P ROCESS
This strategy has been crafted through extensive consultations with stakeholders, including government representatives, industry players, broadband users, civil society, and international partners, who contributed valuable insights and expertise These discussions highlighted the significant impact of the broadband ecosystem on the overall economy, ensuring a comprehensive approach that addresses the needs of various sectors.
Following the conclusion of the first National Broadband Strategy (NBS I) covering 2013-2017, Kenya recognized the need to evaluate its performance and revise its strategic approach for the next five years The Ministry of ICT, led by the Principal Secretary, established a multi-stakeholder team to develop the second edition of the National Broadband Strategy This review was organized around thematic areas to ensure it addressed the diverse needs of all sectors As the technical working groups conducted their assessments, they focused on key questions regarding the realization of targets, identified challenges, and the realism of initial goals The data analysis involved meticulous coding, editing, and cleaning, utilizing the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for interpretation Findings were systematically organized by question and respondent category to enhance analysis and reporting An inductive data analysis approach was employed to uncover patterns and themes from qualitative discussions and interviews, with visual representations such as tables, graphs, and pie charts created to effectively communicate the data.
D EFINITION OF B ROADBAND
Broadband, as defined by NBS in 2013, refers to always-on connectivity providing a minimum speed of 5 Mbps for accessing voice, data, video, and development applications However, to align with Kenya's Vision 2030 and address local needs, a comprehensive definition is required that encompasses quality, affordability, and security Therefore, for the purposes of this strategy, broadband in Kenya is redefined to reflect these essential elements.
“ Connectivity that delivers interactive, secure, quality and affordable services at a minimum speed of 2Mbps to every user in Kenya ”.
R ATIONALE FOR THE N ATIONAL B ROADBAND S TRATEGY
The NBS 2013 – 2017 (NBS I) aimed to ensure universal access to high-speed and reliable broadband networks across the country, promote the generation of local and relevant content, and empower citizens through digital literacy initiatives for both primary school children and adults Additionally, it sought to cultivate a vibrant, well-funded innovation ecosystem to engage youth in developing creative ICT solutions The strategy also emphasized the importance of robust ICT policy, legal, and regulatory frameworks as essential enablers for achieving these goals.
1.3.1 Growth of ICT Sector in Kenya
Over the past ten years, Kenya's ICT sector has seen remarkable growth due to liberalization and a strong regulatory framework established by the Communications Authority of Kenya (CA) Nonetheless, the Ministry of ICT remains concerned about the significant "digital divide" that persists in Internet service access, despite substantial investments in ICT infrastructure.
As of December 2017, voice services experienced remarkable growth, reaching over 94% of the population However, this level of expansion is not mirrored in the availability of high-speed Internet or data services.
In 2017, Kenya had 33 million Internet users, but broadband subscriptions were just under 1 million, highlighting a significant gap in broadband uptake This raises questions about the factors contributing to the low adoption rates, especially considering the country's access to four international undersea fiber optic cables.
Despite interventions by MoICT such as investment in the National Optical Fibre broadband infrastructure (NOFBI) to increase broadband access, the following gaps remain pertinent:
(i) The need to clearly define broadband for Kenya
(ii) Broadband has not reached most parts of rural Kenya
(iii)Last mile connectivity is still a challenge
(iv) High broadband charges (exorbitant cost of broadband) in Kenya (v) Lack of relevant digital content and applications
(vi) Shortage of demand side skills to enable broadband services to be used effectively
(vii) Lack of infrastructural sharing framework that has somewhat impeded network rollout across Kenya
(viii) Incoherent investment models, construction costs, and collaboration across the industry chain
(ix) Insufficient levels of trust in and security of broadband.
(x) Limitations related to broadband devices, which are both demand enablers and e-waste contributors.
(xi) Limited innovative broadband services that are relevant for uptake across all socio-economic sectors to improve efficiency in these sectors and awareness of such services.
(xii) Governance and delivery framework for broadband
(xiii) Broadband vision for Kenya
Broadband access is globally acknowledged as a catalyst for economic growth and a facilitator of socio-economic progress The government aims to utilize information and communication technologies (ICTs) to implement its development strategies, particularly Vision 2030 and the Big 4 Agenda, which focuses on food security, universal health coverage, affordable housing, and enhancing manufacturing.
In this regard, this NBS 2023 is an outcome of a comprehensive review of NBS I and best practice benchmarking which addresses the gaps in the implementation of NBS
I while providing a roadmap for “Kenya Connected by 2020” and for other national development agendas by, among other initiatives: -
Introducing a State funded subsidy to expand broadband networks across Kenya
Encouraging technology pilots to stimulate innovations
Encouraging cost reduction through network sharing
Embracing public private partnerships that spur development
Creating enabling institutional, regulatory, policy and legal environment
Introducing incentives that encourage investment in high cost areas
Elaborating on the specific role of the Universal Service Fund (USF) in complementing the overall strategy
Enhancing the governance and delivery structure for broadband in order to realise its benefits across all sectors of the society
Comprehensively defining broadband for Kenya
Reviewing the broadband vision for Kenya
An evaluation of the NBS 2013-17 (NBS I) targets revealed that many were unmet, partly due to overly ambitious goals and insufficient governance structures The strategy placed insufficient emphasis on the demand side of broadband, overlooking critical drivers such as privacy, security, affordability, innovation, and awareness, while focusing predominantly on supply-side aspects like infrastructure rollout NBS 2023 aims to build on previous successes and address the gaps identified in the evaluation of NBS I.
B ACKGROUND
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are recognized worldwide as powerful tools for driving socio-economic development When effectively implemented, ICTs have the potential to significantly reduce or even eradicate poverty and social inequalities To fully leverage the developmental benefits of ICTs, it is essential to establish a well-coordinated and synchronized strategy for the ICT sector.
1.4.1 Overview of Broadband in Kenya
Kenya has made significant progress in advancing ICT services, with mobile subscriptions reaching approximately 44.1 million for a population of over 46.4 million However, to ensure full participation in the knowledge economy, it is crucial to address the digital divide Many Kenyans still face challenges, such as having to walk over 2 kilometers to find mobile signal, particularly in remote counties like Turkana, Mandera, and Tana River Furthermore, access to reliable Internet and data services remains elusive for many regions across the country.
In 2016, CA conducted an ICT Access Gaps Study to identify access disparities across the country, revealing over 580 sub-locations with less than 50% GSM population coverage, including 164 with no mobile signal Additionally, 2,221 sub-locations experienced less than 50% 3G coverage, with 1,221 lacking 3G services entirely The study highlighted significant broadband service gaps, with 50% of locations lacking 3G and 83% of the land mass without broadband coverage Furthermore, fiber optic cables only extend to 60,000 km, representing just 17% land coverage Addressing these digital divide challenges necessitates a collaborative effort from all stakeholders.
In an effort to bridge these gaps, CA is currently implementing two flagship projects through the mechanism of the Universal Service Fund (USF), namely:
The Voice Infrastructure and Services Project aims to provide basic mobile voice services to all sub-locations across the country During the 2017/2018 financial year, the Authority successfully connected 78 previously unserved sub-locations, enhancing communication access for many communities.
(ii) The Education Broadband Project aimed at facilitating broadband connectivity to all public secondary schools in the country In the Financial year 2017/
2018 the target has connected a total of 896 public secondary schools.
The 2013-2017 Broadband Strategy highlighted a significant gap in the national ICT policy, revealing that the existing legal and regulatory framework insufficiently addressed broadband access, usage, and benefits Additionally, it emphasized the need for enhanced security measures for broadband services on both the supply and demand sides, as well as the necessity for improvements in the institutional framework responsible for broadband delivery.
Key evaluation questions that informed the development of NBS 2023 revolved around the following issues:
(ii) Broadband outcomes and impacts;
(iii)Policy, Legislation and Regulation;
(v) Monitoring and Evaluation for broadband;
(viii) Institutional Framework for Broadband strategy delivery;
(ix) Relevance of broadband to the SDGs, Vision2030 and the Big 4 agenda; and
1.4.2 Drivers of Uptake of Broadband
The successful uptake and adoption of broadband are essential for a thriving broadband ecosystem, requiring a responsive balance between demand and supply To meet demand, it is vital to provide relevant content, affordable connectivity, quality service, education, awareness, and online security On the supply side, a favorable legal and regulatory framework must encourage competition, flexibility, and cooperation, with regulators incentivizing investment through tax breaks and promoting collaborative business models Service providers should embrace progressive strategies like infrastructure sharing to bridge the digital divide Additionally, factors such as government support, investment, income levels, population density, and education must be considered to drive broadband growth effectively.
1.4.3 Emphasis of the National Broadband Strategy
The strategy emphasizes the focus of NBS I and subsequent initiatives launched since 2013, aiming to achieve its implementation targets by addressing identified gaps It outlines specific actions to rectify previous shortcomings, particularly noting that earlier ICT strategies, including the Kenya NBS, primarily concentrated on the supply side of broadband rather than the demand side To promote the development and diffusion of broadband, this strategy will prioritize the creation of policies, legislation, and regulations that place greater emphasis on demand-side considerations.
(i) Policy framework on broadband, namely a review and alignment of the
National Information and Communications Policy guidelines to reflect issues of broadband, create a National Broadband Policy 1 and leverage on regional and international frameworks for collaboration on broadband.
The legal and regulatory framework governing broadband in Kenya necessitates a comprehensive review and alignment of existing legislation, including the Kenya Information and Communication Act CAP 411A and pertinent laws such as the Roads Act and Building Code, to ensure compliance with the 2010 Constitution Additionally, it is essential to update relevant regulations in accordance with the revised legislative requirements.
(iii) Cyber security which is a crucial demand side issue in broadband and given the many cyber breaches that continue to be committed leading to
In March 2006, the Kenyan Government published the Information and Communications Technology Sector Policy Guidelines through the Kenya Gazette Notice Vol CVIII – No 24, following a comprehensive consultative process with stakeholders This latest National ICT Policy aims to address significant financial and privacy losses across various sectors, while fostering trust and confidence to enhance the adoption of broadband services.
To effectively tackle the identified gaps in the NBS I and harness broadband for socio-economic advancement, this National Broadband Strategy focuses on seven key thematic areas.
The newly introduced thematic areas focus on broadband services, devices, and the privacy and security associated with broadband usage These additions aim to meet the growing demand for high-quality broadband services, ensure access through reliable devices, and address critical concerns regarding user privacy and security while online.
V ISION AND P RINCIPLES
This national broadband strategy has a vision and a set of principles that guided its development and will also inform its implementation over the 2018-2023 period
The vision of this NBS envisages the contribution of broadband to the realization of Vision 2030 and is as follows:
“A globally competitive knowledge-based society enabled by secure and fast broadband connectivity”
The central theme of this strategy is "broadband for all," ensuring that every citizen has access to secure, high-quality, and affordable broadband services This initiative aims to provide equitable access to broadband, allowing individuals to utilize available opportunities for various aspects of their lives.
This strategy is based on a set of five principles that have been identified and are listed and explained as follows:-
• Promotion of National values towards achievement of Vision 2030
This strategy serves as a crucial component in achieving Vision 2030, emphasizing the importance of equity, cohesion, and social inclusion as outlined in Article 10 of the Constitution It aims to ensure that the benefits of broadband are accessible to everyone, including special interest groups, thereby fostering equitable inclusion across society By implementing targeted action areas, this strategy seeks to unlock the transformative potential of broadband for all citizens.
• Awareness creation, security, education, research and innovation
The transition to a knowledge-based society is accelerating, with data and online presence increasingly recognized for their economic and social value High-speed broadband has become essential, necessitating the enhancement of technical and user capacity, education, awareness, research, and innovation This strategy aims to realize the broadband vision by prioritizing these critical components.
• Collaboration, coordination, integration and sharing
A strong broadband ecosystem relies on collaborative and integrated efforts across operational, technical, and policy levels, fostering the sharing of ideas and resources to achieve strategic goals This approach is essential for meeting the challenges of the knowledge economy, particularly in combating cybercrime, enhancing cybersecurity, and successfully implementing the NBS 2023 programs and projects.
• Open access, technology and network neutrality and competitiveness
The effectiveness of this Strategy will depend on creating a supportive legal, policy, regulatory, and institutional framework that recognizes both the supply and demand aspects of broadband services.
Creating an environment that incorporates market mechanisms, flexibility, and international cooperation is essential for achieving a balance between broadband demand and supply Implementing these best practices aims to enhance the overall broadband vision, fostering positive outcomes for all stakeholders involved.
S UPPLY AND D EMAND OF B ROADBAND
The deployment of broadband should encompass both the supply and demand aspects of broadband
Effective attention to demand-side factors, beyond just affordability, is crucial for increasing broadband uptake Key considerations in this context include privacy and security The European Union emphasized these aspects in its 2013 communication titled "An Open, Safe and Secure Cyberspace."
Information and communications technology (ICT) is essential for economic growth, serving as the foundation for all sectors It supports the intricate systems that sustain our economies, with numerous business models relying on consistent Internet access and the efficient operation of information systems.
This EU position has important implications for the development of broadband in Kenya; specifically with regard to the demand side of broadband
Broadband infrastructure and services will be expanded nationwide through both wired and wireless connectivity under the Universal Service Provision (USP) initiative, utilizing the universal service fund (USF) to enhance existing broadband and cellular coverage High-impact economic areas will see upgrades to broadband services, achieving speeds exceeding 10Mbps Given the high costs of infrastructure, the Government should collaborate with Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) and telecom companies to implement national broadband infrastructure projects To ensure effective broadband supply, a comprehensive national broadband policy, along with enabling legislation, regulation, and an institutional framework, must be established.
Figure 1: Broadband Strategy Implementation Focusing on Demand and Supply
Source: Adapted from Malaysian Broadband Initiative http://www.skmm.gov.my/Sectors/Broadband/National-Broadband-Initiative.aspx Accessed July 20, 2018
2 Lloyd I, Information Technology Law, (7 th ) OUP, New York, 2014 https://books.google.co.ke/books? id=l2X0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&fse (accessed on 20 July 2017)
To effectively promote broadband, it is essential to adopt a strategy that emphasizes Awareness, Attractiveness, and Affordability, recognizing that mere supply is not enough to drive demand Continuous involvement from both government and the private sector in awareness programs and capacity-building initiatives is crucial for raising awareness To enhance the attractiveness of online content, efforts should prioritize the promotion of e-Government, e-Education, and e-Commerce, alongside the development of local content, including materials in local languages.
Broadband is crucial for socio-economic development, as essential services increasingly rely on it, particularly in e-commerce To maximize its benefits, broadband must be accessible and affordable for all citizens, with current expenditures averaging 45% of income—far exceeding the World Bank's recommendation of less than 8% This high cost, coupled with expensive devices, hinders widespread broadband adoption and usage.
E QUITY AND S OCIAL I NCLUSION
This strategy emphasizes the constitutional basis for the targeted application of rights, focusing on initiatives for children, individuals with disabilities, youth, minorities, marginalized groups, and older adults It includes efforts to enhance digital literacy, provide access to devices and materials for persons with disabilities, and implement affirmative action programs in underserved areas Additionally, the strategy aims to ensure that all individuals, including seniors, can fully engage in societal affairs.
To enhance broadband adoption among people living with disabilities (PWDs), it is crucial to identify and address existing barriers to accessibility Current initiatives have made progress, but significant gaps remain that hinder full inclusion Therefore, it is essential for the government to meet various needs to ensure that PWDs can effectively access and benefit from broadband services.
Improve implementation and enforcement of existing accessibility laws;
Gather and analyse more information about disability-specific broadband adoption issues;
Coordinate accessibility policy and spending priorities;
Update subsidy programs and ensure the availability of training and support; and
Update its approach to accessibility problem solving.
Among other actions, this effort will involve the modernization of broadband accessibility laws, rules, and related subsidy programs by the CA, the Judiciary and Parliament.
3 https://transition.fcc.gov/national-broadband /equal-access-to-broadband-paper.doc
A SSUMPTIONS
There are a number of prerequisites for successful development of broadband and realization of its potential The success of this NBS is premised on the following:-:
(i) The government will create a policy, regulation and institutional framework that will facilitate the delivery and uptake of broadband
(ii) A robust broadband strategy delivery structure will be provided to include leadership, accountability; and monitoring and evaluation framework
(iii)The strategy will be private sector driven
(iv) All stakeholders will effectively play their respective roles
O UTCOMES OF B ROADBAND S TRATEGY
The implementation of this strategy will result in a number of outcomes that are pertinent to the country’s development plans The outcomes are as follows:-
(i) Last mile infrastructure is provided by fixed or wireless means to achieve 95
(ii) Fixed infrastructure is available up to the level of the ward
1.9.2 Services, Content and Applications Outcomes
There is a government bus architecture that enables all government applications to share this data
(i) There is a government data presentation standard and data classification mechanism that underpins a vibrant and effective government data digitisation programme
All essential government data, including information on individuals, land, infrastructure, assets, and institutions, is governed by a comprehensive legal framework This data is available in an accessible digital format and is effectively safeguarded and maintained.
(iii)Kenya’s creative economy is well-equipped through capacity building, technology, services and institutions to design, create, register, publish and market at least 100,000 digital works a year.
(iv) Affordable and quality services and platforms exist to enable Kenyan businesses to quickly exploit digital technology to support their operations, strategy and marketing.
1.9.3 Capacity Building and Innovation Outcomes
Kenyans have basic digital literacy where
Every year, over 10,000 graduates complete a variety of quality ICT degrees, including general, engineering, and specialized programs To enhance digital literacy among adults, accessible e-learning options and affordable cyber café services are available, ensuring that everyone can acquire essential digital skills.
Kenyan youth are encouraged to embrace a culture of innovation and fabrication through accessible centers that provide affordable technology, equipment, and skills nationwide Additionally, innovators receive support in protecting their intellectual property in a cost-effective manner.
Digital education is seamlessly incorporated into Kenya's basic education system, with tertiary colleges and Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions offering both local and international certification courses This initiative enables 50,000 Kenyans to attain ICT-related professional certifications annually.
In Kenya, every citizen possesses an affordable broadband device that functions not only as a means of communication but also as a vital identity tool These devices facilitate access to information, support e-learning and e-health initiatives, and play a crucial role in emergency and disaster management As they are locally assembled, they are accessible to a large segment of the population, enhancing connectivity and digital inclusion.
RELEVANCE TO NATIONAL LEGAL, POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS
B IG F OUR A GENDA
To foster an information society that actively engages in the knowledge-based economy, it is crucial to ensure access to high-quality, affordable, and secure broadband, as this underpins the government’s ability to promote development for all citizens The National Broadband Strategy (NBS) provides effective approaches to attract both foreign and local investments, stimulating the manufacturing sector, creating job opportunities for Kenyans, and delivering quality products to the populace.
NBS 2023 aims to promote the use of broadband ICT across all sectors in Kenya, supporting the Vision 2030 development agenda It aligns with the Government's Big 4 Agenda by enhancing efficiency through broadband services, fostering job creation, and ensuring access to quality, affordable products via device manufacturing Additionally, the strategy leverages AI and IoT technologies to improve various sectors, including affordable housing, food security through enhanced supply chains, and universal healthcare delivery through e-health initiatives.
The NBS 2023 aims to advance the Big 4 development agenda by enhancing health and agricultural information systems, supporting manufacturing, and promoting sustainable urban development Key policy decisions will be implemented to achieve these objectives effectively.
Integrate BB in the Big 4 sectors
Funding for building of the Big 4 architecture
Geospatial mapping of all buildings and land
4 We made a commitment to on implement the SDGs
Broadband is poised to significantly support Kenya's constitutional and developmental goals, making it a strong candidate for considerable investment from the government and partners.
B ROADBAND D ELIVERING THE B IG F OUR A GENDA
The NBS 2023 thematic areas are strategically aligned with the Big 4 Agenda, highlighting the solutions that will emerge from the Strategy's implementation Table 1 illustrates the integration of the NBS in achieving the objectives of the Big Four agenda.
Table 1: Broadband Delivering Big Four Agenda
Affordable Housing Universal Healthcare Manufacturing Food Security
Provide core and supporting infrastructure, and end user devices to deliver broadband in the Big 4 sectors
- Development of appropriate and good quality services specific to the Big 4 sectors - - Development of content, applications and innovative services in the Big 4 sectors
Formulation of policies, enactment of laws and development of regulations to guide the secure use of broadband in the Big 4 sectors
-Training and education of the Big
4 sector members on adoption and use of broadband in delivering on the Big 4
-Public awareness creation for broadband
-Providing incentive(s) for investors in broadband in the Big 4 -Government stimulus fund to spur uptake /use of broadband to deliver the Big 4
Enact laws to protect broadband users and prosecute cybercrimes
Affordable housing Universal Healthcare Manufacturing Food Security
Broadband ready housing: Have legislations for installation of cables in all modern housing to ease accessibility of Internet at home.
To enhance connectivity, it is essential to provide broadband access to all health facilities through the National Optic Fiber Backbone Infrastructure (NOFBI) and private sector initiatives Collaborating with Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC), which connects most health facilities, can facilitate this process effectively.
(apps) and content that can be
•Enhance manufacturing of broadband devices within the country
This will in turn have affordable devices in the country
Enhancing supply chain efficiency involves leveraging broadband internet to synchronize the demand and supply aspects of the food value chain By connecting production areas to relevant markets, we can ensure that all citizens, particularly those with smartphones, have access to essential healthcare resources and nutritious food options.
Big Data analytics: data on staffing, accountability and quality can be utilized to ensure better leadership and governance of health facilities.:
Telemedicine : to assure the population of accessible healthcare by affording them ability to consult professionals globally.
Health information; use broadband in the health facilities to store and access health information including patient details and health record
Security of housing: Ensure secure residences by promoting installation of ICT security gadgets through an affordable business model to avail devices
Monitoring of heath: Track all supply and usage of healthcare services and facilities and ensure timely availability of all necessary healthcare (facilities and services)
-Manufacture quality products through adoption of global standards for locally manufactured ICT devices
-Job creation through apps development and content creation and innovation
Quality of food: Verify quality of the food consumed and ensure only quality foods are consumed by the whole population.
Digital agriculture: such as the use of IoT technologies to improve farming and food production
To enhance the Big 4 Agenda, it is essential to promote broadband across key sectors and offer incentives for the development of services, content, and e-applications that boost efficiency A study is recommended to identify broadband opportunities within these sectors, alongside appropriate incentives to maximize these prospects This approach aims to fully realize the potential of the Big 4 sectors, contributing significantly to socio-economic transformation during the NBS 2023 period.
B ROADBAND FOR A LL
NBS 2023 aims to create a connected Kenya, where users in the most remote areas can effortlessly communicate, transact, and interact globally through fast, reliable, secure, and affordable internet access This initiative will empower individuals to receive information, share content, engage in trade, socialize, and utilize various services that broadband connectivity has made possible.
The effectiveness of this strategy hinges on the availability of solutions and services provided through broadband, which serves as a gateway to the endless opportunities emerging in the fourth industrial revolution.
In this regard Broadband for Wanjiku aims to among other things;
Complement and drive other sectors and government agendas
Provide access to global markets
Successfully implementing this strategy will create significant opportunities in research, communication, networking, career development, e-commerce, socializing, and innovation A strong broadband ecosystem will improve information access and utilize ICTs as essential tools for advancing national, regional, and global economic goals, including Vision 2030 and the Big 4 Agenda.
2063 and the Sustainable Development Goals to which Kenya subscribes.
The collaboration between the government and private sector in leveraging ICTs can enhance digital presence and improve access to essential services, including biometric enrollment for the National Hospital Insurance Fund, the establishment of a central farmers' database for registration and product classification, and the provision of market information Additionally, expanding broadband access will boost productivity, foster innovation, and develop talent hubs, ultimately driving economic growth and job creation.
Listing ICT companies on Stock Exchanges can enhance investment opportunities, while mobile commerce plays a crucial role in delivering digital financial solutions and promoting financial inclusion According to the ITU m-Powering report 2018, addressing local challenges through ICT is vital for increasing internet usage, necessitating collaboration among government, private sector, and development partners.
The focus of this strategy is on seven thematic areas, which are Policy, legislation and regulation; Infrastructure and connectivity; Services, Content, and
5 https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Initiatives/m-Powering/Documents/Mpowering_Report_18-00029-v2.pdf
Applications; Capacity building and Innovation; Devices; Privacy and Security; Finance and investment; and the accompanying institutional framework to deliver the strategy.
This chapter explores the strategic challenges in developing the broadband ecosystem, provides an analysis of the current landscape and identifies gaps, highlights opportunities, formulates strategic objectives, and concludes with an implementation plan for each thematic area in the appendix.
Besides the strategies that have been provided under each thematic area, other strategic initiatives under this strategy are to:
Introduce State funded subsidy to expand broadband networks across Kenya
Encourage technology pilots to stimulate innovations
Encourage cost reduction through network and infrastructure sharing
Embrace public private partnerships that spur development
Provide enabling institutional, regulatory, policy and legal environment
Introduce incentives that encourage investment in high cost areas
Elaborate on the specific role of the Universal Service Fund (USF) in complementing the overall strategy
Enhance the governance and delivery structure for broadband including provision of a robust M&E for the strategy
In addition to addressing each thematic area, this strategy encompasses:-
The implementation of broadband flagship projects should adopt a programmatic approach that clearly defines ownership, responsibilities, expected outcomes, and key performance indicators (KPIs), along with specific targets and measurement frequency Additionally, it is essential to ensure the quality, security, and affordability of broadband services to effectively meet the demand from users.
(iii)Comprehensive definition of broadband for Kenya to also include quality, affordability, security, and the overarching aspirations of Kenya.
(iv) Broadband for all where people living with disabilities, minorities and the vulnerable individuals are not left out of broadband
Table 2: Pending legal instruments and Fundamental Freedoms
P OLICY , L EGAL AND R EGULATORY E NVIRONMENT
The policy, legislation, and regulation (PLR) aim to guarantee safety and high-quality service while promoting extensive broadband coverage It seeks to encourage diverse content and applications, ensure affordable broadband access, and support ongoing digital literacy programs that cater to the needs of all citizens.
Several legislations dealing with various issues that affect the broadband have been enacted:
Access to Information Act No 31 of
Computer Misuse and Cyber Crimes
A number of pending broadband-enabling legislations, regulations, policy, and fundamental freedoms specific to ICT and broadband are presented in Table 2
Recent amendments to the Copyright Act aim to enhance the enforcement of copyright rights in the context of online infringement However, there are significant gaps that need to be addressed to better support rights holders and ensure robust protection against digital copyright violations Strengthening these provisions will help create a more effective framework for combating online infringement and safeguarding the interests of copyright owners.
Thematic Area Policy Focus Strategy/Action
Infrastructure sharing Legislation updated to include broadband and as critical infrastructure
Services -Quality of Service Relevant regulations to address
Pending legislations, policy and regulations:
Data Protection (Article 31 of the Constitution)
Right to Information: Access to information Act 2016 Data Protection and Privacy: Data Protection and Privacy Legislation; pending but committee has been set up
The Media Council Act 2013 safeguards freedom of expression in the media, while the Computer Misuse and Cybercrime Act 2018 addresses the criminalization of cyber violations to ensure the right to security Additionally, the pending e-waste regulations under the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) 2015, Cap 387, aim to promote a sustainable environment through effective environmental audits.
-Consumer Protection -Disruptive technologies -Net neutrality
-Data Protection -Electronic Transactions -Competition
-Language -Child Online Protection -Digitization of curriculum -Intellectual Property Rights -Public key fields each aspect of service and content
-Local professional certification in critical Broadband areas
To revive specialized institutions to support specialised skills and competencies required by Broadband related sectors
Ensure availability of genuine broadband access devices
Service to secure BB infrastructure (ii)Promote establishment of Independent cybercrime forensic organisations
(iii) Conduct education and regular awareness programs on online privacy and security to citizens
Investment -Integrated infrastructure development -Special Purpose Vehicles
(i)Institutionalize multi- stakeholder approach to broadband development
(ii) implement innovative models such as Build, operate and transfer (BOT) upon assessment of their merit
Figure 4: Status on Policy, legal and Legislation
3 Regulations for Broadband under the NBS 2023
The following are the strategic issues with regard to law and regulation that will be addressed in this strategy
(iv) Opening vertically integrated markets
(vii) Privacy and data protection
(viii) Regulation of broadband content
The following regulatory actions will be taken to support the realisation the NBS
To ensure technology and service neutrality except where scarce resources are involved by promoting unified licensing frameworks capable of accommodating technology and service neutrality
To facilitate converged service availability and maximize value and use of spectrum by: -
• Ensuring flexibility in spectrum licensing and authorization (e.g enabling platforms such as spectrum trading to enable entry of secondary markets)
• Adopting flexible use rules for existing licenses
• Adopting internationally harmonised band plans during allocation and assignment of spectrum
• Use of market mechanisms to assign spectrum
To promote competition and entry whilst maintaining incentives for investment in new infrastructure and innovation
Promote infrastructure sharing (e.g through joint ventures) in order to reduce capital expenditures and operating expenses associated with rollout and operation of broadband
To foster investment in the broadband value chain, it is essential to promote innovative business models that clearly define the various markets within this ecosystem, including the physical layer, active layer, and service layers.
To revise and reform governmental and private sector safeguards to promote trust, security, privacy and consumer protection in ICT services through the following strategies:-
To react to security issues after the fact (e.g in financial systems where the fundamental basis for security is undoing any transaction) by focusing on early detection and response
(2)Regulatory actions to ensure security
(i) Increase oversight and regulation of computer and communications technologies
(ii) Encourage institutions and companies to comport with best practices
(iii)Mandate a safety-culture approach to cybersecurity and privacy
(iv) Obligate companies to provide security and privacy mechanisms in their products
(v) Interpret laws (e.g torts) to include increased penalties for cybersecurity breaches
To enhance the security of communications networks, it is essential to hold the nodes accountable for their security measures This accountability allows administrators to identify vulnerable or malicious nodes effectively By implementing strategies to punish or isolate these compromised nodes, networks can deter future security breaches and promote a safer digital environment.
(vii) Use of economic incentives to promote security (e.g requiring that data breaches and non-compliance with best security practices be reported)
(i) Studies on how people apply or circumvent security systems in order to design more rational/responsive systems
(ii) Metrics for levels of security and values of assets to inform level of security necessary vis-à-vis absolute security
(iii)Research to counter the innovative capabilities and abilities of cybercriminals who are ever a step ahead
(4)Digital Literacy regarding cyber security
To educate users on digital vigilance including password use detection of potential threats
To formulate regulations to govern internet content in the framework of network neutrality
• Emphasizing informed consent where consumers freely give specific and informed indication of their agreement to data collecting and processing activities
Requiring increased transparency of data collection
Consumers should receive clear and comprehensive information to make informed decisions about how their personal data is collected and used This can be achieved through the use of standardized privacy notices written in plain language and by providing education on privacy issues.
• Transparency can also be enhanced using policies such as data breach notifications
Increasing responsibility of data controllers
Data controllers (DCs) should be required to implement robust privacy protections in their operations, which encompass strong data security measures, reasonable limits on data collection, effective retention strategies, and ensuring data accuracy Additionally, it is essential for DCs to maintain comprehensive data management procedures throughout the entire lifecycle of their products and services.
• Especially among younger users, regarding the impact of broadband and new technologies on personal privacy
Increased international cooperation in enforcement of privacy laws and data protection
To make regulations regarding content as follows:-
• Content regulation, including surveillance and monitoring of Internet use, needs to take into account the standards set by international human rights law
The right to freedom of expression should be fully guaranteed as a fundamental norm, with any limitations regarded as exceptions This principle must remain steadfast and should not be reversed, as emphasized in the report by the UN Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression.
Implement graduated response measures, commonly known as three-strike laws, to address online copyright infringement Under this system, users would receive initial warnings for their first and second offenses Upon a third violation, they could face significant penalties, including fines, potential jail time, and suspension of their Internet access, all contingent upon established judicial procedures.
Copyright holders (CH) can collaborate with Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to combat copyright infringement effectively When an infringement is detected, the CH contacts the ISP responsible for the infringing IP address The ISP then identifies the customer associated with that IP and issues a warning, informing them that copyright infringement violates the ISP's terms of service and may result in disconnection.
(3) Regulating Specific Forms of Content
Regulate content for protection of minors, prevention of vices, and protection of national security
The current national ICT policy and regulatory framework exhibit significant gaps, including a lack of synchronization among government entities involved in infrastructure rollout, infringement on fundamental freedoms, and insufficient integration of sector guidelines like phone branding There is a notable absence of technology-ready devices, particularly 4G compatible ones, and Persons with Disabilities (PWD) are not adequately considered in broadband initiatives Additionally, e-waste regulations remain unimplemented, resources are depleted necessitating infrastructure sharing, and ICT services are costly with redundant infrastructure The framework inadequately addresses access to, use of, and benefits from broadband ICT services, along with security concerns from both supply and demand perspectives To enhance the institutional framework for broadband delivery, there is an urgent need for appropriate legislation that recognizes broadband as critical infrastructure.
To elevate broadband to critical infrastructure status through legislation;
To implement Cyber Security laws
Inclusion of people living with disabilities (PWDs) in broadband, such as through audio signals
Review of Tax policies, including exception of taxes on broadband devices
Development of plan for new technology such as the 5G after Radio frequency meeting (the World Radio Conference 2018 schedule for in October
2018) by 2020; further the testing of 5G technology should be underway presently ahead of 2020
More ownership and responsibility by government agencies
Environmental impact assessment and Audit 2003 amendment underway to address environmental impacts of broadband
To harmonize legislations across all the Counties and National government, and collaborative planning, deployment and maintenance of broadband
Development and enhancement of Data Sovereignty law - e.g., Government to define standards and policies to be met to store, process and transmit
I NFRASTRUCTURE AND C ONNECTIVITY
While the private sector has significantly advanced infrastructure development, there remain critical areas for government intervention where commercial efforts fall short Government participation should focus on identifiable gaps, especially as competition has made connectivity more affordable Historically, the government has invested over $200 million in the National Optic Fiber Backbone Infrastructure (NOFBI), which spans 6,400 km and reaches all 47 counties Additionally, satellite technology will be utilized where terrestrial systems are impractical, employing a mix of technologies to ensure cost-effective broadband delivery However, high spectrum costs and the complexities of acquisition pose substantial barriers to wireless infrastructure rollout Moreover, challenges such as insufficient energy supply, inadequate road infrastructure, and security issues leading to vandalism hinder the overall cost-effectiveness of deploying and maintaining infrastructure.
6 For example, KPLC has over 2500, Liquid 4500, and Jamii over 2500 of optical fibre infrastructure length
The gaps, opportunities for improvement, strategic objectives and an implementation plan for infrastructure and connectivity under this Strategy are as follows:
Quality of broadband services exhibit low speed connections and poor reliability
Rural areas are seriously lacking in coverage
Broadband services face significant geographical limitations, with 50% of locations lacking 3G connectivity and 83% of the land mass devoid of broadband access Furthermore, fiber optic cables extend only 60,000 km, representing a mere 17% coverage of the total land area.
Parallel installations due to lack of coordination of infrastructure development which have resulted in reducing coverage, constraining investment in broadband and reducing ability of consumers to afford broadband
Lack of sharing arrangement of critical infrastructure
Low access to and uptake of broadband services (penetration of 39.7%)
Figure 5: Status on Infrastructure and Connectivity
Increase broadband penetration in rural areas for socio economic development and transformation
Increase broadband connection to the 47 Counties
Stimulate demand for broadband services and entrepreneurships
Increase investment in broadband services to realize better connections and speeds by providing incentives for investors
Increase the number of collaborations for broadband infrastructure development
Figure 6: Kenya Broadband Penetration and Subscription
Figure 7: Mobile Technology Coverage in Kenya
Treat broadband as critical infrastructure, sensitize everyone on the importance and use to elicit demand and uptake
Harmonize development of infrastructure to reduce duplication and increase coverage
Increase coverage and connection to public institutions, including schools, hospitals, and Government agencies digitization
Extend Broadband Connectivity to cover all classified roads (A, B and C roads)
Ensure open access to infrastructure for all
Increase awareness of broadband to County governments, and use of broadband services
Use USF to provide broadband in underserved areas like rural areas
Review spectrum allocation and pricing mechanisms to make it more market responsive
Introduce tax rebates/subsidies for deployment of broadband in marginalized areas to stimulate investment in and uptake of broadband
National Government to facilitate access to national optical fiber broadband infrastructure (NOFBI) on an open access basis
The national government to take charge of all supporting infrastructure including ducts, wayleaves
Open access refers to the ability for third parties to utilize existing network infrastructure to deliver services, which is particularly crucial for publicly funded national broadband networks There is a growing regulatory agreement advocating for open access to national broadband infrastructure, emphasizing fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory terms over fostering infrastructure competition This approach is especially important when public funding supports the rollout of broadband and next-generation access, as it encourages network investment, prevents unnecessary duplication of facilities, and enhances competition While infrastructure monopolies may appear practical in rural areas and developing countries, regulatory measures will be implemented to ensure these monopolies do not hinder broadband development in Kenya.
S ERVICES , C ONTENT , AND A PPLICATIONS
Broadband services refer to professional facilities tailored for technology application by businesses and individual users These technology services deliver specialized, technology-driven solutions by integrating software, hardware, networks, telecommunications, and electronics processes and functions.
“A means of delivering value to customers by facilitating the outcomes customers want to achieve without the ownership of specific costs and risks.” ITIL
A service is defined as the act of fulfilling a need or providing content through technology This NBS emphasizes alternative methods of delivering services and content beyond traditional offerings.
Value Added Services (VAS) -news, heath, farming, education
OTT services (Facebook, WhatsApp, twitter,)
Over-the-Top (OTT) Services
The increasing demand for bandwidth is driving the growth of over-the-top (OTT) services, which have become a critical aspect of broadband discussions Popular OTT offerings span various sectors, including commerce with platforms like Jumia, Alibaba, and Amazon; communication through apps like WhatsApp, WeChat, and Facebook Messenger; and media with streaming services such as Netflix and YouTube However, traditional service providers are struggling to adapt to this rapidly changing market In this dynamic landscape, regulators play a vital role in maintaining balance by addressing licensing, market accessibility, taxation, quality of service, pricing, interconnection, net neutrality, infrastructure obligations, and privacy, ensuring the sustainability of the emerging ecosystem.
This strategy advocates for the development of a regulatory framework that supports current providers while encouraging the entry of new competitors This approach aims to foster innovation, improve consumer choice, ensure high-quality service, protect user security, and make broadband services more affordable, all of which are essential for increasing broadband adoption.
A study contributing to the development of NBS 2023 highlighted that services are costly and need quality enhancements Additionally, it emphasized the importance of content and applications, particularly those essential for the project's success.
The Government's Big Four agenda highlights the essential need for digitizing core government registries and developing County Government management information systems, yet these targets remain unfulfilled, with most counties still relying on manual payment services Additionally, while the aim was to achieve 75% local language digital content, 20% for websites, and 20% for online educational programs, only 40% of local broadcast content has been realized, leaving significant gaps in local digital content and applications This deficiency poses a significant barrier to broadband adoption.
Opportunities in the services, content, and applicators sectors include promoting content development through incentives, aligning content and applications with the needs of the development sector, and conducting research to create innovative products and services.
Figure 8: Status on Service, Content and Application
Consistent with the identified gaps and available opportunities, the following strategic objectives will be pursued to improve the status of Kenya’s broadband with regard to Services, Content, and Applications.
Undertake research and create innovation in the field of Applications and Content Development
Enable profitable value chain for content, application developers, marketers and innovators.
Endeavour to have rich multicultural and multilingual Kenyan content in cyberspace.
Several digitization projects are underway, including those for the Kenya National Hospital (KNH), the judiciary, the Civil Registration Department (CRD), educational curriculum, and land management Additionally, key registries such as civil registers, national archives, judiciary records, land records, and the companies registry have already been digitized Currently, active registries include the National Registration Bureau (NRB), the Integrated Population Registration System (IPRS), driving licenses, immigration records (passports), and the companies registry.
The Kenya Institute of Mass Communication (KIMC) collaborates with key industry players such as the Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC), IBM, Oracle, and SAP to enhance media education and technology integration Additionally, partnerships with the Kenya Year Book, the Kenya Film Classification Board, and the Kenya Film Commission focus on content development and regulatory standards The Media Council of Kenya and the Kenya News Agency also play vital roles in promoting journalism and media integrity within the country.
The digitization of records in Kenya has made significant strides, with a notable percentage of documents related to persons, lands, assets, and institutions now available online Each Kenyan has access to a growing number of digital products, including various works in local languages Additionally, the number of government documents accessible digitally continues to increase, alongside the successful digitization of numerous public registries.
The establishment of standards for services and content is essential for enhancing the quality of digital media Capacity building initiatives are crucial for empowering individuals and organizations in the digital landscape The integration of advanced digitization technology is transforming media production, exemplified by projects like Studio Mashinani and the expansion of the Kenya Institute of Mass Communication (KIMC) The development of digital TV villages fosters local content creation, while multilingual edutainment programs, such as Y254 and the Heritage Channel, promote cultural diversity through subtitles and accessibility.
Seek to avail digital information that supports an effective e-commerce, logistics and supply chain ecosystem in Kenya.
Accelerate promotion of e-learning – e.g.by implementing schools connectivity program
Promote universal access to digital content and services
Put in place an open access policy to ICTs’ and Digital Content for e- government services in delivery of public service
Promotion of emerging technologies in Fintech (Blockchain, Mobile Money, Infosec, Data Science/ Big Data)
Promote provision of quality, affordable, accessible and relevant broadband services to all citizens
Increase awareness and demand for broadband services
Ensure sustainability of broadband content
Protect consumer interests and ensure security in accessing broadband services
While details of implementation actions and outcomes on broadband services are presented in Appendix I-3, similar action plan for Content and Applications if found in Appendix I-4
C APACITY B UILDING AND I NNOVATION
The digital world presents immense opportunities for society, offering limitless access to valuable information, innovative interactive learning methods, and enriching life experiences while promoting cultural exchanges Citizens are empowered to engage in various sectors, including education, health, agriculture, and government services, and are encouraged to exercise their rights online However, the promise of a bright digital future relies on effective capacity-building initiatives and awareness campaigns in information and communication technology (ICT).
This strategy aims to enhance awareness and build capacity for broadband access among citizens, ensuring equitable access for all By imparting essential knowledge, skills, and experience, it empowers individuals to fully utilize digital opportunities online Additionally, the strategy outlines specific initiatives to cultivate advanced technical skills that will strengthen the broadband ecosystem in Kenya.
Limited awareness of broadband services
The curriculum in schools and tertiary institutions is not aligned with the awareness and skills requirements of broadband/ ICTs
Lack of synergy and collaborations between implementing agencies
Inadequate training for new graduates
Limited funding for skill development
Despite the existing gaps in the available technical and related capacity for broadband, there are opportunities to further enhance capacity and innovations in the broadband arena; these include:-
Leveraging on existing infrastructure to deliver broadband
Re-skilling the existing workforce on emerging technologies
Partnerships with the robust private sector and training institutions
By implementing appropriate strategies, the expected outcomes in this thematic area are:-
Increased awareness of ICT and broadband services
Increased digital literacy of the general citizenry
Enhanced high end technical skills
Improved access and efficiency in delivery of e-Government services
More informed citizenry on existing legal policies and regulatory frameworks
Increased innovations that leverage on emerging technologies
Strategic objectives and an implementation plan for the CBI thematic area is presented in Appendix I-5.
Figure 9: Status in BB Capacity Building and Innovation
3.4.4 Broadband Innovations and employment projects
The CIH project aims to foster socio-economic development by creating digital job opportunities and promoting innovations that align with the Big 4 Agenda This initiative will focus on enhancing youth employment through projects in e-agriculture, e-health, and other sectors To achieve this, broadband innovation and employment creation projects will be implemented, with a detailed list of potential innovations and digital job roles provided in Table 3.
Currently, the majority of citizens are well exposed to simple functions; searching, downloading, e-commerce and financial transactions, YouTube, among others Capacity building and innovation is characterised as follows;
The low levels of cyber security literacy and device ownership among Kenyans hinder productive use of the internet and online job opportunities Many citizens rely on reference learning, but the limited engagement with digital platforms leads to wasted time online Additionally, the scarcity of innovation hubs stifles creativity and technological advancement in the country.
Service Providers, AFRALTI, Universities, International certifications (ITU, CISCO, CTO, USTTI, UKTA), Korea Institute of Technology (KIST) at Konza, Incubation hubs, Cybersecurity research institute, KENET.
• No of students’ with professional certifications
• No of professional training institutions
• No of intellectual properties (IPs) (patents, utility models, etc.) registered in Kenya
• No of online jobs for Kenyans
To enhance research funding and foster integrated industrial attachments linked to manufacturing, it is essential to strengthen the Presidential Digital Talent Programme (PDTP) by building strategic capacity This includes training PDTP participants to collaboratively create and co-own educational content alongside professors, ensuring shared ownership of both the content and its proceeds Additionally, promoting e-learning education and expanding content development programs will further support the growth of the Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) sector.
Table 3: Broadband Innovations and employment projects
Project Specific projects Beneficiaries Value to society
This is a platform by IBM where registered users can access online learning on new technologies.
It also provides job opportunities that match the user experience and skill. https://developer.ibm.com/africa/
Universal to anyone with an email address and can access internet
1 Expansion and creation of skills to users on emerging technologies.
2 Creation of innovative solutions through mobile apps
3 Provision of learning opportunity and knowledge sharing with students and youth in learning institutions
This is a program aims to equip learners with communication and writing skills, basic conversational skills and digital literacy skills.
The courses will be offered by private sector such as Alison.com and Google
Learners interested on improving their communication skills and enhancing their
1 Improve communication and writing skills in today’s workplace
2 Accelerate business growth through digital marketing and enhanced online presence
3 Help people to develop new skills and take advantage of all the social and economic opportunities that come along with such skills
This offers training on various ICT skills including Windows XP, Office skills and Email Etiquette
Universal to all Creates professional office workers with enhanced communication skills
Online course to provide experience on Networking, TCP/IP and Unix
IT professionals, Web designers and learners interested on IT and networking
Enhanced skills of ICT professionals and knowledge sharing in the field.
Short online courses on programming languages such a Ajax, HTML 5, Java, xhtml and Android
Individuals with basic knowledge in programming languages and web developers
Students interested on setting up blogs
1 Improvement on the existing skillsets of
IT professionals on the programming languages
2 Creation of employment through creation of blogs that facilitate knowledge sharing and online marketing
Online course on graphic and Web designing.
SMEs and entrepreneurs Learners with interest on graphic design knowledge
Enablement SMEs and MSMEs to market their business through the digital network
Online course to enhance skills of learners to implementing marketing strategies
1 Enhanced business growth through effective marketing strategies.
3 Creation of global presence of businesses
The course provides learners with guidance on book keeping and accounting
Learners interested in accounting knowledge
Enhances financial management by startups and entrepreneurs
Ajira Digital offers a range of online job platforms that enable users to create working accounts These platforms include popular options such as Niko Job, EVA Virtual Assistant, Tuko Works, Kuhustle, and Crowdsource Africa, as well as global sites like Cloudfactory, Freelancer, Upwork, iWriter, PeoplePerHour, MachineDesign, Cadcrowd, WordPress, Metafilter, Gigster, and Problogger.
Public Creation employment as well as enable individuals to own online working accounts hence being sf employed
Mashinani Studio Mashinani is a project targeting the
Youth of Kenya to show case their talents in Performance Art Currently the government has set up four studios 8
Youth Provision of opportunity and platform for the youth to showcase and nature their talents.
Y254 is a dynamic online channel dedicated to delivering engaging entertainment content specifically tailored for Kenya's youth Additionally, Y254 showcases original music and entertainment produced by Kenyan artists, highlighting the vibrant creative scene in the country.
Youth 1 Facilitation of promotion of local music and entertainment content.
2 Marketing of startup artists and enhances their skill and experience in
7 https://ajiradigital.go.ke/guides
8 https://ajiradigital.go.ke/support_centers
Youth working together with KBC through Studio
The government is establishing innovative hubs equipped with internet access and digital devices across 20 constituencies, aimed at empowering youth to develop and market their creative ideas online for income generation This initiative is part of a broader strategy to transform the nation into an information society and prepare citizens for a thriving digital economy, with plans to expand these hubs to all 210 constituencies.
Public The hub enables the public to access online jobs and allow them obtain agribusiness and micro finance information
9 https://ajiradigital.go.ke/support_centers
B ROADBAND D EVICES
Broadband provides internet access through various portable devices, including smartphones, PCs, and tablets, as well as specialized equipment like police terminals and smart IoT devices such as IP TVs and wearables When selecting the most cost-effective and suitable device for a specific purpose, it's crucial to consider the total cost of ownership (TCO), which includes repair, maintenance, power supply, and lifespan Access to online content and essential services, such as those related to agriculture and health, is vital for improving citizens' lives and aligns with the government's Big Four strategy, necessitating access devices that can be individually owned, shared, or made available in public spaces.
In 2010, Kenya's broadband penetration rate stood at just 2 subscriptions per 100 people, highlighting the need for significant improvements in broadband adoption While government initiatives, such as the Digital Literacy Program (DLP), have increased device usage in public offices and schools, the availability of quality low-end devices remains a challenge Moreover, health facilities and police departments still face a shortage of devices Despite efforts to boost local device manufacturing, these initiatives have not achieved the desired success.
Understanding the potential physical and psychological negative effects of device usage, particularly on children, is crucial Additionally, it is essential to explore effective management strategies for electronic waste, given the increasing prevalence of these devices.
Table 4 : Gaps and Opportunities for Broadband Devices
Affordability 40% of subscribers do not have smart phones Reduce costs, provide incentives to enable service retailers provide payment by installment
Access There are currently 64 libraries and 11 CIH that provide access points nationwide
Leverage NOFBI to establish Wi-Fi points; and expand public access points with high- speed broadband
17000 primary schools have received tablets; 1,000 secondary schools have devices
Only 8,000 modern devices for police, most still using old devices if any and few in police
Provide devices for secondary schools and increase devices at primary schools; Provide devices for health facilities;
Provide devices in police stations and for police officers stations Few devices in public health facilities.
Adoption Limited use of local content and still low uptake of devices in rural areas; no awareness off health impacts of devices
Provide training and awareness on benefits and uses of broadband; understand health impacts of devices
E-Waste Only one recycling center in
Kenya which mostly exports for overseas recycling
Establish local recycling facilities in PPP; Provide incentives for take-back of devices
Counterfeit Large number of counterfeit devices in the market
Use rebates to reimburse legitimate devices; establish certifications for retailers; expand phone testing Local
Local assembly of DLP but no manufacturing or ICT supply chain
Develop feasibility study to attract contract manufacturers
The current market features limited IoT and customized devices, which are essential for promoting the adoption of IoT technology These devices support the development of local IoT solutions and cater to the unique needs of specific user groups.
The goal of this initiative is to ensure that every citizen can afford a broadband device to support various socio-economic activities, including education, financial services, healthcare access, e-commerce, and entertainment This article summarizes the current landscape of broadband devices, identifies the key institutions involved, assesses the availability of key performance indicators (KPIs), outlines necessary policies, and proposes programs aimed at making these devices accessible to all.
Figure 10: Status on Broadband Devices
• To promote access to a broadband enabled device by all citizens in order to access e-government services.
To enhance the efficiency of the public sector, it is essential to provide access to devices in government offices, educational institutions, and healthcare facilities, as well as for personnel working in the field, including public security roles.
• To establish a local industry for device manufacture, maintenance and recycling, which will create jobs and address e-waste issues.
• To ensure availability of standards based devices in the market.
Table 5: Broadband Devices Initiatives and Outcomes
Broadband Zero-rate smartphone sales to increase affordability Increased ownership of devices
Establish partnerships with vendors, operators and financial institutions for bulk purchasing and low- interest loans (e.g SACCOs) and purchase contracts for devices (including government employees)
Access Increase number of devices in libraries (and increase broadband speed and reliability)
Establish Public Access Points with devices at Sub-
County offices Increased access to broadband
Establish Public Access Points with devices at constituencies, utilizing educational, health, post office facilities
The government mandates that every educational institution must provide devices for students, ensuring that each student has the opportunity to use a device at least once a week, ideally equipped with keyboards for those in secondary education and above Additionally, it is required that every teacher is provided with a device to enhance the learning experience.
Use of Broadband to improve education
Provide devices for health facilities and every community health volunteer Use of broadband to improve health
Provide devices in police stations and for police officers (number of devices per police station to be determined during the action planning (e.g , 1 per officer)
Use of broadband to improve safety
USF, along with counties and various agencies, is committed to enhancing training and awareness initiatives in rural areas and public access points These efforts aim to educate users about the advantages of broadband and the effective use of broadband devices and services.
Increase ownership and use of devices
Research health impacts of device usage, especially amongst children (e.g., social skills) Increase ownership and use of devices
E-Waste Establish local recycling facilities in PPP (with supportive policies to encourage PPP)
Provide incentives for take-back of devices and create a supply chain for value addition from recycling
Use rebates to reimburse legitimate devices Reduced counterfeit devices Establish certifications for retailers Reduced counterfeit devices
Assembly Develop feasibility study to attract contract manufacturers Strategy for local ICT manufacturing
Devices Drive the use of IoT through government procurement and support for innovation Increase in IoT devices
Support local IoT device manufacture or customization in partnership with other companies/Gearbox etc.
Drive the use of customized devices to aid specific groups of users Increase in IoT devices
To effectively implement Public Access Points (PAPs), it is essential to establish a time limit for device usage, introduce a nominal usage fee, and restrict access to specific sites such as e-government services, KICD, and Ajira Additionally, PAPs in schools could operate on a membership basis to enhance security The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology for applications like animal tracking and SGR freight tracking is also crucial Details on the implementation plan for expanded device usage can be found in Appendix I-6.
P RIVACY AND S ECURITY
Broadband networks must not only prioritize accessibility, affordability, reliability, and quality of services, but also ensure robust security and privacy for consumers As privacy and security become essential factors influencing demand for broadband and online services, users are more likely to engage in online transactions when they feel their information is protected This highlights the vital role that privacy and security play as key drivers of broadband adoption.
Information security and privacy are essential for building confidence in online transactions and broadband services The Kenyan Government aims to enhance these aspects by promoting legislation focused on information security, data protection, and citizens' privacy rights To achieve a secure and reliable national and regional communications network, the establishment of computer emergency response teams (CERTs) and standardized protocols will be prioritized Additionally, the government will foster cooperation to combat cybercrime and cybersecurity breaches, ensuring the protection of vulnerable members of society.
Security There is prevalence of social engineering attacks, SIM swapping, bank fraud and identity theft leading to inconvenience, and loss
Privacy and data protection Consistent Article 31 of the Constitution a Draft
Bill and policy have been finalized and undergoing stakeholder consultations with data protection commission (MoICT and Senate consulting)
Overall, the citizens and businesses are significantly insecure while online, their privacy is being infringed and private data is not adequately protected
Figure 11: Status on privacy and Security
A summary of gaps, opportunities, strategic objectives and an action-oriented implementation plan with regard to privacy and security as applied to broadband in Kenya follows.
▪ Weak Child Online Protection (COP) legal and regulatory framework
▪ Lack of laws and policies that govern the use of data
▪ Lack of awareness on the best information security practices and data protection procedures
▪ Lack of confidence in the security of online platforms i.e e-government, online markets etc.
▪ Lack of adequate research and development in information security and privacy issues, locally
▪ Broadband cables are considered critical infrastructure and not a utility.
Although Article 31 of the Constitution guarantees the right to privacy, there is currently no comprehensive data protection law outlining the proper handling of personal data by organizations that access or manage this information in the course of their business activities.
▪ The European Union General Data Protection Regulations came into force on 25th May 2018 and the Regulations have implications on Kenyan businesses
▪ The citizenry lack adequate skill and knowledge on the best online practices, which as a result exposes them to dangerous actors who use their personal information for criminal purposes.
Innovative regulation of children's content is essential, as current protections are often circumvented Implementing a robust data protection law will ensure the safeguarding of children's data and personal information in accordance with international standards.
▪ To provide civic education and capacity building on safety online and the scope of privacy rights
▪ Set up frameworks to authenticate systems and users
▪ Safeguard the systems further to build confidence.
▪ Encourage more research institutions and centers to engage in online privacy and security research
▪ Have ICT infrastructure declared a utility in the law so as to have punitive measures taken against anyone who vandalizes and/or destroys broadband infrastructure.
In sum, and in working on this strategy, the strategic objectives with regard to privacy and security are as follows:
1 The ratification of the Budapest Convention on Cybercrimes to enhance the country’s international positioning on cybercrime and to address the existing gaps in its cyber-laws
2 Enactment of the cyber-specific laws following rigorous due process including stakeholder involvement
3 Drafting of policy instruments and practical tools such as guidelines that would more precisely define various risk levels as relates to particular information security scenarios
4 Enhanced cooperation of organizations in order to utilize the varying strengths of these organizations in the regulation of the highly technical Internet space thereby increasing its regulatory efficiency over cyberspace
5 Further research, capacity building and talent exchange in Internet governance and regulation best practices within the borderless cyberspace
Consistent with the foregoing objectives, an implementation plan comprising expected outcomes, actions, indicators and targets is presented in Appendix I-7
F INANCE AND I NVESTMENT
Broadband is becoming a crucial foundation of the digital economy, significantly impacting various aspects of society Recognizing its importance, the Kenyan government is prioritizing broadband to promote digital inclusion for everyone Achieving universal and affordable broadband requires collaboration between private and public sector stakeholders in financing and deployment Key action areas include accessing low-cost private sector financing, developing effective policies and regulations for the ICT sector, creating suitable tax policies, and implementing strategic interventions to support these investments.
The success of a broadband deployment project depends on two key factors: the investment model and the financing model The investment model evaluates the project's financial viability by analyzing revenue, capital, and operating expenses, providing essential metrics like internal rate of return and net present value Meanwhile, the financing model outlines the strategy for funding the necessary investments for infrastructure rollout Both models are influenced by various contextual variables, including the competitive landscape and stakeholders involved in the broadband deployment.
To secure funding for broadband initiatives, a comprehensive national broadband strategy aligned with national priorities, including the Big Four Agenda, is essential With this strategy in place, funding opportunities can be pursued from development partners like NEPAD, the World Bank, and the African Development Bank A well-defined investment and business model is critical not only for the successful deployment of broadband but also for attracting necessary financial resources This section outlines potential investment and business models, along with financing strategies that can be utilized for the National Broadband Strategy 2023.
The NBS2023 funding aims to support broadband initiatives through private sector investments, Public-Private Partnerships, and government contributions from the Universal Service Fund (USF) To stimulate private investment, the government will implement favorable policies, including tax cuts, incentives for building essential infrastructure, and industry collaboration in sectors like education and healthcare Additional measures may involve tax holidays and reducing costs associated with deploying fiber networks, emphasizing the importance of reusing and sharing existing physical infrastructure Innovative financing models and fiber infrastructure sharing will also play a crucial role in enhancing broadband access.
Industry collaboration models will encompass partnerships between the Government of Kenya (GOK) and private sector institutions, such as banks and corporations, to enhance fiber connectivity for businesses and homes A notable example is Italy's initiative, which involves banks financing a US$8 billion broadband rollout Additionally, GOK will collaborate with local entities, particularly public corporations like Kenya Pipeline Company, Railways Corporation (SGR), and Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC), to provide shared open infrastructure across counties, rural areas, and national highways.
In this regard the financing options will be a combination public and private sector as follows:-
National treasury through the USF
(ii) Private sector which will include
Figure 12: Status on Finance and Investment
The strategy highlights significant gaps in broadband financing, including a lack of coordination among initiatives, inadequate implementation structures, and insufficient awareness of financing options for small operators like GEMS It also points to suboptimal project prioritization, limited resource sharing to avoid duplication in fiber cable deployment, and a minimal budgetary contribution from the national government, which currently stands at only 0.5% of the National Budget for the ICT sector Additionally, there is a lack of awareness among county governments regarding their potential support for ICT services.
Regional financing opportunities are available through organizations such as the World Bank, African Development Bank (AfDB), International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and African Telecommunication Union (ATU) To access these funds, it is essential to develop comprehensive proposals and submit them for consideration by these financial institutions.
Improving awareness on the various financing options /instruments To be facilitated by CA, MOICT, Capital Markets Authority (CMA), Central Bank of Kenya (CBK) & financial institutions
Provision of tax incentives on end user devices
Tax holiday on new investment in ICT sector
Security / protection of investment in the ICT sector
To enhance the understanding of ICT services among the Council of Governors and regional county blocs, it is essential to engage them effectively This collaboration aims to explore how various counties can support the deployment and provision of ICT services, guided by the leadership of the Chief Administrative Officer (CA).
Attracting investment in broadband is essential for successful deployment, particularly in resource-scarce environments The choice of investment model significantly impacts outcomes and should align with the budgetary and socio-economic context of the area, as well as the public authority's ambitions and national development goals Factors such as an aging population, low education levels, inadequate ICT skills, and a weak culture of innovation can hinder ICT penetration and usage, ultimately deterring potential investors in broadband infrastructure.
Some questions that a public authority 10 (PA) (in this NBS, the Ministry of ICT) will need to answer in the choice of the broadband investment model are:
1 How can we create an engine that ensures future investment in infrastructure beyond the immediate project and funding available?
2 Are there benefits in keeping control and ownership of the passive infrastructure and in defining the deployment priorities?
3 Would we rather keep the ownership of the infrastructure but let an operator define and execute the deployment?
4 What are the pros and cons to involve vertically integrated operators (incumbents and others) to upgrade or expand the network?
5 Do we also see the scope to support local bottom-up citizen initiatives?
6 Given the socio-economic conditions on the ground, which level of competition is required to facilitate penetration of high quality and affordable services?
There are four distinct models representing various options for integrating public and private investment in broadband implementation, arranged by the increasing level of involvement from the Public Authority (PA), such as a broadband council Each model is suited to different situations based on the infrastructure needs and specific objectives of the project.
PA, and the investment/risk appetite of potential private sector partners
A key decision for a public authority (PA) is determining the level of commitment and the role it will assume in relation to the market, citizens, and businesses This decision should be evaluated independently from the PA's responsibilities in managing financial resources effectively.
In summary, the investment models are as follows: a Bottom-up model The bottom-up, or local community, model involves a group of end users organizing themselves into a jointly owned and
10 For the purposes of this NBS, the Public Authority (PA) is the national broadband council (NBC)
The European Union's Regional Policy promotes various models for broadband investment to enhance local connectivity One approach is the democratic co-operative model, where a community group oversees the construction and operation of its broadband network Another method is the private design, build, and operate (DBO) model, where the Broadband Authority provides funding to a private entity for network deployment, with the public sector imposing obligations in exchange The public outsourcing model involves a single contract for the construction and operation of the network, allowing the private sector to manage it while the public sector retains ownership and control In a joint venture model, ownership is shared between public and private sectors, with construction and operations typically handled by the private sector Lastly, the public DBO model sees the public sector independently owning and managing the network, with options for wholesale operation or retail services by private operators Access to the NEPAD Infrastructure Project Preparation Facility (NEPAD-IPPF) fund is contingent upon the existence of national broadband policies and specific projects.
Various successful investment models have been implemented, including Joint Ventures involving KPLC, the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR), and the National Fibre provision by MoICT and CA Additionally, models such as Build, Operate, and Transfer (BOT), the development of a National Fibre Company, and leasing options for equipment and accessories have been utilized, with financing available through financial institutions or vendors.
The business model outlines the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders in the broadband value chain, particularly emphasizing the public authority responsible for broadband delivery A broadband network primarily comprises passive infrastructure such as ducts, cables, masts, and premises, alongside essential active equipment.
Implementing technology such as transponders, routers, switches, and control and management servers is essential for delivering applications and services These components are organized into three distinct layers, each characterized by unique technical and economic properties, as well as different business roles.
1 the physical infrastructure provider (PIP), which owns and maintains the passive infrastructure;
12 This can be a public organization mandated to oversee the deployment of broadband
13 South Africa has implemented this model for broadband delivery; the company is known asBroadband Infraco Limited (BBI) see http://www.infraco.co.za/CorpProfile/default.aspx
2 the network provider (NP) which operates (and typically owns) the active equipment (incumbent operators, new independent operators, broadband companies)
3 the service provider (SP) which delivers the digital services (e-health, elderly care, TV, Internet, phone, video-conferencing, entertainment, teleworking, smart monitoring, etc.)
I NTEGRATED B ROADBAND P ROJECTS
The NBS aims to implement diverse projects to ensure affordable, accessible, and secure broadband for all citizens This initiative will involve collaboration among various stakeholders to effectively execute these projects.
(i) The expansion of the NOFBI for instance will involve collaboration between the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure, KURA, KERRA, KENHA, KPLC and KETRACO
(ii) County broadband infrastructure will be implemented through partnership between the private sector county governments and Postal Corporation of Kenya (e.g., at the Huduma centres)
Collaboration between the Ministry of Education (MoE), KENET, and the private sector will ensure connectivity to schools To effectively enhance capacity building and raise awareness of broadband, it is essential for the MoE, KICD, TVET colleges, universities, and the NBS delivery unit to work together This collaboration should focus on integrating broadband into the curriculum and launching national awareness campaigns.
The Nairobi Water and Sewerage Company, serving over 250,000 customers, is expanding its services to include broadband connectivity for homes This initiative will be implemented alongside the installation of smart meters, enhancing both utility management and internet access for residents.
In this regard, an integrated planning of broadband projects will be applied to ensure that all stakeholders provide input which will ensure that the projects are successfully implemented,
ROLES OF STAKEHOLDERS 55
M ULTI - STAKEHOLDER A PPROACH TO NBS 2023 I MPLEMENTATION
The successful implementation of this Strategy relies on the active participation of various stakeholders, each playing a crucial role Key responsibilities of these stakeholders in relation to the implementation of the Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are outlined in Appendix II.
(i) Parliament (The Senate and the National Assembly) to enact necessary legislation necessary fully operationalize the NBS
The Ministry of Information and Communications Technology (MoICT) will oversee the implementation of the National Broadband Strategy (NBS) through the National Broadband Committee (NBC) Additionally, MoICT is tasked with reviewing the NBS and establishing the Broadband Delivery Unit (BDU) to ensure effective coordination and delivery of broadband initiatives.
(iii) Ministry of Infrastructure and the relevant authorities under it - KERRA, KURA,
(iv) The regulator (CA) shall draft and ensure implementation of regulations regarding the NBS
(2) Provide broadband services of acceptable quality and at affordable prices;
(3) Be part of the development of the demand side of the broadband ecosystem;
(2) Demand for acceptable quality of service and pay for it
(vii) Kenya National Education Network (KENET)
KENET, the National Research and Education Network of Kenya, is dedicated to enhancing education and research through high-speed connectivity and cloud services for educational, research, and government institutions, including hospitals As a specialized operator of a private broadband network, KENET provides essential services such as identity federation, community cloud, and research computing, benefiting researchers, faculty, students, and staff It plays a vital role in the National Innovation System and serves as a key vehicle for the government to expand broadband access in educational and research institutions.
(vii) Kenya Power and Lighting Company
KPLC serves as both a provider and enabler of broadband through its extensive optical fibre infrastructure integrated with power lines, which broadband service providers can utilize Additionally, KPLC supplies electricity to various consumers, essential for other broadband providers' network operations The collaboration between the Ministry of ICT, Ministry of Energy, and Ministry of Infrastructure is expected to enhance broadband development The Broadband Development Unit (BDU), under the National Broadband Council (NBC), will identify areas lacking power supply that require broadband expansion and share this information with the relevant ministries for coordinated efforts.
(viii) Kenya Electricity Transmission Company Ltd (KETRACO)
KETRCO is a wholly owned company tasked with planning, designing, constructing, owning, operating, and maintaining high voltage electricity transmission grids and regional power interconnectors that will serve as the backbone of the National Transmission Grid In fulfilling this mission, KETRCO aims to incorporate fiber cables alongside its power lines to extend connectivity to areas not served by the National Optic Fiber Backbone Infrastructure (NOFBI), thereby utilizing this infrastructure to deliver services to underserved regions where feasible.
(ix) Postal and Courier Subsector
Postal services are essential in enhancing service delivery, reducing costs, and promoting access to basic broadband By leveraging information and communication technologies (ICTs) within their extensive physical infrastructure, postal services can create a one-stop-shop model that helps bridge the digital divide and improve public service accessibility.
Post offices play a vital role in rural regions, with approximately 82% of them situated outside the three largest cities in Sub-Saharan Africa This significant presence underscores the importance of post offices in connecting remote communities and providing essential services.
The 2008 UPU report highlights that populations reside not only in urban centers but also in peri-urban and rural regions These areas present significant opportunities for socio-economic inclusion for rural communities.
The role that the postal sector plays therefore include the following main areas, among other things:-
(1) Facilitation of communication within the country and with the rest of the world;
(2) Facilitation of trade, through the movement of parcels and other goods within the country and internationally;
(3) Bridging the digital divide, through provision of internet cafes (the Public Access Information Centres, PIACs) and other Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) within the postal network;
(4) Contribution to Education and Literacy, through delivery of learning materials through the postal network and access to online learning through the postal infrastructure; and,
(5) Contribution to GDP, through postal revenues;
Broadband technology enhances the effectiveness of e-Post services, expanding online opportunities and enabling the delivery of additional services such as e-Finance, e-Commerce, e-Government, and e-Learning.
To eliminate any ambiguity, each stakeholder will fulfill their designated roles as outlined in their mandates and licenses, while also collaborating with others in the broadband ecosystem to ensure overall success.
R OLE OF THE P RIVATE S ECTOR AND D EVELOPMENT P ARTNERS
The private sector will play an important role in the implementation of broadband.
The government will establish essential conditions to attract private investment and foster competition among broadband service providers The majority of funding for national broadband projects will be sourced from the private sector Strategies outlined in NBS 2023 will focus on engaging the private sector in broadband investment opportunities.
Collaboration between the public and private sectors is essential for developing networks in underdeveloped regions, focusing on extending broadband access to marginalized and remote areas This partnership will prioritize projects aimed at enhancing fast internet connections for public institutions in rural communities.
(ii) Encouraging local, regional and international financing agencies to invest and/ or finance key NBS 2023 projects These agencies include ITU, IFC, World
Bank 18 , AfDB, In order to engage them, integrated broadband project proposals will be developed for consideration by the financiers
To enhance private sector participation in broadband financing, innovative financial instruments should be developed, supported by the Capital Market Authority, National Treasury, and financial institutions, including the central bank Potential options include securities such as bonds and the establishment of a National Fibre Company, which would allow private companies and individuals to invest and pool resources from diverse investors.
The national Treasury will offer tax incentives for devices and accessories to encourage the private sector to supply affordable products in the market This initiative will also encompass tax holidays for infrastructure investments and new projects in the sector, including last mile connectivity and county broadband infrastructure, such as duct installations.
Innovative investment arrangements, such as the Build, Operate, and Transfer (BOT) model, can attract private sector participation in Kenyan broadband projects This approach encourages investors to fund infrastructure development, operate it for a set period to recoup their investments, and subsequently transfer ownership to the government A practical application of this model includes providing affordable broadband internet access to public institutions like schools, universities, and hospitals Additionally, leasing models for equipment and devices can facilitate financing, allowing financial institutions or vendors to offer essential technology through manageable periodic payments.
Table 7: Strategic role of key stake holders in Broadband Value chain
Provide service to include devices as a package devices
“blankets” in towns and cities
(i) Training of customers on new technologies and services
BB awareness programmes across the country
(i) Local communities and private sector have set up business with specific products targeting BB use at local levels e.g., at wards and village level
(ii) Private sector innovative capabilities and production of new services, products and
18 The World Bank can support governments in developing their broadband services By information sharing, benchmarking, technical assistance and support in regulation, the World Bank can help governments to improve the functioning of markets, stimulate investment and learn from the experiences of other countries The World Bank can also provide financing for strategic investments to support the development of key parts of the infrastructure International submarine cables, cross- border connectivity and high capacity domestic backbone networks are all examples of areas in which World Bank investments can play a catalytic role, crowding-in private sector investment and improving service delivery The EASSy cable along the East coast of Africa and the RCIP program throughout Eastern and Southern Africa are all examples of where the World Bank is supporting the development of these key infrastructure bottlenecks through Public-Private-Partnerships (see Tim Kelly et al, 2009 https://www.oecd.org/ict/4d/43631862.pdf ) creation of tech companies, including use of modern mobile applications
(iii) Establishment of variety of ICT based services/applications utilizing the BB network to continuously improve the quality of people’s lives.
Counties (i) County governments to offer computer purchase assistance to staff and youth to be able to access broadband
(ii) Counties to establish partnerships with service providers/ equipment provider for affordable BB devices
(i) County BB plans and investment:
County governments must develop and implement robust plans and targets for their populations, following the successful examples set by leading countries like Japan, Sweden, and South Korea These nations have effectively driven market penetration by establishing specific targets at multiple levels, highlighting the importance of strategic planning in achieving successful BB policy implementation.
(ii) County governments BB projects including e- government, digital-health, and e- learning or distant education in line with broadband infrastructure
Rural broadband expansion should be undertaken by counties through creation of community access networks to distribute services to the communities (liaison with the regulator)
(iv) Each County to establish three (3) community network hubs for rural penetration And in each hub establish Digital Knowledge Center (DKC) and Digital Knowledge
The county government should allocate budgetary resources for ongoing sensitization training on digital literacy at all levels Additionally, it is essential to create tailored programs that promote internet education and enhance computer usage in both schools and homes.
(iii) Special programs to educate housewives, who tend to control household finances on use and benefits of BB
2 Employment resulting from emergence of new businesses which quickly adopt and diffuse new
3 technologies and infrastructure suitable for their businesses
(v) ICT cultural community: Counties should Contribute toward the creation of a sustainable ICT-based cultural community and showcase county’s unique knowledge assets.
(iv) Digitisation of operations: Counties aim at digitizing and designing knowledge contents in their counties
(vi) Counties try to facilitate the sharing of digital resources even within counties particularly in the county economic blocks
1 Pooling of resources to acquire BB devices
3 Ensuring safe disposal of obsolete devices
2 Mobilise resources to purchase broadband services
1 Organise at least one community meetings to sensitise members on broadband
2 Share knowledge among community members through for a and meetings
1 BB infrastructure is free from vandalism hence continuity of service
2 Relevant local knowledge is created and commercialized hence generation of income
4 Enhanced access to digital opportunity National
1.Fiscal incentives on importation and/ or manufacture of devices and related accessories 2.BB stimulus
Government to develop a nationwide fiber-optic company to spearhead expansion of internet
1 Promote the development of ICT/ BB centres of excellence in the country
1 Countrywide access to BB on open access basis
2 Platform for entrepreneurs to deploy BB end user while riding on national BB package across the BB value chain
3.Enabling policy, legal and regulatory environment (see appropriate chapter)
4.Government subsidization, demand aggregation, and sponsored pilot projects access by forming network hubs (47 in No.) in each county HQ by the end of 2022
(extension of NOFBI) The company should promote provision of a combination of broadband wireless technology and/ or wired communication as may be feasible.
The infrastructure be accessed on open access principles by all service providers 19
(iii) Knowledge sharing: The national
The Kenyan government should establish a sustainable knowledge-sharing network that connects both locally and with neighboring East African countries This initiative should focus on enhancing online applications and strengthening cybersecurity measures to support the infrastructure for broadband services.
3 Jump-starting the process by which demand for new services reaches a critical mass making it possible for service providers to reduce their cost to rates a mass market will support e.g. through the promotion of on-line access, developing ICT-intensive “smart communities,” creating incentives for the creation of local content for transmission via the Internet, expediting electronic commerce and delivering electronic government services.
The national and county governments to sponsor science and technology parks by forging synergies among research centers, educational institutions and technology-based companies 20
Direct underwriting, loans, favorable tax treatment, and other types of financial support for construction of new high capacity backbone digital, broadband networks by the national and county governments;
Affordable and widely available broadband services being used by citizens for ,socio- economic activities/ development
The Korean and Swedish governments exemplify effective models of support for advancements in broadband technology The Korean government actively promotes a free market while ensuring robust regulation of service providers, fostering significant growth in the sector Notably, a key player in this landscape is a state-owned company, similar to the Kenyan government's stake in Telkom, highlighting the role of government involvement in telecommunications development.
Safaricom, along with other leading companies, has significantly enhanced internet penetration in South Korea, positioning the country as a global leader in broadband services, surpassing Japan in the rankings South Korea boasts a home internet access rate exceeding 100%, reflecting its commitment to advanced connectivity.
88% of the population by 2016 In terms of broadband users in Sweden, in the year 2016, 93% of the population in
Sweden had internet access at home (mobile broadband services with over 100 Mbps speeds), with main dominant provider being a State-owned company
20 T his synergy can be achieved primarily through investments, preferential policies and focused leadership programs designed to finance research and development projects and to promote commercialization of applied research.
I NCENTIVES TO ENHANCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF BROADBAND
The NBS 2023 envisions a number of incentives provided by the GOK to enable BB penetration
To enhance rural broadband penetration, it is recommended that national governments incentivize communities to boost the adoption of broadband services Implementing tax waivers can make devices more affordable for citizens, facilitating greater access Additionally, to support the growth of businesses, tax holidays should be granted for essential infrastructure in rural areas, particularly for critical social services like health and education.
To enhance broadband penetration across the country, it is essential to support counties in establishing the necessary infrastructure, including ducts and capacity building for community seminars Recognizing that capacity building is a critical factor for broadband adoption, the National Government should implement educational programs aimed at raising awareness among citizens about the benefits of broadband Additionally, internet service providers must be encouraged to educate the public on broadband services and collaborate in sharing infrastructure to effectively extend connectivity to remote areas.
Table 8: Incentive framework for the National Broadband Strategy
Focus area Provider of incentive
Incentive Target of incentive Outcome of incentive Benefits to citizens
1 BB uptake in rural and remote areas
(i) Subsidize cost of devices- and remove tax.
(ii) Subsidize cost of access- to make it affordable
(iii) Progressive tax policies, including investment tax credit further stimulate incentives to invest in ICT infrastructure
1.Users of broadband services 2.Service providers of
BB services in rural areas
1 Increased uptake (No of subscribers and users of BB services) thus eliciting demand
Increased coverage of broadband in rural areas
3 access to current information on economic and social
4 availability of e-enabled services (education, health, agriculture, manufacturing, housing etc)
1 improvement of lives through informed decision making enabled by opportunities and issues
2 Consumption of products never used before and deriving values Increased literacy rates by enrolling for e- learning in rural areas
Healthier rural communities A healthier society by accessing to e- medicine/health services and saving of lives for people who are far away from health facilities
BB value chain National and county governme nts
Direct underwriting, loans, favorable tax treatment, and other types of financial support for construction of new high capacity backbone digital, broadband networks by the national and county governments;
2 Affordable broadband by avoiding duplication of infrastructure
(ii) Buy devices and lease them under finance lease
Youth, and those at school/college
2 ownership of devices and use 2.Increase No of subscribers per group of inhabitants
3 Set up of critical infrastruct ure backbone
{ NOFBI } fibre, duct, last mile connectivi ty
(i) Government to guarantee funding for infrastructure investment, (ii) Soft Loan schemes via WB, IFC, ITU, ADB- Govt sign agreement for repayment
(iii) Cost sharing with key stakeholders like all ISPs, or banks
(1) Major network Hubs {in key cities, county HQs etc}
(2) Educational & research centers Business centres, or industrial zones
(3) Upmarket residential areas {where residents work at home}
1 Availability of high capacity BB
2 Infrastructure sharing hence reduction of costs
2 Emergence of businesses and increased employment
National and County governme nts
(i) Educational programmes, free (ii) Sensitization on benefits of BB to citizens
1.Workforce Youth and unemployed 2.University /College students
1 Good intelligence and national safety
2 Greater use of technology for productive purposes ICT applicatio ns/ services
National and County governme nts
Supporting electronic government, education, e- commerce, healthcare and other types of ICT-enabled services.
All citizens Affordable BB services implemented in all socio- economic sectors
Higher access to education/ learning,
A healthier nation, Economically empowered communities for more Kenyans through BB innovations/ use
1 Use of regulatory change to promote facilities-based and resale competition through incremental deregulation of the sector, liberalization of rules affecting incumbent carriers
2 Mandating cost- based and compulsory access to the incumbent carrier’s switches and transmission capacity at fair and compensatory rates
2 Reduced cost of BB deployment
3 Increased competition Improved quality of service
1.Increased number of citizens accessing employment and business opportunities that are enabled by BB services
2 Citizens are are productively using BB in all sectors of socio- economic development
GOVERNANCE AND DELIVERY STRUCTURE 63
N ATIONAL B ROADBAND S TRATEGY C OORDINATION
To address the weaknesses identified in the implementation of the NBS 2013-2017, it is essential to establish a clear governance structure that facilitates timely decision-making, efficient project execution, and effective maintenance of broadband systems, along with robust monitoring and evaluation processes The review of NBS I highlighted a lack of synergy and collaboration among broadband implementing agencies, underscoring the need for a well-coordinated implementation framework aligned with best practices Implementing coordination mechanisms is crucial for enhancing the overall effectiveness of this strategy.
(i) For provision of critical services such as power/electricity to schools, libraries, clinics, etc as well as the supply of ICT equipment to other facilities;
(ii) To ensure that the deployment of NBS is aligned with the implementation of e-government and other government priorities/initiatives that require broadband; and
(iii)To ensure that all aspects (supply side and demand side) of broadband are considered in the framework of integrated broadband projects
To be able to accomplish this mandate, a National Broadband Council (NBC) will be formed through either of the following two options:-
1 Administrative council with membership from relevant key institutions e.g., ICTA, CA, V2030 and others 21
2 Statutory body (NBC) established under State Corporation Act or an Act of parliament to govern and deliver broadband
The government's strategy aims to enhance broadband access and usage among a wide range of subscribers by encouraging service providers to promote open access This initiative is anticipated to lead to improved affordability of broadband services.
Option 1 is fairly fast while Option 2 has a longer process though it is the most effective long term solution for the governance and delivery of broadband across all sectors of the economy on an open and non-discriminatory basis It is envisaged that if and once Option 2 (NBC as a statutory body) is established, it will take over all the broadband projects within the framework of the NBS 2023 and beyond in a manner similar to the case in South Africa 23 ,
21 Utility providers such KPLC, Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development, service providers (represented by TESPOK)
23 Broadband Infraco (BBI) SOC is a licensed state owned company in the telecommunications sector.Its aim is to avail capacity to stimulate private sector innovation in telecommunications services and
The structure of the NBC (under Option 1) is presented in Figure 13.
Figure 14: Governance and Delivery Structure
The BDU will oversee the coordination of the broadband strategy, guided by the NBC, which is essential for three key reasons.
(i) For provision of critical services such as power/electricity to schools, libraries, clinics, broader offices etc as well as the supply of IT equipment to other facilities
(ii) To ensure that the deployment of NBS is aligned with the implementation of e-government and other government priorities/initiatives that require broadband
(iii)To ensure that all aspects (supply side and demand side) of broadband are considered
Under this governance and delivery structure, the typical functions of the MoICT will include:
(i) Coordination of broadband requirements of all government ministries/departments;
(ii) Reporting NBS activities, progress, and challenges to the Government;
(iii) Seeking funding, directly from Government, funding institutions and private sector;
The responsibilities include negotiating and signing contracts with service providers and other institutions on behalf of the Government, or ensuring that other government ministries and institutions carry out these tasks as necessary.
(v) Assisting the National Broadband Council (NBC) with whatever assistance they may require from government; and
Broadband Infraco offers essential long-distance national and international connectivity services to licensed private sector partners and license-exempt projects of national importance, ensuring access to previously underserved areas Additionally, it provides secretarial services to support NBC's content offerings.
The functions of the NBC are primarily to elaborate and ensure delivery of projects under the NBS 2023; the composition, and mandate of the NBC are elaborated inPart 5.2.
N ATIONAL B ROADBAND C OUNCIL
To effectively implement the National Broadband Strategy (NBS) in Kenya, a multi-stakeholder National Broadband Council (NBC) will be established within one month of the strategy's approval Led by the Cabinet Secretary for ICT, the NBC will include representatives from various government bodies, key ICT stakeholders, and civil society Its initial meeting will set operational guidelines aligned with the NBS 2023 and the Strategic Implementation Plan The NBC will form task teams to oversee specific broadband thematic areas and report quarterly on progress Council members will serve renewable three-year terms, with plans for a future statutory body to ensure sustainable broadband delivery.
B ROADBAND D ELIVERY U NIT
A Broadband Delivery Unit (BDU) will be established at the NCS within two months of the NBS 2023 approval to oversee the implementation of all programs and projects associated with the NBS This unit will be staffed by experts in the NBS thematic areas, either through secondment or direct recruitment, to ensure efficient monitoring, tracking, and reporting on the delivery of NBS projects across all thematic program areas.
Typical roles 24 of a broadband Coordination Committee and working groups are presented in Box xx and Box yy, respectively.
• Establish key principles and objectives
Box yy Working Group (Thematic Task Team) Roles and Activities
• Key issues, questions for all Working Groups:
24 Adapted from David N Townsend (2014 August).
25 David N Townsend (2014 August) Broadband Strategy development Overview and Framework Proceedings of Universalizing Broadband in SADC workshop Lilongwe, Malawi August 2014
• Define and appoint Working Groups
• Oversee and advise Working Group deliberations
• Host Public Forum and Consultations
• Develop a consensus agreement on harmonizing strategy inputs
• Oversee creation of Action Plans to define implementation steps
• Collaborate on establishing a follow- up regime investments, market, policies
– Trends: How has broadband been advancing in this area?
– Needs: Most critical gaps or needs to accelerate broadband
– Constraints: What inhibits broadband development?
– Stakeholders: Who can take responsibility?
– Linkages: Key areas of interdependence and cooperation
– Economics: Costs, demand, economic impacts
B UDGET FOR N ATIONAL B ROADBAND C OUNCIL
The proposed compensation for the National Broadcasting Council (NBC) includes honoraria for its members, based on Option 1 (Administrative Council) of the NBC formation Members will receive KES 50,000 per meeting, with payments made monthly during their quarterly meetings to conduct NBS 2023 business The honoraria will be funded through the Universal Service Fund (USF).
C OLLABORATION
The Internet Society's Global Internet Report 2014 highlights that the "Internet ecosystem" involves diverse stakeholders and operates on principles of openness, transparency, and collaboration To achieve Kenya's broadband vision, it is essential to maintain a spirit of collaboration, consultation, stakeholder involvement, public participation, and interdisciplinary engagement.
M ONITORING AND E VALUATION F RAMEWORK
5.6.1 Monitoring and Evaluation of Broadband Plan
To effectively implement this strategy, it is essential to assess whether stakeholders are executing activities as intended and to monitor the progress of each project within the strategic pillars This involves identifying challenges faced during the implementation phase and proposing solutions to ensure successful execution.
26 To be agreed (TBA), a figure of KES 50,000
27 https://www.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Global_Internet_Report_2014_0.pdf remedial actions A robust monitoring, measurement and evaluation framework with clear timelines for deliverables will be prepared and publicized (by the proposed broadband delivery unit) to all implementing agencies to ensure proper tracking of progress Further, responsibility for this function should be clearly defined and assigned in order to avoid ambiguity on who is responsible for results and outcomes in this area of the NBS The M&E function will be performed by the National Communication Secretariat
A template is provided for the monitoring of broadband deployment (Table 25) Each broadband task team will be required to prepare a similar plan for each project.
Table 9 : Monitoring and Evaluation for Broadband (An Example)
Target Timeline Outcome/Rema rk
2020 Broadband is available for use by all citizens
5.6.2 Frequency of Measurement and Reporting
The M&E framework will ensure successful delivery of the NBS by ensuring that the target outcomes are achieved Monthly updates
- Midterm review at the end of Year 2 for each thematic area achievements
- End term review to be done at Year 5 where the complete NBS review will be undertaken and formulation of the strategy for the next cycle will be initiated
An instituted performance management approach to broadband implementation will be implemented.
C OMMUNICATION S TRATEGY FOR THE B ROADBAND S TRATEGY
Consultations with stakeholders revealed a limited understanding of broadband, its services, and its societal benefits, highlighting the need for increased awareness To address this, a comprehensive communications strategy will be developed by the Broadband Development Unit (BDU) under the National Broadband Council (NBC) to promote knowledge and commitment towards Kenya's digital vision Effective stakeholder engagement will be essential for the successful implementation of the National Broadband Strategy (NBS) 2023, focusing on the socio-economic advantages of broadband services.
BUDGET, STRATEGIC MAPPING AND RISK MANAGEMENT 68
B UDGET B ACKGROUND , R ATIONALE AND B ENCHMARKING
The National Broadband Strategy (NBS I) was designed with a budget of Kshs 250 billion to be utilized over the first five years across five strategic areas: broadband infrastructure deployment, national capacity building, awareness, content, and innovations Six key projects were identified within these themes, focusing on Infrastructure (including LTE, FTTx, and Backbone), Capacity Building and Awareness, Content Applications and Innovations, and Devices However, the total budget was not evenly distributed among the individual projects outlined in NBS I.
Despite the implementation of various projects under NBS I, there was insufficient statistical data to accurately assess their progress For instance, only 12% (6,000 km) of the planned 50,000 km for the National Optical Fibre Backbone Infrastructure (NOFBI) was completed Additionally, the completion rates for other initiatives, such as the digitization of core government registries, were not documented, leaving uncertainty about the extent of their implementation Furthermore, there was no information available regarding the status of other projects, such as the development of the county management information system.
6.1.1 Budget Rationale for the NBS 2023 and Benchmarking
A global review of expenditure patterns reveals significant disparities in how countries allocate their GDP towards broadband and telecommunications, with some opting for conservative spending while others invest more heavily to accelerate economic growth Research indicates that to achieve faster economic advancement, a nation should allocate at least 4% of its GDP to information and communication technologies (ICTs) In the MENA region, countries such as Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Tunisia have, on average, invested only about 1% of their GDP in broadband infrastructure.
The telecom and ICT sector is undergoing rapid technological advancements, significantly contributing to economic growth Countries that invest more in this sector tend to experience greater economic returns.
The NBS 2023 highlights significant investments in county infrastructure, leading to a zero-based budget of Kshs 111 billion over five years, which represents approximately 3.7% of the national annual budget for broadband and 1.5% of the 2017 GDP To enhance the contribution of ICTs to GDP, currently at 1%, an increase in the budget is proposed, as greater ICT investment correlates with improved economic performance.
The proposed budget for NBS 2023 is allocated as follows:
Table 10 : Summary of estimated budget for implementing NBS 2023
Assumptions : a Broadband backbone: NOFBI to sub-county (@ $15,000/km) for at least 2500km; Last mile:
Each ward will be equipped with two base stations at a cost of $30,000 per ward, enhancing connectivity across the region A broadband connection will extend to all Class A and B roads, covering a total of 16,300 km, up from the current 14,300 km Additionally, broadband services will be provided to all government offices, schools, hospitals, and health centers To support this infrastructure, a Network Operation Centre (NOC) will be established, accounting for 10% of the overall infrastructure investment.
S TRATEGIC M APPING
To effectively manage the performance of the national broadband strategy (NBS), it is essential to implement a framework that visually maps the strategic objectives to the thematic areas of the broadband strategy This mapping establishes clear performance measures and measurable indicators for each objective, providing guidance for stakeholders in fulfilling their responsibilities within the NBS.
Table 11 : Strategy Mapping of the National Broadband Strategy
To avail broadband networks for all Kenyans
Deploy broadband infrastructure for international, national, provincial and local loop (last mile) access
100% The whole of Kenya is covered with broadband
Connectivit y Access to broadband networks and services, and use by all Kenyans
Address barrier to connectivity at international, national and local levels
100% All Kenyans can access and use affordable broadband services locally and internationally
Avail broadband devices to all
Ensure affordable devices to access
100% All Kenyans can afford broadband
28 h ttp://www.kenha.co.ke/index.php/road-network
% percent of Infrastructu re budget
Infrastructure (NOFBI up to the sub-county, and Ward base stations) plus services and contingency @30% of equipment
TOTAL 111,306 1,113 citizens broadband services devices
Avail quality high speed services in all sectors of the economy
Implement broadband innovation services for all sectors including the Big 4 areas
100% Broadband is effectively delivering the Big 4 agenda
To ensure creation and availability of relevant content, e- applications and innovative services for all Kenyans
1 Establish/ strengthen Research and Development (R&D) in these areas
3 Create local content to be accessed by users of broadband
Contin uous Technol ogy operati onal by 2019 100% in all sectors
1.There is relevant local content for all Kenyans
2 There are e- applications in all sectors of the economy, such as e- education in all levels of education (100%),
3 e-health in at least 90% of all health facilities
To build adequate capacity to deploy broadband and utilize broadband services in all sectors by all Kenyans
Build or enhance the capacity of existing institutions to be Broadband centres of excellence
1 All Kenyans have an appreciation of the potential of broadband
2 All Kenyans are able to use broadband for socio-economic development
Policy, legislative, regulatory and institutional environmen t
To ensure orderly deployment and use of broadband for socio-economic development of Kenya
2 Harmonize policies, legislation and regulation
1 National development policies across all sectors are harmonized with regard to ICT
2 Broadband is embedded in the universal goals of all sectors of the economy
To ensure adequate resources are available for investment in broadband
1 Implement fiscal incentives for broadband deployment
2 Implement PPP for broadband deployment
There are adequate finances to implement broadband
Privacy and security of networks and services;
To ensure that all Kenyans are safe and secure while using online services
1.Enact laws and formulate regulations with regard to electronic transactions and cyber
There are laws that support and safeguard citizens while operating online
To ensure adequate and effective governance of all broadband matters in Kenya
2 Set up the Broadband delivery unit
3 Set up task terms (working groups on each BB pillar)
1 Broadband coordination committee is set up
2 Broadband program (pillar) task terms (working groups) with clear roles and responsibilities for broadband development
R ISKS AND M ITIGATION S TRATEGIES
The successful implementation of this strategy is contingent upon effectively managing various risks, as outlined in Table 24, which details the identified risks, their severity assessments, and corresponding mitigation strategies.
Table 12 : Risks and mitigation strategies
Lack of private sector Investment
High Provide incentives for investors
Poor implementation of broadband strategy
Create and operationalize the National Broadband Council (NBC) and the BDU (M&E) at the NCS
Lack of supportive policy and legal framework
High Government agencies to operationalize legislation
Lack of spectrum to deploy last mile solutions
Medium Expediting frequency re-farming exercise to optimise the utilisation of the already allocated spectrum for deployment of mobile broadband
Provide spectrum for 5G High cost of implementation
Lack of coordination of civil works to ICT works
Medium Issuance of guidelines and regulations for infrastructure sharing
Use of alternative technologies such as satellite
Slow uptake of broadband services
unaffordable broadband devices and services
Medium Development of relevant content
Provision of tax incentives /subsidies for devices
Implement capacity building strategies including awareness creation
Service availability -Maintenance of infrastructure
Enactment of legislation for broadband as a critical infrastructure
Absence of an effective governance and delivery structure for the NBS
Medium Within the first quarter of the launch of NBS 2023:-
Establish a National Broadband Council (NBC)
Establish a Broadband Delivery Unit (BDU) at the NCS
The Northern frontier, characterized by significant broadband access gaps, is grappling with numerous security challenges Enhancing security is crucial for successfully expanding broadband access to underserved areas, particularly in the mashinani regions.
High Enhance security and patrols in the affected areas
Backhaul – A portion of the network comprising the intermediate links between the core network and the access network that connects to end user premises
Broadband - High-speed data transmission, such as cable, ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), and DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) It is generally taken to mean bandwidth higher than 2 Mbps
Convergence refers to the integration of previously separate industries that now collaborate along a specific value chain, combining various services at the application level This phenomenon is primarily fueled by the digitization of information presentation, transmission, storage, processing, and creation.
Electronic Commerce (e-commerce) - The conduct of business in goods and services, with the assistance of telecommunications and telecommunications-based tools
Electronic Government (e-government) refers to the utilization of technology, especially web-based applications, to improve the accessibility and delivery of government information and services This initiative aims to serve citizens, business partners, employees, and other government agencies more efficiently.
Data classification is the systematic organization of data into relevant categories through tagging, enhancing its usability and protection This process simplifies the search and retrieval of data, reduces duplication, and strengthens data security.
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) encompasses a wide range of communication devices and applications, including radio, television, cellular phones, computers, and satellite systems It involves technologies that facilitate the collection, processing, transportation, and delivery of data and information services, such as video conferencing and distance learning ICT integrates electronics, telecommunications, software, and networks, significantly influencing businesses, industries, and the overall economy.
“communication equipment” which include radio, TV, communication equipment and software among others.
Information and Communications Technology Policy (ICT Policy) - is an official document /specifying Kenya’s aspiration regarding broadband ICT and how these aspirations can be achieved;
Information Society - A term used to describe a modern population that is conversant with – and actively using - information and communications technology.
A society where the creation and exchange of information is a predominant social and economic activity
Information Technology (IT) - The study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware
Key performance Indicator (KPI) - A set of quantifiable measures used to measure or compare performance
Latency – The time it takes, generally measured in milliseconds (ms), for a source to send a packet of data to a receiver
Open access - The possibility for third parties to use an existing network infrastructure to provide services on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms, rather than on encouraging infrastructure competition
Open access network - A network that allows third parties to make use of the infrastructure owner’s network assets
Passive - Refers to network elements without an active electronic component; typically comprising civil engineering infrastructure, ducts, dark fire and street cabinets
Public internet access points (PAP) are designated locations that provide free information in various formats and offer users access to internet-connected PC terminals These information kiosks are integral components of Multi-Purpose Regional Community Centres, enhancing community connectivity and access to resources.
Public Private Partnerships (PPP) - An approach to facilitate cooperation between the public and private sectors in delivering important Government policy initiatives PPPs can take various forms
Quality of Service (QOS) - A set of standards and mechanisms for ensuring a given quality of performance of services provided over the network.
Regulatory Authority - A public institution established by legislation to control, by using rules and regulations, the provision of telecommunications, broadcasting and postal services.
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) - Smaller enterprises with an annual turnover of not exceeding N$10 million; these enterprises are fully owned by Namibian citizens.
Telco-OTT (Over-The-Top) is a conceptual term that describes a scenario in which a telecommunications service provider delivers one or more of its services across all
IP networks primarily refer to the public internet, but can also include telecom-operated cloud services accessed through a corporation's existing IP-VPN from alternative providers rather than the carrier's own network These networks encompass a wide range of telecom services, such as communication options like voice and messaging, content services including TV and music, and cloud-based solutions for computing and storage.
Universal access refers to the availability of telephone services not just in private homes, but also through public payphones or community resource centers that offer phone facilities The primary goal of this concept is to ensure that affordable communication services are accessible to everyone.
Universal service refers to a service that is accessible to all individuals without discrimination and is offered with sufficient facilities at a reasonable cost A Universal Service Provider (USP) is responsible for delivering these essential services to the public.
The Universal Service Obligation (USO) mandates that postal operators deliver a defined range of postal services to specific communities and locations, typically under a regulated pricing framework If fulfilling this obligation leads to financial losses for the postal operator, a transparent compensation mechanism must be established to address these challenges.
Appendix I-1: Policy, Legal and Regulatory Environment
Table 13 : Strategy for Policy, legal and Regulatory Environment
Sub Issue Objectives Outcome Strategies KPI
Formulate policies and enact of legislation that encourage investment
Increase in investment in broadband ecosystem areas
Revised and harmonised charges e.g for licenses such as for NFP and way leave permits/business permits
Implement technology and Service neutral rules
Harmonized deployment of infrastructure Policies/Regulatio ns/Laws
Sub Issue Objectives Outcome Strategies KPI Baseli ne Target Responsibi lity
Proactive monitoring and addressing of anti-competitive behaviour
Ensure fair competition (Practices such as market collusion, predatory pricing, punitive pricing at the intermediate markets, and infrastructure hoarding in violation of public interest should be deterred and sanctioned)
Review of Advertising Code for fairness so as to avoid ambush marketing and strengthen rules on comparative marketing.
- Implement an Advertisin g Code of Conduct
CA/CAK/Adv ertising authorities
Affordable broadband Tax and licensing incentives
Finalization of the draft infrastructure sharing regulation
Sub Issue Objectives Outcome Strategies KPI Baseli ne Target Responsibi lity
Kenya as a Data centre hub
Develop autochthonous legislation that will make Kenya a haven e.g as a data centre hub
Policies, legislation and regulations for content provision that make Kenya a content/ data haven e.g as a data centre hub
Review of KICA Fair Competition
Regulations 2010 to include Inter-platform competition
Inter-platform competition is included in the Fair Competition Policy
Institutional framework Integrated deployment of broadband and delivery of broadband
Adoption of common technical standards for operation of telecommunicatio ns infrastructure to be adopted by all government entities
Review the Roads/Building Code etc for
NBC and BDU is in place N/A Q2/2018 CA/ MoICT
Harmonized legislation pertaining to ICT infrastructure
Update Critical Infrastructure legislation to include broadband as critical infrastructure
Incorporation of broadband planning into cities planning/building plans/road plans etc.
Collaborative development of a integrated infrastructure master plan that incorporates telecom infrastructure
-Amendment of Building Code to include provision of ICT infrastructure within the building code/KICA;
MoICT/Land s/ Urban Planning/Co uncil of Governors
Sub Issue Objectives Outcome Strategies KPI Baseli ne Target Responsibi lity
-Roads Act to cater for ducts when building roads, and damages for destructions of operators’ infrastructure/
-Lands Act/Land's Registration Act to standardize the cost of wayleaves/County Legislation for deployment and harmonization with national legislation Secure broadband
-Protection of maps, plans, permits and all related documentation pertaining to critical infrastructure
-Adoption of common technical standards and facilitation of the development of international, regional and national backbone that are secure
- Develop a mechanism for storage and retention of critical infrastructure information/data
Convention on deployment of resources during emergencies
-Critical Information Infrastructure regulation for ICT broadband
-Collaboration and Cooperation on International standards
-Having a set of laws that distinguish Kenya from other jurisdictions and
N/A 100% of necessary/e nabling laws by 2020
-At least two collaboratio ns in 2018; then Continuous
Ministry of Transport/ National Land Commission /MoICT
Sub Issue Objectives Outcome Strategies KPI Baseli ne Target Responsibi lity
Cybercrime makes Kenya market more attractive
Effective Allocation and Assignment of Spectrum
Avail spectrum to licensees for bandwidth intensive broadband services
Expedited deployment of services requiring spectrum
Develop a regulatory framework that promotes optimal use of spectrum and make spectrum hoarding, idling (none utilization) and warehousing impossible
Spectrum recovery for non-usage and reassignment of such spectrum
& Frequency Spectrum Regulations 2010 to allow for reassignment
Optimal spectrum assignment involves the re-farming, reassignment, and reallocation of frequency spectrums to support the deployment of advanced wireless broadband technologies This process enables the delivery of high-speed connectivity at the access layer of broadband networks, enhancing overall network performance and user experience.
Effective enforcement of Re-farming, reassigning and reallocation of spectrum frequencies to facilitate the rollout of new wireless broadband technologies as in KICA Radio Frequency &
Sub Issue Objectives Outcome Strategies KPI Baseli ne Target Responsibi lity
Allow licensed operators to engage in spectrum trading
Policy Framework that allows for spectrum trading
& Spectrum Regulations 2010 allowing for spectrum trading
Maximize value and use of spectrum
Finalized of ICT policy guidelines for spectrum management to be reflected in the National Information and Communication ICT Policy which should reflect KICA Radio Frequency and Spectrum
Revised National Information and Communication ICT policy 2006 to include spectrum management planning to reflect KICA Radio
Offering tax incentives to reduce the cost of deployment of telecommunicatio ns infrastructure;
Lower licensing fees for the first entrant
Subsidized payment of spectrum license and usage fees for public protection and relief services and research and development
Incentivize rollout of fiber infrastructure;
Encourage the deployment of services in rural areas through licensing the CBOs and harmonization of policies dealing with spectrum i.e wireless broadband spectrum policy with National Broadband Policy
Single policy dealing with all matters ICT addressing the complete broadband ecosystem
Sub Issue Objectives Outcome Strategies KPI Baseli ne Target Responsibi lity initiatives;
Framework Facilitate access to right of way rights
Expedited issuance of way leaves to facilitate fast deployment of infrastructure particularly for housing projects
Develop policies that provide open access to government sponsored projects and for CBOs
-Amendment of Building Code /KICA; Roads Act/Lands Act/Land's Registration Act to cater for access of right of ways
Ministry of Transport/ National Land Commission /MoICT
Facilitate ease of doing business
Simplification of infrastructure deployment approval processes
Review timelines in statutes pertaining to deployment of infrastructure Reduce the number of procedures and documentation to obtained before approvals
Average time taken to obtain authorization
N/A Half the time taken by 2019
CA, Council of Governors/ County Government /Ministry of Lands/ Ministry of Roads Broadband coverage in rural and
Increase broadband coverage in Kenya
Increased BB coverage Encourage infrastructure sharing in the unserved and underserved areas
Sub Issue Objectives Outcome Strategies KPI Baseli ne Target Responsibi lity areas e.g slums
Fiscal incentive plans for enhancement and improvement of any layer within the broadband infrastructure value chain
Issuance of special incentives by government such as tax rebates/subsidies
Finance Bill Inclusion in National and County Budget
Facilitate the protection and safeguard of cyber space and data transmitted through this avenue (networks)
The implementation of legislation aimed at enhancing security and promoting data privacy is essential, necessitating the modernization of laws to address emerging areas such as electronic transactions, e-commerce, and cybersecurity.
-Review of Information Security Policy and Cyber Security Regulations
-Enactment of Data Protection legislation
Telecommuni cations to be considered as critical infrastructur e
Include broadband as a critical infrastructure in appropriate laws and regulations
Incorporation of telecommunicatio ns in critical infrastructure plan/distributed ledger
(2018) in place for review of plan/distributed ledger to finalize the review of critical infrastructure plan for broadband
Cyber cooperation to be addressed in Critical Infrastructure Plan/Distributed Ledger policy framework
Sub Issue Objectives Outcome Strategies KPI Baseli ne Target Responsibi lity
Cross-border cooperation on cyber security
Enhanced and effective cross-border cooperation on cyber security issues
Effective cooperation on cross border and transnational nature of the cyber space
Signing and operationalisation of treaties that facilitate cross border cooperation on cyber threats
Reciprocity agreement/Bilater al Investment Agreements/
Maintenance of a cyber- environment that encourages economic prosperity and certainty of transaction execution while promoting efficiency, innovation, safety, security, privacy and business confidentiality.
Enact Cyber Security Law, Regulations, and Policies to protect and secure the cyberspace and telecom infrastructure
Sub Issue Objectives Outcome Strategies KPI Baseli ne Target Responsibi lity
A dedicated team of local experts will be formed to enhance the prevention, detection, and proactive interdiction of cyber threats and attacks This team will also specialize in the forensic recovery of systems following incidents, ensuring robust security measures and effective response strategies.
Broadened knowledge on cyber security/ ICT in the country
-Enforcement of Mutual Legal Assistance
-Review and ratify the AU convention on Cyber security and personal data protection
Adoption/Ratificati on of the AU convention on cyber security and personal data protection; local data protection legislation
Harmonized legislation on cyber security to facilitate cross border cooperation in the fight against cybercrime
Effective exchange of information/best practice/ reciprocal enforcement of judgments to avoid double criminality
Ensure visibility of the work carried out by existing bodies such computer emergency response team (CERT)
Implementation of Section 6 of the Computer Misuse and Cyber Crime Act
CID; CA; National Computer and Cyber Crimes Coordinatio n Committee
To strengthen approaches for climate change management
Effective monitoring of carbon footprint by the telecom sector
Development of national climate change action plan
Launch of National Climate change action plan
Sub Issue Objectives Outcome Strategies KPI Baseli ne Target Responsibi lity
Policy and regulations on electronic waste menace
Finalization of E- waste Management Regulations for facilitation of sustainable environment
Implementation of EMCA-E-waste management Regulations
To facilitate accountabilit y and provide expertise on deliverables
Timely implementation of the action points
Regular meetings of technical working groups for monitoring and evaluation of progress in enforcement of strategy
Quarterly meetings, at least 80% of quarterly targets met
Thematic area task working groups (TWGs)
Inclusion of PWDs in the National Broadband Strategy
Ease of access of ICT services to PWDs
Incorporation of regulations catering for PWDs within KICA;
Customized telecom Solutions for PWDS
ICT Regulations for PWDs N/A Enactment of Act/regulatio n by 2020
CA/ National Council for PWDs
Protection To ensure data integrity and legal protection during processing and use of data
Act Multi-stakeholder involvement in drafting of the Bill
Adoption of Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of
Signatory of the Budapest Convention
No Act Enactment of Act Parliament/
To elevate broadband status to that of utilities such as electricity and water
Enactment of enabling Laws, Amendment of Laws (Road Act, Critical Infrastructure Bill) Building Code
-Installation of broadband infrastructure as part of the construction of roads, buildings
Critical Infrastr ucture Bill Tabled
Enact with necessary adjustments as necessary by 2019
Sub Issue Objectives Outcome Strategies KPI Baseli ne Target Responsibi lity broadband governance and deployment
Harmonization of existing legislation to facilitate integrated
-Review of tax policies for broadband (e.g Tax exemption for Broadband Devices) to improve affordability
-Affirmative legislation and regulation targeting special interest groups such as PWDs
-Uniform way leave fees across counties
-Inclusion of broadband in National and county integrated development plans
-Investment in broadband at national and county levels
No standar d way leave charge s
Have a standard schedule of fees
Collaboration Regulations on infrastructure sharing
Development of master plan for integrated infrastructure
Reduction in infrastructure deployment costs
To ensure security online and offline (infrastructur e)
- Protection/safegua rd of users online
-Reduction in financial losses attributed to
N/A Sensitization of populace on the CybercrimesAct 2018
Sub Issue Objectives Outcome Strategies KPI Baseli ne Target Responsibi lity cyber security breaches
Ensure an enabling, responsive, progressive legal environment
Finalization of Spectrum Policy Framework
Harmonization of the legislative, regulatory and policy landscape
Relevant policies, legislations and regulations harminised
Table 14: Strategy for Infrastructure and Connectivity
Sub-Issue Objectives Outcomes Strategies KPI Target Responsible
Access to broadband coverage to everyone
Improved quality of life in the way citizens work, live and learn.
Reduce the Digital broadband divide
•MNOs to accelerate nationwide 3G and 4G rollout ▪ % 3G/4G
CA & MNO Safaricom, Airtel, KENET, Liquid Telekom, Zuku, JTL, Telkom Kenya KPLC other providers
Service providers and Government to accelerate fixed (Fiber) Connectivity
▪ Broadband connectivity to tertiary institutions, health and schools
Spectrum review on allocation and pricing to support broadband voice centric spectrum modeling e.g., 450 MHz, 700 MHz, 2.6 GHz, 3.5 GHz
• 5G development workgroup in place ▪ 5G Trials ▪ 5G trial by 2022 Security of broadband infrastructur e
Increase surveillance to secure BB infrastructure in urban and rural areas
Reduce vandalism, ensure consistent availability and reliable use
- Increase surveillance ▪ Number of infrastructure- related vandalisms
▪ Secure 100% of all BB locations
Government to enact legislation to safeguard Broadband as critical infrastructure
Sub-Issue Objectives Outcomes Strategies KPI Target Responsible
Engage Police to provide security for the facilities ▪ Number of
Counties and Sub Counties Covered with NPS surveillance System
Sensitize communities and work with them to guard BB infrastructure
▪ % of communities sensitized on security of BB
Include county Government in the security of BB in their areas
▪ Number of counties with BB surveillance
Coordinatio n and complemen tary services
- Provide a harmonized and enabling environment for infrastructure deployment
Reduced cost of deploying and operating broadband networks
•Enactment of the broadband Infrastructure legislation (Way leaves &
▪ Broadband Infrastructure enabling laws enacted
ICTA and Survey of Kenya to fully Implement KNSDI
Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development collaboration KENHA, KURA KERRA, NCA
Integrated Infrastructure global information system (GIS) ( the KNSDI- Kenya National Spatial Data Infrastructure)
▪ Inclusion of BB as critical infrastructure in legislation
Integration of BB infrastructure in road and power connection
▪ % increase in access of BB to underserved areas
▪ 30 % increase in access in underserved and unserved areas through integrated road and power projects
Synchronized planning of civil and ICT data projects ▪ Harmonise d way leaves in counties
▪ National policy and regulations on wayleaves
Promote and ensure operators share common infrastructure.
Sub-Issue Objectives Outcomes Strategies KPI Target Responsible
Government to provide rebates/tax incentives for operators providing complimentary services (utilities) in marginalized areas
▪ Number of incentives ▪ An incentive mechanisms for complementary infrastructure
Stimulation Provide accessible and affordable broadband services to all citizens
Increased demand for and use of broadband services
• Promote local production of access devices No of local producers for access devices
Government to provide subsidies for access devices Tax subsidy policy for access devices
Enacted tax subsidy law by 2023
Promote and avail online local content (e.g e- Government information, eLearning, Online county services) to spur demand.
▪ Number of online local content available
Public WiFi/ Hotspot access (affordable Wi-Fi) in every ward
Safeguard infrastructure assets and assist in accelerating rollout
Reliable and high availability infrastructure
An enabling regulatory and administrative environment that facilitates broadband rollout
Review of The Kenya Road
Act ▪ % increase in connectivity to NOFBI
Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development, CA
▪ Review Building Codes to include broadband ICT provision
▪ Building code in place ▪ Reviewed building codes by 2023
People Promote social goodwill of
• promote a social culture of protecting infrastructure ▪ Level of awareness of broadband
Sub-Issue Objectives Outcomes Strategies KPI Target Responsible broadband project services on the broadband County government NBC (and BDU)
ICT Training at primary and secondary schools ▪ Broadband curriculum for primary and secondary school
▪ Broadband curriculum in place by 2020
Innovation hubs ▪ Number of training conducted
NBS Strategy and implementation review meetings to be held per county with government and stakeholders
▪ NBS ICT Forum in every County
Enablers Enablers to enhance digital broadband uptake and experience
Increased broadband uptake and consumption
Hosting ▪ % increase in CDNs ▪ 50% by 2020 KICD,
• Build and increase cache for international Content (Facebook, Google, Netflix),
▪ % increase in local content caches
Multiple diversity in undersea cable ▪ No of
Increased International Fiber connectivity Connections
Fiber connectivity for cross border connectivity
(Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania, South Sudan, Somalia
Regional/cross border BB connectivity
Utility Companies e.g., KPLC to assist in provision of diverse grid supply to assist towards data center resilience.
% coverage of power supply nationwide
Sub-Issue Objectives Outcomes Strategies KPI Target Responsible
Publication of Data Center standards ▪ No of certified and standardized data centers
Provide coverage and connectivity to all citizens
Provide Open Access Fiber on major roads
Increased access to all citizens
- Build facilities and BB Installation roads, rails and ducts for fiber
▪ % of duct coverage on all roads/rails
Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development
- Enactment of National Broadband Infrastructure Act.
National Broadband Council to coordinate broadband ▪ NBC in place
▪ NBC in place after 2 months
County and National Government to lay infrastructure on Open Access (4P= Pervasive public pipes in-perpetuity)
▪ Policy and regulations on Open access to
Appendix I-3: Broadband Services Application and innovation
Table 15: Strategies for Broadband Services Application and innovation
Objectives Outcome Strategy KPI Target Responsibility
Quality of service - Enforce SLAs
- Enforce the critical infrastructure law to curb vandalism
% Reduction in cases of BB vandalism
Subsidize content provision Create an enabling competitive environment Ensure broadband connectivity in every sub- county
Reduced/limited entry barrier of service providers
Enacted Regulatory policy for Telco sector to attract competitors
Low demand/ awareness of broadband services
Reduce taxes on broadband provision service
% of tax reduction to BB service providers 5% tax reduction by
Build capacity (education) to enhance demand No of campaigns and awareness creation campaigns on BB
Cost and sustainability in delivery of services
Incentives for service provision in underserved areas
Concessions on universal service obligation rebates % of rebates/tax incentives for operators providing complementary services (utilities) in marginalized areas.
Zero rating for complementary service provision by 2023
National Treasury, CA and related agencies
% proportion of private projects supported by government
All county and government services digitized
Introduction of a carbon tax for those still transacting on paper
% of National government services online 100% by 2023 Government
% reduction in paper transaction 80% by 2022
Objectives Outcome Strategy KPI Target Responsibility
Enact legislation for consumer protection Enforce consumer protection guidelines
▪ Awareness creation on consumer protection guidelines
Use of ICT financial services and application
Widespread utilization of ICTs in the delivery of financial services
-Promote and expand the use of ICTs in government related financial transactions -Tighten security of financial systems through cyber related legislation and enforcement
-Promote the use of shared ICT financial application amongst
MFIs/SACCOS/SMEs -Promote collaboration among service providers within the Financial sector
% use of ICT in financial sectors
100% by 2022 National Treasury and Service providers
% increase in financial systems security 100% by 2022
% sharing of ICT financial application
Ease the process and simplify the understanding of financial services
Legislation to protect e- commerce and increase its use amongst Kenyans 1 policy enacted by
MoICT, National Treasury and parliament
Support for research and innovation
Operational ICT broadband research and innovation centres
Create and implement a seed funding model for the innovations hubs
Create an enabling policy and regulatory framework to support research and innovation.
Support IPRs Strengthen the existing innovation hubs and research centers
The number of funding sources
National Intellectual and Industrial Property Right policy and legislations enacted
Objectives Outcome Strategy KPI Target Responsibility
Information sharing across research centres
Commercialization of the innovations within the country
Table 16: Strategy for Content and innovation
I Issue Objectives Outcome Strategy KPI Target Responsibility
To have 5% of total workforce employed in digital content and application development
At least 5% of the total workforce employed in the development of content driven services in 5 years
Establish incubation/empowermen t centers in counties and develop an ICT-centric innovation framework
Develop an ICT-Centric Innovation Framework
Put in place incentives for innovation and content
Digital content for all Kenyans
To develop/customiz e content for disadvantaged groups
100% customization of school content for at risk groups within 3 years
Prioritize implementation of solutions for universal accessibility
To ensure 20% of local content (broadcast) is of international quality
Increased global access to local content within 5 years
Private sector support through incentives for business partnerships
No of successful business partnerships supported
Promotions of local content internationally No of local content pages available online
To enhance the availability of local digital work platforms, it is essential to develop sector-specific solutions in areas such as e-government, e-commerce, e-learning, e-health, IoT, and robotics in manufacturing By focusing on these sectors, we can create digitally enabled platforms that cater to the unique needs of each industry, ultimately increasing access to digital resources and opportunities within the local market.
Establish and utilize an innovation fund
Develop digital broadcast for youth and heritage channels
No of digital broadcast media created
4 programs per year CA, Kenya News
Local content and application Local content fintech APIs/platforms with international aspects
Increased global access to local applications within 5 years
Engage with the private sector through incentives for business partnerships
Policy to support incentives Policy enacted and implemented by 2020
To have a Management System for authenticated content with digital rights
Content Management System (CMS) Develop local Content
Management System Developed CMS Developed and in use by 2022 MoICT
Local heritage To have language packs for 10 Kenyan local languages for various content,
At least 10 local language used in applications
No of certified local languages
Training and upscaling No of trainings conducted 4 carried out each year MoE services and solutions
To be the Swahili learning international certifying body
Modality of certification; placement globally in Swahili certification
Digitisation of government services improve efficiency of government service provision
Government services with more than 100,000 transactions per annum digitized
Digitize Government services % of government services digitized60% by 2022 MoICT
Content haven To encourage local hosting 29
- Increase big data available to Kenyans for analysis that is sector specific - education, health, agriculture, manufacturing housing amongst others
- Increase data centre capacity in Kenya
- 100% of government, education and research data digitized and hosted in Kenya
- To develop standards for all citizen data
Attract investment in Local Data Centres
Enhance and promote Data Sovereignty laws - KDAR law makes Kenyan data held internationally accessible to Kenyans
KDAR Law Law communicated to stakeholders
Interoperability of all citizen data sets
Encourage utilization of existing local Data Centre Capacity
% of local data set utilized 100% by 2022 MoICT
Exploit opportunities in GDPR refugee data - (Develop 3rd party verification to ensure compliance to GDPR and other laws)
Domestication of GDPR obligationsCompleted by
29 This will enable attraction of GDPR refugee data centres in Kenya which will have public data fields (e.g., name, ID, gender), standard keys.
It also involves adopting of appropriate format standards accompanied by development of Data Sovereignty Laws and Kenya Data Access
Regulation (KDAR); and ensuring that any data about Kenya is open for use by Kenyans and that certified checks of foreigners (background checks) are done
All Kenyan languages have content
To have all Kenyan content in multilingual formats
Availability of local language content
Ratification of the language policy
(Multilingual contact centers for public service delivery)
Digital certification centers for academic credentials
Digital certification policy Develop the digital certification policy
Policy developed and rolled out nationally by 2022
To Enforce IP - Intellectual Property Rights – Visibility,
IP rights enforcement Enhance and promote protection of Intellectual Property rights
IP Policy Policy enforcement and sensitization ongoing annually
CA, MoICT , Kenya film classification board, Kenya Film
To develop Policy for content Content Policy for
- full digitisation of national archives
- content and data protection (IP, privacy and security)
- registration, publication and automatic protection of all Kenyan content
Development for standards for content development
No of standards developed At least 2 by
No of certified local language packs
Develop and Enforce an open Data Policy Open Data Policy To have in place a policy and implement it by 2021
Table 17 : Broadband Service initiatives and Activities
- Ensure reliability of broadband services
- Ensure relevance of broadband services
Improved quality of life in the way citizens work, live and learn
A rich, interruption free broadband experience
• Use of Universal Service Fund to extend broadband network penetration.
• Enhance regulatory oversight with respect to quality of service.
•Encourage and promote creation of relevant and quality content
• Regulatory oversight through use of management of service level agreements.
• Enforce the critical infrastructure law to curb vandalism of broadband infrastructure
• Measure quality of service Accessibility and
Provide accessible and affordable broadband services to all citizens
- Increased demand for and use of broadband services
- Affordable and accessible broadband services/content are available to all
- Broadband services are available to all nomadic, unserved and underserved communities
• Government to provide subsidies for access devices
• Government to source funding and develop infrastructure
• Government to enhance fair competition by creating a level playing field
• Promote local production of devices.
•Government/counties to open information hubs at constituency level
•Establish mechanisms to deliver services e.g Cell on Wheels
Low demand and awareness of
-Encourage consumption of digital services
-Create awareness of available broadband services
There is sustainable demand and uptake for digital products
• Provide affordable devices and digital content
•Create awareness/publicity on available digital services
• Create relevant and affordable broadband content
Cost and sustainability in delivery of services
Harmonize costing between national & county government Coordinate infrastructure rollout
Affordable services are available to all citizens • Ensure cost effective spectrum for Wireless Broadband
• Government to provide rebates/tax incentives for operators providing complementary services (utilities) in marginalized areas. with other activities i.e
(power) Continuous review of spectrum pricing
• Cost sharing between government and private sector
Prioritize rolling of broadband services Encourage service providers to create and promote digital content
Efficient and convenient delivery of e-services
• Promote and avail online local content (e.g e-Govt. information and services) to spur demand across the country
• incentivize creation of digital content and services
Protect and enhance consumer security and protect consumers from exploitation
Secure broadband experience • regulations for consumer protection
Appendix I-5: Capacity Building and Innovation
Table 18: Strategy for Capacity Building and Innovation
Sub-Issue Outcome Strategies/Activities KPI Target Responsibility
Digital literacy levels in the country
Digital literate citizens across all ages, gender to participate in a knowledgeable society
Conduct a nationwide survey on the status of the level of digital literacy of the country
Expand the digital literacy program for schools to include upper classes and secondary schools
Percentage of schools and teachers trained
Number of ICT training centers
At least 1 in each county by 2022
PPP’s, KICD, learning institutions, NGO’s, KENET, M.O.E,
Implement a transformational digital literacy program for tertiary institutions
Coordinated effort for capacity building for tertiary institutions
PPP’s, KICD, learning institutions, NGO’s, KENET, M.O.E/CA Extend the services of the
Huduma centers to include informal training to the general public on digital literacy and e- government services.
Number of digital Huduma centers offering training services
PPP’s, learning institutions, NGO’s, KENET,M.O.E/CA/1ICTA
Sub-Issue Outcome Strategies/Activities KPI Target Responsibility
Design and Implement Mobile ICT centers at the sub-county levels to include informal digital literacy training
No of implemented working digital mobile centers
PPP’s, KICD, learning institutions, NGO’s, KENET, M.O.E/C.A/ICTA Design and implement Multi-level digital champions’ capacity building program for informal digital literacy training.
PPP’s, MDA’s, Ministry of devolution
Delivery of the informal digital literacy programs in local languages
Number of programs delivered through the local language
Implement a transformational digital literacy program into practice by government officials
Number of government officials trained
Traininers trained in 100% of public institutions by 2023
PPP’s, ICTA learning institutions, NGO’s, M.O.E/CA e-
Creating capacity for the uptake of government services
Improved access and efficiency in delivery of e-Government services
Implement a nationwide e- Government awareness and training programs
Increase availability and use of e- Government services
Number of people accessing the government services
All Kenyans with an e-Citizen account by 2023
ICTA, ministry of devolution, ministry of ICT, Number of awareness and training programs
Number of e- government services that have been accessed online.
At least 4 in the key services provided by 2022 e-Learning programs
Incorporation of e- learning approaches in curriculum delivery at all levels
Develop the hosting infrastructure and online content for e-Learning.
Realign the curriculum for e- Learning - (digitization and instructional design)
Design targeted e-Learning programs for marginalized regions and groups
Percentage of relevant courses and curriculum developed
KICD, KENET, Research and innovations centers KFC
Percentage growth in users of e-Learners (male and female)
No of counties reached with e- Learning
Sub-Issue Outcome Strategies/Activities KPI Target Responsibility
Develop open shared national e- Learning platforms
Review current curriculum to include digital literacy training
No of sensitization programs held
Judiciary and law enforcemen t sensitizatio n
More informed judiciary and law enforcers
Implement a broadband sensitization program No of people trained 5,000 trained people CA, ICTA, PPP’s
Expand the national child protection campaign to include PP’s stakeholder
Run nation- wide cyber security awareness campaigns
All child focused government agencies
CA, KENET, KE- CIRT, Universities, Security agencies, Research institutions
Number of nation-wide campaigns At least 1 annually
Developmen t of hands- on technical skills
Increased number of technically skilled personnel in the country
Collaborations to develop the technical skills
Develop workshops/boot camps to develop the technical skills
Retrain management on technical skills
Develop a program for skills transfer for government workforce and experts.
% of graduates benefiting from the attachment program
Universities, Research institutions, KENET, ICTA, PPP’s
All counties implement the program by 2023 Number of technical workshops held 4 Bootcamps
/Workshops Annually Number of successful programs and 100% of all programs by 2023
Number of personnel who have completed programs
Innovations that leverage on emerging technologies
Creation of Training programs on emerging technologies
Conduct a skills gap analysis on emerging technologies
Encouraging research on emerging technologies
Number of innovations leveraging on emerging technologies
At least 4 out of Universities and Research
ICTA, Universities and Research Centers, CA, NI 3C,Innovations hubs
Sub-Issue Outcome Strategies/Activities KPI Target Responsibility
The level of adoption of emerging technologies Number of researches conducted on emerging technologies
Sensitizatio n on the legal policy and regulatory environmen t
Informed citizenry on existing legal policies and regulatory frameworks
Develop sensitization programs and campaigns
Develop an online central repository for all thematic areas for the NBS
Number of sensitization programs and campaigns
An implemented online central repository system
At least 1 annually System online by 2022
CA, ICTA, KFC, TESPOK, ERB, NBS steering committee (SC)
Table 19 : Strategies for Broadband Devices
Objectives Initiative Outcome KPI Target Responsible
Affordability Zero-rate smartphone Increased ownership of devices
Low-interest loans for smartphones Increased ownership of devices m KES fund 500m by 2020 National Treasury
Cost of data Affordable data bundles % of reduction in unit cost of data 1KES-2MBs by
Expiration of data Renewable data bundles No, of available renewable data bundle options
Access Increase devices in libraries Increased access to broadband
Number of devices per library
Establish Public Access Points at Sub-County offices
% of sub-counties with PAPs
At least 25% of sub counties by 2022
County Government, Service Providers Establish Public Access
Points (PAP) at each constituency
Number of PAPs 290 by 2022 MoICT, CA, County
Devices in schools Broadband to improve education
Devices for health facilities Broadband to improve health % facilities with devices 100% by 2022 MoH, MoF, MoICT
Devices in police stations and for police officers
Adoption Training and awareness raising in villages Increase ownership/use of devices Number of people reached 50k/yr by 2022 MoICT, CA
Research health impacts of device usage Increase ownership/use of devices Number of research completed 3 by 2020 NEMA, CA
E-Waste Establish local recycling facilities in PPP
Reduced e-waste % components that can be recycled locally
Objectives Initiative Outcome KPI Target Responsible
Provide incentives for take- back of devices Reduced e-waste Number of devices taken-back 200k/yr by 2019 NEMA, CA
Counterfeit Use rebates to reimburse legitimate devices Reduced counterfeit devices No of counterfeit devices 90% reduction in counterfeit by 2022
KRA, CA, KEBS, ACA, Ministry of Industry, trade and Cooperatives Establish certifications for retailers
Develop feasibility study to attract contract manufacturers
Strategy for local ICT manufacturing
Drive IoT through government procurement
Increase in IoT devices Number of IoT devices procured
Every local manufacturer to produce at least
MoF, Ministry of Industry, trade and Cooperatives
Support of local IoT device manufacturers
Number of local IoT devices made
Number of local IoT devices made
Every local manufacturer to produce at least 1IoT device by 2020
Drive the use of customized devices Increase in IoT devices Number of customized devices sold
Ministry of Industry, trade and Cooperatives
Benchmark on Trust and Security
Digital Belgium, a strategic action plan for the nation's long-term digital vision, prioritizes digital confidence and security by emphasizing the importance of upholding digital rights and effectively addressing illegal activities.
Enactment and harmonization of Laws
Protection of critical public infrastructure
Online resolution of consumer disputes (ODR)
The 'Kenya Cyber Security Report' by Serianu highlights a significant challenge for Kenyan organizations: the lack of awareness among technology users Many users are unaware of the risks they pose to themselves and their organizations, emphasizing the need for increased cybersecurity education and training.
Kenya is making strides towards a more secure cyberspace through recent legislative interventions aimed at countering cybercrime Cybercrime countermeasures encompass a range of actions, processes, technologies, devices, or systems designed to prevent or mitigate cyber-attacks on computers, servers, networks, and associated devices These measures can be technical, such as recommending strong, unique passwords for online protection, or regulatory, involving legal frameworks that outline the prosecution conditions for cybercriminals.
Studies on broadband strategies in SADC member states and the European Union indicate that a successful national broadband strategy must focus on six key areas These areas should be underpinned by a robust platform that ensures confidence and security in networks, services, and users, alongside effective governance that includes a monitoring and evaluation framework Central to this framework are information security and privacy, which are essential for fostering a thriving digital economy.
30 Serianu, Kenya Cybersecurity Report, USIU, Nairobi, 2016
31 Dache Joash, The State of Cybercrime: Current Issues and Counter Measures pp 27-31
The Kenya Information and Communication Act defines cybersecurity as a comprehensive framework that includes tools, policies, security concepts, safeguards, guidelines, risk management strategies, actions, training, best practices, assurance, and technologies aimed at protecting the cyber environment.
In light of the rapid digitization of government services and the increasing demand for a strong and effective cybersecurity framework, a comprehensive Cybersecurity Policy is essential This policy must address ICT security issues to prevent negative experiences that could hinder online engagement and diminish the sector's contribution to the nation's socio-economic growth.
Insufficient skills in computer and data security can hinder online participation and usage, highlighting significant policy issues that require attention The ITU guide on cybersecurity provides valuable insights into addressing these concerns.
The European Union aims to enhance its role in cybersecurity by fostering a competitive edge that guarantees citizens, businesses, and public administrations access to advanced, interoperable, and reliable digital security technologies This initiative emphasizes the importance of fundamental rights, including the right to privacy, ensuring a trustworthy cybersecurity environment.
These practices provide experiences and aspirations upon which the Privacy, Trust and Security of the Kenyan
32 EU, EU cybersecurity initiatives: Working towards a more Secure Online Environment, January 2017 https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single- market/en/news/eu-cybersecurity-initiatives-working-towards-more-secureonline-environment (accessed on 28 December 2017
The ITU National Cybersecurity Strategy Guide outlines ten essential elements that form the foundation of a comprehensive, multi-stakeholder cybersecurity program.
Public-Private Sector Cybersecurity Partnerships;
Cybersecurity Skills and Training Programmes; and,
Table 20: Strategy for Privacy and Security
Sub-Issue Objectives Outcomes Strategies KPI Baselin e
To ensure protection of personal data
Offer recommendations to the Data Protection Task force on privacy and data protection issues that touch on broadband
To guarantee safety of children while online
Secure online space for children online
Include online safety and security in the education curriculum
Create mechanisms to deal with underage users
Reduction in number of child-related cyber incidents
To make users aware of the online security risks
Availability of up-to-date
Research in Information Security and Privacy
N/A Continuous at least one collaboratio n per year
To ensure security- conscious users online data on cyber security incidents centres and give incentives to tertiary institutions to do more research on information security and privacy
Periodic countrywide research to study attitudes towards these technologies and their uptake incidents
Educational Institutions/Pr ivate Sector
To ensure accountabilit y and prosecution of perpetrators of cyber security breaches
Prosecution of and coordinated redress to cyber breaches
Availability of independent forensic reports
Establish a cybercrime forensic unit within the Directorate of criminal investigation (DCI)
Establish Independent cybercrime forensic organisations
Availability of independent forensic reports
Enforcement To ensure cooperation in the enforcement of cyber laws
Utilization of available international channels to combat cyber- related breaches and crimes
Negotiate, ratify and adopt mutually beneficial cyber incident-enforcement laws/best practices
Number on bi- lateral and multilateral agreements on cyber- enforcement
To promote progressive research, capacity building and
Embracing available exchange channels and opportunities
Participate in talent exchange and capacity
Number of information security research
MoICT, Universities talent exchange in cybersecurity to increase and improve capacity in information security building programs centres
1 Further research, capacity building and talent exchange in Internet governance and regulation best practices within the borderless cyberspace
Table 21 : Strategy for Finance and Investment
Sub-Issue Objectives Outcomes Strategies KPI Target Responsibility
To stimulate private investments and promote PPPs within the ICT sector
Increase investments in ICT sector
-Develop innovative financial funding mechanisms (e.g
Broadband infrastructure Bonds, Government Supported
At least one innovative financing for BB
MoICT, service providers, The Nationalreasury, CA
Operationalize the USF to avail opportunity for extending broadband coverage
Enhance the role of Government in promoting broadband related investments
No of enacted Incentive fiscal policies
Develop linkages between the financial and the ICT sector No of collaborations established between ICT and financial services sectors
Develop ICT-related Insurance schemes
No of ICT related Insurance schemes
ICT projects Increased investment in the ICT sector
% increase in private ICT investment
Incentivize the private sector with financing models that show a positive and attractive return on investment or low interest financing
% increase in investment 10% per annum Ministry of
Trade, State department (IPC), CA
% government funding directed towards ICTs
Increase in budgetary provision for ICT % of budget contribution to ICT 5%
Sub-Issue Objectives Outcomes Strategies KPI Target Responsibility
% County government funding directed towards ICTs
Motivate county governments to increase funding to ICT Allocation of
Number of investment forums linking ICT to financial sector
Mobilize funds through national and international forums Number of forums held At least
Financing of a national backbone infrastructure
To source sufficient funds for BB
Attract an international investor to build a national backbone infrastructure
Budget of Ksh 20B to build a backbone infrastructure
Appendix II: Role of Stakeholders
The successful deployment of broadband infrastructure necessitates collaboration among various stakeholders, particularly governments, which are essential to achieving widespread connectivity At all levels, governments are instrumental in fostering partnerships with telecommunications and ICT service providers to establish vital fiber and electronic infrastructure for citizens Additionally, they must address and eliminate bureaucratic challenges that impede the rapid rollout of broadband services These governmental initiatives are further supported by contributions from the private sector and civil society, creating a comprehensive approach to enhancing broadband access.
Table 22 : Roles of Government and other stakeholders
2 Administration of Right of Way
County government 1 Removing barriers such as right of way cost and multiple taxation;
2 Participating in local government level negotiations and advocacy in communicating the positive economic impacts of broadband
3 Enabling and promoting the spread of metro networks
4 Providing funding for network build and broadband infrastructure development through Public Private Partnership programmes including for rural and unserved/ underserved areas
Sub-county 1 Working with communities to reduce disruption to infrastructure build and operation
2 Educating communities on the benefits and importance of broadband
3 Driving community based public services such as community access centres/points (CAPs)
4 Migrating local government services (e.g salaries, health services civic registrations, levy and fees collections etc.) online
5 Eliminating delayed or unduly long permitting processes such as those for right of way (ROW)
2 Enacting new and relevant legislations that support the policy goals, plans and incentives for growing broadband
Private Sector 3 Improving the quality of existing broadband service, extending coverage to new areas and connecting new users to the broadband experience