analyzing inverted sentences Linguists, including Lu Jianming, have discussed the restoration issue in Chinese inverted sentences, confirming that the syntactic structure remains unchanged and that the inverted parts can return to their original positions without altering the fundamental meaning of the sentence Additionally, Zhu Dexi emphasized that in inverted constructions, the postposed elements must be lightly stressed, marking a significant characteristic of such sentences Ultimately, both scholars agree that inversion primarily occurs in spoken language, highlighting the nuanced relationship between syntax and semantics in this phenomenon.
A new insight has emerged regarding the structure of sentences: the initial part reflects the speaker's eagerness to express their thoughts, leading to spontaneous speech, while the latter part serves as an elaboration This characteristic is a significant feature of inverted sentences.
In reality, post-modifiers are not mandatory; they are typically only required to be lightly emphasized in certain contexts.
When dealing with complex components in a sentence, it's important not to lightly stress them It's unrealistic to lightly emphasize every word in a complex structure.
（37） 是你姐姐吗，经常出现在天气预报节目中的？
（38） 我不要了，那个破烂的衣服。
现代汉语。越语句子成分倒装类型及其特点比较
现代汉语句子成分倒装类型分析
Chinese inverted sentences can be categorized based on their syntactic functions into five types: subject-verb inversion, object inversion, attributive inversion, adverbial inversion, and complement inversion Furthermore, these can be further divided into six specific types based on the positions of the inverted elements, which include predicate fronting, object fronting, attributive post-positioning, adverbial fronting, adverbial post-positioning, and complement fronting In the following sections, we will discuss the characteristics of these six types of inversion in detail.
In Chinese, the typical sentence structure places the subject before the predicate However, to emphasize the predicate—often to express surprise, urgency, or heightened emotion—the usual order can be inverted, placing the predicate before the subject This construction, known as subject-predicate inversion or predicate fronting, is a common variation in Chinese sentence formation.
This phenomenon is commonly observed in interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences While subject-verb inversion can also occur in declarative sentences, it is relatively rare and typically used in responses In spoken language, there is usually no pause between the subject and verb in inverted sentences, but in writing, a comma separates them, resulting in a "verb-subject" structure The preceding verb is generally emphasized.
后置主语则相对轻读。请看下面例子：
（39） 上哪儿找啊，你？（倒装句）
你 上哪儿找啊？ （顺装句）
（40） 放心吧，爸爸妈妈！（倒装句）
爸爸妈妈 放心吧！ （顺装句）
The reign of China's last dynasty has finally come to an end, marking a significant turning point in the nation's history.
中国最后一个王朝的统治 终于过去了！ （顺装句）
B: 买了，菜。（倒装句）
In examples (39) and (40), the inversion of the predicates "上哪儿找啊" and "放心吧" before the subjects "你" and "爸爸妈妈" respectively emphasizes the information being sought and provides emphasis In example (41), the longer subject necessitates the inversion of the shorter predicate to create a balanced and harmonious sentence structure Similarly, in example (42), the use of inversion allows speaker B to respond immediately to the question, enhancing the expression's effectiveness.
In complex subject constructions, the postposed subject after inversion is not lightly read, as it is impractical to lightly read each word in such a long subject.
（43） 上哪儿去了，刚站在这里的那个漂亮的女孩子？
The phenomenon of fronting the predicate is commonly found in literary works, as exemplified by Sun Li's expressions in "Baiyangdian," such as "What’s wrong with you?" and "Come out, you all."
Inversion is often used to emphasize the predicate or to convey urgency by presenting the main point first, followed by the subject, which is typically spoken in a lighter tone.
In Chinese sentences, the object typically follows the verb, forming a subject-verb-object structure, which is commonly represented as subject + verb + object However, in practice, the object can sometimes be moved before the verb for emphasis, or the entire verb-object structure may be inverted to precede the subject to highlight the object’s role The fronted object can consist of a single word, a phrase, or a small clause, and this phenomenon is frequently observed in declarative and interrogative sentences.
- 被倒置到主语前的宾语：
When the object of a sentence is too long, it is typically placed before the subject, separated by a comma or a pause in speech, making the sentence clearer and more straightforward.
（44） 我们反对那些不说真话的人。（顺装句）
那些不说真话的人，我们反对 。（词组充当宾语的倒装句）
（45） 我写好了文章。（顺装句）
文章我写好了。（由词充当宾语的倒装句）
（46） 我已经收到他送来的礼物了。（顺装句）
他送来的礼物，我已经收到了。（由一个小句充当宾语的倒装句）
（47） 你吃包子了吗？（顺装句）
包子你吃了吗？（由一个词充当宾语的倒装句）
In example (44), "oppose" is the verb, with the object being "people." Specifically, it refers to "those who do not speak the truth," which aligns with common modern Chinese phrasing This sentence can be inverted to say, "We oppose those who do not speak the truth," effectively fronting the object along with its modifier.
In modern Chinese, the use of special inverted sentence structures, as highlighted in examples (45), (46), and (47), is relatively rare and typically appears only occasionally in everyday language.
- 被倒置到主语后、动词前的宾语：
（48） 他半句话也说不出来。
（49） 我哪儿都不去, 就在这儿等你。
The two examples mentioned are common phrases heard in daily life, yet they are both inverted sentences In standard word order, "half a sentence" and "where" typically follow the verb; however, in these cases, they appear after the subject and before the verb.
在主语省略句中，有时动词和宾语也可发生移位。例如：
你想喝点什么？
咖啡，喝点儿。
In this example, the adequate response should be "I want to drink some coffee." However, the subject is omitted, and the object "coffee" is placed before the verb "drink." This inversion occurs because the respondent is eager to quickly address the speaker's question, prioritizing the key information before providing the missing details.
In Chinese sentences, attributive modifiers typically precede the head noun, which is the standard word order However, there are instances where this order is altered to emphasize or provide additional information about a specific aspect of the subject, or to create a more concise expression when listing items or quantities.
现代越南语句子成分倒装类型分析
Vietnamese sentence inversion can be categorized into six types based on the syntactic function and position of the inverted components: subject fronting, object fronting, attributive fronting, attributive post-positioning, adverbial fronting, and adverbial post-positioning This article will discuss the characteristics of these six types of Vietnamese sentence component inversion in detail.
In Vietnamese sentences, the subject and predicate are the two main components of a subject-predicate structure, following a typical order similar to Chinese, where the subject comes first and the predicate follows However, in certain situations, to emphasize the predicate, this order can be inverted, a practice known as predicate fronting.
In Vietnamese grammar, the subject often appears after the predicate, serving a communicative function This phenomenon is commonly found in interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences, prevalent in both spoken and written language, though more frequently in written form, especially in literary and poetic works It is considered one of the methods of rhetorical art.
倒装后，主语和谓语之间一般没有逗号隔开或者语音停顿。 例如：
词译：你去哪儿了？
意译：去哪儿了，你？
顺装句为： Chị đi đâu đấy?
（84） Đẹp biết bao Tổ quốc chúng ta!
词译：多么美丽啊，我们的祖国！
意译：我们的祖国多么美丽。
顺装句为： Tổ quốc chúng ta đẹp biết bao!
词译：我们的祖国多么美丽。
Hai ví dụ trên sử dụng cấu trúc đảo ngữ, trong đó ví dụ (80) là câu hỏi đảo ngữ thường gặp trong cuộc sống hàng ngày, như “Đang làm gì vậy chị?” và “Ăn cơm chưa chị?” Cách nói này thường được sử dụng khi người nói và người nghe có mối quan hệ thân thiết Khi người nói diễn đạt, câu thường được nói nhanh, dẫn đến việc không nghe rõ sự ngắt quãng Ví dụ (81) là câu đảo ngữ cảm thán trong văn viết, trong đó phần trước và phần sau không có dấu phẩy ngăn cách.
In Vietnamese, inverted sentences typically do not have a comma separating the subject and predicate, nor is there a pause in speech This structural characteristic distinguishes Vietnamese syntax and influences the flow of communication Understanding this aspect is essential for mastering the nuances of the language.
In certain instances, prolonged and complex preceding predicates may lead to pauses in speech, although this occurrence is rare.
（85） Mọc giữa dòng sông xanh
Một bông hoa tím biếc （青海《小小的春天》）
词译：长在绿色的河水中
Một bông hoa tím biếc nở rộ giữa dòng sông xanh, tạo nên một khung cảnh tuyệt đẹp và hài hòa.
Trong ví dụ (85), câu thơ với cấu trúc dài "Mọc giữa dòng sông xanh (một bông hoa tím biếc)" khi được đảo ngược về trước chủ ngữ "Một bông hoa tím biếc" sẽ tạo ra hiệu ứng dừng lại sau câu đầu tiên, nhằm nhấn mạnh vẻ đẹp của cảnh sắc mùa xuân.
In Vietnamese grammar, the typical position of the object is after the verb However, in certain special cases, speakers may rearrange the structure to create contrast, establish the sentence's topic, connect with the context, or emphasize a particular element, sometimes placing the object or the entire phrase in a different position.
In certain cases, the object in a sentence can be moved to the beginning, similar to the structure in Chinese Additionally, the object may also be repositioned after the subject, maintaining clarity and coherence in the sentence.
动词前。例如：
− 句首的前置宾语：
制造相反结构
（86） Việc lớn ta tính theo việc lớn, còn việc thỏn thỏn trong nhà tôi thu xếp khắc xong
（阮诗《家庭里的小孩》）
词译：大事我们就按大事去做，置于家里小事我就自会安排。
意译：我们一起考虑大事，至于家里小事，我就自己搞定吧
顺装句为： Ta tính việc lớn theo việc lớn, tôi khắc thu xếp xong việc thỏn thỏn trong nhà
词译：我们就按大事去解决大事，我自会安排好家里小事。
确立句子的主题
（87） Làng ta chúng đốt gần trụi hết （胡芳《家里的信》）
词译：我们村子他们烧焦了差不多。
意译：他们把我们村子烧焦了差不多。
顺装句为： Chúng đốt làng ta gần trụi hết
词译：他们烧我们村子烧得差不多焦了。
衔接上下文
（88） Keng học các môn bình thường, riêng môn tính rất giỏi Anh toàn tính nhẩm Tính đố anh cũng nhẩm （阮坚《阿铿》）
词译：啊铿 得很一般，就数好。任何情况下，他都心算。笔算他也能心算。
意译：啊铿得很一般，就数好。任何情况下，他都心算。连笔算他也能心算。
顺装句为：Keng học các môn bình thường, riêng môn tính rất giỏi Anh toàn tính nhẩm anh cũng nhẩm tính đố.
词译：啊铿 得很一般，就数好。任何情况下，他都心算。他也能心算笔算。
强调某个事物
（89） Những thú vui nho nhỏ ấy , giờ Mận bỏ hết
词译：那些小乐趣，现在小闵都不玩了。
意译：小闵现在都不玩那些小乐趣了。
顺装句为： Giờ Mận bỏ hết những thú vui nho nhỏ ấy
词译：现在小闵已经不玩那些小乐趣了。
（90） Làm bài , anh ấy cẩn thận lắm （整个动-宾结构提前到句首）
− 被倒置到动词前、主语后的宾语：
（91） Ông giáo ấy, thuốc không hút, rượu không uống
Trong ví dụ này, "thuốc" và "rượu" đều là tân ngữ của động từ "hút" và "uống" Trong trường hợp này, chúng được đảo ngược về phía sau chủ ngữ "Ông giáo ấy" và đứng trước các động từ này.
越南语主语省略句中也发生宾语前置现象。例如：
B: Cơm (thì) không ăn, nước (thì) không uống
词译：A: 它怎么了？
B: 饭不吃，水不喝。
意译： A: 它怎么了？
B: （他）不吃饭，不喝水。
常式句为：“Nó không ăn cơm, không uống nước.”
词译：它不吃饭，不喝水。
这个例子中， B 答话时就把主语“Nó（它）”去掉，同时把宾语“cơm”和
“nước”倒置到句首，以强调“它”现在的情况。
2.2.3 定语倒装 1）定语前置
In Vietnamese, adjectives typically follow the nouns they modify, providing additional meaning However, when there is a need to emphasize the adjective, it is positioned before the noun.
（93） Xanh om cổ thụ tròn xoe tán
Trắng xóa tràng giang phẳng lặng tờ
（胡春香《秋景》）
词译：深绿色 古树树叶，圆滚滚 树冠影子
白花花 长江水平如镜。
意译： 古树树叶深绿色、树冠影子圆滚滚。
长江泡沫白花花，水平如镜
顺装句为： Cổ thụ xanh om tán tròn xoe
Tràng giang trắng xóa phẳng lặng tờ
词译：古树树叶深绿色、树冠影子圆滚滚
长江水色白花花，水平如镜。
Cụm từ "xanh om" mô tả màu sắc sâu của "cổ thụ", trong khi "tròn xoe" thể hiện hình dáng đầy đặn của "tán".
Tính từ "Trắng xóa" bổ sung ý nghĩa cho danh từ "tràng giang", cùng với các tính từ khác như "xanh om" và "tròn xoe", tạo nên một bức tranh sinh động về vẻ đẹp của dòng sông.
都为程度较高的形容词，其位置都被提到名词前，以强调事物的特点。
In Vietnamese, when expressing the quantity of an item, the structure "numeral + classifier" is placed before the noun to function as a modifier.
（94） Quỳnh hương một đóa thoáng hương thầm （郑工山《琼花之转》）
词译： 琼花一朵香香。
意译： 一朵琼花香着香味。
顺装句为： Một đóa quỳnh hương thoáng hương thầm
词译：一朵琼花香着香味。
同样，下面的例子都为 “数词 + 量词” 构成定语被倒置到名词后面：
（95） Củi một cành khô lạc mấy dòng
词译：柴木一根干的漂浮在几条河流上。
意译：一根干的柴木漂浮在几条河流上。
顺装句为：Một cành củi khô lạc mấy dòng 词译：一根干的柴木漂浮在几条河流上。
