2001-Assessment-of-Newcomer-Settlement-Services

Introduction and Background to the Research

Citizenship and Immigration Canada, along with the Ontario Administration of Settlement and Integration Services, provides funding for diverse settlement programs aimed at assisting newcomers Key initiatives include the Immigrant Settlement and Adaptation Program (ISAP), the HOST program, and Language Instruction for Newcomers, all designed to facilitate the integration of immigrants into Canadian society.

Canada (LINC) These programs are intended as bridging services to help facilitate access to community services and to enable newcomers to become participating and contributing members of Canadian society.

Many recent immigrants in Southern Ontario tend to settle in large metropolitan areas; however, a significant number also choose small towns and rural regions throughout the province Providing settlement services in these less populated areas poses challenges due to fluctuating service demand and the considerable distances separating these communities.

In 1998, consultations across Ontario revealed the necessity for research into effective service delivery strategies for newly arrived immigrants settling in rural areas The Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) and the Ontario Association of Service Providers for Immigrants (OASIS) focused on understanding the experiences of newcomers and exploring service delivery methods in Northwestern and Northeastern Ontario communities.

The research project, as outlined in the Terms of Reference, targets newcomers in Canada who have been here for under five years and qualify for programs funded by CIC, OASIS It specifically concentrates on rural regions and small towns in Northeastern and Northwestern Ontario that welcome fewer than 50 newcomers annually.

This report evaluates the settlement services available in Northern Ontario communities, highlighting effective delivery models for rural and remote areas It also examines the services accessed by newcomers in Northern Ontario and Cornwall, detailing how these individuals engage with the available resources The findings are based on interviews and focus groups with service providers and newcomers, as well as a comprehensive review of relevant documents.

Methodology

The study was completed using a variety of information sources and methodologies, including:

This literature review analyzes immigration policies and settlement programs in Canada and Ontario, focusing on funding and the immigrant settlement experience in rural and remote areas It also examines various models of the immigrant settlement process and presents an overview of different service delivery alternatives available to support newcomers.

 An analysis of the Research Area using data from Statistics Canada The analysis includes a breakdown of the census divisions and subdivisions that form

Northwestern and Northeastern Ontario Population profiles are presented based on ethnicity, mother tongue and visible mother tongue.

 A focus group with 8 mainstream service providers representing 8 different organizations in Timmins.

 Three one-on-one interviews with mainstream service providers representing an additional 3 organizations in Timmins.

 A focus group with 8 settlement and mainstream service providers representing 5 different organizations in Dryden.

 A one-on-one interview with a settlement service provider in Sault Ste Marie.

 Three one-on-one interviews with settlement service and mainstream service providers in Cornwall.

 Seven one-on-one interviews with settlement and mainstream service providers in Kenora.

 One-on-one interviews with forty-three newcomers to Canada located in Dryden

(5), Sault Ste Marie (11), Timmins (9), Kenora (7) and Cornwall (11)

This study focuses on isolated rural areas and small towns in Northeastern and Northwestern Ontario that receive fewer than 50 newcomers annually The inclusion criteria were established based on a review of Statistics Canada data and consultations with CIC and OASIS.

Timmins, Dryden, Sault Ste Marie and Kenora would serve as the target communities.

During the research process, the project was modified to incorporate the town of Cornwall in Eastern Ontario, following a request from CIC, OASIS For more information on the selection process, please refer to Section 4 of the report.

The study initially aimed to conduct focus group sessions with settlement service providers in Dryden and Timmins; however, additional one-on-one interviews were also held with providers in Kenora, Sault Ste Marie, and Cornwall to enhance the understanding of settlement services across Northern Ontario Moreover, one-on-one interviews with newcomers took place in these same locations, with a particular emphasis on reaching more newcomers in Dryden due to the low number of interviews conducted in Kenora.

Focus group sessions and interviews with newcomers were conducted following a protocol established in collaboration with CIC and OASIS Participants in the focus groups identified available settlement services and their delivery methods within the community They were also presented with alternative service delivery methods and asked to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses in the Northern context Additionally, participants were encouraged to suggest other potential service delivery methods that could benefit local service providers and newcomers One-on-one interviews with newcomers revealed the types of settlement services accessed, the locations of these services, and the methods used to access them.

A detailed account of the methodologies used in each of the communities is provided below.

Locating immigrants and settlement service providers in the Timmins area was a time-consuming challenge due to the limited number of organizations offering settlement assistance This scarcity also hindered the arrangement of one-on-one interviews with local immigrants To identify potential organizations for a focus group, a list was compiled from the Community and Government Agency electronic database of Settlement.Org, as well as the 2000 Community Information Directory created by the Timmins Volunteer Centre.

In planning for the Timmins focus group and the newcomer interviews, the following organizations were contacted:

 Human Resources Development Canada, Human Resource Centre of Canada, Timmins Office

 Cochrane District Community Care Access Centre

 Timmins and District Victim Crisis Assistance and Referral Service

 Timmins and Area Women in Crisis Support and Information Centre on Violence Against Women

 Cochrane Child and Youth Service Incorporated

 Ontario Legal Aid Plan, Timmins

 Cochrane Temiskaming Children’s Treatment Centre, Timmins Head Office

 Children’s Aid Society, Porcupine and District

 Cochrane and District Social Services Administration Board

 PACE Centre – Programs in Adult and Continuing Education, Timmins Board of Education

 Northern College, Literacy and Basic Skills program

The Multicultural Association of Timmins has established connections with various participating clubs, including La Ronde (a French language school and cultural organization), as well as communities representing Slovenian, Scottish, Irish, German, Austrian, Ukrainian, East Indian, Croatian, Finnish, Dante (Italian), Polish White Eagle Society, Chinese Community Centre, and Filipino members.

Letters of introduction were sent via fax to various organizations, accompanied by follow-up phone calls to gather information about their services The consultant requested contact names of newcomers for potential interviews, aiming to reach a diverse group of immigrants Efforts were made to connect with individuals based on their country of origin, gender, age, language proficiency, and duration of residence in Canada.

Many organizations are unable to disclose the names of newcomers due to confidentiality concerns, as seen with the Community Mental Health Association and Porcupine Health Unit Additionally, some organizations do not maintain records distinguishing between newcomers and Canadian citizens, even if they have a list of clients.

Representatives from the Ukrainian and East Indian communities, along with the Timmins Learning Centre and Northern College, supplied names and contact information for several newcomers As a result, nine newcomers were interviewed, primarily in their homes, while others took place at their workplaces or the Timmins Learning Centre.

Eight organizations participated in the focus group, despite none having the primary goal of serving newcomers The focus group comprised various service providers, highlighting a collaborative effort to address the needs of this demographic.

 An Ontario Works Supervisor with the District of Cochrane Social Services

 The Executive Coordinator of the Literacy Network Northeast

 A Program Coordinator, Reproductive and Child Health, from the Porcupine Health Unit

 A Counsellor and French Language Services Coordinator from the Timmins and Area Women in Crisis

 The Director of the Timmins Multicultural Society

 The Head of Public Services of the Timmins Public Library

 A Programs and Services Officer from the Timmins Human Resource Centre Canada

 The Director of Volunteer Services of the Timmins Community Mental Health Centre

One-on-one interviews were conducted with three other organizations that were unable to attend the focus group.

An interview with a Professor and International Education and Training Advisor from Northern College, who is part of the East Indian community, revealed valuable insights He shared contacts of newcomers for interviews and detailed various programs offered by Northern College.

An on-site interview was conducted with the Executive Director of the Timmins Learning Centre, who provided valuable insights about the organization and suggested potential interviewees for newcomer interviews During lunch with the consultant, a Polish newcomer was identified by the Learning Centre representative, leading to a scheduled interview the next day Additionally, connections were made with other newcomers, including the cook and waitress at the restaurant, for potential interviews.

A third on-site service provider interview was conducted with the Co-ordinator of

The Adult and Continuing Education Centre offers various programs, including ESL and orientation initiatives, previously available in Timmins A representative shared details about these programs and mentioned a specific newcomer, who was subsequently contacted for an interview.

The Dryden Literacy Association (DLA) serves as the primary resource for newcomers in Dryden, historically funded to offer essential services such as English as a Second Language (ESL) and currently providing settlement services through support from the Ontario Ministry of Culture, Citizenship and Recreation During the planning of the focus group, discussions with a DLA representative highlighted various organizations and individuals that engage with newcomers in the area.

The organizations contacted for settlement service information, as well as potential newcomer interviews, included:

 Dryden District Crisis Shelter, Hoshizaki House

Only the DLA was involved in providing services that were aimed at newcomers The focus group with service providers included the following participants:

 The Program Coordinator of the Dryden Literacy Association (DLA).

 A former teacher of ESL with the DLA She also taught citizenship classes at one time (Neither service is currently being offered in Dryden).

 A retired mill worker who used to teach ESL at the DLA.

 A representative from Confederation College who tutors business classes and serves as a volunteer at the DLA.

 The School-Based Services Worker and Transitional Support person from the Hoshizaki House Dryden District Crisis Shelter.

 Three former students of the DLA ESL program

 The founding member and past Chair of the DLA This person also ran the

Multicultural Association of Dryden, which is now defunct (There were a total of thirteen festivals in Dryden until 1999 when it ceased) She continues to do some translation on a volunteer basis

 A female member of the United Church of Dryden that has sponsored newcomers in the past This person is also an Administrator at Ontario Works in Dryden.

The DLA, as well as the Dryden District Crisis Shelter, Hoshizaki House and the

Introduction

As outlined in the introduction of Canada’s 2001-2002 immigration planning document,

Planning Now for Canada’s Future, ”immigration has been and will continue to be an essential tool for social, cultural and economic nation building.” (February 2001)

The federal government aims to set immigration levels at around one percent of the total population, acknowledging the challenge of ensuring that all regions of Canada benefit from immigration With immigrants primarily settling in the three major metropolitan areas, there is a pressing need for all levels of government to develop innovative strategies to attract and retain newcomers in non-traditional destinations.

This literature review explores Canada's immigration policy and the evolving demographics of recent immigrants, highlighting the federal and Ontario government-funded settlement programs It addresses significant barriers faced by immigrants in Canada, particularly in rural and isolated areas, where research on the experiences of settlement workers and immigrants is scarce Despite this limitation, existing literature offers valuable insights that, alongside established settlement process models, inform the development of a tailored settlement process model for Northern Ontario Additionally, the review will discuss alternative service delivery methods to enhance immigrant support.

Immigration Policy and Source Countries of Immigration to Canada

Canada's history is deeply intertwined with immigration, and net migration is poised to play a crucial role in the country's future Historically, Canadian immigration policy relied on race, ethnicity, and nationality to determine who could enter the country, favoring immigrants from the UK, US, and Western Europe However, following World War II, a shortage of skilled professionals led Canada to seek immigrants from Eastern Europe As Canada began to take on significant responsibilities in international development, peacekeeping, and anti-racism, the continuation of overtly discriminatory immigration policies became increasingly undesirable.

In the 1960s, Canada shifted its immigration selection process from a country preference system to a more economically driven approach, focusing on factors such as vocational qualifications, experience, occupation, and pre-arranged employment By 1987, Canada implemented a points-based immigration policy that also considers education, age, language proficiency in French or English, and intended settlement location This change marked a departure from reliance on European countries for immigrants, as new source regions, including Asia, Africa, and South America, gained prominence.

In its immigration plan for 1995-2000, the federal government policy moved to assert a greater emphasis on economic over family immigrants and refugees (Citizenship and Immigration Canada, 1994: 13-15).

Immigration policies in Canada can currently be viewed as ‘entrepreneurial’ in character. Simmons summarizes the features as follows (1999: 45):

Recent policies aim to increase the percentage of immigrants with advanced skills, significant capital, and proficiency in English or French This strategy is founded on the belief that skilled and affluent immigrants will enhance national productivity and reduce the need for government assistance during their settlement and immigration process.

The proportion of economic immigrants, including skilled workers, business professionals, and entrepreneurs, is expected to rise, while the share of family class immigrants, such as spouses and children not selected based on skills or financial resources, is projected to decline This shift in immigration policy reflects a focus on enhancing economic contributions and aligns with previous assumptions regarding immigration trends.

Sponsoring an immigrant requires families to demonstrate a higher income and a strong commitment to support their sponsored member during the settlement process, which ultimately reduces the welfare burden on society.

4 Cost recovery Since 1994, immigrants have been required to pay much more for application and for ‘landing’ fees, if accepted The current fee schedule implies a total of

The cost for a family of four, including a couple and two dependent children, is $3,150, while those applying in business class face significantly higher fees Specifically, the review of a business proposal, which is a requirement for business immigrants, costs $6,000 Simmons contends that these financial barriers likely promote a selection process that favors individuals from wealthier families and countries, who are less likely to require settlement assistance.

Passaris highlights that the recent rise in business immigration, coupled with the federal government's active recruitment of these immigrants, necessitates adjustments to economic and social policies Additionally, there is a need for enhancements in cultural and linguistic programs to accommodate the multicultural backgrounds of family dependents, business and entrepreneurial immigrants, as well as refugees.

Future Immigration Flows and Consequences

Canada's appeal as an immigration destination is influenced by its social, economic, and political landscape, as well as factors such as population pressures in countries of origin, job opportunities, and wage disparities As noted by Passaris, Canada's increasing dependence on immigration to address its ageing population will elevate the significance of countries capable of providing young immigrants.

Recent trends in multicultural immigration to Canada, along with global demographic shifts, suggest that future immigrants will predominantly come from developing countries with high fertility rates, driving significant emigration pressures.

Recent immigrants to Canada exhibit a more selective approach in choosing their destinations compared to earlier immigrants from Western Europe Major metropolitan areas like Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal draw a significantly higher percentage of these newcomers, with 93.5 percent of recent arrivals opting for these urban centers.

Between 1991 and 1996, research highlighted the immigrant experience in Census Metropolitan Areas, yet there remains a significant gap in understanding this experience in medium-sized cities Furthermore, the settlement experiences of immigrants in rural and isolated areas have been largely overlooked, indicating a need for more comprehensive studies in these regions.

Internal migration plays a crucial role in reducing ethnic concentration and promoting integration, which can help alleviate economic barriers for minorities (Denton and Massey, 1988; Krieg, 1990) A study by Ram and Shin (1999) revealed that while all immigrants in Canada tend to be less mobile than native-born individuals, Southern Europeans exhibit the lowest mobility Following them are immigrants from Southeast and East Asia, with those from South and West Asia, Africa, and Latin America showing slightly higher mobility Initially, immigrants are quite mobile after arriving, but over time, their mobility decreases compared to the native population This trend varies among groups, with Southern Europeans and Southeast and East Asians, who settle in areas with significant ethnic populations, remaining less mobile even after years in Canada Ram and Shin note that many immigrants may not feel the need to assimilate into mainstream society, as their ethnic enclaves offer them social and economic stability (1999).

The expected surge in multicultural integration necessitates adjustments in the scope and intensity of settlement service programs According to Passaris, there is a need for programs focused on enhancing proficiency in one or both languages to better support this integration.

Canada's official languages and integration programs for newcomers may require increased funding to effectively promote their inclusion in society Passaris highlights the need for new government initiatives aimed at raising public awareness about the economic advantages of immigration, which can help alleviate racial tensions and social discord in both workplaces and communities Educational programs are essential for countering negative stereotypes about immigrants and fostering a positive perspective on immigration Additionally, settlement service organizations often implement these strategies as part of their mission, forming innovative partnerships with community groups, institutional bodies, and government agencies.

Canada's rich multicultural population, which speaks over 70 languages and dialects, presents significant untapped economic opportunities By leveraging its cultural diversity and linguistic skills, Canada could enhance its international trade, foster overseas business relationships, attract foreign investment, boost tourism, and facilitate technology transfer This unique multicultural and multireligious landscape is a valuable economic asset that warrants effective management and exploration for greater economic benefits.

Canada's diverse multicultural workforce presents significant opportunities for trade expansion, leveraging qualified individuals from various ethnic backgrounds who are fluent in multiple languages These skilled professionals can strengthen political, cultural, and commercial relationships with regions such as the Pacific Rim, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Latin America, Europe, and beyond.

Settlement Programs and Funding in Canada

Federal Programs

The federal immigration strategy supports services that are normally associated with but not restricted to the first year of the immigrants’ arrival The current federal programs are outlined below.

Immigrant Settlement and Adaptation Program (ISAP)

The Immigrant Settlement and Adaptation Program (ISAP), funded by Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC), aims to support immigrants in their settlement and integration into Canadian society ISAP-funded organizations offer essential services such as reception and orientation, translation and interpretation, paraprofessional counseling, and referrals to mainstream services like Family and Children Services and Mental Health support.

Health Services, Human Resources Development Canada, Community Social Services, Boards of Education, Co-op Housing, and Women's Shelters play vital roles in supporting employment-related activities, including the development of job search skills The ISAP Handbook for Service Provider Organizations (March 2000) outlines these essential services aimed at enhancing workforce readiness and community support.

ISAP provides funding for initiatives aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of settlement services This encompasses planning enhancements for the efficient delivery of settlement programs, conducting research on settlement and integration, implementing staff training programs, and organizing seminars and conferences to disseminate information related to settlement and integration activities.

ISAP service providers include educational institutions, not-for-profit organizations, businesses, provincial/territorial or municipal governments and individuals (ISAP: Fact Sheet, February 1995)

To be eligible to receive ISAP services, a person must be one of the following:

 permanent resident of Canada; or

Individuals granted permission to stay in Canada, including Minister’s Permit holders and those with special authorization for permanent residency, are set to receive permanent resident status from Citizenship and Immigration Canada.

 non-immigrant foreign domestic workers in Canada who may subsequently apply for permanent residence status from within Canada under the terms of the Live-In Caregiver Program

The Program primarily targets newcomers to Canada; however, other eligible immigrants who have not yet obtained Canadian citizenship may also qualify, regardless of their duration of stay in the country.

Language Instruction for Newcomers to Canada (LINC)

The Language Instruction for Newcomers to Canada (LINC) program, funded by CIC, offers free basic language instruction in English or French for adult immigrants This program is designed for newcomers with limited language skills, helping them acquire the necessary abilities to integrate into Canadian society Additionally, LINC provides valuable information about everyday life in Canada, facilitating a smoother transition for participants.

LINC service providers are broad based and include educational institutions, not-for- profit organizations, businesses, provincial/territorial or municipal governments, and individuals (LINC: Fact Sheet, March 1994; Goss Gilroy 2000b: 5).

Newcomers who do not qualify for the federally funded LINC program are referred to other ESL programs To be eligible for the LINC Program, clients must be:

 an adult immigrant (older than legal school leaving age); and

In Canada, individuals who are either permanent residents or newcomers granted permission to stay may be eligible for permanent resident status from Citizenship and Immigration Canada, provided they have not yet obtained Canadian citizenship.

Newcomers must undergo a language evaluation at a LINC Assessment Centre to assess their proficiency in one of Canada’s official languages, which is a crucial step in the application process to determine their eligibility for the program.

To qualify for a language assessment, clients must demonstrate their immigrant status and can engage in LINC for up to three years from the commencement of their language training Priority access to LINC-funded language training should be granted to specific client groups.

 refugees admitted under the Government’s Annual Refugee Plan;

 eligible Employment Insurance immigrant clients;

 immigrants in receipt of social assistance; and

Local communities may also identify other eligible client groups for whom priority access to LINC-funded training should be given (Goss Gilroy 2000b: 8).

LINC provides flexible learning options through full-time and part-time classes, with certain centres also offering childminding services For clients without transportation options, costs may be covered The training can take place in workplace or community settings and incorporates various alternative methods, including home study, distance education, and technology-assisted learning such as computer or television resources, as well as language laboratories.

The HOST program aims to assist immigrants in managing the challenges of relocating to Canada by providing funding to organizations that recruit and train volunteers These volunteers support newcomers in adapting, settling, and integrating into Canadian society Service providers for the HOST program include educational institutions, non-profit organizations, businesses, and various levels of government HOST volunteers, who are often community members interested in cultural exchange, play a crucial role in introducing newcomers to Canadian life.

Having a HOST volunteer can significantly ease the transition for newcomers moving to a new country by providing guidance on available services and their usage, which helps alleviate stress These volunteers also support newcomers in practicing their English or French language skills, connecting with professionals in their field, and engaging in community activities In return, HOST volunteers gain new friendships, insights into diverse cultures, and contribute to the enrichment of community life.

permanent residents of Canada; or

Individuals permitted to stay in Canada, including those holding Minister’s Permits or those granted special permission, are set to receive permanent resident status from the CIC.

The program primarily targets newcomers to Canada, but other eligible immigrants can also qualify, irrespective of their duration of stay, provided they have not obtained Canadian citizenship Additionally, volunteer hosts must meet specific criteria to participate effectively in the program.

Canadian citizens or permanent residents who are established in the community and who have a genuine desire to help newcomers through the early stages of their settlement (Goss Golroy 2000: 9 & 10).

Provincial Programs

The Ontario government, through the Ministry of Citizenship, Culture and Recreation, administers the Newcomer Settlement Program (NSP), which provides funding for direct settlement services and sectoral support projects This initiative supports community agencies that assist newcomers and umbrella organizations focused on enhancing the settlement sector.

The direct settlement component encompasses various service categories aimed at assisting newcomers Core services include assessing settlement needs, offering information and orientation, and helping with forms and applications Additionally, it involves recruiting, coordinating, and training volunteers to enhance settlement support A specialized employment service is also available, providing job counseling, job search skills, and resources like computers for resume preparation.

Sectoral support projects aim to enhance the training and professional development of settlement workers, ultimately boosting the capacity of the settlement sector and facilitating the successful integration of newcomers These initiatives are available to eligible clients, including permanent residents, Canadian citizens, refugees, and refugee claimants The National Settlement Program (NSP) prioritizes funding for services essential to newcomers who have been in Canada for five years or less, as outlined in the NSP Funding Guidelines from March 2001.

Additional ESL courses are tailored to accommodate varying educational and cultural backgrounds, as well as different levels of English proficiency These specialized programs cater to specific learner groups or serve distinct purposes.

 English for special purposes programs

 English for special needs programs

The Home-Study Program is essential for immigrants in Northern Ontario, providing access to ESL training in remote and rural areas where in-person classes are unavailable This program offers multiple levels of English language instruction through one-on-one telephone lessons with a teacher from the Independent Learning Centre (ILC) under the Ontario Ministry of Education Participants need an audio cassette player and support from a volunteer tutor Course materials are loaned with a refundable fee of approximately $30.00, which is returned upon completion and return of the materials Students also have the option to purchase the materials for future use.

(Independent Learning Centre, Course Guide 2001).

ILC outreach services feature Access Sites throughout Ontario, offering information about ILC programs along with support for course selection and counseling These Access Sites are often established through partnerships between ILC and local adult education centers affiliated with school boards In Northern Ontario, Access Sites can be found in Atikokan.

In Ontario, key Access Sites are available in Dryden, Kenora, Sault Ste Marie, Thunder Bay, and Timmins, while French-language Access Sites can be found in Sudbury, Kapuskasing, and New Liskeard Additionally, Elliot Lake offers both English and French-language Access Sites, catering to diverse community needs.

Northern Ontario's Distance Education and Training Network offers a community-focused resource for information on ILC Comprising 41 centers, the network allows local residents to explore course samples and get help in choosing the right courses for their needs.

Settlement Organizations in Ontario

Ontario has two major settlement organizations The Ontario Council of Agencies

OCASI serves as an umbrella organization for various member agencies throughout Ontario, including Northern regions, while COSTI/IIAS focuses primarily on urban and metropolitan areas, providing essential services to immigrants.

Founded in the 1970s, the Ontario Council of Agencies Servicing Immigrants (OCASI) aims to enhance service delivery for immigrants and advocate for equal access to services for individuals from all countries OCASI represents the interests of its member agencies while raising awareness about immigrant and refugee rights and their participation in Canadian society.

In Ontario, over one hundred settlement agencies are members of OCASI OCASI has several member agencies In Northern Ontario including agencies located in Thunder Bay and Sudbury (OCASI Membership 2001).

COSTI, originally known as the Centre for Organizing Technical Training for Italians, is a vital immigrant-serving organization in Ontario that initially focused on assisting Italian trade professionals in upgrading their qualifications for employment Since its merger with the Italian Immigrant Aid Society (IIAS) in 1981, COSTI/IIAS has expanded its mission to serve a diverse, multiethnic client base Today, it offers a wide range of services through multiple employment and training centres, ESL training centres, a facility for foreign-trained professionals and tradespeople, a rehabilitation centre for individuals with disabilities, a family counselling centre, and a 100-bed accommodation facility.

Reception Centre for people who have come to Canada as refugees The various centres are located throughout the Toronto area (COSTI Mission: 1997).

Settlement and Integration in Canadian Society

Successful immigrant integration hinges on addressing various immediate and long-term needs, such as economic stability, language acquisition, emotional support, and ethno-cultural factors Newcomers' adaptation encompasses demographic, economic, political, and cultural dimensions, highlighting the importance of social aspects as outlined by Goodis (1986).

The acquisition of English and French languages, alongside the retention of native languages, significantly influences educational attainment Key demographic factors such as age, family structure, fertility behavior, intermarriage tendencies, and residential segregation patterns play a crucial role in this process Economic integration for immigrants is gradual, often beginning with their entry into the workforce, but disparities in occupation and income can hinder this integration (Wallace et al., 2000: 49).

Moghaddam (1988) argues that immigrants should be considered a disadvantaged group due to the challenges they encounter in a new country These challenges include unfamiliarity with the local social and physical environment, the absence of a supportive social network, and diverse occupational and educational backgrounds.

There is an extensive body of literature that examines the obstacles and barriers that complicate the settlement and integration process As pointed out by Neuwirth (1999:

Recent immigrants from Third World countries encounter unique challenges that differ significantly from those faced by earlier European immigrants, complicating their integration into Canadian society Neuwirth (1999) highlights that these obstacles are exacerbated by the economic restructuring driven by globalization, suggesting that assumptions about successful adaptation based on past experiences may not hold true for today's newcomers.

Securing employment is a vital aspect of the integration process for recent immigrants, yet they encounter significant barriers in the job market Having access to the labor market does not guarantee that immigrants will achieve economic self-sufficiency, particularly for those admitted on humanitarian grounds, who often find themselves in menial jobs initially To enhance their employment prospects, it is essential for immigrants to understand labor market requirements, develop job search skills, and explore available options for improving their job opportunities.

Many recent immigrants to Canada with trades and professional experience find themselves underemployed, as their skills and education are not fully utilized Despite existing labor shortages in specific sectors, numerous foreign-trained professionals are unable to work in their fields Key barriers they face include insufficient local experience, language proficiency challenges, and the recognition of their qualifications.

Canadian institutions are increasingly recognizing the credentials of foreign-trained professionals; however, the mechanisms for evaluating these credentials remain inadequate Professional organizations often act as gatekeepers, creating barriers that disadvantage immigrant professionals seeking to integrate into the workforce.

The devaluation of foreign-trained professionals in Canada adversely affects race and ethnic relations, as highlighted by Basran and Zong (1998) Research indicates that this devaluation not only impacts the individuals directly involved but also their families, leading to negative health consequences (Mata, 1994) In a study conducted in Vancouver, Basran and Zong found that immigrants believe the government should offer specialized services, including job and English training, to assist foreign-trained professionals in achieving Canadian qualification standards (1998).

Neuwirth (1999) emphasizes the need for additional research to investigate the exclusionary practices that hinder immigrants from transferring their occupational skills Key barriers include the challenges imposed by professional organizations on the recognition of immigrants' credentials and work experience, as well as the discriminatory narratives employed by employers and private job referral agencies that promote the necessity of 'Canadian experience,' which serves as a racially exclusionary obstacle.

Barriers to social integration for immigrants and refugees often stem from negative attitudes within the host community, which can hinder their ability to adapt and settle effectively Such prejudices can significantly impact essential tasks like finding housing and building supportive social networks To combat these challenges, some service providers engage in advocacy efforts aimed at addressing these social obstacles.

Recent immigrants and refugees in small towns and isolated areas encounter the challenge of considerable physical distance from essential services and similar ethnocultural communities Unlike metropolitan areas, rural communities often lack established ethnocultural networks that can effectively support newcomers during their settlement process.

Research on settlement issues in rural and isolated areas is limited both domestically and internationally The following section will review various research initiatives conducted in rural regions of Canada.

3.7 Settlement and Integration Research in Rural/Isolated Areas of Canada

Research on the experiences of recent immigrants and settlement service providers in rural and remote areas of Canada is limited However, studies conducted in Manitoba, Alberta, and Ontario provide valuable insights into the challenges affecting the settlement process for newcomers in these regions.

A study by Lam et al (1994) explored economic development and employment opportunities for immigrants in rural Manitoba, revealing that support services are primarily provided by local institutions such as schools, economic development boards, town councils, chambers of commerce, community groups, and churches The report highlights that the settlement of new immigrants in these areas is limited, with only seven out of 40 surveyed communities offering any form of support services Most communities reported a significant lack of organizations to assist immigrants, often citing economic constraints as a barrier to providing employment and relevant services.

However, the authors also noted an absence of institutional commitment to multiculturalism in some communities to the extent that multicultural events have disappeared in rural communities in recent years (1994: 39).

Many rural communities in Manitoba, despite limited resources, are eager to provide support in language, employment, and social services for immigrants Research indicates a strong willingness among these communities to develop necessary support systems to attract and retain immigrants Rural leaders emphasize the need for the provincial government to take a more active role in immigration, clearly identifying the specific needs of rural areas and implementing services that facilitate the integration of newcomers.

Building a Model of the Settlement Process for Northern Ontario

Conceptualizing Settlement and Integration

The conceptualization of settlement significantly influences service delivery and evaluation, highlighting the importance of various research elements These include contextual factors that impact newcomers' integration, the scope of outcomes at both individual and community levels, and temporal considerations that differentiate short-term adjustment outcomes from mid-term and long-term adaptation and integration results.

A narrow perspective on settlement focuses on services aimed at enhancing the individual capacities of newcomers, such as community orientation, language acquisition, and employment access In contrast, a broader view encompasses activities that foster social connections and community networks, empowering individuals to contribute meaningfully to society These initiatives may also adopt an advocacy role, addressing equity and social justice issues while striving to alter the social and economic landscape to minimize barriers to community participation.

A broader interpretation of settlement emphasizes the importance of social citizenship, highlighting that active participation in civil society is crucial for the successful integration of newcomers According to Frideres (1997), research indicates that citizen involvement in community organizations positively affects individuals, organizations, and the community as a whole Immigrants achieve social membership over time through engagement in civil society, daily life, labor markets, leisure activities, and associational life.

Settlement in the immigration process refers to the essential actions taken by newcomers upon their arrival in a new country According to Citizenship and Immigration Canada, settlement encompasses various activities aimed at helping immigrants integrate into their new environment.

Settlement refers to the process through which newcomers to Canada gain essential knowledge and skills in their initial years, enabling them to achieve self-sufficiency This includes finding housing, securing employment, communicating in one of Canada's official languages, accessing healthcare services, and engaging with educational institutions.

Integration is typically seen as a long-term journey that begins after the initial settlement phase, culminating in complete involvement in mainstream society Although there is significant overlap between settlement and integration concepts, settlement models generally outline three distinct stages Integration is frequently regarded as the final stage of this progression.

The Ontario Council of Agencies Serving Immigrants (OCASI) defines settlement as a comprehensive process that immigrants and refugees experience upon arriving in a new country, encompassing various stages of adaptation and integration.

 Adjustment: acclimatizing and getting used to the new culture, language, people and environment or coping with the situation

 Adaptation: learning and managing the situation without a great deal of help

 Integration: actively participating, getting involved and contributing as citizens of the new country (Holder, 1999: II-1)

The settlement process as presented by Esguerra and Lynch (1990) also frames the model as a process that extends well beyond the short initial period:

Accessing language training, affordable housing/accommodation, employment and educational opportunities

▼ Accessing information and services as well as clarifying values

Stage 3 Integration on the part of the immigrant and accommodation on the part of long- term residents

Mwarigha's three-stage model (1998) outlines the immigrant integration process in Canada, beginning with an immediate stage that addresses basic needs such as food, shelter, and clothing, along with essential reception services The intermediate stage focuses on helping immigrants understand how to access and enroll in Canadian systems, including ESL classes, education upgrades, health care, housing, and legal services Finally, the long-term stage emphasizes the sustained participation of immigrants in Canadian society.

DeCoito and Williams (2000) present a three-stage model of the settlement process, characterized by survival, learning, and integration They argue that integration cannot commence until newcomers secure essential needs such as food, shelter, and clothing Once these basic necessities are met, individuals can begin to consider their integration into the new environment Achieving the final stage necessitates a functional understanding of the new society's operations and strategies for maximizing personal interests.

In conceptualizing settlement, Kramer and LAMP (1991) make a distinction between short-term and long-term integration needs:

Initial Short-term Long-term

Meeting essential needs such as shelter, clothing, food, and health is crucial for immigrant families adjusting to life in Canada Income support and employment opportunities are vital for both income earners and non-income earners, enabling them to provide for their families Access to education, including ESL programs and adult education upgrading, fosters community acceptance and cultural retention Additionally, addressing the mental and physical health needs arising from the trauma of immigration is essential, as is the sponsorship of family members still outside Canada.

- Source: Kramer and LAMP Consultants Operational Review Report Guelph, Ontario Guelph & District Multicultural Centre (1991:15).

Kramer and LAMP's model recognizes an overlap between the initial settlement, short-term integration, and long-term activities of individuals and groups While the early stages prioritize individual needs, long-term efforts shift towards group-oriented initiatives, such as intercultural activities, education, and race relations (1991:16).

Wallace et al (2000) argue that settlement is a multidimensional concept, challenging the idea that settlement and integration services exist along a linear continuum They highlight that an immigrant can achieve success in certain aspects of settlement while facing challenges in others For instance, an immigrant may secure stable and affordable housing but struggle to find employment, even with proficiency in English, or may be unable to enter their professional field.

‘settled’ in terms of economic security and personal development.

Brooks and Tulloch (1992) argue that settlement and integration are interconnected at the community level, highlighting that the settlement process addresses newcomers' needs for essential information and resources, while the integration process focuses on facilitating access to services and social participation within mainstream society They represent the settlement process with overlapping rings to illustrate these concepts.

Adapted from: Denise Brooks & Akosia Tulloch, A Community-Based Needs Assessment of Settlement and Integration Services in Hamilton-Wentworth, Hamilton: Social Planning and Research Council of Hamilton-Wentworth, 1992.

Durbin & Sondhu (1992) introduce a model that emphasizes the organizational levels in the settlement process, integrating aspects of the three-stage settlement concept The model distinguishes levels based on the duration of the immigrant community's presence in the host area and the degree of its social infrastructure Understanding the various types of new immigrants within a community is crucial for settlement service providers, as it enables them to deliver tailored information and support to newcomers.

Durbin and Sondhu define Level One Communities as groups of immigrants who settled in Canada post-1980s, primarily originating from non-European nations These communities often lack the advantage of established residential networks, which can impact their integration and support systems.

These are of immediate importance and include:

Shelter, food, clothing, orientation to the community and the system of services, employment opportunities, etc.

These may also be of immediate importance if settlement services are not available or accessible These could include:

Advocacy for decent housing Anti-racist education for mainstream service providers

Settlement Process Model for Northern Ontario

A comprehensive model for the settlement process in Northern Ontario can be formulated by integrating key concepts discussed earlier and leveraging insights from previous studies on the settlement experiences of newcomers in rural and remote regions.

The integration model comprises three overlapping stages, with the initial stage focusing on the immediate settlement needs of newcomers This phase is crucial for helping individuals transition into their new community by ensuring access to essential resources such as food, clothing, and housing Additionally, it involves utilizing translation and interpretation services, as well as securing social assistance and healthcare to support their early adjustment.

The second stage of the model encompasses various service elements, such as education, language training, employment opportunities, therapy, and counseling, along with important social aspects like religion and recreational activities.

A factor that has an impact on the ability of newcomers to address many of their initial integration needs is access to childcare.

Long-term integration challenges often persist beyond the initial integration phase, as shown in Figure 3.4 Individuals may face delays in obtaining meaningful employment or accessing education and language training, highlighting the necessity for continued counseling support.

Figure 3.1 Stages of Newcomer Integration Service Needs

Social, cult ural and recreational needs

Part icipation in Canadian society (economic/social/polit ical)

Accessing housing, furnit ure, et c.

Accessing food and clot hing

Accessing health care Accessing social assist ance Translation/int erpret at ion and escort services

Social, cult ural & recreat ional

Health Care and Parenting Education

Training in 'Canadian' life skills

Special ESL programs for youth, seniors, mentally delayed

ESL programs related to job preparation and specific trades

Job search skills, resume writing, communication skills

Skills training Recognition of foreign credentials

Family counseling - culturally sensitive and linguistically appropriate

Figure 3.4 Long Term Integration Needs

Social, cult ural & recreat ional

E conomic Social Polit ical part icpat ion in mainst ream Canadian societ y Cit izenship

Review of Alternative Methods of Service Delivery

Delivering settlement services in small towns and remote areas is challenging due to low demand and significant geographical distances In some regions of Northern Ontario, the limited influx of immigrants does not justify the establishment of specialized services, such as English as a Second Language classes.

Remote communities in Northern Ontario now have access to various alternative service delivery methods, particularly through the significant rise in settlement-related services available online in recent years.

A number of self-directed Internet information sites have emerged in recent years.

The Ontario Council of Agencies Serving Immigrants manages Settlement.org, an Internet site providing information for immigrants coming to and living in Ontario

(Settlement.org – Welcome to Ontario, 2000a) The website features a number of

 “Health Care in Canada - A Guide for Newcomers to Ontario” (Newcomer

The "Orientation to the Health System Project" guide, published in March 2000, serves as a valuable resource for newcomers to understand the organization and access of Canada’s health care system in Ontario However, it is important to note that the contact lists included are limited to the Greater Toronto Area The guide is available in various languages, including English, French, and Arabic, ensuring accessibility for diverse communities.

The resource manual offers essential guidance for conducting information workshops on the health system tailored for newcomers, available in multiple languages including Chinese, Farsi, Portuguese, Punjabi, Russian, Somali, Spanish, Tamil, Ukrainian, and Vietnamese.

(Newcomer Orientation to the Health System Project 2000).

 “Bok Choy, Black Beans, Bananas – A Newcomers Guide to Healthy Eating”

The Access Alliance Multicultural Community Health Centre's 2000 guide presents Canada's Food Guide to Healthy Eating, providing valuable advice on budgeting and making healthy food choices for infants and school-age children Although certain information is tailored to Toronto, the majority of the guide is applicable to residents throughout Ontario.

The booklet "Legal Information for Immigrants and Refugees in Ottawa," part of The Pamphlet Project LINO (2000), aims to assist newcomers in the Ottawa-Carleton area by providing essential legal information and resources for obtaining legal help Although the contact details are specific to the Ottawa region, the content is applicable to immigrants and refugees across Canada Hardcopy versions of the booklet are available in Arabic, ensuring accessibility for diverse communities.

Settlement.org offers essential resources in multiple languages, including Chinese, English, Farsi, French, Hindi, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Somali, and Urdu The site features electronic application forms for various services, encompassing education, housing, health, immigration, citizenship, and social services, making it a valuable tool for newcomers in Ontario.

The Internet provides valuable educational resources for immigrants looking to improve their English language skills A notable example is the Self-study Quizzes for ESL Students website, which offers an extensive array of grammar quizzes designed to aid English learners in their studies.

Internet-based services can help tackle accessibility issues in remote and isolated areas; however, they also pose challenges in regions with limited or nonexistent infrastructure Furthermore, accessing these online resources necessitates a certain level of computer proficiency from users.

Several programs have been launched in recent years that are intended to enhance the ability of rural and remote areas to access the Internet.

The Community Access Program (CAP), managed by Industry Canada, is a Government of Canada initiative aimed at ensuring affordable public Internet access for Canadians while equipping them with essential skills for effective usage.

The Community Access Program (CAP) is a vital element of Canada's Connecting Canadians initiative, aimed at making Canada the most connected country globally Launched in 1994, CAP initially focused on rural areas with populations up to 50,000 and later expanded to larger centers after a successful pilot in 1999 CAP projects provide essential computer support and training to establish public access sites, including municipal offices, community centers, schools, and libraries.

CAP projects represent collaborative efforts among educational institutions, libraries, businesses, economic development agencies, and the voluntary sector Industry Canada advocates for CAP as an effective community development tool that enhances communication among individuals, facilitates interactions between citizens and government, and broadens educational opportunities.

Industry Canada recognizes the potential for on-line learning through CAP sites

According to Industry Canada (2000c), CAP sites play a crucial role in enhancing online learning by equipping learners with essential Internet and computer skills, while also offering access to individuals enrolled in Internet-based courses.

Voluntary Sector Support Network Support Program (VolNet):

The Voluntary Sector Support Network Support Program (VolNet), established by Industry Canada in 1998, is a federal initiative designed to help voluntary organizations leverage Internet technologies to enhance their missions As a component of the Connecting Canadians initiative, VolNet aims to position Canada as the most connected country globally.

In 1997, a VolNet survey revealed that 65% of charitable organizations were not connected to the Internet, mainly due to financial constraints and a lack of knowledge Among the 35% that were online, over 75% indicated a strong need for Internet training, with 71% seeking basic skills like email usage and navigation, while 85% desired guidance on advanced applications, including search engines and online fundraising tools.

The VolNet program focuses on enhancing the Internet connectivity of voluntary organizations through three components (Industry Canada, 2001a):

 providing Internet access and support services (basic Internet account for one year)

Literature Review Summary

Canada's history is deeply intertwined with immigration, and net migration will play a crucial role in shaping the country's future The federal government's immigration plan for 1995-2000 prioritized economic immigrants over family members and refugees This shift necessitates adjustments in economic and social policies, as well as cultural and linguistic programs, to accommodate the diverse backgrounds of family dependents, business and entrepreneurial immigrants, and refugees.

Recent immigrants in Canada are increasingly choosing larger metropolitan areas like Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal as their preferred destinations This trend results in these cities receiving a disproportionately high number of newcomers While extensive research exists on the immigrant experience in urban settings, there is a notable lack of studies focusing on the settlement experiences of immigrants in rural and remote regions.

The concept of settlement significantly impacts service delivery and evaluation A limited perspective focuses on services aimed at enhancing individual capacities of newcomers, such as community orientation, language skills, and employment access In contrast, a broader perspective includes services that foster social connections and community networks, as well as the ability of newcomers to contribute to the community.

Settlement in the immigration process refers to the immediate actions taken by newcomers upon arrival in a new country, while integration is viewed as a long-term journey that follows this initial period, leading to full participation in mainstream society Immigrant settlement models typically outline various 'stages' of settlement, with integration often considered the final stage It's important to note that these stages can overlap, as immigrants may find themselves successfully settled in some aspects while still facing challenges in others.

Settlement services are offered by a variety of community organizations, government agencies, and individuals In larger urban areas, these services are typically provided through established ethnic community organizations or multicultural centers Conversely, smaller communities often face limitations in the range of available settlement services and training opportunities for service providers.

Settlement service organizations are comprised of various partnerships spanning public, private, and social service sectors These services are frequently offered at no cost and may be available in languages beyond English and French Common types of settlement services include assistance with housing, employment, language training, and community integration.

English or French language classes

assistance with finding a job or employment training

short-term para-professional counselling

assistance with filling forms and applications

referrals to other resources in the community

Various levels of government and their departments are responsible for funding settlement programs The federal government, via the Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration, provides a comprehensive nationwide initiative called the Immigrant Settlement Program.

The Settlement and Adaptation Program (ISAP) aims to support newcomers in their settlement journey by offering reception and orientation services, along with referrals to mainstream agencies like Human Resources Development Canada Additionally, ISAP funds projects that enhance the effectiveness of settlement services While primarily focused on newcomers, other eligible immigrants who have not yet obtained Canadian citizenship may also qualify for assistance, regardless of their duration of stay in Canada.

Citizenship and Immigration Canada also funds the Language Instruction for

The Newcomers to Canada (LINC) program offers free basic language instruction in English or French for adult immigrants Additionally, the CIC funds the HOST program, which connects immigrants with volunteers to assist them in managing the challenges of relocating to a new country.

The Ontario government, represented by the Ministry of Citizenship, Culture and

The Newcomer Settlement Program (NSP), funded by Recreation, offers essential services to help newcomers settle in by assessing their needs, providing information, orientation, and referrals, as well as assisting with forms and applications Additionally, the program focuses on recruiting, coordinating, and training volunteers to enhance the support provided to newcomers during their settlement journey.

Immigrants and refugees in small towns and isolated areas often struggle with the considerable distance from essential services and supportive ethnocultural communities Unlike metropolitan regions, rural areas typically lack established ethnocultural groups that are organized and equipped to help newcomers navigate the settlement process effectively.

Limited research exists on the settlement experiences of recent immigrants in Canada's rural and remote areas Nonetheless, the reviewed documentation presents several recommendations aimed at improving the capacity of these regions to support the immigrant settlement process effectively.

Governments should enhance their involvement in creating essential support services to attract and retain immigrants in rural areas Secondary migration from these regions often occurs due to various pull and push factors, as immigrants in smaller communities frequently relocate to larger metropolitan areas to connect with established ethnic networks and pursue perceived job opportunities By providing high-quality settlement services in rural and remote locations, governments can encourage newcomers to remain in these areas.

Settlement providers in Northern Ontario have expressed specific concerns regarding the discontinuation of ESL programs in local schools, inadequate promotion of government initiatives for refugees, and a lack of budget for administration and communication costs at service delivery centers To address these issues, one recommendation proposed one-time funding to enhance electronic communication among all service providers Additionally, it was suggested that the duration of service coverage for newcomers in Northern Ontario be extended to better accommodate accessibility challenges faced by isolated communities and limited services.

Translation and interpretation services in addition to language training and employment related services were found to be key settlement services for recent immigrants in Northern Ontario.

Clients highlighted the critical need to tackle issues like the availability and affordability of childcare and transportation for immigrant women aiming to find employment A key recommendation emphasized the implementation of educational and public awareness programs for social service workers and the general public to raise awareness about the significance of specific challenges faced by immigrants.

Site Identification, Selection and Profiles

This chapter is comprised of four sections The first section defines the Research Area, including a breakdown of the Census Divisions, which form Northwestern and

Northeastern Ontario is characterized by a diverse ethnic profile, offering insights into the population dynamics at both the Regional and Census Division levels This analysis includes comparisons between the demographics of Northern Ontario and the broader province of Ontario Additionally, the report highlights the experiences and contributions of newcomers in the Northern region, emphasizing their role in shaping the area's cultural landscape.

Between 1990 and 2000, Ontario identified various communities for potential inclusion as Target Communities for in-depth study and client interviews The selection process, conducted by HCA in collaboration with CIC and OASIS, focuses on isolated rural areas and small towns in Northeastern and Northwestern Ontario that receive fewer than 50 newcomers annually.

Defining the Research Area

This study defines Northwestern and Northeastern Ontario according to the Census Divisions established by Statistics Canada for the Population Census of Canada Conducted every five years, the census organizes data at various levels, including Canada, Province/Territory, Census Divisions (such as counties, Regional municipalities, and Districts), and Census Subdivisions (including Townships, Towns, and Villages).

Table 4.1 Census Divisions in Northwestern and Northeastern Ontario

Thunder Bay District Kenora District Rainy River District

Nipissing District Manitoulin District Sudbury Regional Municipality Cochrane District

Parry Sound DistrictSudbury DistrictTimiskaming DistrictAlgoma DistrictSource: Statistics Canada 1996 Population Census, 1997.

Ethnic Profile of Northern Ontario

Ethnic Origins

Figure 4.1 and Table 4.2 describe the fifteen most frequently reported ethnic groups making up the population of Ontario, Northern Ontario, Northwestern Ontario and

According to the 1996 census, Northeastern Ontario showcases a diverse population primarily composed of individuals with European ethnic origins, predominantly English, Scottish, Irish, and French ancestry While many residents identify as uniquely "Canadian," they largely trace their heritage back to these four main European groups (Statistics Canada, 1997).

The population of the four regions is predominantly composed of smaller European groups, including Germans, Italians, and Dutch In contrast, Asian ethnic groups, such as Chinese and South Asians, are less represented in the northern regions compared to the overall province Conversely, Aboriginal groups have a higher representation in the north than in the province as a whole.

Figure 4.1 Population by Ethnic Origin in Ontario, Northern Ontario, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario, 1996

South Asian (2.84%) Aboriginal (1.63%) Portugese (1.54%) Ukranian (1.84%) Chinese (2.81%) Jewish (1.27%) Polish (2.46%)

German (5.27%) Italian (4.35%) Dutch (1.74%) South Asian (0.16%) Chinese (0.23%) Polish (2.00%)

Ukranian (3.32%) Aboriginal (5.80%) Portugese (0.19%) Jewish (0.11%) Northern Ontario

South Asian (0.17%) Ukranian (6.98%) Chinese (0.24%) Polish (3.17%)

German (4.87%) Italian (4.16%) Dutch (1.55%) South Asian (0.15%) Aboriginal (4.13%) Portugese (0.16%) Ukranian (1.86%) Chinese (0.23%) Jewish (0.11%) Polish (1.54%) Northeastern Ontario

Source: Statistics Canada Cat No 95-187-XPB, 1999.

Table 4.2 Population by Ethnic Origin in Ontario, Northern Ontario, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario, 1996 1

English Canadian Scottish Irish French German Italian Dutch South

Asian 2 Chinese 3 Polish Ukrainian Aboriginal Portuguese Jewish

Source: Statistics Canada Cat No 95-187-XPB, 1999.

The table presents the total response counts for the 15 most commonly reported ethnic origins in the province, reflecting the number of respondents who identified with each ethnic origin, whether as their sole response or alongside others These total responses encompass both single and multiple ethnic origin identifications recorded in the 1996 Population Census.

2 “South Asian” includes Bangladeshi, Bengali, East Indian, Goan, Gujarati, Pakistani, Punjabi, Sinhalese, Sri Lankan, Tamil and South Asian not included elsewhere.

3 In 1991, “Taiwanese” was included in “Chinese” In 1996, “Taiwanese” was collected as a separate response.

Visible Minorities

According to Figure 4.2 and Table 4.3, visible minorities constitute approximately 15.6% of Ontario's total population, but this percentage significantly decreases in Northern Ontario, where they represent only 1.3% of the population In Northwestern Ontario, the visible minority population is slightly higher at 1.5%, while Northeastern Ontario has a similar figure of 1.2% The visible minority demographics are predominantly composed of South Asian and Chinese groups, with Black individuals and various other Asian communities, including Japanese, Korean, Southeast Asian, Filipino, and Arab/West Asian, also contributing to this diversity.

The figure reveals a significant anomaly with a notably higher percentage of individuals of Japanese descent in Northwestern Ontario (17.2%) and Northeastern Ontario (2.7%) This indicates that the Japanese population is disproportionately larger in Northern Ontario compared to other regions.

Ontario than it is in Ontario as a whole, although population in real numbers is substantially greater in Southern Ontario.

Figure 4.2 Population of Visible Minorities in Ontario, Northern Ontario, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario, 1996

South-east Asian (4.51%) Arab/West Asian (7.05%) Latin American (5.10%) Filipino (6.98%)

Korean (1.16%) Japanese (10.47%) Sout h-east Asian (4.52%) Filipino (8.86%) Arab/West Asian (5.49%) Latin American (5.69%) Visible Minority n.i.e (1.49%) Multiple (2.39%)

Arab/West Asian (3.57%) Latin American (6.72%)

Korean (1.01%) Japanese (2.68%) Sout h-east Asian (1.74%) Arab/West Asian (7.30%) Filipino (6.29%)

Latin American (5.71%) Visible Minority n.i.e (2.46%) Multiple (2.82%)

Table 4.3 Population of Visible Minorities in Ontario, Northern Ontario, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario, 1996

South Asian Chinese Korean Japanese

Source: Statistics Canada Cat No 95-187-XPB, 1999.

Mother Tongue

Figure 4.3 and Table 4.4 describe the most commonly reported Mother Tongue for the populations of Ontario, northern Ontario, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern

In Ontario, English is the predominant mother tongue, while French ranks as the second most common language, particularly prevalent in Northern Ontario, including areas such as Cochrane and the Nipissing Districts.

Northeastern Ontario which border with Quebec, as well as a pocket of Francophones located in Sudbury Regional Municipality.

Figure 4.3 Population by Mother Tongue in Ontario, Northern Ontario, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario, 1996 (based on 20% sample data)

French (17.98%) Chinese (0.20%) German (0.90%) Italian (1.93%) Portugese (0.15%) Multiple (1.70%) Polish (0.55%) Other (5.78%)

French (24 03%) Chinese (0.20%) German (0.83%) Italian (1.90%) Portugese (0.12%) Multiple (1.78%) Polish (0.40%) Other (3.36%) Northeastern Ontario

Source: Statistics Canada Cat No 95-187-XPB, 1999.

Non-official languages are prevalent in Ontario, with Chinese recognized as a Mother Tongue by 3.1% of the population, closely following French at 4.5% This trend is particularly prominent in the southern regions of the province Additionally, a significant 11.8% of Ontario residents identify with Mother Tongues classified as "Other." In Northern Ontario, the percentage of residents with "Other" Mother Tongues is notable, with 11.5% in North-western Ontario and 3.4% in North-eastern Ontario.

Table 4.4 Population by Mother Tongue in Ontario, Northern Ontario, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario, 1996

English French Chinese Italian German Portuguese Polish Other Multiple 1

Source: Statistics Canada Cat No 95-187-XPB, 1999.

The "multiple" Mother Tongue category encompasses various combinations of responses, including English and French, English alongside a non-official language, French with a non-official language, and the combination of English, French, and a non-official language.

Profile of Newcomers in Northern Ontario

Immigrant Population

In 1996, there were 22,910 immigrants living in Northern Ontario (Table 4.5)

Immigrants constitute approximately 7.5% of Northern Ontario's population, significantly lower than the 25.3% across the entire province This region accounts for only 2.3% of Ontario’s total immigrant population, with the northeast hosting the majority at 39,415, representing 63.2% of Northern Ontario's immigrants and 6.8% of its total population In contrast, Northwestern Ontario has 22,910 immigrants, making up about 9.4% of its population The higher immigrant percentage in Northwestern Ontario is largely attributed to Thunder Bay, a key entry point for refugees in Canada, which boasts the highest number of immigrants (17,565) and the largest proportion of immigrants relative to its total population at 11.1%.

Table 4.5 Total Population and Population of Immigrants in Ontario, Northern Ontario,

Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario, 1996.

Source: Statistics Canada Cat No 95-187-XPB, 1999.

Place of Birth

Ontario's immigrant population is diverse, with the largest percentage (36.0%) originating from non-UK European countries In Northern Ontario, this figure rises to 60.8%, with a fairly even distribution of immigrants across the northwest (61.4%) and northeast (60.4%) The second-largest group in Northern Ontario consists of UK-born immigrants, accounting for 18.0% (15.2% in Northwestern Ontario and 19.7% in Northeastern Ontario), while UK immigrants represent 13.6% of Ontario's overall immigrant population Additionally, immigrants from Asia and the Middle East (excluding India) constitute 24.7% of the province's immigrants, but only 4.7% in Northern Ontario, ranking fourth behind United States immigrants at 10.4% (8.7% in the northwest and 13.4% in the northeast).

Figure 4.4 Place of Birth for Immigrants in Ontario, Northern Ontario, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario, 1996

Source: Source: Statistics Canada Cat No 95-187-XPB, 1999.

Table 4.6 Place of Birth for Immigrants in Ontario, Northern Ontario, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario, 1996.

Europe 1 Africa India Other Asia

Source: Statistics Canada Cat No 95-187-XPB, 1999.

"Other Europe" encompasses Southern, Eastern, Northern, and Western Europe, excluding the United Kingdom It's important to note that data from this classification are not directly comparable to previous censuses, which included Cyprus and the USSR as part of Europe As of 1996, Cyprus and the former Soviet Republics—Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan—are categorized under Asia.

The data excludes India and is not directly comparable to previous census figures In the 1996 census, the category "Other Asia and the Middle East" encompassed Cyprus and the former Soviet Republics, which include Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.

3 “Other” includes Greenland, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, the category “Other” as well as immigrants born in Canada.

Country of Last Permanent Residence

Northern Ontario welcomes newcomers from diverse countries, with many individuals relocating from nations different from their birthplace According to data from Table 4.7, the ten most prevalent countries of last permanent residence for newcomers arriving in Ontario between 1990 and 2000 highlight this multicultural influx.

Table 4.7 Newcomers with Northern Ontario Destinations: Top 10 Countries of Last

Country Number of Newcomers Percent of Newcomers

In Northern Ontario, former residents of the United States represent the largest segment of Newcomers, accounting for approximately 12.2 percent of the total influx over the past eleven years Additionally, a significant number of Newcomers have migrated from East Asia.

Recent immigration trends in Northern Ontario indicate a significant increase in newcomers from Asian countries, including China, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Vietnam, and India In contrast, the data reveals a decline in the proportion of immigrants arriving from Europe, highlighting a shift in the demographics of recent arrivals.

Length of Time in Canada

Table 4.8 shows the length of time in Canada for immigrants in Ontario, Northern

Over the years, Ontario has experienced a steady increase in the number of immigrants, particularly in the southern metropolitan areas In contrast, Northern Ontario has seen a decline in the number of new immigrants settling in the region This trend highlights a growing preference among newcomers to reside in more urbanized locations, leaving Northern Ontario with fewer immigrants than in previous decades.

Table 4.8 Length of Time in Canada for Immigrants in Ontario, Northern Ontario,

Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario, 1996.

Period of Immigration to Canada

Source: Statistics Canada Cat No 95-187-XPB, 1999.

Immigration Classes

Table 4.9 shows the number of Newcomers arriving in Northern Ontario from 1990 to

Table 4.9 Newcomers with Northern Ontario Destinations: Immigration Classes (1990-2000)

Immigration Class Number of Newcomers Percent of Newcomers

1 Refugees recognized by the Immigration Refugee Board.

2 Post Determination Refugee Claimant in Canada.

3 Failed Refugee claimants under removal order for at least 3 years who wish to apply for Permanent Residence in Canada.

4.3.6 Age, Gender and Marital Status

Young adults between the ages of 20 and 39 made up the greatest percentage of

Between 1990 and 2000, Northern Ontario saw a significant influx of newcomers, with females representing 53.4% of this population Specifically, 50.1% of all male newcomers and 50.7% of female newcomers contributed to this demographic shift Notably, there was a 14.8% increase in female arrivals compared to males during this decade.

Table 4.10 Newcomers with Northern Ontario Destinations: Age and Gender (1990-2000).

Number % of Males % of Total Number % of

In Northern Ontario, 26.0% of Newcomers, totaling 2,157 individuals, are under the age of 20, suggesting that many are children accompanying their parents This indicates that children may represent approximately 60% of the Single Newcomers highlighted in Table 4.11, reinforcing the notion that the majority of Newcomers to the region arrive as part of a family unit Table 4.11 further details the marital status of these Newcomers during the specified period.

Table 4.11 Newcomers with Northern Ontario Destinations; Marital Status (1990-2000).

Marital Status Number of Newcomers Percent of Newcomers

Table 4.12 illustrates the educational qualifications of newcomers to Northern Ontario, highlighting both the number and percentage of individuals based on their education levels This data provides a comparative analysis of the educational backgrounds of the newcomer population in relation to the overall population of Northern Ontario.

Table 4.12 Newcomers with Northern Ontario Destinations; Educational Qualifications

Tables 4.13 and 4.14 illustrate the language abilities of Newcomers to Northern Ontario for the period 1990 to 2000 As shown in Table 4.13, most Newcomers arrive in

In Northern Ontario, the majority of Newcomers possess at least some proficiency in English, while French-speaking and bilingual individuals are relatively rare Notably, nearly 41 percent of Newcomers who arrived in this region during the specified period were unable to communicate in either of Canada’s Official languages.

Table 4.13 Newcomers with Northern Ontario Destinations; Ability to Speak an Official

Official Language Ability Number of Newcomers Percent of Newcomers

Table 4.14 highlights the ten most prevalent Native Tongues spoken by Newcomers to Northern Ontario from 1990 to 2000 Although this data does not reflect an individual's proficiency in French or English, it effectively underscores the origins of these Newcomers and identifies the languages that are commonly found within these groups.

Educational Qualifications

Table 4.12 presents the number and percentage of newcomers to Northern Ontario based on their educational qualifications, highlighting a comparison between the educational attainment of the newcomer population and that of the overall Northern Ontario population.

Table 4.12 Newcomers with Northern Ontario Destinations; Educational Qualifications

Language

Tables 4.13 and 4.14 illustrate the language abilities of Newcomers to Northern Ontario for the period 1990 to 2000 As shown in Table 4.13, most Newcomers arrive in

In Northern Ontario, the majority of Newcomers possess at least basic English language skills, while French-speaking and bilingual individuals are relatively rare Notably, nearly 41 percent of Newcomers who arrived in the region during this period reported having no proficiency in either official language.

Table 4.13 Newcomers with Northern Ontario Destinations; Ability to Speak an Official

Official Language Ability Number of Newcomers Percent of Newcomers

Table 4.14 highlights the ten most prevalent Native Tongues spoken by Newcomers in Northern Ontario between 1990 and 2000 Although this data does not reflect an individual’s proficiency in French or English, it provides valuable insight into the origins of these Newcomers and identifies the languages commonly found within their communities.

Intended Occupations

Native Language Number of Newcomers Percent of Newcomers

Newcomers to Northern Ontario bring diverse skills as they seek employment across various fields Their intended occupations span from high-tech roles like computer programming, systems analysis, chemical engineering, and geo-technology to traditional jobs such as laborers, clerical staff, and foreign-food cooks Additionally, many newcomers include homemakers, dependent children, retirees, and students who contribute to the community from home.

Target Communities

Between 1990 and 2000, Northern Ontario welcomed 99 communities that received newcomers, with an uneven distribution of arrivals Sault Ste Marie, Sudbury, and Thunder Bay alone accounted for an average of 63.8% of newcomers, totaling 477.7 out of 748.2 annually Meanwhile, ten other communities received 20.7%, while the remaining 15.5% was spread among communities that welcomed five or fewer newcomers each year The average number of annual newcomers per community, including the three major cities, was 7.58, but the median was significantly lower at 1.27, and the mode stood at 0.82 All statistics are reported with a 95% level of confidence.

1 Includes Cantonese, Mandarin and other Chinese dialects.

This study defines target communities as isolated rural areas and small towns in Northeastern and Northwestern Ontario that receive fewer than 50 newcomers annually Consequently, cities like Sault Ste Marie, Sudbury, and Thunder Bay are excluded from consideration Following their removal, the average number of annual newcomers per community drops to 2.82, while the median and mode statistics remain unchanged at 1.27 and 0.82, respectively.

After reviewing Statistics Canada data, it was decided through consultation with CIC, OASIS that Timmins, Dryden and Kenora would serve as the target communities.

During the research process, the project was modified to incorporate the town of Cornwall in Eastern Ontario at the request of CIC, OASIS For more details, a concise population and ethnic profile of Cornwall is available in Appendix A.

Sault Ste Marie was identified as a key community for interviewing settlement service providers and newcomers The Consultant believed that gathering this additional information would enhance the understanding of how settlement services are offered by agencies and utilized by newcomers in Northern Ontario.

The next section of the report presents the results of the interviews and focus groups conducted in the five target communities.

Table 4.16 Average Newcomers per Year in Northern Ontario Communities, 1990-2000

Category 1: Communities with an average of 50 or more newcomers per year (n = 3)

Sault Ste Marie (71.8) Sudbury (147.0) Thunder Bay (258.9)

Category 2: Communities with an average of more than 5 and less than 50 newcomers per year (n = 10)

Dryden (11.1) Elliot Lake (9.2) Fort Frances (13.0) Geraldton (7.2)

Kenora (15.1) Kirkland Lake (6.4) North Bay (43.6) Parry Sound (7.8)

Category 3: Communities with an average of 5 or less newcomers per year (n = 86)

Blind River (3.4) Bonfield (0.5) Bruce Mines (3.1) Burks Falls (3.1)

Cache Bay (0.5) Callandar (1.3) Capreol (1.4) Chapleau (1.3)

Connaught (0.6) Copper Cliff (0.3) Devlin (0.8) Eagle River (1.4)

Ear Falls (2.5) Echo Bay (0.9) Emo (2.7) Englehart (1.5)

Espanola (0.8) Garson (2.1) Gore Bay (1.2) Goulais (0.6)

Haileybury (3.2) Hearst (0.8) Hilton Beach (0.8) Hornepayne (0.3)

Ignace (2.9) Iron Bridge (1.2) Iroquois Falls (1.3) Kagawong (0.2)

Kakabeka Falls (1.7) Kapuskasing (3.0) Kearney (0.1) Keewatin (1.0)

Latchford (0.3) Levack (0.6) Little Current (0.8) Lively (0.6)

Moosonee (0.6) Nakina (0.3) Nestor Falls (2.2) New Liskeard (2.8)

Nipigon (1.3) Pointe Au Baril (0.3) Porcupine (1.9) Powassan (1.6)

Rainy River (3.3) Red Lake (4.4) Red Rock (0.3) Rossport (0.1)

Schreiber (0.8) Schumacher (1.7) Sioux Narrows (1.4) Sleeman (0.8)

South Porcupine (2.7) South River (0.8) Spring Bay (0.1) St Charles (0.5)

Stratton (1.7) Sturgeon Falls (2.4) Sundridge (1.5) Terrace Bay (1.4)

Thessalon (4.5) Thornloe (0.4) Trout Creek (0.9) Val Caron (1.5)

Vermillion Bay (1.5) Virginiatown (0.1) Warren (0.8) Wawa (2.5)

Summary of Interview and Focus Group Results

This report section summarizes key findings from focus groups and interviews conducted with service providers and newcomers in Timmins, Dryden, Kenora, Sault Ste Marie, and Cornwall Detailed profiles of the participating service providers and newcomers from each community can be found in the Appendices.

Timmins and Area

Service Providers

The Timmins Learning Centre (TLC) serves as the main hub for settlement services in Timmins, providing essential support to adults, particularly recent immigrants, in reading, writing, math, and basic computer skills While the centre previously offered free English language training, it now operates on a fee-for-service basis due to a lack of funding Currently, TLC provides English language training to Falconbridge employees, led by a Director with an ESL background, and occasional one-on-one training is offered by a volunteer The TLC receives partial funding from the Ontario Ministry of Education and Training.

The Director of the TLC indicated that the current demand for English language training comes from French Canadians and recent immigrants

A Continuing Education Service of Timmins High School, program in Adult and Continuing Education (PACE) also provides services to immigrants in this community

In many remote and rural communities, schools serve as vital leaders in providing essential services Immigrants and other participants often engage in these programs to earn high school credits Supported by the Ontario Ministry of Education and Training along with the local school board, the PACE program also offers valuable life skills and literacy programs that are not for credit.

PACE is not available to new immigrants who do not speak English.

A third source of education and literacy programs is Northern College Program of

Career Preparatory Studies Supported by the Ontario Ministry of Education and

Training, the program is aimed at literacy and academic upgrading at the high school level A variety of program formats are offered including individual tutoring and large classroom instruction.

Several agencies offer services that can benefit newcomers, though these services are often not specifically designed for them The Timmins Volunteer Centre occasionally assists newcomers with services like court translation and income tax form completion The Timmins and Area Women in Crisis Centre serves the community and provides resources in multiple languages, including phone translation services from Toronto when needed The Porcupine Health Unit supports immigrants with clinics for pregnant mothers and education on healthy lifestyles Additionally, the Timmins Public Library offers various services, including computers for job searches, although proficiency in English or French is required for most of these resources Overall, the library serves as an accessible starting point for many immigrants.

In Timmins, Ontario, immigrants can access job search services through Development Canada, Ontario Works, and Job Connect The community is enriched by various cultural organizations that not only support newcomers but also provide valuable assistance with translation and language learning.

Additional details on each of the participating agencies is provided in Appendix D

5.1.1.1 Alternative Methods of Service Delivery – Timmins Service Providers

Service provider organizations in Timmins do not appear to be making extensive use of alternative service delivery methods such as Internet based resources and distance education resources.

None of the respondents have accessed the settlement.org web site nor are they aware of the types of information available through this web site.

The Timmins Volunteer Centre utilizes VolNet, while the Timmins Learning Centre and various other organizations recognize its existence but lack detailed knowledge about the specific services provided by the program.

None of the respondents currently utilize AlphaRoute, with one individual highlighting the challenge of implementing it due to the limited public computer resources in Timmins Additionally, a representative from the Timmins Learning Centre stated that their organization lacks both the programming capabilities and the necessary budget to manage the delivery of this service effectively.

A Distance Education and Training Access Centre is located in South

Porcupine/Timmins It is housed at Northern College Members of the Timmins focus group were aware of, but do not utilize, this service in their programming.

Other Service Delivery Alternatives and Opportunities

As indicated in the findings above, Timmins does not have an organization or resource centre that is principally responsible for providing settlement services to newcomers

The community is supported by various resource organizations that provide a range of settlement services While certain organizations maintain regular communication and have established formal referral protocols, particularly for literacy programs, others seem to lack strong connections within the community.

Timmins Volunteer Centre for example was not recognized by any of the other service providers as an organization that offers specialized assistance for newcomers to

To enhance the delivery of services for newcomers in Timmins, it is recommended to establish a designated first-stop newcomer service center for initial assessments and referrals The Timmins Learning Centre is a strong candidate for this role, having built a solid reputation in the community for English language instruction, despite no longer providing formal ESL services Additionally, the Timmins Public Library has shown interest in expanding its support for newcomers, particularly in areas of language acquisition and city orientation.

The inclusion of the newcomer service centre in the proposed Smart Community

The Information Centre aims to enhance awareness among organizations about the services available for newcomers, promoting resource sharing Funding for a newcomer service provider position could be sourced from various stakeholders within the Information Centre, with each contributing to the wages of either a part-time or full-time provider Additionally, provincial and federal government departments responsible for immigration and citizenship could be approached for support in establishing and maintaining this position.

The Timmins Learning Centre has the potential to develop a formal English training program by leveraging its connections with local businesses Recently, a prominent corporation funded a program for some of its employees, highlighting the demand for such training To enhance its offerings, the Centre should actively seek additional sponsorship opportunities within the business community.

English language program that would be accessible to all newcomers in the community.

Interviews with Immigrants…

This section summarizes key insights from interviews with eleven newcomers in Timmins, comprising seven women and four men The participants, hailing from India, Poland, Australia, Ukraine, and the Philippines, represent a diverse age range of 17 to 53 years Notably, ten of these immigrants arrived in Canada within the last few years.

1996 and 2000 One immigrant came to Canada in 1989 Additional background details on the Timmns respondents are provided in Appendix C.

Many immigrants access standard services on an "as needed" basis, often without assistance, leading to reports of unused services from a questionnaire These services include family benefits, unemployment support, workers' compensation, and various community resources like legal advice, counselling, and educational programs The findings highlight that immigrants tend to seek out and utilize services independently, without a centralized point of contact, resulting in a diverse and individualized approach to accessing necessary support.

Information on social and health services, as well as housing, was gathered from various sources such as parishioners, spouses, friends, family members, and employers, with additional housing information sourced online The Timmins Learning Centre significantly contributed to educational resources for children, while media and personal networks offered insights into general health care Immigrants accessed information from educational institutions directly or through their social networks, which included support for resume writing and job searches Additionally, members of ethnic communities provided assistance, and some newcomers connected with cultural organizations in Toronto.

Driver test centres played a crucial role in facilitating examinations for drivers by offering tests in various languages and providing general assistance Many newcomers received support from employers to reach their examinations and essential government offices However, several immigrants expressed frustration with the HRDC office, citing a reliance on computers as a barrier in their job search Language barriers were identified as a significant challenge for immigrants seeking employment The Job Connect program proved beneficial in helping individuals secure jobs Many immigrants arrived in Timmins with pre-arranged employment, supported by friends, family, and employers Additionally, immigrants found banking services through the help of friends and their own initiative.

Immigrants pursued their citizenship applications through various methods, including phone consultations, online research, and seeking guidance from friends and relatives already residing in Canada.

Some non English-speaking immigrants took English language training in other communities before moving to Timmins Others were assisted by volunteers at the Timmins Learning Centre.

5.1.2.1 Alternative Methods of Service Delivery - Newcomers

Newcomers in Timmins primarily depend on friends and family for settlement services, despite many being computer literate However, few have utilized the Internet for information or services, with some expressing frustration in their attempts Those with limited English proficiency and computer skills often find inadequate support from frontline service providers when trying to access specific online resources, such as the HRDC job bank.

A respondent expressed a desire for improved promotion of distance education English language courses and video resources within the community Another individual mentioned utilizing English language cassettes found online but could not evaluate their effectiveness due to infrequent use.

Many respondents have participated in the Timmins Multicultural Festival, which presents an excellent opportunity to share information about services for newcomers in the community Additionally, this event allows local service providers to gather valuable feedback from newcomers regarding potential improvements in service delivery.

Summary - Timmins and Area

Immigrants in Northern Ontario identified English language instruction as the most challenging service to access, along with difficulties in obtaining valid identification and securing a family doctor While nearly half of the respondents in Timmins reported no significant challenges, many expressed feelings of loneliness from being away from family, as well as struggles with job searches, language barriers, culture shock, and the harsh climate To improve their experience, immigrants highlighted the need for better English language training, enhanced communication with newcomers, and assistance in acquiring essential documents.

Immigrants identified various key figures who aided their settlement process, including local parish members, the Timmins Learning Centre, employers, and family sponsors, with some noting self-reliance While most struggled to name specific organizations that assisted them, employers received positive feedback Notably, one immigrant highlighted support from the Government of Canada prior to their arrival When asked for suggestions to improve their settlement experience, the most common request was for English language training in Timmins, followed by the need for weekly orientation sessions for newcomers and enhanced job skills assistance Additionally, immigrants expressed a desire for guidance on legal employment matters and potential financial support while attending classes.

Kenora, Dryden and Area

Service Providers

The Dryden Literacy Association (DLA) serves as a vital resource for immigrants in Dryden, Ontario, offering essential services such as information and referral, literacy assessments, individualized learning plans, small group instruction, one-to-one tutoring, and newcomer services Many participants in these programs are recent immigrants seeking to improve their literacy skills Previously, the DLA provided ESL and citizenship training for newcomers This important initiative receives partial funding from the Provincial Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities, the Provincial Ministry of Citizenship, Culture and Recreation, the National Literacy Secretariat, Weyerhaeuser Canada, and Krupper's Bakery and Delicatessen.

In implementing the program, the Centre receives referrals from Ontario Works, counselling agencies, the local School Board, Job Connect, local employers, social service agencies and others.

The DLA has a structured approach to assist new immigrants, encompassing intake procedures, initial assessments, and evaluations of employment skills They offer job counseling and collaborate with newcomers to create effective job search strategies Additionally, the DLA features a resource library and computer access to support integration and job hunting efforts Newcomers are incorporated into Adult Centered Training programs whenever feasible, although current class availability is full For those seeking English as a Second Language (ESL) programs, the nearest option is located 368 km away in Thunder Bay.

The DLA relies on a dedicated group of volunteers, enabling it to provide personalized training sessions at convenient times Renowned within the community, the DLA is frequently recommended to newcomers by local residents Serving a broad region that includes Kenora, Dryden, Dinorwic, Hudson, and Sioux Lookout, the DLA plays a vital role in supporting its community.

The Community Learning Centre acts as the point of contact for immigrants in

While not exclusively focused on immigrants, various organizations offer essential services to those in need The Hoshizaki House Dryden Crisis Shelter provides critical support for women and children in crisis, featuring a 1-800 crisis line and a ten-bed emergency shelter Their services include emergency housing, counseling, transportation, meals, support for children, support groups, and day-client counseling, although these services are not specifically aimed at immigrant populations.

The Kenora District Housing Corporation offers affordable housing for families in need, prioritizing immigrants during their first year; however, recent utilization by immigrants has been low This facility serves the areas of Kenora, Dryden, Dinorwic, Hudson, and Sioux Lookout Local church groups have long supported immigrant integration by providing life skills and assistance, and have previously sponsored refugees Additionally, the Welcome Wagon service helps newcomers, primarily those relocating to Dryden from other Canadian regions, by offering free goods and city introductions, targeting individuals with strong English language skills.

A number of volunteer translators are available in the community.

Until recently, the Dryden Multicultural Association hosted an annual multicultural festival, which was discontinued in 1999 Immigrants in the community seldom utilize services such as settlement.org, Volnet, HOST, LINC, Alpharoute, and Contact North However, local offices like Northern Development and Mines, Ontario Works, and HRDC see some engagement from immigrants.

Additional details on each of the participating agencies is provided in Appendix F and H.

5.2.1.1 Alternative Methods of Service Delivery – Dryden Service Providers

Service provider organizations in Dryden are not fully utilizing alternative service delivery methods, such as internet-based resources and distance education The DLA has shown a preference for direct communication with Citizenship and Immigration via telephone.

In Dryden, only staff at DLA were familiar with the settlement.org service, although they have not utilized the website themselves Instead, inquiries regarding settlement or immigration are directed via phone to the Citizenship and Immigration office in Fort Frances, with ongoing communication established between the two organizations.

The VolNet service is primarily known only to staff at the DLA, where the Director received training, although the computers were non-functional during that time Currently, only two individuals are utilizing VolNet at DLA, with one staff member being sponsored by Industry Canada to help volunteers improve their computer literacy At this stage, VolNet is focused on teaching volunteers basic computer skills, including the use of email and the Internet, but lacks specific training for accessing settlement services or related information online.

Industry Canada should enhance its VolNet training program by incorporating settlement-related services and information accessible online Collaborating with CIC and OASIS could be instrumental in developing this comprehensive training initiative.

According to DLA staff computers can be accessed by the public through the

Community Access Program (CAP) at the Dryden Library

Six to eight delivery sites were selected by the Ministry of Training, Colleges and

AlphaRoute is an innovative pilot program developed in collaboration with universities and Contact North, focusing on internet-based learning activities Designed to support individuals in rural areas, the program offers online assessments and literacy training, making education more accessible The DLA staff have described AlphaRoute as “potentially awesome,” highlighting its effectiveness in enhancing learning through a comprehensive auditory component Additionally, the entire platform is multimedia-rich, providing diverse resources to facilitate an engaging educational experience.

Currently, three level one students are actively engaged in a more independent learning program at DLA, which is designed to be primarily completed at home However, most of their work is still taking place at the DLA site AlphaRoute students in Dryden have encountered several technical challenges, including a site crash last month Once these issues are resolved and students gain confidence in their independent work, mentors will be available to assist them through email, phone, or fax.

The pilot project funding concluded on April 30, 2001, with no updates on further funding or additional pilot sites In Dryden, frustrations are evident due to the prolonged setup time and ongoing technical difficulties Staff at DLA believe there was insufficient time to engage with the project effectively and formulate meaningful recommendations.

Employed learners faced challenges in managing time constraints within the program, while some students were unable to continue their studies at home due to a lack of computer access Additionally, although the library offered the program, its hours often did not align with the students' availability.

The effectiveness of computer-assisted training at the DLA is heavily reliant on access, as the facility operates in the evenings without dedicated funding for staff after 5 pm This service relies on the goodwill of volunteers, whose availability varies, leading to an inconsistent experience for users As DLA staff describe it, the current arrangement is "hit and miss," highlighting the need for a more organized and visible service.

Interviews with Immigrants - Dryden and Kenora

This section summarizes key insights from interviews with five newcomers in Dryden (four women and one man) and seven newcomers in Kenora (four women and two men) The Dryden respondents, aged between 26 and 45, immigrated from Switzerland, Ecuador, and Russia, arriving in Canada between 1996 and 2000 For more background information on the Dryden participants, please refer to Appendix E.

Interviews were conducted with immigrants from Burma, Germany, Bosnia, and China in Kenora, revealing that the respondents in Dryden are aged between 20 and 53 years Notably, all seven individuals interviewed in Kenora immigrated to Canada between 1996 and 2000, with further background information available in Appendix G.

Newcomers to the community were introduced through various means, including family, friends, and sponsors, or by independently exploring their surroundings Initial contact with Citizenship and Immigration Canada typically occurred at the port of arrival, often facilitated by local sponsors, with some communication also happening via telephone Friends and relatives emerged as the primary sources of information regarding government and social services, which encompassed family benefits, unemployment assistance, and legal advice, among others While many newcomers relied on their social networks for support, some did not engage with agencies at all For instance, one family received assistance from their church sponsor, who collected donations from parishioners, while another benefitted from help with social assistance paperwork provided by their sponsor Additionally, food and housing support often came from sponsors or family members already established in the community.

Finding family doctors can be challenging for newcomers in Ontario due to a current shortage Many immigrants have successfully located a physician through relatives or close family members However, some immigrants continue to struggle with finding a doctor In several instances, local Community Learning Centres have played a crucial role in helping individuals search for health services.

Immigrants had little or no familiarity with HOST, LINC, the Internet and ISAP Programs.

Employment assistance was sourced from multiple avenues, including family businesses and community initiatives Relatives often offered job opportunities within their own enterprises, while the Lake of the Woods Employment Action Project (LEAP) provided additional support Furthermore, the Community Learning Centre played a vital role in facilitating employment resources for individuals seeking work.

Kenora (CLC) provided assistance in resume writing

Education plays a crucial role for immigrants, as many rely on family, friends, and sponsors to gain access to educational resources However, some individuals face challenges, such as being unable to attend high school due to age limitations.

(21) The pattern for assistance in obtaining a telephone followed that for education.

Driving skills play a crucial role in job hunting, particularly for those seeking positions that require a driver's permit Many respondents indicated they possessed an international license, were in the process of obtaining a license, or received support from friends or sponsors When navigating their communities, immigrants often relied on help from friends, family, and sponsors for transportation assistance.

With respect to the use of computers, several individuals reported they received assistance from the Community Learning Centre Others learned through educational institutions

In the Kenora community, access to interpreters and translation services is limited, often requiring individuals to seek help in larger centers The Community Learning Centre (CLC) and the DLA offer some language training, but classes have faced cancellations due to insufficient funding and low enrollment Additionally, some residents have pursued language studies in other Ontario communities prior to relocating to this area.

5.2.2.1 Alternative Methods of Service Delivery – Dryden Newcomers

Newcomers in Dryden primarily depend on friends and family to access settlement services, often facing challenges when seeking assistance independently due to unhelpful service providers This indicates a gap in training and experience among some providers in effectively serving newcomers To improve service delivery, implementing cultural sensitivity training for frontline staff is essential The Dryden Literacy Association has previously conducted cultural sensitivity workshops and should consider reinstating these valuable sessions.

Acquiring English language skills is a significant challenge for newcomers striving to integrate into mainstream society, especially since government-funded ESL training is no longer available in Dryden While the Dryden Literacy Association offers some literacy courses for newcomers, these classes do not adequately replace a formal English language training program specifically designed for their needs.

The Dryden Literacy Association is recognized as a key resource for newcomers seeking settlement services in Northern Ontario Additionally, the office of Northern Affairs serves as another vital point of initial contact for individuals arriving in the region.

Summary - Dryden and Kenora

The four participants in this group possess minimal experience with online information retrieval Notably, one individual has utilized the Internet to obtain course information from the University of Toronto, while another has employed a computer for various tasks.

CD based English language instruction program but did not comment on the effectiveness of the tool.

5.2.2.2 Alternative Methods of Service Delivery – Kenora Newcomers

Newcomers in Kenora have benefitted significantly from the support of friends and family in navigating settlement services Those with prior computer experience and proficiency in English have reported smoother access to online resources, while individuals with limited language and computer skills face challenges, particularly when using self-directed platforms like job banks.

The Lake of the Woods Adult Learning Centre may have discontinued its English language training, but it remains a valuable resource for newcomers seeking information on various settlement-related matters and referrals to other organizations.

A newcomer highlighted the lack of teaching materials for volunteers in Kenora who want to assist newcomers with English language tutoring To address this issue, they proposed that relevant English language training resources be made available at local institutions like the Adult Learning Centre or the Kenora library.

5.2.3 Summary, Dryden, Kenora and Area

Accessing English language training in Northern Ontario is notably challenging, with respondents citing issues such as language barriers, difficulties with paperwork, job scarcity, and separation from family Most individuals found support from family members, friends, or sponsors, and expressed overall satisfaction with the immigration services available to them Additionally, there is a strong interest in establishing an ESL program to address these challenges.

Sault Ste Marie and Area

Service Providers

The Prince of Wales Adult Education Centre (PWAEC) provides comprehensive English language training alongside an introduction to Canadian culture Classes run five days a week for six hours each day over a forty-week period from September to June, with a summer program available for five hours daily for five weeks in July Enrollment is continuous, allowing new students to register at any time, and there are no fees for Canadian citizens, landed immigrants, or refugees.

The program includes a crucial orientation to Canadian culture, where students engage in both individual and small group activities Classroom sessions in the morning and afternoon incorporate computer usage, enhancing the learning experience.

PWAEC previously received funding from the Newcomers Language Orientation and Culture (NLOC) program until 1996, but the grant was accompanied by strict regulations A representative from PWAEC noted that Sault Ste Marie was once a designated settlement area, a status it has since lost, leading to a decline in the number of immigrants, who now primarily relocate only if they have family in the area.

When grants for PWAEC and the College were discontinued, the Algoma Public

District Public Board decided to run a general interest course.

The availability of courses is determined by student interest during specific periods Typically, there are four academic terms that align with the standard school year, in addition to a summer term.

The LINC program at Sault College provided full-time students with three months of intensive training, after which they sought employment and attended PWAEC for flexible class schedules Previously, PWAEC offered classes five days a week and four nights a week; however, it now only holds one class at a time and one night class per week.

PWAEC, in collaboration with the Algoma Public District Public Board, has introduced a fee-for-service English language program that also accommodates immigrants who can participate at no cost Currently, the program serves ten immigrants from Quebec and eight individuals from various countries eager to improve their English skills Additionally, the College in Sault Ste Marie occasionally directs its students to PWAEC for this English language program.

The school aims to attract international students to its English language program by providing host families and promoting the program online Students are required to obtain student visas and demonstrate their ability to cover living expenses in Sault Ste Marie While no academic credits are awarded, the tuition fees are lower than those at other Canadian institutions Additionally, by offering fee-for-service studies to international students, the school can provide free classes for immigrants.

The PWAEC is grappling with significant challenges due to insufficient funding for settlement services, leading to a profound sense of isolation among the school, staff, and volunteers Since funding cuts, connections with other institutions offering ESL and settlement services in Northern Ontario and beyond have dwindled The inability to secure additional funds has prevented attendance at vital conferences like the Teachers of English as a Second Language (TESL) conference in Toronto, resulting in a stagnation of the English language program and the use of outdated materials Furthermore, staff members miss valuable opportunities to engage with publishers and fellow educators at these events.

PWAEC previously operated with a Board of Directors, which included representatives from various cultural groups in the city, as mandated by the funding agency However, the Board was disbanded when grant funding ceased Currently, the English language program relies on the support of the public school board and the contributions from participants.

A representative from PWAEC has confirmed that Sault Ste Marie lacks translation services, requiring individuals in need of assistance to travel to Toronto or Montreal for help.

The Ontario Works office in Sault Ste Marie appears hesitant to offer support to newcomers, particularly those who have been in Canada for less than a year, as they are often ineligible for assistance.

She went on to say that the Job Connect program, run by the Sault Ste Marie

The College, supported by HRDC, offers enhanced assistance for immigrants, with many students at PWAEC participating in resume-writing courses According to an interviewee, the staff provides personalized attention, ensuring a supportive learning environment Additionally, the College has a fax machine available to aid students in their job search efforts.

Newcomers have difficulty, like other residents of the city, obtaining a family doctor The

Algoma Health Unit has started a list for the Provincial Academy of Medicine The waiting list currently is approximately two years

The representative had not heard of the HOST, VolNet or ISAP programs.

Additional details on the service provider is provided in Appendix J.

5.3.1.1 Alternative Methods of Service Delivery – Service Providers

PWAEC does not appear to be making use of alternative service delivery methods such as Internet based resources and distance education resources.

According to the interviewee, PWAEC has not accessed the settlement.org web site for information nor made referrals to the site The interviewee acknowledged that an

Settlement.org offers valuable resources for newcomers, yet varying language proficiency and computer skills may hinder their ability to access this information Additionally, individuals in remote communities face further challenges due to a lack of public access to computers.

The interviewee was unfamiliar with the VolNet program and expressed concerns about how volunteer organizations would finance necessary computer upgrades and ongoing maintenance after government funding is no longer available.

The interviewee was not familiar with distance education programs that addressed the needs of newcomers and was unable to comment on the actual or potential effectiveness of these programs.

Other Service Delivery Alternatives and Opportunities

PWAEC has implemented an innovative English language program for immigrants in Sault Ste Marie without relying on government funding This program, in collaboration with the local school board, targets international students, whose tuition fees subsidize free access for newcomers Additionally, the Education Centre connects newcomers with various community service providers.

Interviews with Immigrants

This section summarizes key insights from interviews with eleven newcomers in Sault Ste Marie, comprising eight women and three men The respondents, aged between 25 and 46, hail from diverse countries including Thailand, Bolivia, Argentina, Korea, China, Poland, Germany, and Russia Notably, nine of the participants immigrated to Canada between 2000 and 2001, reflecting a significant wave of newcomers during that period.

1997 and one respondent arrived in 1994 Additional background details on the Sault

Ste Marie respondents are provided in Appendix I.

Respondents utilized various methods to contact Citizenship and Immigration Canada, including assistance from relatives in Canada and the Internet from their home country Some received help from the embassy, while others independently managed their arrangements Notably, none of the participants engaged with HOST, ISAP, or LINC programs, and only one individual was familiar with the website settlement.org.

In a recent survey regarding general welfare assistance, only one participant reported utilizing the program Additionally, two individuals indicated they were receiving family benefits, having learned about the program through their relatives Notably, none of those interviewed had accessed unemployment benefits, workers' compensation, or the Canada Pension Plan.

Obtaining health coverage can be challenging for new Canadians and residents relocating within Ontario Many interviewees relied on family and friends for contacts, with around 25% reporting difficulty in finding a doctor Similar informal networks were used to learn about hospital access when necessary Additionally, several participants were unaware of the requirement to reside in Ontario for three months before qualifying for provincial health coverage Information about health insurance options was often sourced from relatives, teachers, websites, and employers When applicable, health insurance claims were typically handled by family members, community organizations like the YMCA, employers, or the individuals themselves.

Parents seeking assistance for enrolling their children in school often relied on friends, relatives, or their own efforts Immigrants found educational institutions easily accessible within their communities, and many expressed a strong desire to pursue higher education Notably, only one individual mentioned utilizing the Internet to learn English Additionally, multicultural education was available, reflecting the diverse needs of the community.

PWAEC Similar sources were used for information on citizenship classes, and multicultural festivals.

English language services warrant special attention Respondents reported that

PWAEC offered support to nine respondents, while other organizations within the initial settlement community facilitated training for the remaining individuals.

Support in accessing essential services such as food, social assistance, recreational activities, religious services, local transportation, banking, shopping, legal advice, interpretation, escort services, English language assessment, family counseling, shelter, and clothing came from various sources including friends, relatives, teachers, the Internet, employers, and the media Notably, for obtaining phone services, assistance primarily came from relatives, teachers, employers, and friends.

The topic of women's shelters was unfamiliar to some immigrants, although some had prior knowledge from their home countries Others learned about these resources through media coverage in Canada Despite this awareness, none of the immigrants had utilized the shelters.

Driving skills are essential for job seekers, as highlighted by various interviewees One individual attended a local driving school, while another possessed an international driver’s license Additionally, support from PWAEC staff was noted, with one case involving arrangements made in Toronto through YMCA assistance Furthermore, an immigrant shared that they were able to take the written test in German and complete the road test successfully.

In the search for employment, individuals turned to various resources, including friends, teachers, the Internet, the Job Bank, and employment centers A key skill identified was resume writing, which was developed through the English language program and other courses offered by PWAEC Additionally, assistance from a Job Bank Counsellor proved beneficial in this process.

When asked about their experience with computers, there were a variety of responses The great majority indicated that they had experience with computers before arriving in Canada.

5.3.2.1 Alternative Methods of Service Delivery – Sault Ste Marie Newcomers

Family and friends are crucial in helping newcomers in Sault Ste Marie navigate essential services, including healthcare access, housing searches, and school enrollment for their children Those with internet access and strong computer and English skills successfully utilize online resources, while those with limited skills benefit from assistance The PWAEC is highly esteemed by newcomers for its generous support and dedicated staff, making it a valuable resource in the community.

Two newcomers in Sault Ste Marie have joined continuing education programs to connect with English-speaking Canadians and improve their language skills This method is primarily suitable for those with a solid foundation in English Additionally, two other newcomers expressed a preference for traditional classroom instruction over online learning, valuing the collaborative support among students during the educational process.

One couple proposed that settlement services in Sault Ste Marie be centralized to enhance accessibility for newcomers Although complete centralization may not be feasible due to the diverse needs of these individuals, the PWAEC could function as a central assessment and referral hub to streamline support services.

To enhance service delivery for newcomers, it is recommended that more offices adopt the Ontario Works model, which includes providing recorded messages in multiple languages, such as Spanish Additionally, there is a call for increased visibility of community information and settlement services at airports, particularly highlighting available ESL or English language training courses throughout the province.

Summary - Sault Ste Marie

Respondents identified the most challenging services to access as none, finding a doctor, and locating health services overall, with over 90% mentioning health-related issues.

Respondents identified key challenges in Northern Ontario, including isolation from family, job availability, language barriers, and healthcare access They highlighted that the most supportive individuals in their lives were relatives, friends, employers, and ESL teachers Additionally, the PWAEC was recognized as the most beneficial organization in addressing these issues.

To enhance the experience for newcomers, several recommendations have been proposed, including the implementation of an advanced English language program, the provision of translation services, and better coordination by HRDC Additionally, it is suggested that information about smaller cities and rural areas be made available upon arrival, the establishment of a one-stop information center in the destination community, and improved housing information to assist newcomers in their transition.

Finally, when asked to recommend one improvement in services to immigrants, people suggested additional information in major languages and additional English language training information.

Cornwall and Area

Service Providers

The following organizations provide support for newcomers in the Cornwall area

The Cornwall and District Immigrant Services Agency (CDISA) is a non-profit organization founded in 1992 to support newcomers and immigrants in settling in Cornwall and its surrounding areas Operated by a voluntary Board of Directors, CDISA emerged from the Cornwall and District Multicultural Council, which initially managed immigrant settlement services prior to the agency's establishment.

CDISA aims to assist newcomers and immigrants in adapting to Canadian culture, facilitating their active participation and effective contribution to the economic, political, cultural, and social life of their new community.

CDISA supports newcomers in Cornwall and the surrounding district by providing essential settlement information and facilitating access to various services Additionally, CDISA offers counseling and advocacy for newcomers, particularly during appeals.

The Ontario Ministry of Citizenship provides core funding The United Way also provides funding for the agency

The service area encompasses Cornwall and its surrounding districts, making this agency the sole provider of support for newcomers between Ottawa and Kingston Although the organization aims to extend its services to the outskirts of Cornwall, it currently lacks a budget for travel expenses to facilitate this outreach.

CDISA serves recent immigrants and individuals facing challenges in the community due to language and cultural barriers Additionally, the agency offers support to other organizations and institutions that assist newcomers and immigrants.

The agency supports both primary immigrants, who move directly to Cornwall, and secondary immigrants relocating from Montreal According to the agency representative, secondary immigrants are drawn to Cornwall primarily for two reasons: they want their children to receive English education, which is not available in Quebec, and they find English instruction in Quebec to be costly.

Service delivery encompasses a range of support options, including inquiries and referrals through phone, fax, or email It also offers personalized assistance such as one-on-one counseling, ESL classes, personal tutoring, self-help groups, and personal escort services for clients requiring translation or additional support.

The Employment Readiness Program for Newcomers and Immigrants, offered by the Cornwall and District Immigrant Services Agency, aims to equip immigrants with essential strategies for securing and sustaining employment in Canada This valuable initiative receives core funding from the Ministry of Citizenship, along with additional support from the United Way.

People new to Canada and looking for work are invited to participate free of charge Intermediate or higher level English is necessary for workshop participation

The Cultural Interpretation Program (CIP), a key component of CDISA, aims to support non-English and non-French speakers by providing access to personal and vocational services This initiative enhances communication and reduces language barriers, ensuring individuals can effectively receive the assistance they need.

The program enhances the capacity of service providers in the health and social services sectors to effectively meet the needs of non-English and non-French speaking individuals With over fifteen trained cultural interpreters available, the initiative ensures comprehensive cultural interpretation services Core funding is provided by the Ministry of Citizenship, while additional support comes from the United Way, enabling the agency to better serve diverse communities.

Another agency that provides employment preparation information is the Employment and Education Resource Centre (EERC) This organization is partially funded by the

The Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities provides support through the Centre, which helps individuals clarify their career goals and focus on specific job opportunities However, a representative from the Employment and Education Resource Centre (EERC) noted that their services are not adequately equipped to assist immigrants effectively.

An EERC representative emphasized the importance of having a "coach" accompany newcomers to the job site during their training period, ensuring they feel comfortable and become proficient in their roles.

The EERC representative expressed concerns regarding the inadequate level of follow-up and support provided by the Immigration Services Agency She emphasized the need for enhanced efforts in connecting individuals with companies seeking workers, highlighting the importance of improving Employment Readiness initiatives.

Program offered by CDISA is an excellent program, but that it needs to be expanded She would welcome a partnership between CDISA and EERC for this purpose.

The T.R Leger School of Adult, Alternative and Continuing Education aims to be a leader in both provincial and community education, supporting educators in creating successful learning environments for all students Funding for the school is sourced from the Upper Canada District School Board.

The school provides credit programming for people who want to earn an Ontario

T.R Leger offers a Secondary School Diploma program that includes credit programming alongside a specialized English as a Second Language (ESL) program This ESL program is tailored to support new Canadians in developing essential English language skills.

Interviews with Immigrants

This section summarizes key insights from interviews conducted with eleven newcomers in Cornwall, comprising six women and five men from Sri Lanka, Pakistan, France, China, and India The respondents, aged between 23 and 65, have varied immigration timelines, with seven arriving in Canada between 1996 and 2000, three in 1995, and one in 1992.

Additional background details on the Cornwall respondents are provided in Appendix K.

Among the respondents, only one individual demonstrated a high level of comfort with computer use, utilizing it to gather information on housing, business startups in Ontario, the healthcare system, recreational activities, and ESL opportunities In contrast, three respondents were completely unfamiliar with computers, while the remaining participants had received basic computer training but had not utilized it to seek settlement information.

Out of eleven immigrants interviewed, seven reported receiving social assistance upon their arrival in Canada, with three of them receiving help from local organizations in Cornwall, specifically the EERC and CDISA, to navigate the necessary paperwork One respondent mentioned that CDISA offered assistance, but he had already arranged support elsewhere in Ontario The remaining immigrants who accessed social assistance did so through connections with associates who spoke their native language.

Approximately half the respondents (six) have received family benefits while residing in Cornwall Four respondents were assisted personally by either staff at CDISA or

Ontario Works can be accessed through various channels, including direct assistance from an accountant In four instances, participants learned about this service via written materials, such as a tax form, a package received from a Canadian Embassy, and a booklet available at the immigration office in the airport upon their arrival.

During ESL instruction at T.R Leger School, several respondents received valuable information about health care services, including the locations of hospitals, women's shelters, and fire stations CDISA supported three individuals in filling out their health forms, while T.R Leger School aided an additional two Others sought assistance from friends and relatives, or managed to complete the forms independently.

Respondents found doctors primarily through referrals from friends and family, as well as hospital visits One individual acquired a doctor from a list received while applying for a health card However, three respondents struggled to remember how they learned about the health system, and one expressed dissatisfaction with the lengthy and complicated process of obtaining a health card.

Friends and relatives often offer vital support for everyday tasks, including shopping, banking, transportation, and accessing religious and recreational services, as well as assisting with school enrollment for children and obtaining phone services.

One respondent expressed no interest in pursuing further educational or employment opportunities due to her retirement Various organizations, primarily CDISA, played a crucial role in helping newcomers explore job and education options Other supportive organizations included T.R Leger, EERC, Life Long Learning Centre, and Cornwall and District Immigration, all of which contributed to the newcomers' search for opportunities.

Services Agency, HRDC and Access Ontario

Many respondents reported having no difficulty accessing services, often relying on personal resources or support from organizations, friends, and family A few challenges were noted, including a shortage of jobs and interpreters, as well as a need for more information on entrepreneurship.

Difficulty in obtaining a health card and a family doctor were also mentioned.

Living in Cornwall presents challenges, particularly in communication and job acquisition, as many residents struggle with English proficiency One individual highlighted their initial seven years in the country without speaking English, while another faced significant stress during her son's medical emergency due to ineffective communication with doctors.

Participants highlighted that service delivery agencies could enhance their services by improving communication methods Suggestions included providing translators and prioritizing language acquisition in settlement services Additionally, there was a call for better support for immigrants seeking employment opportunities.

Respondents identified friends and relatives as the most helpful in settling in Cornwall, alongside organizations like T.R Leger and CDISA One individual highlighted the Internet as a crucial resource, while others emphasized the support provided by CDISA and T.R Leger School Additionally, a package from the Embassy in Pakistan was noted as beneficial for settlement, with English language training also recognized as a valuable service in Cornwall.

To enhance settlement services for newcomers in Cornwall and across Canada, it is recommended to unify and centralize these services Additionally, establishing an academy for immigrants seeking to upgrade their professional qualifications would provide a streamlined educational path, allowing them to attain their degrees more efficiently than through the traditional university system.

5.4.2.1 Alternative Methods of Service Delivery – Cornwall Newcomers

Family and friends significantly support newcomers in Cornwall by helping them navigate various service needs Unlike other communities where newcomers typically rely on a single organization, those in Cornwall have identified multiple key service providers, including CDISA, T.R Leger School, EERC, and HRDC, as essential to their settlement process These organizations are well-informed about the services available to newcomers and how to access them Additionally, the English language program at T.R Leger School enhances this support by incorporating guest speakers from local service organizations, further aiding newcomers in their integration.

Although a number of the newcomers indicated that they have experience with computers, the Internet appears to be used on a limited basis in accessing settlement related information.

The Multicultural Festival in Cornwall is a highly favored event for newcomers in the community, offering a valuable platform for service organizations to showcase their settlement-related programs.

Summary - Cornwall

The Cornwall and District Immigration Services Agency (CDISA) is the primary organization assisting newcomers in Cornwall, offering essential services such as information, referrals, advocacy, and community development Recently, CDISA launched the Employment Readiness Program for Newcomers and Immigrants, designed to provide specialized training that equips newcomers with the skills needed to enter the workforce effectively.

Individual job counselling is provided by CDISA There is also a Cultural Interpretation Program to facilitate communication for newcomers

The Employment and Education Resource Centre (EERC) offers various programs aimed at helping individuals secure and maintain employment However, it does not provide tailored programs for newcomers, as the representative noted that the EERC is unable to adequately address the unique barriers to employment faced by immigrants.

The T.R Leger School of Adult, Alternative and Continuing Education provides an ESL program funded by the Upper Canada District School Board, where students learn language skills alongside micro-keyboarding Additionally, the school offers citizenship classes to support learners in their integration process.

The respondents emphasized the significance of ongoing English as a Second Language (ESL) programs, highlighting that language proficiency and employment opportunities were their primary concerns during the settlement process They expressed satisfaction with the organizations in Cornwall that offered these essential services Additionally, many suggested that settlement service agencies should consider centralizing their offerings to better support newcomers.

This study aims to identify alternative service delivery models for small towns and rural areas that effectively cater to small groups separated by significant distances Additionally, it seeks to understand the types of settlement information accessed by newcomers in these regions and the methods used to obtain this information Through this process, the research highlights the essential services required by newcomers and evaluates the suitability of various service delivery models in addressing their settlement and service needs.

The findings are based on focus groups and interviews conducted with newcomers and service providers from four communities in Northern Ontario and one community in Eastern Ontario.

6.1 Settlement Services in Rural and Remote Areas

Research findings reveal significant variation in the types of settlement services available in rural and remote areas of Ontario The study highlights that certain communities benefit from a greater number and diversity of service organizations Additionally, some settlement service providers demonstrate stronger connections with other local service organizations For instance, the Cornwall and District Immigration Services Agency has gained a prominent reputation in the community by effectively collaborating with various organizations to enhance service delivery.

Children’s Aid Society, Ontario Works, HRDC, Cornwall and District Housing Authority, Sexual Assault Support Services, local schools and alternative and continuing education schools.

The assessment reveals that none of the four Northern Ontario communities have dedicated agencies for immigrant and refugee settlement services Newcomers typically access support through organizations that serve the general public, such as the Timmins Learning Centre, which offers adult learning activities, including literacy and basic computer skills, alongside fee-based English language training In contrast, the Cornwall and District Immigration Services Agency in Eastern Ontario is an example of a community organization that exclusively focuses on providing information and services to immigrants.

Organizations offering settlement services in this study primarily obtain funding from various sources, including notable agencies such as Human Resources Development Canada, the Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities, and the Ontario Ministry of Citizenship, Culture and Recreation.

Recreation Some service organizations are also receiving support from local school boards.

Important sources of information and services identified by newcomers included literacy training centres, adult education centres, employment centres, multicultural associations, volunteer centres, libraries, health centres and church groups.

Many of the immigrants interviewed in this study received personal assistance from friends, family members, co-workers, and sponsors in accessing information.

Immigrants experienced diverse challenges in utilizing the Internet to access settlement services and general information While a few newcomers possessed adequate English language and computer skills to independently navigate online resources, many others struggled due to limited computer experience and insufficient language proficiency Additionally, both immigrants and service providers often lacked awareness of the online settlement services available to them.

The three most requested service needs identified by newcomers were:

Nearly all respondents identified acquiring English language skills as crucial for successful integration into Canadian society Immigrants understand that higher proficiency in English significantly enhances their opportunities for better employment and access to a broader array of services.

French language services throughout the research process from the perspective of service providers and newcomers.

6.2 Alternative Methods of Service Delivery and their Appropriateness in

Meeting the Needs of Newcomers

The report's review of alternative service delivery methods highlighted various Internet-based resources, including VolNet and Settlement.org, as well as distance education programs A pilot project with the Thunder Bay Multicultural Association aimed to strengthen connections between towns and service organizations, creating access points for newcomers to utilize the Internet and receive referrals to additional services These methods were discussed in focus groups and interviews with service providers and newcomers, who provided feedback on their effectiveness in addressing the needs of newcomers.

Settlement.org is an Internet based settlement information resource managed by

OCASI provides essential newcomer information guides covering topics such as health care and legal resources, along with various electronic application forms for housing, health, and education However, a study revealed that most service providers are largely unaware of the settlement.org website, with only two agencies recognizing it and just one having utilized its resources Although the website offers relevant settlement information for newcomers, concerns were raised about its accessibility for individuals with limited English proficiency and computer skills Additionally, the scarcity of public access sites in remote communities further hinders newcomers' ability to access vital online information.

The newcomers interviewed in this study were largely unfamiliar with the settlement.org website Nevertheless, many were able to utilize alternative online resources, such as job banks and community directories, to find information It seems that immigrants who possess strong English language skills and some computer experience can easily access and navigate the resources available on settlement.org.

The Internet can be a challenging resource for newcomers, often leading to frustration due to limited English proficiency and computer skills Additionally, the insufficient technical support from service organizations exacerbates these issues Therefore, it is crucial to provide accessible technical assistance at Internet access points to enhance the experience and effectiveness of online service delivery for newcomers.

This study highlights the significance of friends, family, and co-workers as vital information sources for newcomers Therefore, initiatives aimed at promoting settlment.org and other online resources should include awareness campaigns targeting both the general public and the business community.

Settlement Services in Rural and Remote Areas

Research shows significant variation in settlement services across rural and remote areas of Ontario, with some communities offering a wider range of services than others Certain settlement service providers are more effectively connected to local organizations, enhancing their impact For instance, the Cornwall and District Immigration Services Agency has gained prominence in the community by collaborating with various organizations and providing essential services.

Children’s Aid Society, Ontario Works, HRDC, Cornwall and District Housing Authority, Sexual Assault Support Services, local schools and alternative and continuing education schools.

The assessment reveals that none of the four Northern Ontario communities have dedicated agencies for immigrant and refugee settlement services Instead, newcomers typically access support through organizations that serve the general public, such as the Timmins Learning Centre, which offers adult learning activities, including literacy, math, and basic computer skills, along with fee-based English language training In contrast, the Cornwall and District Immigration Services Agency in Eastern Ontario operates as a community organization solely focused on delivering information and services to immigrants.

Organizations offering settlement services in this study primarily obtain their funding from various sources, with notable agency funders including Human Resources Development Canada, the Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities, and the Ontario Ministry of Citizenship, Culture and Immigration.

Recreation Some service organizations are also receiving support from local school boards.

Important sources of information and services identified by newcomers included literacy training centres, adult education centres, employment centres, multicultural associations, volunteer centres, libraries, health centres and church groups.

Many of the immigrants interviewed in this study received personal assistance from friends, family members, co-workers, and sponsors in accessing information.

Immigrants experienced diverse challenges in utilizing the Internet for accessing settlement services and general information While a few newcomers possessed adequate English language and computer skills to independently navigate online resources, many faced significant barriers due to limited computer experience and insufficient language proficiency Additionally, both immigrants and service providers often lacked awareness of the online settlement services available to them.

The three most requested service needs identified by newcomers were:

Nearly all respondents acknowledged that developing English language skills is crucial for successfully integrating into Canadian society Immigrants understand that enhanced proficiency in English significantly increases their opportunities for better employment and access to a broader array of services.

French language services throughout the research process from the perspective of service providers and newcomers.

Alternative Methods of Service Delivery

Meeting the Needs of Newcomers

The report reviews various alternative service delivery methods, including Internet resources like VolNet and Settlement.org, distance education programs, and a pilot project with the Thunder Bay Multicultural Association aimed at improving connections between towns and service organizations This initiative also establishes community access points for newcomers to access the Internet and receive referrals to other service providers These methods were discussed in focus groups and interviews with service providers and newcomers, who provided feedback on their effectiveness in addressing the needs of newcomers.

Settlement.org is an Internet based settlement information resource managed by

OCASI offers valuable newcomer information guides covering essential topics such as health care and legal resources, along with various electronic application forms for housing, health, and education However, a study revealed that most service providers are unaware of the settlement.org website, with only two agencies recognizing it and just one having accessed its resources While the information is deemed relevant for newcomers, concerns arise regarding its accessibility for those with limited English proficiency and computer skills Additionally, the lack of public access sites in many remote communities hampers newcomers' ability to retrieve crucial information online.

Many newcomers interviewed in this study were unfamiliar with the settlement.org website However, they successfully utilized other online resources, such as job banks and community directories, to find information It seems that immigrants who possess strong English language skills and some computer experience face minimal challenges in accessing and utilizing the information available on settlement.org.

The Internet can be a challenging resource for newcomers, often leading to frustration and ineffective experiences Factors such as limited English language proficiency and computer skills contribute to these difficulties Additionally, the lack of technical support from some service organizations exacerbates the issue Therefore, it is crucial to ensure that technical assistance is readily available at Internet access points to facilitate a smoother experience for newcomers in utilizing online services.

This study highlights that friends, family, and co-workers serve as crucial information sources for newcomers Therefore, initiatives aimed at promoting settlement.org and other online resources for newcomers should include an awareness campaign targeting both the general public and the business community.

VolNet, managed by Industry Canada, offers Internet access and skills training to support isolated volunteer organizations This initiative aims to improve connectivity and empower these organizations to achieve their missions effectively.

In this study, only three service providers are participating in the VolNet program, which includes a volunteer center in Timmins and an organization offering literacy training in Dryden Both entities utilize the program to teach volunteers about computers and the Internet However, neither organization has leveraged VolNet to support newcomers.

The Multicultural Association in Kenora, which supports newcomers, is currently facing challenges due to recent funding cuts These financial constraints have led to a reduction in staff, limiting the organization's ability to offer personal assistance to newcomers who need help with basic computer and language skills necessary for accessing online information.

Effective utilization of VolNet for delivering settlement information relies on the availability of technical assistance Organizations with adequate staff or volunteers can leverage VolNet to enhance the support provided to newcomers in navigating settlement processes.

The Community Access Program (CAP), managed by Industry Canada, offers computer and Internet access along with training at public sites Designed to enhance communication and broaden educational opportunities, CAP access points are usually situated in public facilities like municipal offices, community centers, libraries, and schools.

The Dryden Literacy Association is the only service organization mentioned in connection with a Community Access Program (CAP) site, which is situated in the local library However, none of the newcomers interviewed in this study indicated that they utilized computers at these CAP sites.

As with the VolNet program, it appears that any effective use of CAP for delivering settlement information will be tied to having some form of technical assistance available.

AlphaRoute is an online distance education initiative managed by the Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities A pilot version of the program was offered by one service provider, concluding on April 30, 2001 Although the program was primarily designed for home study, it was facilitated at the Dryden Literacy Association centre to provide learners with essential technical support As participants gained confidence, they were permitted to access the program from home or other public locations while still receiving mentorship through email, phone, or fax.

The Association acknowledges that the program provides valuable learning opportunities for individuals in remote areas; however, their experience indicates potential challenges for learners lacking home computers or those dependent on public access sites.

In some cases these sites may only have one or two computers and place time limits on the use of the computers.

English language training emerged as a highly sought-after service among newcomers in this study Notably, none of the communities included in the research offer a CIC-funded ESL program While three communities provide in-class English language programs through local service organizations, two communities lack any form of in-class English training opportunities.

English language training is offered as a distant education course through the

Independent Learning Centre (ILC), which operates under the Ontario Ministry of

The course mandates that learners engage with a tutor for lessons and conversation practice Located at Northern College in Timmins, the distance education centre has yet to receive referrals from service organizations for newcomers, resulting in no participation from these individuals in the programs available at the centre.

Recommendations

Based on the findings reported in this study, the Consultant recommends that CIC, OASIS consider the following recommendations for delivering services in the North.

1 Organizations/agencies responsible for providing settlement services in Northern Ontario communities should be promoted at major points of entry into

Settlement service agencies in Northern Ontario should engage in annual community outreach initiatives to enhance their visibility within the community This effort aims to inform newcomers and other service organizations about the range of services the agency provides, ultimately fostering better integration and support for all residents.

3 A number of communities in Northern Ontario feature annual Multicultural Festivals

Federal and provincial service organizations, including the Ontario Ministry of Citizenship, Culture and Recreation, HRDC, CIC, and OASIS, should create a promotional program to tour various festivals, offering information on settlement services, online resources, and distance education opportunities Local settlement service providers are encouraged to collaborate with CIC and OASIS, integrating these activities into their ongoing community outreach initiatives.

4 Internet based information and distant education programs relevant to newcomers should be inventoried and widely promoted in Northern Ontario.

Service organizations in Northern Ontario must be ready to offer direct assistance to newcomers with limited English language and computer skills when directing them to online information This includes providing access to a computer or referring them to agencies equipped to assist with both technology and language barriers.

A newcomer referral protocol must be established with contributions from service providers in Northern Ontario communities Although not all service organizations provide programs specifically for newcomers, they should be knowledgeable about the closest agency that offers settlement services.

To enhance support for immigrants in Northern Ontario, funders of settlement programs should implement fee-for-service contracts with community service organizations, such as English language training centers and multicultural centers This approach would ensure that every community has access to a reception center, with monthly funding determined by the number of immigrants served.

To enhance settlement programs in Northern Ontario, funders should collaborate with existing literacy initiatives and allocate partial funding for part-time settlement service workers and English language instructors.

Government departments and ministries must finance English language resources and professional development workshops for agencies in isolated areas of Ontario that lack funding to implement the LINC, ISAP, and HOST programs.

Providing settlement services in small towns and remote areas of Ontario poses significant challenges for service providers The vast distances between communities, inconsistent service demand, and a diverse clientele with specific needs create unique obstacles for agencies dedicated to assisting immigrants in their integration into Canadian society.

This study examines various alternative service delivery methods suitable for rural and remote areas of Northern and Eastern Ontario Although many of these methods utilize the Internet, this approach may not be ideal for all newcomers The effectiveness of online services is significantly influenced by the availability of technical assistance, which is often insufficient in many service organizations.

The research highlights that certain settlement service providers have improved their service delivery by forming partnerships with local community organizations This strategy offers valuable insights for service providers in different communities and suggests the potential for further collaboration with the business sector as well as provincial and federal government agencies.

Despite the challenges posed by inadequate settlement services in certain rural and remote communities, newcomers continue to establish their lives in these areas Implementing alternative service delivery methods can enable organizations to better meet the needs of these newcomers, ensuring effective and efficient support within the community.

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The "Newcomer Orientation to the Health System Project" resource manual, published in 2000 by the Four Villages Community Health Centre, serves as a comprehensive guide for newcomers navigating the health system Accessible at http://settlement.org/site/homepage/healthguide.asp, this manual offers essential information to help immigrants understand and utilize health services effectively.

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Appendix A: Population and Ethnic Profile of Cornwall, Ontario

Population by Visible Minorities in Cornwall, 1996.

Visible minority population Visible minority population

Percentage of total visible minority population

Source: Statistics Canada Cat No 95-187-XPB, 1999.

Population by Mother Tongue in Cornwall, 1996.

Mother tongue Total population Percentage of non- official languages population

Source: Statistics Canada Cat No 95-187-XPB, 1999.

Total recent immigrants for Cornwall by selected countries of birth (20% sample data), 1996.

Country of birth Number Percent

All other places of birth 10 2.74%

Total recent immigrants by selected countries of birth (20% sample data) 365 100.00%Source: Statistics Canada Cat No 95-187-XPB, 1999.

Appendix B: Protocol for One-on-one Interviews with Newcomers and

Protocol for Focus Groups with Settlement Service Providers 1.0 Rationale for Interviews and Focus Groups

Report on One-on One Interviews with Immigrants in Sault Ste Marie

This section highlights the insights gathered from individual interviews conducted with immigrants in Sault Ste Marie, adhering to the structured format outlined in the interview protocol (refer to Appendix B).

In an interview, a 34-year-old woman who immigrated from Thailand in 1997 shared her experiences She had previously visited Canada for six months in both 1995 and 1996 before marrying a man from Sault Ste Marie, where she has lived since her arrival Fluent in Thai and proficient in English, she completed her college education in Thailand and taught junior high school math before moving to Canada Sponsored by her husband, she arrived with basic English skills and currently has no children.

A 27-year-old Bolivian woman, who immigrated to Sault Ste Marie in August 2000 after marrying a Canadian man, was interviewed Her first language is Spanish, and she has some proficiency in English Having completed high school, she is a mother to a three-year-old son who currently resides in Bolivia, and she is also expecting another child soon.

In February 2001, a woman originally from Sault Ste Marie, who moved to Argentina at the age of two, returned to Canada with her husband, an Argentine native They have a twenty-month-old baby, born in Argentina, who now holds Canadian citizenship The woman, 25 years old and a university graduate, speaks Spanish as her first language and has limited proficiency in English Her husband, 27 years old and a high school graduate, also speaks Spanish and has limited English skills Prior to their move, she had visited her Canadian family multiple times.

In September 2000, a 27-year-old woman from Korea and her 30-year-old husband immigrated to Canada as landed immigrants, settling in Sault Ste Marie Both fluent in Chinese and English, they have no children The wife holds a university degree in computer engineering, while her husband has a degree in electrical engineering.

A 34-year-old woman from China immigrated to Canada in July 2000, settling in Sault Ste Marie with her husband and their seven-year-old son She speaks Chinese as her first language and has some proficiency in English Holding a university degree, she moved to Canada following her husband's job offer in Sault Ste Marie, where they have built their life together.

A 33-year-old woman from Poland, who immigrated to Canada in February 2000 after being sponsored by her Canadian husband, speaks Polish, English, and some Russian Initially, she did not know English upon her arrival Her husband, a forester drawn to Canada’s stunning forests and forestry job opportunities, immigrated in 1994 The couple has one son, nearly a year old, and is expecting another child She holds a university degree in nursing.

A 46-year-old German woman immigrated to Canada with her husband in June 2000, having previously visited friends in Sault Ste Marie twice She speaks German as her first language and has some proficiency in English, along with nine years of primary school education.

8 A twenty-nine year old male from Russia was interviewed along with his wife (25 yrs old) They immigrated to Canada in February 2000 along with their two month old child

After spending a month in Toronto, he relocated to Sault Ste Marie for a six-month work contract With a university degree and proficiency in multiple languages, he is well-equipped for his new role in the Sault.

His wife, who is fluent in both Russian and English, spent two months in Toronto before joining her husband in Sault Ste Marie Despite holding a university degree, she does not work outside the home.

Before arriving in Canada, several couples organized their travel plans, with one couple utilizing the Internet for their arrangements, while the others coordinated their plans upon arrival in the country.

Several respondents accessed specific programs as detailed below.

Two respondents have sought assistance, with one woman learning about the program through her sister and receiving help from family members in her application Another woman applied with the support of her husband Meanwhile, a third woman, who has a seven-year-old son, was unaware that such assistance existed.

None of the respondents accessed services related to this program.

None of the respondents accessed services related to this program.

None of the respondents accessed services related to this program.