youth-suicide-prevention-strategy-evaluation-phase-two

Phase One of the NZYSPS Evaluation

The Phase One Evaluation (Stanton 2003) assessed the development and implementation of the NZYSPS, gathering insights from informants involved in its creation While the evaluation highlighted the NZYSPS as a valuable and well-founded tool, it also revealed concerns about inadequate implementation planning and poor communication to field workers.

Phase Two of the NZYSPS Evaluation

The Phase Two Evaluation aimed to equip MYD with a foundational information base to enhance the implementation and communication of the NZYSPS, achieved through specific evaluation objectives.

 identify examples of personnel who know about the NZYSPS

 identify examples, in a range of settings, of how the NZYSPS is currently being used, or where there are plans to use the NZYSPS

 identify what factors enhance and/or limit knowledge about the NZYSPS, and what factors support and/or detract from the use of the NZYSPS

 identify the key lessons that can be taken forward, to assist the implementation plans and communications strategy for the NZYSPS.

The purpose of this evaluation was not to measure the effectiveness of the NZYSPS or its influence on youth suicide rates, nor to assess the awareness or utilization of the NZYSPS among the target population.

A qualitative approach was employed to capture diverse perspectives from various sectors regarding youth engagement and suicide prevention The study featured vertical case studies focusing on informants who directly interacted with young people or supported those who did Additionally, insights from higher-level managers and a central government informant were included to enhance understanding of communication channels The evaluation encompassed informants from health, youth work, and education sectors, along with organizations dedicated to youth suicide prevention.

A total of 28 informants participated in the evaluation, with interviews primarily conducted individually and face-to-face to facilitate in-depth discussions on the relevant issues For detailed information about the informants, refer to section 12.3.1.

3 “Youth” is defined for the evaluation as all young people aged 15–25 years, not only those within compulsory education, for example.

The findings and interpretation are presented in six interrelated sections:

 awareness and knowledge of the NZYSPS (section 3)

 use of the NZYSPS (section 4)

 factors inhibiting the use and implementation of the NZYSPS (section 5)

 factors promoting the implementation and use of the NZYSPS (section 6)

 channels of communication to the sectors (section 7)

 communications about the NZYSPS (section 8).

3 Awareness and knowledge of the NZYSPS

Awareness levels

All 28 informants were familiar with the NZYSPS, though not all had read it The evaluation selection process introduced a bias, favoring individuals who were already more likely to be aware of the document.

NZYSPS 4 In this way, informants may not necessarily be typical of everyone in their sector.

A significant number of informants indicated a widespread lack of awareness regarding the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS), even among professionals in similar positions and those directly engaging with youth One informant, tasked with promoting information about the NZYSPS, estimated that merely "5% to 10%" of individuals working with young people in small communities were familiar with or had encountered the strategy.

In summary, six informants were involved with Kia Piki te Ora o te Taitamariki

The Kia Piki Community Development projects and the Youth Development Fund initiatives, known as SPINZ, have engaged various stakeholders who are familiar with the New Zealand Youth Strategy and Policy Statement (NZYSPS) Among these stakeholders is a central government representative who has actively read and applied the principles outlined in the NZYSPS, contributing to ongoing discussions about its implementation and impact.

Of the other 21 informants 5 whose roles were not directly based on the

NZYSPS (ie not Kia Piki Community Development projects, Youth

Development Fund projects or SPINZ), 20 had seen the NZYSPS but four had not read it

Of the informants who had read the NZYSPS, most had a close interest in the topic because:

 working with youth at high risk of suicide was a core focus of their work (eg working with youth offenders or working on postvention in schools)

Four key informants were chosen for the evaluation due to their commitment to suicide prevention Three out of five case studies, specifically the Christchurch Youth Suicide Prevention network, Kia Piki Community Development projects, and Youth Development Fund projects, were selected for their dedicated focus on youth suicide prevention The remaining two case studies were anticipated to include informants with a focus on this issue; for instance, the education case study featured members of the Group Special Education Trauma Incident Team, while the health case study involved participants from Waikato’s Suicide Prevention Action Plan, who were required to utilize the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS).

5 Four of these were interviewed as a mini-group of GSE Trauma Incident Team co-ordinators who gave a consensus of opinion.

 youth mental health or suicide prevention was a core focus of their work (eg personnel within DHBs)

 their role or their organisation’s role was designed specifically to implement the NZYSPS (eg the PASE – Prevention, Advocacy, Support and Education – programme 6 )

 they or their colleagues were involved in the early development of the NZYSPS.

Greater awareness of the NZYSPS needs to be promoted among the intended end-users of the NZYSPS.

Knowledge levels

The six informants engaged in Kia Piki Community Development and Youth Development Fund projects demonstrated a strong comprehension of the New Zealand Youth Strategy and Policy Statement (NZYSPS) In contrast, the 16 informants who had read the NZYSPS but were not directly involved in its implementation exhibited a more restricted understanding of its principles and objectives.

The latter informants could describe the goals of the NZYSPS and had some understanding of where their work, or their organisation’s work, fitted into the

NZYSPS They were unlikely, however, to have had the opportunity to identify whether their role could be adapted in any way to better fit in with the NZYSPS.

Many informants gained their understanding of the NZYSPS through self-study or informal discussions with colleagues and local networks Some had the chance to delve into the NZYSPS during training sessions provided by SPINZ or through PASE A couple of informants possessed a strong grasp of the NZYSPS due to their own or their colleagues' participation in its development.

To enhance understanding and utilization of the NZYSPS, it is essential to provide comprehensive information to key audiences who prioritize this topic.

The PASE programme is designed to enhance youth resilience by primarily engaging with adults in community and family settings It is based on the successful workshop model utilized by SPINZ in collaboration with various providers and communities For more information about the PASE programme, please refer to Appendix I.

The six informants engaged in Kia Piki Community Development projects, Youth Development Fund initiatives, or SPINZ consistently referenced the NZYSPS, a practice also observed among the central government informant.

Among the 21 informants whose roles were not directly tied to the NZYSPS, one-third (seven individuals) reported utilizing the NZYSPS to some extent Notably, these seven informants engaged with the NZYSPS more formally by intentionally using it to design programs, deliver services, or develop work plans, frequently referring to the NZYSPS throughout their processes.

The NZYSPS was used at three levels of intensity.

1 Most informants reported using the NZYSPS in informal ways.

 They had read it to confirm that they were “on the right track”, “to tick off their policies and procedures”.

Informants reported that the NZYSPS has been instrumental in helping them understand how their roles and their organizations align with the broader landscape of social, community, and health services, effectively illustrating "their piece of the big picture."

 Reading the NZYSPS also allowed them to identify potential gaps in their services.

In addition to our existing focus on wellbeing, prevention, and crisis support, it's crucial to explore the area of post-suicide support This emerging field may require our attention as we seek to provide comprehensive assistance to individuals affected by suicide.

2 Some informants reported using the NZYSPS somewhat formally to support them in their interactions with others.

The NZYSPS effectively articulated their program and its significance by utilizing clear terminology and explanations This clarity was instrumental in various contexts, such as providing written feedback to funders, supporting funding proposals, and engaging in negotiations with community boards and city councils Informants highlighted that the NZYSPS offered a compelling rationale for communities to prioritize youth, emphasizing the importance of inclusivity and connection with young people.

Organizations and communities are urged to acknowledge their responsibilities in addressing the needs of marginalized youth, including various ethnic groups, individuals with disabilities, and LGBTQ+ youth.

 It encouraged organisations and communities to involve youth in the design of services, in local community decisions or as a client group for new services.

Several informants reported utilizing the NZYSPS in structured formats for the design and implementation of programs and strategies, specifically highlighting their involvement in Waikato’s Suicide Prevention Action Plan and the PASE program Detailed descriptions of these activities can be found in Appendix J.

7 Several of these informants had worked together on Waikato’s Suicide Prevention Action

Appropriate support and advice is needed to promote further implementation of the NZYSPS.

The NZYSPS has proven valuable in establishing a foundation for suicide prevention efforts and outlining essential components of an action plan However, its effectiveness in guiding communities to create their own plans may be limited.

Toolkit was particularly useful in this respect This corroborates informants’ suggestions that information specific to their sector is the most useful.

For groups creating strategic plans, staying engaged during the implementation phase is crucial to maintain momentum An extended hand-over period allows for continuity and ensures that the insights and rationale behind the plan are effectively communicated by knowledgeable team members This approach fosters successful execution and alignment with the original objectives.

Developing local action plans for suicide prevention, while dependent on funding, can significantly raise awareness and knowledge of best practices among individuals This increased understanding may lead participants to prioritize suicide prevention personally, which could, in turn, elevate its importance within their organizations.

Identifying the impact of the NZYSPS can be challenging, particularly regarding the Ministry of Education's efforts to enhance curriculum delivery in schools The Ministry adopts a curriculum-focused strategy to provide long-term support, aiming to bolster student resilience Subtle and potentially unforeseen changes resulting from the NZYSPS are best exemplified by a notable quote.

Structure and content of the NZYSPS document

Aspects of the NZYSPS that informants described as inhibiting its use included the structure and content of the document itself, as well as a lack of a practical focus

5.1.1 Structure and content of the NZYSPS document

Several informants noted that the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS) was divided into two sections, Kia Piki te Ora o te Taitamariki and In Our Hands, and expressed concerns that this separation posed a disadvantage.

Some informants believed that "Kia Piki te Ora o te Taitamariki" was written in Māori, leading them to overlook it This indicates a common misconception that it was merely a translation of "In Our Hands," rather than recognizing it as a unique strategy.

 Informants indicated that some people thought that as Kia Piki te Ora o te

Taitamariki was specifically for Māori, it was not something they should read.

 Informants felt that busy people would be forced to focus on one part of the NZYSPS.

 It was also suggested that the two distinct parts of the NZYSPS discourages people from thinking of them as two parts of a single strategy, designed to work together.

The ability to distinguish between terms like "Maori" and "New Zealand" helps individuals identify relevant information quickly Additionally, users often prioritize their time by selecting content based on what they can feasibly explore.

Several informants felt that the NZYSPS was too long and lacked a summary, which suggests that:

 with no summary to “whet your appetite”, people are not encouraged to read it

 it is too long to read when time is tight

 it is too long to read for people who do not see youth suicide prevention as relevant to their role or for whom it is a low priority.

8 That is, the Kia Piki Community Development projects, the Youth Development Fund projects and SPINZ.

Many informants highlighted that incorporating more images into the NZYSPS would attract a broader audience and enhance its overall appeal For instance, one informant noted that culturally relevant visuals could motivate Pacific peoples and Māori to engage with the documents.

As a Pacific individual, I am naturally drawn to items featuring tapa or hibiscus designs, just as Māori are captivated by koru or paua motifs While these symbols may seem clichéd, they hold significant meaning for us My initial attraction to this topic stemmed from the koru, but I recognize that my knowledge from my profession greatly influences my appreciation; without that background, I might not have engaged with it as deeply.

Informants suggested that the document should adopt a more pragmatic approach rather than a purely strategic one They emphasized the importance of relevance for professionals working directly with youth across different sectors and recommended including more detailed examples to enhance its applicability.

The NZYSPS is primarily viewed as a source of strategic information that lacks practical applicability for many readers Informants suggest that the content requires "translation" to enhance its relevance for youth workers and school counselors Incorporating illustrative examples tailored to specific sectors could demonstrate its potential utility and make it more accessible for those working directly with youth.

Informants highlighted the necessity for clearer examples of the potential applications of the NZYSPS, noting that while the document includes program names, these lack sufficient explanation Instead of adding more content directly within the document, one informant recommended directing readers to a dedicated website for further information.

The article highlights the lack of detailed descriptions for the examples provided, suggesting that readers must already have prior knowledge To enhance understanding, it emphasizes the need for a dedicated website that offers comprehensive information about the listed projects.

Informants noted that the NZYSPS document lacks supporting evidence for the success of its programs They expressed a desire for information on whether research or evaluations have demonstrated the effectiveness of these programs, or at the very least, guidance on where to find such information.

An informant highlighted the lack of adequate Pacific representation, stating, "there is no Pacific stance," and expressed concern that the emphasis on connecting youth to their culture primarily addresses the needs of young Māori individuals.

Linking young people to their cultural traditions can be problematic if these traditions clash with their personal beliefs or impact their health and well-being It is essential to navigate these connections thoughtfully to ensure a safe and supportive environment for youth.

The informant indicated that, although these components had probably been developed through consultation with Pacific peoples, they may not have included consultation with Pacific youth.

I was not sure that the practice guidelines were relevant to all Pacific young people … the issues for Pacific young people differ to Pacific elders …

The same informant also felt that the NZYSPS did not promote the options for young people to make their own decisions.

… just because it’s traditional doesn’t mean it’s good for you I don’t see that stuff in here allowing for some choices about that.

Informants believe they are required to read and apply documents like the NZYSPS in their work It is essential to clearly state in the document or related communications whether it aims to convey the Government’s strategy or to offer practical implementation ideas for communities, organizations, and teams.

To enhance the NZYSPS document for implementation activities, it is advisable to include a summary, utilize more images, and provide practical examples linked to a dedicated website This approach allows for easy access to additional information without lengthening the document, addressing concerns about its current length, and offering a cost-effective solution for updates as new evidence and program evaluations become available.

It may also be valuable to review some content, eg the sections that focus on Pacific peoples.

The NZYSPS document as a mode of delivery

Using a national strategy document to communicate the NZYSPS principles, without necessarily providing supporting communications, may inhibit the use of the

Many informants expressed that receiving documents was not the most effective way to learn crucial new information However, once they became familiar with the materials, some individuals found the documents to be valuable references that they could keep "on the bookshelf."

Informants identified a number of barriers to reading documents.

The overwhelming influx of daily documents necessitates the development of efficient strategies for prioritization Individuals must quickly determine which documents to read, which to save for future reference, and which to forward or discard.

… between five and 10 [documents received] a day, so how do you get people to prioritise something like the Strategy?

Many professionals working directly with youth often find themselves too busy to read due to their packed schedules filled with client meetings, supervision, and training As a result, they typically engage with reading materials outside of their regular work hours, dedicating their spare time—often at night or after returning home—to this task However, they prioritize reading only when it is truly worthwhile.

In roles that allow for greater schedule flexibility, individuals often allocate time to read important documents This is particularly true for professionals who collaborate with youth workers rather than engaging directly with young people, as well as those in fields like adolescent psychology.

Many documents suffer from poor size and layout, making them user-unfriendly Readers often struggle to determine the relevance of a document without a summary, leading them to sift through every page to extract valuable information and ensure they don't overlook critical content.

Informants expressed concerns about the unclear layout of certain documents, noting the absence of contents pages and chapter summaries that offer quick highlights Additionally, they pointed out the lack of effective cross-referencing between summaries and chapters, as well as among the chapters themselves.

 Some informants suggested that many documents are not written for a broad audience, using instead “big ideas” and “high words”

Many potential readers often lack the motivation to engage in reading, as they identify more as "doers" rather than readers This preference for a kinaesthetic learning style is particularly common among individuals working with young people, suggesting that a hands-on approach may be favored over traditional reading.

Many informants reported that part-time commitments significantly hindered their ability to stay updated on essential documents This challenge is particularly prevalent among individuals juggling multiple responsibilities, such as youth workers and health sector professionals, who often manage several distinct portfolios School counselors also face similar challenges, as their diverse roles demand availability while they maintain full-time employment in other areas This is especially true for members of the Trauma Incident Team in Group Special Education (GSE), who are frequently called upon to assist despite their full-time obligations elsewhere.

Numerous obstacles can hinder the reading and comprehension of documents When documents lack user-friendliness, they can frustrate readers, leading to a higher chance of being discarded without being read.

Professionals working with youth often have limited time to read, relying on their own judgment to determine which documents to engage with Consequently, it is crucial for potential readers to swiftly identify relevant and useful materials that are also easy to read and comprehend.

When writing, it's crucial to avoid styles that may intimidate readers, as such documents are often left unread Intimidating writing styles typically assume the reader possesses specialized knowledge from a specific sector, relies on general knowledge acquired through advanced education, or lacks relatable examples for a broader audience To engage a diverse readership, it's essential to adopt a more accessible writing approach.

9 Group Special Education aims to enhance educational outcomes for children and young people with special educational needs, ensuring they receive quality learning experiences in their local schools, early childhood centers, or any educational setting they attend.

The findings suggest that the limited awareness and comprehension of NZYSPS reported by informants may be partly attributed to insufficient access to relevant documents tailored to the audience's needs.

National strategy documents must be crafted in clear, sector-specific language to effectively engage diverse audiences with varying levels of knowledge and education; otherwise, they risk failing to reach and resonate with these broader groups.

Certain audiences, particularly those inundated with diverse mail, benefit from summary documents tailored to their industry terminology and specific roles Additionally, longer documents equipped with user-friendly features for quick reference are suitable for busy individuals.

Limited support for the implementation and use of the NZYSPS

5.3.1 Role of the NZYSPS implementation activities

The launch of the NZYSPS document coincided with significant initiatives, such as the creation of SPINZ; however, informants believe that the restricted scope of the supporting activities has hindered the effective utilization of the NZYSPS.

Informants who reviewed the NZYSPS reported a clear understanding of its national goals However, some expressed concerns that the strategy-related activities, national coordination, and communication efforts surrounding the NZYSPS were insufficient to promote its widespread adoption.

There is a widespread belief that the New Zealand Youth Strategy and related initiatives, including SPINZ, the Kia Piki Community Development projects, and the Youth Development Fund projects, lack sufficient practical guidance for effectively implementing the NZYSPS and do not offer adequate support for fostering collaboration among communities.

Informants involved in the NZYSPS implementation reported that limited resources are hindering their ability to provide supportive face-to-face services, consequently reducing the number of communities they can effectively reach.

The findings indicate that there are deficiencies in the supportive measures necessary for the effective implementation and utilization of the NZYSPS It remains uncertain if these deficiencies stem from providing inappropriate support to organizations and communities or from insufficient assistance for groups aiming to adopt the NZYSPS.

Further investigation into the efficacy and appropriateness of the NZYSPS implementation activities, including the Kia Piki Community Development projects, is essential to accurately identify any existing gaps.

Most informants involved in the evaluation were primarily from the groups and organizations that conducted the workshops and seminars, rather than the actual participants Nonetheless, a number of informants had attended various SPINZ workshops or seminars, with some finding them informative while others expressed differing opinions on their value.

In fact, the NZYSPS implementation activities including Kia Piki Community

Development projects, including SPINZ and the Youth Development Fund, actively engage communities in utilizing the NZYSPS These initiatives offer valuable insights into the NZYSPS's relevance across various sectors and feature interactive face-to-face sessions within local communities By organizing workshops, they foster community-wide cooperation and coordination, helping to create local plans or protocols grounded in best practices.

There are still communities that would greatly benefit from face-to-face support and advice through seminars or workshops, similar to the positive experiences of other groups Such interactions could enhance their knowledge and enable better implementation of the NZYSPS This need is further underscored by a request from a North Island informant seeking the same type of support provided by SPINZ in the South Island.

Some informants indicate that the situation is more complex, suggesting that simply increasing the availability of services or resources may not lead to better implementation of the NZYSPS for certain groups.

Informants highlighted the narrow scope of communications and training associated with the NZ Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS) Many of these individuals, experienced in working with youth, particularly those at risk of suicide, expressed concerns that current workshops and communications fail to encourage a wider application and implementation of the NZYSPS.

Participants expressed concerns that the communications and workshops predominantly emphasize suicide, risk factors, and statistics, lacking a solutions-oriented approach Some informants described this method as "deficit-focused," suggesting that it diminished the value of attending future training seminars with a similar focus.

 The informants’ solution to this situation is to promote thinking about the

NZYSPS, and the training and communications around it, to reflect the wider spectrum of all the goals in the NZYSPS.

I no longer participate in suicide training; instead, there should be a greater emphasis on empowering young people It's essential to adopt a holistic approach that considers their current circumstances and fosters their growth and development.

Informants felt that communications, training and information should ideally focus on the following:

The NZYSPS emphasizes the importance of community development and connectedness, highlighting goals that resonate with a significant number of young people These objectives are relevant not only to youth but also to a wider audience, underscoring the collective role of various individuals in fostering community engagement.

 solutions and ideas for promoting wellbeing, assisting young people through to adulthood, and promoting inclusiveness and community connectedness

 how to work with those young people who could be considered in need of support and who may otherwise be likely to “move into an at-risk group”

SPINZ focus would need to change if it were to promote greater use of the NZYSPS See section 7.7.2 for further details.

To effectively support high-achieving young individuals as valuable resources for their communities and peers, it is essential to develop action and management plans that align with the New Zealand Youth Strategy and Participation Framework (NZYSPS) By encouraging the active involvement of young people in community initiatives, we can foster their leadership skills and enhance their contributions, ultimately benefiting both the youth and the wider community.

Perceived lack of communications for Māori audiences

The communications related to the NZYSPS document were seen as having a narrow emphasis on the requirements of Māori audiences, which is believed to have hindered the effective use and implementation of the NZYSPS.

Many informants emphasized the necessity of incorporating a Māori perspective in the training and communications related to the NZYSPS They argued that without this focus, the information provided is less likely to resonate with and be utilized by Māori audiences.

 Several informants indicated that they believe there is limited research on the issue of youth suicide prevention for Māori and Pacific peoples

Concerns have been raised by informants regarding the relevance and quality of SPINZ information for Māori communities Many feel uncertain about whether the resources and workshops provided by SPINZ effectively address the needs of these communities Additionally, some audiences may lack awareness of initiatives like the Kia Piki Community Development projects and the fact that certain SPINZ materials have been developed with consultation and input from Māori.

To effectively engage Māori audiences, it is essential to enhance communication strategies that raise awareness of the activities and resources tailored for them.

Limited organisational resources

Limited resources may hinder some organizations from engaging with and utilizing the NZYSPS, which could be a significant barrier to enhancing the SPINZ role that encourages the adoption of the NZYSPS.

12 Note that this is not a comment on the role of the Kia Piki Community Development projects.

13 The SPINZ Community Information Kit was developed in consultation with Māori communities A kaumātua was closely involved in the design.

Youth workers frequently expressed concerns about the limited funding available for personal development, which often falls short of covering expenses such as long-distance travel and conference fees Additionally, they noted that obtaining permission to participate in training opportunities can be a cumbersome process.

SPINZ and other informants highlighted key aspects of the SPINZ role that should be expanded, particularly the Community Liaison position, which has established a vital community presence in the South Island Additionally, the implementation of interactive workshops has been recognized as an important element of the role For more insights on the development of the SPINZ role, refer to section 7.7.2.

Providing low-cost training on NZYSPS-related activities would help ensure attendance where cost is a barrier (see Appendix G for details of acceptable cost ranges).

The level of funding that SPINZ receives may be limiting its ability to reach some communities 14

The current evaluation of SPINZ primarily concentrated on specific activities and services, indicating that a more comprehensive review is necessary To determine if SPINZ is adequately funded to fulfill its contractual obligations, further assessment is essential.

6 Factors promoting the implementation and use of the NZYSPS

This section describes factors that may promote use of the NZYSPS:

 structure and content of the NZYSPS document (section 6.1)

 NZYSPS implementation activities, such as the Youth Development Fund projects(section 6.3).

Structure and content of the NZYSPS

Informants reported that certain aspects of the document’s structure assisted readers to learn about the issues in the NZYSPS.

 The NZYSPS clearly explained the range of goals for wellbeing, from prevention through to postvention.

 It clearly laid out the different roles under each goal This made it easy for readers to see how their own work fitted within the NZYSPS.

Informants recognized that many of their policies, practices, and programs aligned with specific aspects of the New Zealand Youth Strategy and felt reassured that they were progressing in the right direction.

Informants appreciated that the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS) explicitly recognized various marginalized youth groups, such as LGBTQ+ individuals This acknowledgment allowed the NZYSPS to serve as an official justification for initiatives aimed at supporting these communities.

NZYSPS supporting material

Informants indicated that summary documents targeted at their professional group or their sector were useful For example, the Ministry of Youth Affairs publication Youth

Suicide prevention in schools is crucial, and the practical guide "15" offers valuable insights tailored for educational settings It effectively demonstrates how the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS) can be integrated into school environments, providing actionable steps for implementation.

[It is] hugely useful because it is for schools and because it looks at how the counsellor has to work with senior admin or with the Principal

… Being able to whip that out and say “This is my responsibility, this is yours, this is how we co-ordinate ourselves”.

NZYSPS implementation activities

Kia Piki Community Development projects, Youth Development Fund initiatives, the PASE programme, and Waikato's Suicide Prevention Action Plan are significantly improving awareness of youth suicide prevention These programs also support the adoption and execution of the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS).

Analysis of comments about use of the NZYSPS shows there are three key ways that these projects and activities support implementation 16

15 Note that many informants referred to this as a Ministry of Education publication.

This evaluation did not assess the implementation of the NZYSPS or the specifics of its execution Instead, it offers a brief overview of various methods of implementation, acknowledging that additional examples likely exist.

The initiatives aim to enhance awareness and understanding of youth suicide and its prevention, while outlining the diverse objectives of the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS).

 NZYSPS-related resources – Youth Suicide Prevention in Schools: A practical guide

 seminars and workshops by a wide range of groups (such as DHB Adolescent Mental Health Services).

The projects and activities focus on identifying local solutions by helping networks and communities recognize their specific issues and develop effective strategies This approach enhances their ability to support youth and provide essential services to both youth and families.

 Waikato’s Suicide Prevention Action Plan.

3 The projects and activities co-ordinate implementation of local solutions.

 Informants indicated that there are plans to implement Waikato’s Suicide

Prevention Action Plan although this has not yet started.

The evaluation did not determine if Kia Piki Community Development projects coordinate NZYSPS-related activities However, informants characterized these projects as local hubs rather than direct providers of youth services Their primary focus is on offering support, advice, and expertise in youth development, resiliency, and suicide prevention.

 National professional groups may have, or could develop, a co-ordinating role on some level, eg the New Zealand Association of Adolescent Health

Development (NZAAHD), which featured prominently as a source of suicide prevention information and related information for informants of this evaluation

 Any number of other local networks and professional groups may provide co-ordination-type activities, eg local suicide prevention networks/e-networks, and the regional Youth workers collectives.

The Kia Piki Community Development projects and Youth Development Fund projects and activities such as the PASE programme and Waikato’s

The Suicide Prevention Action Plan plays a crucial role in spreading awareness about youth suicide prevention and the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS) This involvement positions them well to actively participate in the implementation of plans and the communication strategy associated with the NZYSPS.

7 Channels of communication to the sectors

This section describes the following aspects of the communications channels:

 assessing information for quality and deciding who will receive it (section 7.2)

 communications channels for the health sector (section 7.3)

 communications channels for the youth worker sector (section 7.4)

 communications channels for the education sector (section 7.5)

 communications channels for the NZYSPS implementation activities, eg Kia Piki Community Development projects and Youth Development Fund projects (section 7.6)

 perceptions of SPINZ – a communications channel for some (section 7.7)

 communication hubs for youth suicide prevention information (section 7.8).

Information sources

Informants recognized the importance of being cautious about the sources of information regarding youth suicide prevention Unlike areas such as nutrition or youth development, where professionals may feel more at ease adapting existing ideas to their context, suicide prevention requires a more careful and informed approach.

7.1.1 “Official” sources were the most valued sources of youth suicide prevention information

When discussing youth suicide prevention, the credibility of information is crucial, as many individuals equate the source of information with its quality Informants have noted that they frequently encounter valuable resources, but their lack of familiarity with the source leads them to disregard this information due to safety concerns.

Everything that comes across my desk you have to do the evaluation

“Who is this coming from?” “What have they based it on?” I think the source of the information gives it great validity.

Most informants highly valued "official" sources, typically favoring the government agency with which they had the closest connection For instance, the Ministry of Health was preferred by those involved with its funded projects, while the Ministry of Education was the go-to for schools, and the Ministry of Youth Development for youth workers Organizations accredited by the Department of Child, Youth and Family Services also recognized specific sources, though the Ministry of Social Development was less frequently mentioned Some informants identified SPINZ and the Mental Health Foundation as credible sources, while others trusted academic institutions, particularly if they were affiliated with their studies or evaluations.

An analysis of “valued” sources, as described by informants, shows that they are characterised by all or several of the following features.

 They were perceived as official, ie “they” would only release information that was robust and evidence-based.

 They were perceived as experts, ie experts in youth issues, suicide issues, community development issues or health issues, and so on.

 They could be trusted, ie the individual who had provided the information was known to and trusted by the informant.

The reliability of the research is established through the credibility of the researcher or analyst who conducted the study and reviewed the evidence, ensuring that the information presented is trustworthy and well-founded.

Many informants expressed skepticism about the applicability of information from certain sources, suggesting that the policy concepts presented may not effectively translate into real-world scenarios They emphasized that real-world situations are often complex and nuanced, with factors such as cultural differences and social inequities significantly influencing the implementation of ideas at the community level.

Community members often express skepticism towards government information; however, this distrust diminishes when the subject matter is critical, such as suicide prevention, or when the information is presented by a trusted local figure.

Perceptions of the quality and safety of youth suicide prevention information often hinge on its source, with official sources bearing a significant responsibility to deliver high-quality, safe information.

While information may be seen as evidence-based, it may not always be thought of as relevant enough to be used in the community.

7.1.2 Best practice information is best received when endorsed as relevant and useful for the recipient’s context

Analysis of what informants described as their “key sources for information” suggests that, for them, “key sources” have three components:

 the person or people who endorses information

 the channel it arrives via

 the origin of the information.

Valuable information is characterized by its relevance, significance, and utility It is deemed useful when presented in an appropriate language and context, ensuring that it meets the needs of the audience effectively.

“translated” by the person providing the information.

Those who informants valued as endorsers of information were as follows:

Individuals within the informant's local network, characterized as small and informal, regularly interact, though not necessarily on a frequent basis This network often consists of local professionals or those employed by the same organization, such as city council youth workers or school counselors Frequent communication occurs through emails or phone calls, often facilitated by an email tree, fostering collaboration and support among members.

In the context of professional development, an informant's mentor plays a crucial role, even if not explicitly labeled as such This individual may be a source of professional supervision or an experienced practitioner within the informant's local community, providing guidance and support essential for growth and learning.

 colleagues, team members or managers – occasionally, these were colleagues with a formal research/analyst role, eg some DHB personnel received information from colleagues who were analysts.

The channels that youth suicide prevention information tended to arrive via overlapped with the “endorsers”:

 professional networks, in particular the regional Youth Workers Collectives and New Zealand Association of Counsellors (NZAC)

 training and seminars provided to NZYSPS projects – Kia Piki Community

Development projects and Youth Development Funding projects (some of these seminars were delivered by SPINZ)

 documents mailed out by government bodies.

Trusted origins of information on youth suicide prevention included the following:

 official publications or training related to these publications, ie information from the government bodies, SPINZ, the Mental Health Foundation and DHBs

(although possibly not all DHBs), eg:

– the Ministry of Youth Affairs publication Youth Suicide Prevention in Schools:

– the Ministry of Education/National Health Committee publication The

Prevention, Recognition and Management of Young People at Risk of

Suicide: Development of guidelines for schools

The article highlights the significance of literature reviews and evidence assessments conducted by reputable organizations or individuals recognized by the audience It emphasizes the importance of information that has received official endorsement, such as documents commissioned or published by government ministries or departments An example of this is the two evidence review documents that accompany the NZ Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS).

7.1.3 The origins and channels for receiving information on other topics were broader

The origins of general professional information exhibit greater diversity compared to youth suicide prevention information Recipients value information that is relevant, meaningful, and useful within their specific context, as highlighted in section 7.1.2.

The origin of general information was sometimes the person or group that provided or developed the information, eg:

 individuals (such as a person in a mentor role) who provided information on approaches and models that they had developed or adapted

New Zealand and international resources, such as government and ministry websites, youth-oriented platforms, community development sites, academic portals, and discussion forums with peers, were utilized alongside general internet searches to gather information.

17 Note that many informants referred to this as a Ministry of Education publication.

 publications, such as those by the government bodies, SPINZ, DHBs, Public Health Units, city councils, newsletters from local community and national organisations

 reviews of the literature by reputable groups.

This general information arrived via a broad set of communications channels:

 local/professional networks, including Canterbury Youth workers collective, local networks of school counsellors, New Zealand Association of Counsellors (NZAC), New Zealand Association of Adolescent Health Development (NZAAHD),

Alternative Education Consortium, Alcohol and Drug Association (ADA), The Volunteer Centre, Health Teachers Association, queer networks, Young People and Health, Youth Offender Team (YOT), PASE in Hamilton

 email networks, including Social Service Waikato, Voluntary Waikato, Waikato’s

Suicide Prevention Action Plan email group, Council of Social Services Enews,

 newsletters for Community Development groups or community groups, including Hamilton Council of Social Services (HCOSS), youth worker networks, DHB newsletters, professional newsletters such as the Education Gazette

Informants indicated that "official mailouts from the Ministry" typically refer to communications from the specific government department or Ministry they are associated with, usually the primary source of their funding.

See sections 7.3, 7.4 and 7.5 for information specific to different sectors.

Valued information comprises three essential components: a reliable source, an endorser, and a communication channel To effectively facilitate change in the communication pathways between government entities and their target audiences, it is crucial to consider each of these elements When developing implementation plans and communication strategies, careful management of these components is necessary for success.

Assessing information for quality and deciding who will

 how information is assessed for quality and relevance

 how information is shared and disseminated

 whether information is kept and maintained for future reference.

7.2.1 How information is assessed for quality and relevance

Many organizations and individuals face an overwhelming influx of information, leading to varied levels of attention and assessment among recipients The rise of internet access and the expansion of email communications have intensified this challenge As a result, some individuals report ignoring most incoming information due to work pressures, finding that they absorb new insights more effectively during network meetings, conferences, or similar events outside their typical work settings.

Informants noted that the evaluation of incoming information is often done informally, with some cases lacking any assessment altogether, leaving decisions to individual workers Even when quality assessments occur, only a few feel equipped with the necessary experience and understanding of safe practices to make informed decisions Consequently, many rely on the source of the information as a gauge of its quality and safety; information from "official" sources is deemed safe, while other sources may be considered unreliable and unusable.

Concerns were raised by informants regarding the ability of recipients to accurately evaluate the quality of information on youth suicide prevention They noted that some colleagues lacked essential knowledge about the topic and failed to recognize the necessity of assessing incoming information Additionally, informants highlighted that certain individuals within similar organizations did not perceive a need for external guidance, often operating outside established best practices These individuals typically lacked support, training, professional affiliations, and supervision, and may be unaware of or disregard best practice guidelines.

Relying solely on the source of information to assess its safety is considered a cautious strategy, particularly among individuals with limited understanding of youth suicide prevention However, this method hinges on the assumption that users regard "official" information as inherently safe, as well as their capacity to comprehend and apply it effectively.

7.2.2 How information is shared and disseminated

When sharing (or disseminating) information, there appears to be at least two approaches These are loosely based on organisation structure.

Smaller, growing organizations with a flat hierarchy, such as DHB Adolescent Mental Health services or Māori community services, often rely on a manager or a group of designated experts to handle information dissemination These experts are responsible for collecting and maintaining vital data, attending conferences, and sharing insights during team meetings to ensure effective communication and program management.

Some informants discussed safe practices specifically for youth suicide prevention, while others focused on a broader range of topics Maintaining a collection of this information allows these experts to serve as valuable resources for the entire team.

In small, informal networks, such as those formed by youth workers employed by a city council, information sharing is a common practice Network meetings allocate specific time for members to share updates, while information can also be disseminated through an email tree or upon request This dual approach ensures that information is communicated both proactively and reactively among network members.

Larger organizations, such as community services and schools with formal hierarchies, typically share information exclusively with designated recipients They often utilize methods like email trees, notice boards, mailbox drops, or conduct training sessions to ensure effective communication among staff.

In larger organizations, administrative staff often determine the recipients of incoming information, which can lead to inefficiencies These staff members may lack the necessary knowledge to identify the appropriate recipients, resulting in information being forwarded to the most obvious individuals, such as addressing mail to "the Health Teacher" in schools Consequently, important information may not reach relevant parties, like counselors, who are essential for evaluating its quality and safety.

A folder system, akin to an email tree, can be implemented using either physical or electronic folders organized by topics This method allows for the collection of valuable information in one accessible location, serving as a long-term reference library for employees to explore.

If the system is electronic, it is especially easy to access

To ensure effective information dissemination, it is crucial that recipients feel motivated to engage with the content When individuals are overwhelmed with information, they may overlook key details or lack the time to read thoroughly Therefore, information is more likely to be read when it is presented in a compelling and accessible manner.

 the information is perceived to be a priority for the organisation or team, or is a personal priority

 the information is perceived to be relevant and meaningful for their current role

 the recipient has time to read it

 the information is accompanied by a message from a person that they “know and trust” and whose opinion they value (especially if this person endorses the information).

Organizations utilize training sessions to disseminate information, but attendance and scheduling are influenced by the organization's priorities The effectiveness of these training sessions largely hinges on whether decision-makers view the topics as high-priority Furthermore, individual participation and engagement in training depend on employees' perceptions of the topic's significance and relevance to their roles.

Prioritizing youth suicide prevention at both organizational and personal levels enhances the dissemination and sharing of vital information on this critical issue It is essential to advocate for this topic as a top priority among all stakeholders, including decision-makers and senior management, not just those directly involved with youth services.

7.2.3 Whether information is kept and maintained for future refernce

Long-term information storage typically involves personal files or physical bookshelves, while some teams and organizations create larger collections in the form of libraries However, these methods present accessibility challenges, particularly for individuals unfamiliar with the available information, as these collections are frequently uncatalogued.

The findings suggest that individuals are less likely to engage with information they find uninteresting, which may explain why many are unaware of or unfamiliar with the content of the NZYSPS.

When information is stored on personal bookshelves and perhaps not shared, organisational knowledge will dissipate with staff attrition

Therefore, turnover of staff can result in loss of institutional knowledge.

Communications channels for the health sector

7.3.1 Communications channels for reaching the health sector

To effectively reach health services, it is essential to communicate professional information, guidelines, best practices, and training opportunities through various channels Health sector informants typically receive information through a diverse array of communication methods.

The article discusses various networks in the health sector, including email networks, that connect community-based health services with public and personal health services It emphasizes the importance of adolescent and youth-focused services, particularly specialized networks aimed at youth and youth suicide prevention.

 magazines or newsletters such as HCOSS and Waikato Volunteer newsletters were considered useful as they had articles written from the local or sector perspective

 formal training programmes or seminars

Attendance at conferences is often influenced by the professional development budget and organizational priorities for ongoing training While health services personnel may participate in specialized conferences centered on youth, community health workers in smaller organizations frequently miss out on such opportunities due to budget constraints.

 professional associations – many of those working in the health sector (eg psychologists and social workers) belong to professional organisations, although community-based health workers often do not

 supervision sessions – especially for many of those in counselling roles

 team meetings and colleagues – especially in larger organisations such as DHB corporate offices.

7.3.2 Priorities setting for health services

Recognizing how priorities are established in health sector organizations is crucial for enhancing the focus on youth suicide prevention This understanding is particularly significant due to the autonomy these organizations possess in determining their own priorities.

The priorities set by District Health Boards (DHB) and the Ministry of Health significantly shape the operations of health providers However, these priorities do not always align with the specific goals of individual health providers, particularly since not all are funded by DHBs or the Ministry In cases where organizations receive funding from multiple sources, the influence of any single funder's priorities tends to be diminished.

DHBs establish their priorities by conducting needs assessments and engaging with the community to identify key health issues These community concerns often shape the DHB's focus areas Once priorities are set, DHBs create work plans or action plans to implement these initiatives and subsequently purchase services to address the identified needs.

Informants indicated that DHB-funded health providers are somewhat influenced by the DHB.

The District Health Board (DHB) plays a crucial role in funding and overseeing contracts; however, the priorities, philosophies, and expertise of the service provider significantly influence the specific characteristics of the programs and services offered.

The relationship between the District Health Board (DHB) and the service provider is crucial, as it necessitates a careful balance The DHB must delegate responsibilities to the service provider while also ensuring effective oversight of the contract and offering necessary support to facilitate optimal service delivery.

Once a provider is contracted to deliver services, they must report back to the District Health Board (DHB) to facilitate monitoring of the program's focus and achievements It is important to note that the service provider holds the responsibility for the specific details of the programs and services offered.

The DHB communicates its service expectations to providers through service specifications and monitoring, ensuring staff are properly trained and adhere to best practices In cases involving sensitive topics like youth suicide prevention, the DHB may mandate comprehensive reporting, including communication plans and materials.

Informants described how other health sector organisations set their priorities using a number of processes:

 guidance from their national bodies

 explicit or implicit decisions by key decision makers such as Boards or team managers

 formal needs assessments, including consultation with the community, consultation with organisations that refer clients to them, a review of the literature and analysis of statistics on health and social needs

 an (informal) review of their client needs, eg a review of their administrative databases on client needs and reasons for referral, and sometimes limited research with clients

Organizations reliant on a single funding source typically develop service specifications that align with the priorities of their funders, such as District Health Boards (DHB), Community Funding Agencies, or city councils.

Organizations with multiple funders can enjoy greater autonomy in establishing their priorities, particularly when they are not closely tied to larger national or regional entities Community-based services, such as telephone counseling and youth-focused programs, often exemplify this model, as they typically engage six or more funders Each funder may contribute 10-15% of the total funding, supporting specific programs or aspects of their services This diverse funding landscape enables these organizations to operate more independently and effectively address the needs of their communities across health and social sectors.

Government priorities have a limited impact on the priority-setting of many health organizations To enhance the chances of youth suicide prevention becoming a focus for these organizations, it is essential to effectively communicate this issue to key decision-makers within the health sector.

Communications channels for the youth worker sector

To effectively communicate guidelines, best practices, and training opportunities to youth workers and youth-focused services, it is essential to utilize a variety of channels Informants noted that youth workers typically access information through multiple channels, although some may rely on just one or two.

Utilizing email networks and lists is essential for youth workers to enhance their outreach and collaboration Key resources include DHB and Health emailing lists, youth worker networks, and local community service networks Additionally, national bodies affiliated with youth workers, such as Catholic Social Services, Youth For Christ, the Methodist Church network, and the Salvation Army, provide valuable connections City council email lists, particularly those managed by Social Development Units and youth liaison officers, further support effective communication within the community.

 large regional or national networks such as the Canterbury Youth Worker

 local (informal/smaller) networks, eg a network based in a suburb or council ward may be facilitated by a council Youth Development Worker or a council

In larger organizations, such as city councils or extensive community-based social services, youth workers frequently engage in monthly meetings These gatherings provide a platform for colleagues to exchange ideas and address various challenges they encounter in their roles.

 newsletters – some larger organisations (such as large telephone counselling services) have internal newsletters

The "youth worker sector" encompasses a variety of services and organizations that employ youth workers, including youth services, community centers, youth justice services, and youth health services, all focused on supporting young individuals.

 seminars and workshops – although probably only those seminars or workshops lasting one day or less, with low fees and requiring limited travel

 conferences – perhaps one conference a year, if funding and organisational priorities permit this.

Youth workers often receive communications through various channels, but many rely on just one or two methods This limited approach raises concerns that crucial information may not reach all youth workers effectively.

7.4.1 Diversity of youth workers’ working environments

The employment arrangements of youth workers are notably variable, especially when compared to school counsellors, health workers, and professionals in community-based health services To effectively communicate with youth workers, it is crucial to recognize the diverse range of their working environments.

Youth workers frequently operate within diverse organizational structures, often relying on multiple funding sources, with some receiving minimal or no government support Their employment spans various sectors, including councils, health services, community services, community boards, and church groups.

Many informants highlighted that the role of youth workers can often feel "isolating," particularly when they are the only or one of just a few youth workers within an organization, such as those primarily staffed by volunteers or within community and church groups Concerns were raised regarding personal and client safety, especially in the context of youth suicide prevention training, particularly for those with limited training, inadequate professional supervision, and few professional connections Conversely, well-connected youth workers benefit from extensive networks, including partnerships with city councils, local youth worker collectives, schools, district health boards, and various community or social service organizations.

Engaging youth workers through official communications from government ministries can effectively reach those well-connected within their networks, but may overlook isolated youth workers lacking professional support Additionally, offering awareness training on youth suicide prevention to these isolated individuals may be ineffective without ongoing support and networking opportunities This concern is especially pertinent as a significant number of youth workers are under the age of 25.

7.4.2 Priorities setting in youth workers’ organisations

Setting priorities in the youth worker sector parallels the approach outlined for health services It is essential to comprehend the priority-setting process within this sector to effectively advocate for youth suicide prevention as a critical focus area.

Priorities for youth workers’ programmes or their organisations are set in the following ways:

 guidance from their national bodies and government priorities

Funding for youth worker programs typically comes from various sources, allowing program organizers greater autonomy in establishing their priorities This diversity in funding enables key decision-makers to make explicit or implicit choices that shape the direction of these initiatives.

Community Boards or team managers can have a significant impact on priorities

Conducting a formal needs assessment involves engaging with the community and consulting individuals who refer to the youth worker or program This process also includes a thorough review of relevant literature and an analysis of statistics related to health and social needs.

 an (informal) review of their client needs, eg a review of administrative databases on client needs and reasons for referral, and sometimes limited research with clients.

In the youth worker sector, various factors can significantly influence priority setting This indicates that effective communication on this matter must engage a diverse audience to facilitate meaningful changes in priorities.

Communications channels for the education sector

This section includes detail on:

 communications channels for reaching schools

 communications channels for reaching Trauma Incident Teams in GSE

 priorities setting for GSE Trauma Incident Teams.

7.5.1 Communications channels for reaching schools

Schools receive guidelines on best practices for youth wellbeing, mental health, and suicide prevention; however, there are concerns that this information often fails to reach decision-makers or is not implemented effectively.

Schools receive professional information on best practices, strategies, and training opportunities through various channels, primarily official mailouts from the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health, as well as the Education Gazette, a professional magazine for the education sector.

This summary of the education sector distinguishes between findings related to schools and those concerning the GSE Trauma Incident Team members, highlighting their unique professional focuses and working environments The evaluation encompassed a comprehensive analysis of these distinct areas.

The evaluation of GSE Trauma Incident Teams, along with school counselors and youth workers in a specific region, highlights potential regional differences across the country Informants suggested that other teams within GSE and various groups in the Ministry of Education, not included in this evaluation, would find the NZYSPS relevant to their efforts.

Communications also reach school counsellors through some of the following channels:

Local networks, such as informal school counsellor groups, play a vital role in certain areas; for instance, an active network was present on Auckland's North Shore, while South Auckland lacks such a support system.

 NZAC mailouts (if school counsellors are a full or provisional member of the Association – membership requirements include tertiary qualifications and a certain amount of supervised work)

 training organisations that provide services to schools, such as Team Solutions in Auckland

 networks developed through postgraduate study, including other students and course lecturers

 professional supervision for counsellors, if they receive supervision

GSE Trauma Incident Teams collaborate with school counsellors to provide essential support and guidance on policies, procedure manuals, and best practices for youth suicide prevention, particularly in the aftermath of traumatic events.

Informants indicated that it is important to communicate to a range of personnel in schools if communications are to effect school-wide change.

Despite the availability of various communication channels providing essential information on youth suicide prevention, the effectiveness of disseminating and implementing this knowledge in schools appears to be hindered by multiple factors.

 Informants said that, in reality, few school counsellors have all the communications avenues listed above

School counsellors often experience feelings of isolation in their roles, highlighting the importance of establishing and sustaining support networks to mitigate this challenge.

Many school counsellors operate with minimal collaboration from their colleagues, often being the only counsellor in their school or one of just two among a large teaching staff While some benefit from strong support and supervision, as well as connections to professional networks, others lack both formal and informal support systems, leaving them to work in isolation with little to no supervision.

The hierarchical structure within schools plays a crucial role in the dissemination and implementation of best practices related to youth suicide prevention Informants highlighted that individuals in various positions possess differing perspectives on the importance of this issue, which influences their capacity to drive school-wide changes effectively.

Table 1: Relationship between perceived relevance of youth suicide prevention and ability to effect school-wide change

Role Perception of relevance of youth suicide prevention Ability to effect change

School counsellor May be high May be low

Dean Varied May be high

School counsellors, despite their professional training and understanding of best practices, often struggle to establish a rapport with the school executive, including the Principal and Board of Trustees, which can hinder the recognition of their concerns and suggestions Many in the school management view counsellors as primarily addressing minor issues, such as student relationships, and may be resistant to information that necessitates changes in school policies and practices The existing hierarchies within schools mean that effective dissemination of information and implementation of change require close collaboration with the school executive and management.

Training providers should acknowledge the intricate dynamics of the school environment and the importance of engaging with individuals in various roles By inviting both school counselors and senior management to training sessions, they can ensure that both parties are well-informed about key issues, enabling them to effectively share and implement this knowledge within the school community.

In the event of a crisis, such as the unfortunate death of a student, it is crucial to have a member of Senior Management present alongside the school counsellor This collaboration ensures that the counsellor does not feel isolated, as they will be supported by someone trained to handle such situations, fostering a more effective response to the crisis.

School counsellors play a crucial role in schools by providing valuable insights on youth wellbeing and suicide prevention due to their professional expertise However, it is essential to recognize that school executives possess the authority to implement significant changes throughout the school, making them a vital audience for this information as well.

Understanding the factors that influence school decision-makers is crucial for establishing priorities, particularly in promoting youth suicide prevention By identifying these influences, we can better advocate for mental health initiatives within educational settings.

Informants indicated that a range of stakeholders’ priorities are considered when priorities are set in schools.

Communications channels for NZYSPS implementation activities

7.6.1 Background to the NZYSPS implementation activities

The six Kia Piki Community Development projects, funded by the Ministry of Health, and the six Youth Development Fund projects, supported by the Department of Internal Affairs, play a crucial role in the implementation of the New Zealand Youth Strategy and Policy Statement (NZYSPS) These initiatives, alongside SPINZ, are designed to enhance community and youth development across the country.

The involvement of GSE in prevention and postvention roles is not universally accepted by all schools, leading to a limited reach for these teams In certain regions of New Zealand, the focus of Trauma Incident Teams is primarily on providing postvention support rather than proactive prevention efforts.

Informants emphasized that the NZYSPS is essential to the design and execution of their projects and services They highlighted that the personnel overseeing these initiatives are thoroughly knowledgeable about the NZYSPS, ensuring effective implementation.

7.6.2 These projects use a relatively wide range of sources of information on youth suicide prevention

Informants indicated that the evaluations of both the Kia Piki Community Development projects and the Youth Development Fund projects are designed to gather insights on their activities This information is crucial for ongoing program development, ensuring that these initiatives align effectively with the New Zealand Youth Strategy and Policy Statement (NZYSPS).

Informants also described the range of sources of information for their projects, which includes:

 the evaluation team for the projects

 the projects’ government funders, ie the Ministry of Health or the Department of Internal Affairs

 other ministries or government departments publishing information relating to youth development or Māori youth development, eg the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Youth Development and Te Puni Kōkiri

 their network of projects, eg the co-ordinators of the Kia Piki Community

 literature reviews and academic peer-reviewed journal articles

 conferences, including the SPINZ conference, international conferences focusing on suicide, national conferences on youth development and youth worker conferences

 SPINZ resources and workshops, although several informants mentioned that SPINZ information was not particularly useful for their projects (see 7.7 for details).

7.6.3 These projects are able to assess the quality of information from a range of sources

Personnel involved in the Kia Piki Community Development projects and Youth programs possess the necessary knowledge and skills to effectively evaluate the quality and safety of information from diverse sources.

Development Fund projects have participated in training programmes that focused on a range of topics, including specific details about the NZYSPS and assessing information for safety and quality.

Due to their knowledge and skills, the managers of the NZYSPS implementation projects may be able to use information from a wider range of sources.

7.6.4 These projects appear to act as a conduit to other organisations for disseminating information

The Kia Piki Community Development projects were established to offer coordinated and expert consulting services that support both existing and new Māori-focused programs and services Each project collaborates with approximately 20 to 30 affiliated Māori providers in their local communities According to informants, the primary function of these projects is to act as coordinators and wrap-around facilitators for the services already in place.

Informants reported that the Kia Piki Community Development project co-ordinators have a national group Between the six projects, they are affiliated to 100–120 Māori organisations

Kia Piki Community Development projects serve as a central resource for Māori providers, acting as a vital link to local Māori service providers They are recognized for delivering credible and expert information that is specifically tailored to the needs of the Māori community in the area.

Youth Development Fund projects play a crucial role in disseminating information to communities, though the impact may vary based on project design One notable initiative, the Out There project, actively engages with schools and local communities nationwide to share valuable information through the efforts of its project coordinator.

 facilitating meetings that support communities to prepare agreed policies and develop activities that promote the safety, wellbeing and inclusion of gay and lesbian youth

We offer engaging workshops focused on "queer" cultural safety, aimed at empowering local youth workers, educators, and health professionals, including teachers and teacher college students.

They have also organised and facilitated national training seminars for volunteers working with youth groups and queer groups This was to provide training and networking opportunities.

Youth Development Fund projects serve as vital information hubs for the communities they engage with The coordinator of the Out There project plays a crucial role in communicating the principles and philosophies of the NZYSPS effectively.

Project coordinators involved in the Kia Piki Community Development and Youth Development Fund initiatives utilize a broader spectrum of information on youth suicide prevention compared to those managing projects not directly linked to the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS) The projects implemented under the NZYSPS serve as vital channels for disseminating this crucial information across various communities.

Perceptions of SPINZ – a communications channel for some34

7.7.1 All informants were aware of SPINZ

All informants recognized SPINZ (Suicide Prevention Information New Zealand), with over two-thirds utilizing its resources Many engaged with SPINZ services, such as requesting pamphlets, participating in training, or attending conferences Most participants received and occasionally read SPINZ materials like newsletters and handouts, while five individuals identified SPINZ personnel as a primary source of information.

Users familiar with SPINZ highly value its information and personnel, often expressing a positive view of the SPINZ materials and workshops The information provided by SPINZ is regarded as particularly beneficial, especially when tailored to specific environments such as schools.

Several informants involved in the Kia Piki Community Development and Youth Development Fund projects expressed disappointment with the SPINZ resources and workshops, finding them less useful than anticipated One informant noted that the workshops lacked sufficient detail on safety issues pertinent to their projects, attributing this to a lack of research and evaluations on project effectiveness Additionally, some informants criticized SPINZ for having a deficit-focused approach, advocating for a broader emphasis on youth resilience and wellbeing, and a shift towards identifying solutions rather than solely addressing the crisis of suicide.

Informants value the information and support from SPINZ, but a more comprehensive strategy for disseminating information is necessary to effectively support the diverse activities aligned with the various objectives of the NZYSPS.

7.7.2 SPINZ role could be developed further

A SPINZ informant felt that their organisation could develop further in the following areas.

SPINZ has the potential to enhance its community services database, improving the collection of information about available services nationwide This upgraded database would empower SPINZ to effectively address a greater number of public inquiries regarding local services.

 SPINZ could develop their role in promoting the need for more research about Māori and Pacific peoples.

SPINZ has the potential to establish community representation nationwide by creating a network of representatives, who could be employed or coordinated by the organization, such as personnel from District Health Boards (DHB) This initiative is viewed as a natural progression following the successful placement of a community liaison role, demonstrating SPINZ's commitment to enhancing local engagement and support.

Christchurch is committed to supporting groups and communities throughout the South Island, emphasizing the importance of local support for personnel in community liaison roles This approach ensures the effective dissemination of quality information and promotes a safe working environment for these individuals.

SPINZ aims to enhance its capacity for delivering engaging face-to-face workshops while raising awareness of its role To achieve this, three levels of workshops are proposed, each designed to cater to different audience needs and foster greater interaction.

– awareness and understanding of the underlying issues of suicide

– educating people about identifying people at risk and doing referrals

– “ASSIST Training” on how to assist people in immediate crisis.

SPINZ has pinpointed several development opportunities, many of which may need additional resources, while others could depend more on collaboration with other organizations rather than on resource allocation alone.

7.7.3 Other informants’ opinions about SPINZ

Non-SPINZ informants felt that the organisation could develop further in the following ways 24

 SPINZ could provide closer support, including face-to-face interaction Informants felt that the current practices of communicating by mail and email were not providing them with enough support.

Some informants expressed a preference for SPINZ to provide practical information rather than detailed research on the NZYSPS They sought guidance on how to effectively implement the NZYSPS within their local communities and desired the opportunity to consult with someone locally about tailored implementation strategies for their organizations Notably, these informants, located in the North Island, were unaware of the community liaison role available in the South Island.

Informants recommended that SPINZ create and regularly update literature reviews on best practices for various scenarios These focused literature reviews serve as valuable evidence to support the redevelopment of procedural manuals and practice guidelines.

 Some informants felt that SPINZ information needed to be developed using Māori expertise, such as Māori clinicians, to ensure that the information was relevant to Māori communities

Clarifying whether information is developed by Māori or includes significant Māori input is essential for instilling confidence among users of SPINZ information This transparency ensures that all potential users have a clear understanding of the evidence base behind the information provided.

Improving the resources allocated to SPINZ could enhance its effectiveness Ideally, these additional resources should be utilized to broaden the scope of activities and focus on achieving the comprehensive goals of NZYSPS, while also working towards identifying and implementing effective solutions.

Only a few informants provided insights on how the SPINZ role could be enhanced to better support their work, while others expressed uncertainty regarding SPINZ's current function Additionally, some participants focused their limited evaluation time on other key topics, such as communication channels, familiarity with the NZYSPS, and its usage details.

25 Further investigation, beyond the scope of this evaluation, would be appropriate prior to making a decision on this issue.

Communications hubs for youth suicide prevention information

There appears to be a small number of organisations and individuals that act as

"Communications hubs" play a crucial role in youth suicide prevention by collecting and sharing vital information from various sources within local communities Recognizing these organizations and individuals is essential, as they currently serve as key channels for disseminating youth suicide prevention information and have the potential to enhance their impact in the future Additionally, they can coordinate local communities and networks to create action plans and effectively implement the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS).

Disseminating information was a specifically designed role of the following organisations that informants identified as communications hubs:

The Kia Piki Community Development project focuses on supporting and enhancing Māori service providers through the collaboration of project coordinators both locally and nationally As a dedicated Māori development organization, its primary mission is to empower and uplift Māori communities by fostering sustainable development initiatives.

 Youth Development Fund projects – this evaluation has identified the Out There project as being a communications hub 26

 some professional networks such as NZAC, regional Youth Worker Collectives and NZAAHD

City councils are viewed as essential informants by residents seeking information on youth-appropriate services Many believe that councils are well-positioned to serve as local hubs for the ongoing receipt and dissemination of this information In contrast, youth-focused and community organizations often struggle to maintain consistent communication due to limited resources, high staff turnover, and shorter operational lifespans.

 DHB Communications Units and personnel responsible for certain portfolios, eg Youth Health, Youth Mental Health, Mental Health, or health of different ethnic groups

 GSE Trauma Incident Teams – especially with some schools

 SPINZ – a two-way hub, in that it provides information to local communities, as well as feeding back information to central government.

The Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Youth Development, and Department of Internal Affairs maintain strong communication channels with various organizations These government bodies have either direct connections or just one intermediary step to organizations that employ individuals working directly with youth.

Communications hubs serve multiple purposes, including facilitating information exchange and ensuring its local relevance For certain groups, it is essential to adapt the information to the local context before endorsing it as relevant.

26 Whether other Youth Development Fund projects carry out this role is not known to the evaluation team Representatives of these other projects were not informants to the evaluation.

Government body dissemination lists play a crucial role in youth suicide prevention communications, serving not just as a source of information but as a vital direct resource for effective strategies in preventing youth suicide.

This section describes informants’ suggestions for an attractive tone for communications promoting the NZYSPS and informants’ preferred mode of sharing information.

Tone of communications promoting the NZYSPS

Informants provided valuable suggestions on promoting the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS) to elevate youth suicide prevention as a critical issue Their insights emphasize the need to engage stakeholders who may not currently prioritize this topic, ensuring it remains a top concern for all individuals working with youth.

Informants suggested five key approaches that could be used when communicating a strategy such as the NZYSPS:

3 use positive framing in communications

5 use gentle challenges, with a positive framing.

 Explain the relevance of the NZYSPS to their sector, their organisation and specifically their role.

 Develop summary sheets specific to sectors and roles.

Engaging with individuals on a personal level significantly enhances the likelihood of information being read To maximize impact, communication strategies should extend beyond personalized letters, utilizing local networks and community groups to promote essential and relevant information effectively.

It would be challenging to develop communications and additional resources that were specific to the different sectors and the various roles

Local networks can enhance information endorsement by offering a contextual translation that makes content relevant and easy to comprehend To support this initiative, providing generic worksheets can help these networks create locally relevant summary sheets on the NZYSPS.

 Explain how their work fits in with the broader role of their organisation, their sector and the goals of the NZYSPS.

A comprehensive "road map" is essential for delineating the roles and responsibilities within the education sector This framework would enhance clarity regarding the functions of various groups within the Ministry of Education, as well as outline the specific duties of key personnel, including school executives like Principals and Boards of Trustees, as well as Resource Teachers: Learning and Behaviour (RTLBs) and school counselors.

Use positive framing in communications

 Use key words to attract attention to communications (see Appendix H for a list of key words informants look for).

The New Zealand Youth Support and Participation Strategy (NZYSPS) offers numerous benefits for organizations and individuals working with youth By aligning their efforts with the goals outlined in the NZYSPS, stakeholders can enhance their immediate and long-term effectiveness in youth engagement Understanding these objectives not only aids in streamlining processes but also serves as a valuable resource when preparing funding applications, ensuring that proposals are relevant and aligned with national priorities Leveraging the NZYSPS document can significantly boost the chances of securing support and resources for youth-focused initiatives.

 Use testimonials One informant suggested using testimonials of others who had used the NZYSPS.

 Provide a resource to enable them to share their new knowledge with colleagues.

 Offer them an attractive learning experience, using favoured methods and formats, such as interactive sessions.

Use gentle challenges, with a positive framing

An informant emphasized the importance of using “explicit but gentle challenges” to effectively promote wellbeing for all young people, highlighting that everyone shares this responsibility While negative framing was discouraged in communications about the NZYSPS, informants acknowledged the “ultimate risk” of ignoring the issue, recognizing that the topic can be uncomfortable and challenging for many They stressed the need for support and encouragement to inspire action in addressing these concerns.

Communications can probably have a role in increasing the likelihood that youth suicide prevention is set as a personal or organisational priority

Addressing youth suicide prevention can feel daunting, but effective communication can alleviate these concerns Highlighting the benefits of prevention efforts, clarifying the specific roles of various groups and organizations, and providing a clear step-by-step action plan can significantly enhance understanding and engagement in this critical issue.

Personal preferences of sharing information

Informants showed a clear preference for engaging in discussions to share information rather than reviewing documents independently The majority favored face-to-face interactions for both receiving and exchanging information, highlighting the importance of personal communication in the information-sharing process.

27 RTLBs are Resource Teachers: Learning and Behaviour that itinerate around a cluster of schools to provide additional support to teachers.

Among the 20 informants involved in youth work, 13 expressed a preference for interactive workshops, in-person seminars, and conferences that offer networking opportunities, rather than traditional lectures.

The school counsellors interviewed preferred using a local/informal network meeting to discuss issues and share ideas and written examples, with an occasional speaker.

Four other informants preferred the following methods:

 one-on-one sessions, accompanied by a brief document

 short, straightforward, official documents suitable for giving to colleagues

 a well-written, locally relevant newsletter.

8.2.1 Features of the ideal mode of communication of the NZYSPS

According to the informants, the features of the ideal mode of communicating the NZYSPS to target audiences are as follows:

 conducting face-to-face sessions rather than providing a “written tome”

 providing highly relevant, useable information – not lectures on academic facts

 providing meaningful and relevant information that is immediately useful – information that will ease rather than add to participants’ workloads

 empowering recipients, rather than berating them – so that they are encouraged to make at least some small changes immediately

To effectively engage a diverse audience, it's essential to tailor content that caters to various expertise levels Beginners benefit from foundational facts, while intermediate learners require solutions-focused sessions that address their specific needs For highly experienced professionals, offering advanced insights and strategies ensures that the content remains relevant and valuable across the spectrum of knowledge.

 linking into local networks and adapting the message to local perspectives rather than offering standard seminars for all communities.

Informants emphasized the importance of tailoring workshops to the specific audience, ensuring that the content includes examples and ideas relevant to their local context and familiar sectors, such as healthcare.

 an explanation of the breadth of goals in the NZYSPS and therefore the range of issues that relate to youth suicide prevention and youth resiliency

 basic-level information, eg risk factors, “do’s and don’ts”, the responsibilities of those in different roles and the possible action points for people in these roles

 access to the NZYSPS as a reference document and the supporting materials that are specific to the audience’s sector or role.

Informants recommended that intermediate-level sessions leverage existing professional and local informal networks, incorporating interactive facilitation by respected local experts familiar with the New Zealand Youth Services and the community's perspectives They suggested hosting these sessions during local network meetings to facilitate idea sharing and networking simultaneously, which they believe is an ideal approach.

28 That is, not including the DHB funder, DHB project manager, the GSE Regional Manager, the Kia Piki evaluator, the DIA manager, the SPINZ manager and the central government personnel.

29 Beginner – in terms of knowledge of the issue of youth suicide prevention.

 the source of information is known and trusted (ie they are a prominent person in the local network)

 the information is more likely to be relevant and have been adapted to the local situation, using examples of practical application in local contexts

 the information is often easier to understand than when it is delivered by an outsider, as it uses appropriate language and provides relevant meaningful examples

 the facilitator is able to engage the local community in ways that help them to identify their own solutions to local issues.

To effectively communicate NZYSPS information in areas lacking suitable networks, it is essential to organize interactive sessions that include diverse local participants These sessions should be led by respected experts familiar with NZYSPS, fostering engagement within the community Ideally, the groups formed to devise solutions should represent various sectors, promoting cross-sector networking and coordination of activities For more details, refer to section 9 and Appendix G.

Different audiences have varying needs when it comes to training on the NZYSPS, with some requiring only basic awareness sessions while others may benefit from ongoing support To address this, offering modular training sessions can be effective For beginners, awareness-level training that includes engaging workshops and presentations, akin to those provided by SPINZ, would be particularly beneficial.

Utilizing solutions-focused sessions for training individuals knowledgeable about youth suicide prevention can significantly enhance the adoption of the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS) These sessions are designed to identify community-driven solutions that leverage local resources and capacities, ensuring that the proposed strategies are not only solution-oriented but also practical for implementation within the community.

The evaluation team possesses a limited understanding of the various workshops and training sessions offered by SPINZ To assess whether these sessions align with the "ideal features," further evaluation of the content, tone, and audience perceptions is necessary.

C DISCUSSION, KEY LEARNINGS AND CONCLUSION

This section includes discussion and analysis of the findings of this evaluation, using the following themes:

 the importance of official sources (section 9.1)

 “sources” and how to manage them (section 9.2)

 a possible framework for developing the communications role for promoting the NZYSPS (section 9.3)

 training and support needs (section 9.4)

 “use” of the NZYSPS (section 9.6).

The importance of official sources

Informants primarily assess the quality and safety of information based on its origin, favoring official sources In the context of youth suicide prevention, they recognize the critical nature of the issue, leading to a cautious approach where they prefer not to utilize information that lacks clear identification.

Youth suicide prevention requires strictly adhered-to guidelines, as flexibility in adapting information is not permissible Unlike other fields where practitioners can modify models and approaches, the use of unapproved methods in youth suicide prevention is infrequent, highlighting the necessity for officially sanctioned resources to ensure safety and effectiveness.

Reliance on official sources for youth suicide prevention information is crucial, but it also necessitates a commitment to ensuring that this information is of high quality and safe Recipients often assume that all information labeled as "official" is both safe and based on best practices, highlighting the importance of maintaining rigorous standards in the dissemination of such critical information.

Official sources of information on youth suicide prevention encompass various central government entities, regional organizations, and numerous non-governmental and special interest groups It is crucial for personnel in both central government roles and non-government organizations to have immediate access to current, safe, and relevant information on this critical issue, enabling them to validate and effectively disseminate it.

Furthermore, the education of information users will be an important aspect of promoting appropriate use of youth suicide prevention information.

9.2 “Sources” and how to manage them

Informants interpreted the term "source" of information to encompass the individual or individuals who endorse the information, the medium through which it is delivered, and the origin of the information itself.

The evaluation highlights that endorsing information is essential for effective dissemination, as it enhances the likelihood that the information will capture attention, be read, shared, and potentially acted upon.

The three components of "source" can also be viewed as essential elements of "ideal communication channels." Each component is unique, and the influence of those managing the national implementation of the NZYSPS can vary based on the specific circumstances.

 With regard to youth suicide prevention information, the origin is generally within a ministry or government department, although not always.

The channel refers to the medium, such as a magazine, mailout, or seminar, through which information is disseminated This dissemination can be fully, partially, or not at all controlled by a ministry or government department.

 The person or people who endorse information may be based within a community or could be from a ministry or government department, etc.

Given that these components are distinct and that some are people rather than documents, it will probably be valuable to develop tailored management plans for each.

Youth suicide prevention information primarily originates from official government sources, indicating that its management could be relatively simple and utilize existing interagency communication channels However, this evaluation reveals that there are perceived challenges in effectively disseminating this information.

To effectively manage youth suicide prevention efforts, it is essential to integrate all "official" sources of information, including those from central government and various internal agencies This approach ensures that the information remains current and adheres to safe practices, fostering better interagency communication and collaboration in addressing this critical issue.

Various channels are utilized across different sectors, with specific network groups identified as key communication hubs, such as Kia Piki Community Development projects and NZAAHD To effectively promote the NZ Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS), it is essential to select a diverse range of channels that reach various audiences Collaborating with local endorsers will enhance the likelihood that the information will be noticed and engaged with by individuals.

To effectively introduce or endorse information within a local context, it is essential to identify key individuals and groups An endorsement signals to recipients that the information is both relevant and readily applicable Managing this process may involve providing necessary support to ensure the information is utilized effectively.

“endorsers” to translate generic information into formats suitable for sharing with local people (eg for their specific role or sector and using local examples to illustrate points).

31 For example, informants mentioned that GSE Trauma Incident Teams were not linked in.

Management plans for the three components must integrate the needs of specific audiences, including Māori, as well as individuals in various roles, from decision-makers and managers to those directly engaging with young people.

Leveraging existing capacities and resources within local communities to implement activities and initiatives is highly regarded by informants This strategy recognizes the importance of local expertise and the ongoing efforts already established within these communities.

A possible framework for developing the communications

communications role for promoting the NZYSPS

The evaluation highlights that for an effective communications strategy promoting the NZYSPS, it is crucial to elevate youth suicide prevention as a priority among various groups Key findings supporting this approach are detailed below.

 A number of people working with young people are not aware of the NZYSPS (section 3).

 Those who are aware of the NZYSPS may have a limited understanding of the NZYSPS and therefore may not have sufficient knowledge to implement it

 Due to information overload, only information that is a high priority is likely to be shared and acted upon (ie implemented) (section 7.2.1).

Team managers and individuals directly engaging with youth play a crucial role in fostering development; however, their effectiveness in implementing personal or team goals can be hindered by a lack of resources and authority to act.

Decision makers play a crucial role as an audience, alongside those directly engaging with youth They are the primary influencers within organizations, responsible for establishing priorities and allocating resources to implement them Additionally, they determine the information that is shared within the organization, highlighting their significant impact on overall decision-making processes.

Government bodies have a limited influence on the priorities established within the health, youth worker, and education sectors This suggests that directly engaging with organizations to implement priority changes may be more effective than relying on a "trickle down" method that sets priorities at the ministry and government department levels.

These findings suggest that communication about the NZYSPS has two broad roles:

1 to place the issue of youth suicide prevention on the agenda of a broad range of people

2 to promote youth suicide prevention as an issue so that it becomes a higher priority for all people.

The NZYSPS targets various audience types, each with distinct information needs related to suicide prevention Once the topic is prioritized, these audiences will require tailored support and resources to effectively engage with the NZYSPS It is beneficial to categorize these audiences based on their specific informational requirements.

The beginner audience requires fundamental awareness-level information about youth suicide prevention, which may include essential facts This group may consist of individuals who have only recently become aware of the issue or those who have not previously prioritized it.

 The “intermediate audience” and “expert audience” require information and support to promote local implementation of the NZYSPS (see section 8.2.1).

Within these levels, the role that communications needs to play in getting an individual’s attention may differ according to each differing stance on youth suicide prevention.

Table 2: A possible framework for communications about the NZYSPS

Level Where youth suicide prevention sits

Communications role Some key information needs once “on the agenda”

 Increase priority to reach threshold to take action

(none, not on the agenda yet)

On agenda  Increase priority to reach threshold to take action

 Increase priority to stay above threshold

 Relevance of new approach, the role they can play

 Put it back on the agenda

Youth suicide prevention is a critical priority for two distinct groups: those actively seeking new information and those who have become disenchanted with repetitive content The first group is open to any new communications, even if they reiterate existing knowledge In contrast, the second group requires fresh, high-quality insights—such as research on emerging issues, evidence of program effectiveness, or local solution opportunities—to regain their interest This highlights the necessity of delivering innovative and valuable information in communications about youth suicide prevention.

Understanding youth suicide prevention is crucial for beginners, as it equips them with relevant and current information This knowledge is essential to engage diverse audiences effectively and promote awareness on this important topic.

Training and support needs

To enhance the utilization and implementation of the NZYSPS, the evaluation findings indicate a necessity for a comprehensive communication strategy that encompasses all objectives of the NZYSPS This broader approach is essential for effectively conveying the various goals outlined in the NZYSPS implementation plans.

To effectively promote the use of the NZYSPS and ensure its successful implementation across various settings, a diverse range of training and support styles is essential Evaluation findings suggest that the execution of community-wide action plans may be encountering obstacles, and it appears that some influential community members, who possess the necessary expertise and knowledge, are not fully participating in this initiative.

A comprehensive strategy for communications and educational workshops on the NZYSPS, emphasizing wellbeing, youth resiliency, and prevention, can drive significant change among various organizational decision-makers This approach may also attract the engagement of experts who have previously distanced themselves from traditional communication and educational methods, highlighting the importance of evolving our strategies to foster greater involvement and impact.

 the level of knowledge and locally based capabilities that these experts have means that they are a valued resource for New Zealand

 these people are the most likely group to be capable of participating in the development and implementation of local action plans

 these people could act as local “endorsers” of official information and their involvement could provide valuable support to government bodies

Due to ongoing concerns regarding the insufficient knowledge and research specific to New Zealand on youth suicide prevention, local resources can play a crucial role in implementing and evaluating tailored approaches This will help broaden the research base on effective strategies suitable for the New Zealand context.

Enhanced national coordination and leadership focused on idea-sharing among communities, along with the development of a comprehensive blueprint for community-wide implementation, can significantly engage this group in active participation in implementation activities.

Implementation

The evaluation aimed to identify instances of the implementation of the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS) This goal emerged from the Phase One Evaluation findings, which highlighted a lack of adequate implementation planning and poor communication of the NZYSPS to professionals in the field.

This evaluation has highlighted several instances of successful implementation, primarily stemming from the targeted activities of the NZYSPS, such as the Out There project, which plays a significant role in youth development.

Concerns highlighted in the Phase One Evaluation, the Review of the Evidence, and various suicide forums in New Zealand, such as SPINZ conferences, are also addressed in this current evaluation.

The recent evaluation of fund projects has confirmed earlier findings regarding the limited implementation of the NZYSPS While the scope of this assessment was restricted, it highlights ongoing concerns about the effectiveness of the program.

While numerous examples of implementation exist, they often stem from shifts in personal priorities, leading to small-scale behavioral changes, such as adjustments in systems or referral protocols within teams These modifications can be challenging to isolate, making it difficult to establish causal relationships However, measurable changes in attitudes could provide strong evidence of progress Ultimately, if substantial changes from an organizational focus on youth suicide prevention were present, identifying and measuring evidence of implementation should be relatively straightforward.

There is a difference in perceptions about what is intended in terms of the “use” and

Analysis of informants' comments revealed a divide in perceptions regarding the NZYSPS Some believe it is essential for those working directly with young people to implement the guidelines practically, while others use it primarily as a reference to ensure they are aligned with government policy Key personnel in central government support the latter viewpoint, emphasizing that the NZYSPS serves mainly as a tool for communicating the government's direction on youth suicide prevention.

Key lessons

This section presents the key lessons from the evaluation, to assist future communications about the NZYSPS and to promote its use and implementation.

10.1.1 Awareness and use of the NZYSPS

Many individuals, particularly in specific occupations like school counselors and isolated youth workers, may be unaware of the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS) or possess only a limited understanding of its content and implications for their work.

The lack of knowledge of the NZYSPS may be limiting the use and implementation of the NZYSPS.

Of the informants whose roles were not directly linked to the NZYSPS, approximately half utilized the NZYSPS, primarily in an informal capacity to ensure they were "on the right track." Many of these individuals leveraged the NZYSPS to enhance their collaborations with colleagues or engage with the community The evaluation highlights two specific instances where the NZYSPS played a crucial role in the design and development of a program or local action plan.

10.1.2 Understanding the intended use of the NZYSPS

Informants expressed uncertainty regarding the purpose of the NZYSPS, questioning whether it serves as a reference guide for best practices or as a resource for practical implementation in their work.

10.1.3 Factors inhibiting use of the NZYSPS

There are a number of factors that informants said inhibit their use of the NZYSPS These include:

 aspects of the content and structure of the NZYSPS document (eg the lack of a summary)

 the document being used as a mode of delivery without supporting communications in some cases

 the perceived limited support for the implementation of the NZYSPS

 the perceived lack of a communications focus for Māori audiences.

Informants also felt that limited resources may be inhibiting the ability of some people to participate in educational sessions about the NZYSPS (see section 5).

Informants highlighted significant barriers to youth suicide prevention, noting the absence of a summary or "end-of-chapter highlights" in the NZYSPS document Additionally, they expressed a lack of access to educational sessions and support that could help them implement the NZYSPS effectively in their environments Many informants revealed a heightened risk aversion regarding this sensitive issue, feeling unable to modify their work practices or organizational plans without expert guidance.

Participants expressed concerns about the lack of summary documents for Kia Piki Community Development projects, the Youth Development Fund projects, and SPINZ, which made it difficult for them to determine the relevance of the information to their sector They felt compelled to read every page to avoid missing critical details, but their limited time, particularly for those uncertain about the document's relevance to their roles, posed a significant challenge.

Feedback from informants reveals that certain audiences feel the communications regarding the NZYSPS for Māori communities have fallen short of expectations This indicates a pressing need to enhance the communication strategy specifically tailored for Māori and Pacific stakeholders.

10.1.4 Factors enhancing use of the NZYSPS

Factors that informants said enhance their use of the NZYSPS include aspects of the structure and content of the NZYSPS document, eg:

 the “clear explanation” of the range of goals and the broad focus of the NZYSPS

 the NZYSPS supporting materials developed for audiences such as schools

 the specific NZYSPS implementation activities such as the Youth Development Fund projects (where the informants were aware of these).

Although dissemination occurs via various channels, this evaluation has determined that using these channels to disseminate information to those working in communities is not usually effective on its own.

Successful information communication relies on three key elements: a trusted source, an effective delivery channel, and a dependable local endorser.

Effective communication channels between central government and communities require three distinct components, each necessitating a tailored management plan to ensure successful information transfer For a comprehensive discussion on managing these components, refer to section 9.2.

10.1.6 Using communications hubs to communicate the NZYSPS

Informants indicate that only a limited number of organizations serve as "communications hubs" for youth suicide prevention information These hubs collect data from various sources, including the Kia Piki Community Development projects, Youth Development Fund projects, SPINZ, city councils, NZAC, NZAAHD, GSE Traumatic Incident Teams, and DHBs, to disseminate vital information locally.

The communications hubs serve dual roles as both channels for disseminating information and endorsers of that information, making them a vital resource for the effective communication of the NZYSPS.

The evaluation team, along with various informants, suggests that future evaluations should ideally include a larger team that incorporates Māori and Pacific members, or even conduct separate evaluations for these groups This recommendation is particularly significant in light of the recent decision to create a distinct Māori strategy, as highlighted in Phase One.

Evaluation of the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (2003).

10.1.7 Managing “official” sources of information

Informants regard government bodies as trusted sources of reliable information on youth suicide prevention, emphasizing the importance of using official channels for accurate and safe guidance Unlike other topics, they feel constrained to rely solely on these recognized sources Nevertheless, there are various external organizations that are also viewed as credible resources for information on this critical issue.

“official” Management of the quality of information by linking all these sources would be ideal (see section 9.2).

Multiple central government agencies are tasked with overseeing and coordinating the activities associated with the implementation of the NZYSPS Informants express a consensus on the necessity for a more robust and visible role in the overall coordination of these efforts They identify several perceived gaps in responsibility that need to be addressed.

 lack of co-ordination across groups that provide original information on youth suicide prevention

 lack of a central government source of information that is relevant and up-to-date

 lack of opportunities to share ideas across communities

 lack of a blueprint for community-wide implementation

 lack of national quality standards for services focused on youth suicide prevention

 limited monitoring of the quality of activities.

10.1.8 Targeting everyone in ways that promote personal attention to the issue

Professionals working with youth are facing an overwhelming amount of information and diverse critical issues To effectively navigate this challenge, they prioritize the most relevant topics and incoming information, often disregarding those deemed low priority or less significant to their work.

Informants emphasized the importance of providing youth suicide prevention information not only to team managers and those directly working with young people but also to decision makers, who play a crucial role in setting organizational priorities and allocating resources To effectively engage decision makers and managers, communications must be tailored to their specific roles and sectors, highlighting the significance of prioritizing youth suicide prevention within their agendas.

Conclusions

To effectively advance the communication of the NZYSPS, an implementation plan and communications strategy should incorporate various activities Key decisions identified in this evaluation are essential for progressing the NZYSPS communication efforts.

To effectively communicate the meaning of "use" and "implementation" of the NZYSPS, it is crucial to determine if the expectations for these terms are consistent across different groups This understanding should be conveyed to the intended end-users of the NZYSPS, utilizing information tailored to their specific sectors.

To effectively develop a communications strategy, it is crucial to identify specific goals and objectives tailored to different target audiences Recognizing that expectations regarding the use and implementation of the NZYSPS may vary among groups will help ensure that the strategy addresses the unique needs and perspectives of each audience.

Consider fostering enhanced collaborations among organizations that can play a crucial role in disseminating information on youth suicide prevention and assisting communities in utilizing the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS) This includes initiatives such as SPINZ, Youth Development Fund projects, and Kia Piki Community Development projects.

It is essential to clarify the national coordination role and assess whether it requires modification to encompass a broader range of activities Additionally, it is important to determine the appropriate responsibilities for various aspects of this national coordination role and establish its prominence within the overall framework.

Evaluate the necessity of reviewing and potentially updating the NZYSPS documentation, incorporating relevant suggestions from this assessment Determine the required supporting documents, which may include sector-specific materials, such as those tailored for education, as well as targeted blueprints for community action to address specific needs.

10.2.2 Tasks for developing implementation and communications plans

While the conclusions regarding implementation and communication plans for the NZYSPS are generally applicable to any strategy, the specific context of youth suicide prevention introduces several unique considerations that must be addressed.

Communications on youth suicide prevention should ideally target everyone in ways that are relevant to their role

The article highlights the importance of decision-makers who can drive organization-wide change and allocate necessary resources for effective work plans It also emphasizes the role of individuals directly engaging with young people, as they can influence interactions and contribute to the successful implementation of these plans across the organization.

To ensure the information is suitable for Māori communities, it is essential to clearly indicate where Māori involvement has occurred in the development of communications, supporting documents, or tools This transparency fosters greater confidence among users regarding the appropriateness of the information provided.

The role of communications will be to get youth suicide prevention “on the agenda” and to support use of the NZYSPS

The implementation of the NZYSPS appears to have occurred mainly through those activities specifically designed to implement the NZYSPS, rather than a “ripple effect” of these initial activities.

While some informants possess a strong understanding of the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS), many others feel inadequately informed to apply it effectively in their work This lack of confidence in their knowledge leads to a risk-averse attitude among community workers, who are hesitant to take action on youth suicide prevention when they are uncertain about best practices.

Effective communication regarding youth suicide prevention must be carefully crafted to encourage individuals to address significant barriers, including discomfort surrounding the topic and the hesitation to engage with an issue that raises valid concerns about potentially making mistakes.

Effective communication is crucial for prioritizing youth suicide prevention, ensuring it remains a key focus, and encouraging individuals to engage with the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS).

 empowering people by informing them about the role they can take to work towards youth suicide prevention in their own role / in their organisation

 providing access to tools (eg sector-specific information, formal evidence, infrastructure) to assist them to improve their practice and to ensure that it is safe, effective and evidence-based.

Different audiences have varying information and support needs, which can range from basic awareness to in-depth details about the relevance of the NZYSPS in specific contexts Additionally, these needs extend to assistance in developing local action plans and implementing them throughout the community.

Informants indicate that SPINZ is crucial in enhancing awareness and understanding of the NZYSPS Although the evaluation did not primarily focus on SPINZ's role, the findings suggest potential for further development This could involve not only maintaining or expanding current activities but also broadening its focus to encompass the full range of goals outlined in the NZYSPS.

The Out There project and other NZYSPS implementation activities are enhancing awareness and utilization of the NZYSPS, as reported by informants These organizations may already offer the necessary training and support to communities identified in the evaluation However, this evaluation does not assess whether they possess the resources to extend their services to additional regions.

Background and context

Launched in March 1998, the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS) was spearheaded by the Ministry of Youth Development, with significant contributions from the Ministry of Health and Te Puni Kōkiri The strategy was developed with input from various government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and community representatives Te Puni Kōkiri played a crucial role in creating Kia Piki te Ora o te Taitamariki, a targeted initiative for Māori youth suicide prevention The initial distribution of the NZYSPS occurred through mail-outs during its launch, followed by ongoing document dissemination facilitated by the Ministry of Youth Development, the Ministry of Health, Te Puni Kōkiri, and SPINZ, which was introduced in June.

In July 1998, the Ministry of Health took over the coordination, promotion, and implementation of the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS) from the Ministry of Youth Affairs However, following a Cabinet decision in March 2001, these responsibilities were reinstated to the Ministry of Youth Affairs.

11.1.1 Two parts to the NZYSPS

The NZYSPS aims to unite government, communities, families, and individuals in a collective effort to reduce youth suicide and suicidal behavior, as outlined in the "In Our Hands" strategy, which emphasizes the importance of involving the general population in this mission.

Kia Piki te Ora o te Taitamariki is dedicated to supporting Māori initiatives aimed at reducing youth and young adult suicide rates The New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS) focuses on decreasing suicide and suicidal behaviors among Māori youth by enhancing their engagement in healthy Māori families and communities that foster safety, security, and a strong Māori identity.

The NZYSPS is accompanied by two reviews of the evidence documents:

 A Review of the Evidence: A background document to support Kia Piki te Ora o te Taitamariki (Beautrais 1998)

 A Review of the Evidence: In Our Hands – New Zealand Youth Suicide

Prevention Strategy (Lawson-Te Aho 1998).

The Phase One Evaluation of the NZYSPS outlines the initial development of work programmes associated with the initiative, detailing key initiatives aimed at enhancing youth services.

 development of SPINZ – an information organisation focusing on youth suicide prevention

 Kia Piki Community Development projects and evaluation of these

 community-based Youth Development Fund projects and evaluation of these

 a range of guidelines (eg Guidelines for Primary Health Caregivers), information in pamphlets and training for a range of audiences.

The primary method of disseminating the NZYSPS involved a mail-out utilizing databases and contact lists from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Youth Affairs, and Te Puni Kōkiri Additionally, the NZYSPS was presented to select groups, and further distribution occurred in response to requests Ongoing distribution efforts have been coordinated by the Ministry of Youth Affairs, the Ministry of Health, Te Puni Kōkiri, and SPINZ since its launch in June 1999 Since 2001, the Ministry of Youth Affairs, later known as the Ministry of Youth Development, has led the implementation of the NZYSPS across various government agencies while also providing information to local communities.

The National Coordinator for Youth Suicide Prevention at the Ministry of Youth Development oversees initiatives aimed at reducing youth suicide, reporting directly to Hon Jim Anderton, the Minister responsible for this critical issue, as well as to the Ministerial Committee on Youth Suicide.

The Ministry of Youth Development plays a crucial role in advancing the goals of the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS) by convening the Inter Agency Committee on Youth Suicide Prevention (IACYSP) This committee ensures a coordinated government-wide approach to suicide prevention and addresses implementation challenges Additionally, an external reference group, consisting of experts from various fields, provides valuable insights and advice to the Ministry on the ongoing execution of the NZYSPS.

Some practical examples of the actions the Ministry of Youth Development has taken to implement the NZYSPS are as follows:

 the publication of a biannual youth suicide prevention newsletter

 dissemination of the NZYSPS and supporting literature reviews

 development of guidelines in partnership with other organisations, such as

Guidelines for primary healthcare providers: Detection and management of young people at risk of suicide (1999) and Youth suicide prevention in schools: a practical guide (2003)

 dissemination and communication of research, information and guidelines to the community.

Background to the current evaluation

The 2003/2004 Budget Announcement allocated funding for five suicide prevention initiatives, including a two-phase evaluation of the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS) The primary goal of the Phase One Evaluation was to define achievable outcomes for assessing the national strategy, examine the overall implementation process, and gather stakeholders' perceptions regarding the strategy's impact and usefulness (Stanton 2003).

The Phase One Evaluation revealed that key stakeholders viewed the NZYSPS as a valuable tool but noted a lack of adequate implementation planning and communication to field workers (Stanton 2003) Consequently, the planned second phase of the evaluation, aimed at assessing the implementation of the NZYSPS, was reevaluated.

The current evaluation focuses on how the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS) is being communicated to professionals in the field, rather than examining its implementation or impact This approach aims to understand the dissemination of information regarding the NZYSPS to those who are likely to play a role in its execution.

See section 12.1 for further details of the goal and objectives of the current evaluation.

Evaluation goal and objectives (and scope)

The goal of the Phase Two Evaluation is: to provide an information-base for the Ministry of Youth Development that will help it to optimise the Implementation plan and

Communication plan for the Strategy.

This goal will be achieved through the following evaluation objectives.

To gain insights into the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS), it is essential to identify personnel familiar with its principles and objectives Understanding the NZYSPS among these individuals varies, influenced by their roles and experiences Their knowledge typically develops through diverse communication channels, including training sessions, workshops, and collaborative initiatives Mapping these channels highlights the importance of effective information dissemination and the role of community engagement in enhancing awareness and understanding of the NZYSPS.

 Identify examples, in a range of settings, of how the NZYSPS is currently being used, or where there are plans to use the NZYSPS.

 Identify what factors enhance and/or limit knowledge about the NZYSPS, and what factors support and/or detract from the use of the NZYSPS.

 Identify what key lessons can be taken forward, to assist the implementation and communications plans of the NZYSPS 37

Phase Two focuses on evaluating the New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NZYSPS) without measuring its effectiveness or its influence on youth suicide rates, nor assessing the general awareness or utilization of the strategy.

Design and scoping – use of vertical case studies

To address the information requirements of the evaluation, a series of targeted "vertical case studies" were conducted Each study concentrated on a localized network of professionals within specific sectors, such as education, where interviews included Group Special Education management, Trauma Incident Team members, school counselors, and local youth workers This approach ensured that the case studies captured the diverse expertise and experiences of individuals within each sector.

The case studies were chosen based on criteria established by the Inter Agency Team before the Request For Proposals process and were refined through discussions between the Inter Agency Team and the evaluation team For detailed criteria, refer to section 12.2.2.

12.2.2 Site selection – criteria for selection of each case study site

37 A detailed list of evaluation information needs was developed from the evaluation objectives See Appendix A.

The Inter Agency Team selected evaluation sites based on established criteria, emphasizing that each site represented a network of individuals rather than a single location The Request for Proposals (RFP) outlines four primary criteria for this selection process.

The end-user environment's structure must be adaptable and applicable across various sites, ensuring that findings can be generalized It is essential to incorporate diverse end-user frameworks, such as those from Māori providers, government services, and community organizations, to enhance the overall effectiveness and relevance of the approach.

The site should be undertaking actions specifically directed at suicide prevention, as it would be difficult to make a direct assessment of the influence of the

NZYSPS on a broad range of activities.

The site should ensure a balanced gender representation among young people accessing its services, as research indicates that while suicide attempts are more prevalent among females, completed suicides occur more frequently in males.

The sites will include one major city, one urban location and one rural location (Rural locations will have limited access to health services.)

Two more criteria were added following discussions between the evaluation team and the Inter Agency Team.

To ensure effective evaluation, it is essential that the sites exhibit a minimum level of activity related to the NZYSPS The scoping phase revealed that sites with "high activity" offer valuable insights into both communication barriers and potential solutions.

Sites should represent a range of sectors (ie education, health, social services).

12.2.3 Sites selected for the evaluation

During the scoping phase, the value of potential case studies was assessed, leading to the identification of six possible sites The Inter Agency Team selected five of these sites for evaluation, which included interviews with individuals from each site, as well as two personnel from SPINZ and a representative from central government For detailed information about the sites and informants, refer to Table 3 and section 12.3.1.

Table 3: Site selected against selection criteria

Structure (transferable end-user environment)

Could be transferable if more SPINZ networks are set up

Yes Yes Large urban, can be some rural

Could be transferable if more Kia Piki projects are set up

Yes Yes All three Māori social/healt h

Could be transferable if more Youth Development Fund projects are set up

Yes Yes All three Social Yes

4 Waikato DHB Potentially transferable across

Yes (Broader focus than youth)

Urban, can be some rural

Ought to be transferable across GSE teams

Yes plus others Yes (in- school population)

Approach

A detailed evaluation plan was developed, including:

 the agreed evaluation goal and objectives

 the specific information needs of the evaluation

 a table mapping the evaluation activities to the information needs / evaluation objectives

 details of site selection and informants the evaluation would aim to recruit and interview.

A generic interview guide was developed and checked against the evaluation plan information needs This was provided in draft form to the Ministry for Social

Two primary interview guides were developed: one for the case study sites and another for the SPINZ manager and central government interviews The latter was refined during the evaluation process into two separate guides.

Participants were reached via telephone, informed about the evaluation process, and invited to take part Those who consented received a list of topics, an explanatory letter detailing the evaluation, and a consent form to complete.

In addition to the initially planned onsite interviews, additional telephone interviews were arranged with a rural-based youth worker, two mental health workers from the Hamilton DBH site, and a Youth Development Fund project coordinator from the DIA site These interviews aimed to gather more insights into the communication channels relevant to their specific roles.

Before the interviews began, informants were reminded about the evaluation process, the use of audiotaping, and their responsibility in verifying the notes taken Consent forms were gathered from all participants, and for interviews conducted via telephone, completed forms were faxed to the evaluators.

All interviews utilized a semi-structured guide, ensuring a consistent approach They were recorded, transcribed, and accompanied by detailed notes These notes were subsequently shared with informants for their review and approval.

A total of 18 face-to-face interviews were conducted, while six telephone interviews were arranged when scheduling conflicts arose during planned field trips Additionally, two of the originally scheduled interviews were transformed into a mini-group session with four participants from the GSE.

Trauma Incident Team co-ordinators.

SPINZ manager, based in Auckland, SPINZ Community Liaison Officer (recently left the role), based in Christchurch (n = 2).

 Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) case study, Wellington

A DIA Youth Development Fund manager, one Youth Development Fund project co-ordinator (n = 2).

38 Informants consented to having their professional positions identified in the report

 District Health Board case study, Hamilton

The study involved a diverse group of participants, including a DHB funder, a DHB project manager, and a clinician from a hospital-based adolescent mental health service Additionally, it included a manager from a community-based health service, a manager of a telephone counseling service, and a youth worker affiliated with the city council Furthermore, three youth workers from community services were involved, one of whom was based in a rural area, totaling nine participants in the research.

 Kia Piki Community Development projects, Auckland

A Kia Piki Community Development projects evaluator (n = 1).

 Suicide prevention network case study, Christchurch

The article highlights the diverse roles within the adolescent health sector, featuring a manager from a District Health Board (DHB) youth service, a city council youth officer, a project officer from a Public Health Unit, a Māori community service manager overseeing the Kia Piki Community Development project, and a community-based youth worker Together, these professionals contribute to the holistic well-being of young people in their communities.

The case study involves a GSE regional manager, four GSE Traumatic Incident Team coordinators, two school counselors, and a youth worker from a community-based youth service, totaling eight participants Additionally, a Senior Manager from the Ministry of Education's National Operations represents the central government in this context.

The following informant was identified in the evaluation plan but an interview was not scheduled (although a number of attempts were made to contact and/or schedule an interview):

Informants’ roles in relation to working with youth are as follows:

 11 worked directly with youth (4 interviewed as a mini-group)

 7 worked with those who work with youth and with wider communities

 1 manager of GSE (managing those who work with youth workers and schools)

 2 evaluators / project managers of NZYSPS projects

Sources and bibliography

The following people informed the evaluation:

 Inter Agency Team (several meetings)

The following documentation and web information was used in the evaluation (see full list and details of documents in the bibliography):

 Request for Proposal for Phase Two Evaluation of the NZYSPS

 SPINZ website (SPINZ News, SPINZ Youth Suicide Prevention Community Information Kit)

 the Phase One Evaluation of the NZYSPS.

Key stakeholders and key audiences

12.5.1 Key stakeholders of the evaluation

The Inter Agency Committee comprises various governmental bodies, including the Ministry of Social Development, Ministry of Youth Development, Ministry of Health, Te Puni Kōkiri, Department of Internal Affairs, Department of Child, Youth and Family Services, Ministry of Pacific Island Affairs, Police, ACC, Ministry of Education, and the Department of Corrections This collaborative effort aims to address and enhance social services across multiple sectors.

 Kia Piki Community Development projects (funded by the Ministry of Health), Youth Development Fund Projects (funded by the Department of Internal Affairs).

12.5.2 Key audiences for the evaluation

The primary audience for the evaluation included stakeholders such as the Ministry of Education, the Department of Internal Affairs, the Ministerial Committee, and a Reference Group for the New Zealand Youth Strategy and Policy Statement (NZYSPS), along with youth workers and District Health Boards (DHBs).

The Waikato District Health Board, in collaboration with the New Zealand Youth Workers Collective and the New Zealand Counsellor Association, is actively engaged with schools and related organizations, including the New Zealand Secondary Schools Principals Association, to enhance youth resiliency and implement effective youth suicide prevention programs.

Evaluation team

The evaluation team consisted of Anne Dowden (Evaluation Director, BRC

Emanuel Kalafatelis, Director and Partner at BRC Research, along with Debbie Cossar, Assistant to the Evaluation Team at BRC Research, conducted research supported by their expertise Both are active members of the Australasian Evaluation Society and the New Zealand Market, contributing valuable insights to the field of evaluation.

Limitations

12.7.1 This evaluation did not include Māori evaluators

A significant limitation of this evaluation is that it was not carried by or in conjunction with Māori evaluators or social researchers.

The extent of this limitation has become more apparent to the evaluation team as they work through the project.

 Kia Piki te Ora o te Taitamariki is a significant part of the overall NZYSPS.

The challenges faced by the Māori workforce often contrast with those experienced by non-Māori, as cultural concepts vary among different ethnic groups Notably, there are critical issues surrounding youth suicide prevention and the best practices tailored for Māori A significant concern is the lack of research and literature that can inform evidence-based practices for professionals working within Māori communities, highlighting the need for more focused studies and resources in this area.

39 As a new member to the team, Debbie Cossar is currently arranging membership. new dimensions to assessing quality and relevance of information and guidelines for Māori workers.

12.7.2 This evaluation did not include Pacific evaluators

This evaluation involved interviews with Pacific informants chosen for their roles in the health and social services workforce Discussions focused on cultural issues and concepts, which are detailed in this report Informants provided feedback on the relevance of the NZYSPS for Pacific youth and shared insights on effective communication strategies with Pacific communities.

Ideally, such interviews, and interpretation of these, should be carried out by Pacific researchers or evaluators.

12.7.3 Evaluation team expertise does not include the topic of youth suicide prevention

It is outside the scope of this evaluation and the expertise of the evaluation team to make any recommendations on safe practice relating to suicide prevention.

The recommendations in this report are based on interviews with informants and require expert evaluation before implementation to ensure they align with safe practices for youth suicide prevention.

Beautrais, AL, CA Coggan and CA Fergusson, et al (1997) The Prevention,

Recognition and Management of Young People at Risk of Suicide: development of guidelines for schools, Ministry of Education and the National

Advisory Committee on Health and Disability, Wellington.

Beautrais, A (1998) A Review of Evidence: In Our Hands – New Zealand Youth

Suicide Prevention Strategy, Ministry of Health, Wellington.

In Our Hands: New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy: Kia Piki te Ora o te Taitamariki / Strengthening Youth Wellbeing (1998), Ministry of Youth

Affairs, Ministry of Health, Te Puni Kōkiri, Wellington.

Lawson-Te Aho, K (1998) A Review of Evidence: A background document to support Kia Piki te Ora o te Taitamariki, Te Puni Kōkiri, Wellington.

Ministry of Education (2004) Educate: Ministry of Education Statement of

Intent 2004–2009, Ministry of Education, Wellington.

Ministry of Education (1997) The prevention, recognition and management of young people at risk of suicide: development of guidelines for schools,

Ministry of Youth Affairs (2002a) Year 5 Work Programme for the New Zealand

Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy 2002/03, Ministry of Youth Affairs,

Ministry of Youth Affairs (2002b) Youth Development Strategy Aotearoa:

Action for child and youth development, Ministry of Youth Affairs, Wellington.

Ministry of Youth Affairs (unpub) Youth Suicide Prevention Communications

Strategy, Ministry of Youth Affairs, Wellington.

Ministry of Youth Affairs (2003) Youth Suicide Prevention in Schools: A practical guide, Ministry of Youth Affairs, Wellington.

National Advisory Committee on Health and Disability (1996) Guidelines for the Treatment and Management of Depression By Primary Health care

Professionals, National Advisory Committee on Health and Disability,

Ryan, PM (1995) The Reed Dictionary of Modern Māori, Reed, Auckland.

Stanton, T (2003) Phase One Evaluation of the New Zealand Youth Suicide

Prevention Strategy, Centre for Social Research and Evaluation, Ministry of

Available: www.msd.govt.nz/work-areas/social-research/youth-suicide- prevention-strategy.html [2 August 2004]

Waikato District Health Board (2003) Annual Report 2002/2003, Waikato District Health Board, Hamilton.

Waikato District Health Board (2003) Suicide Prevention Action Plan, Waikato District Health Board, Hamilton.

Dickinson, P, I Hirsh and N Coupe (2000) SPINZ Youth Suicide Prevention

Community Information Kit, SPINZ, Auckland Available: www.spinz.org.nz

Ministry of Youth Affairs (2003) Current Service Specifications for SPINZ:

2003/04 year, Ministry of Youth Affairs, Wellington.

SPINZ News, SPINZ, Auckland Available: www.spinz.org.nz

In Our Hands The NZYSPS document for the general population.

Those activities established in the first year of implementation to implement key aspects of the NZYSPS The main ones are:

 SPINZ – funded by the Ministry of Youth Development

 Kia Piki te Ora o te Taitamariki Community Development projects – funded by the Ministry of Health

 Youth Development Fund community development projects – funded by the Department of Internal Affairs.

The Inter Agency Committee on Youth Suicide Prevention (IACYSP), convened by the Ministry of Youth Development, plays a crucial role in shaping the evaluation design for suicide prevention initiatives This team of government officials ensures a cohesive, government-wide strategy for addressing youth suicide and offers valuable insights on implementation challenges.

Members of the IACYSP include representatives from the Ministry of Youth Development, the Ministry of Social Development, the Ministry of Health and Te Puni Kōkiri.

Kia Piki te Ora o te Taitamariki The NZYSPS document for Māori.

Kia Piki te Ora o te Taitamariki

Six Kia Piki te Ora o te Taitamariki Community Development projects were implemented as a specific implementation activity of the NZYSPS They are funded by the Ministry of Health.

This association has extensive networks among people who work with young people, and informants to this evaluation identified it as a source of information on youth suicide prevention.

The New Zealand Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy includes the strategy document In Our Hands and Kia Piki te Ora o te

Taitamariki The strategy document also includes two reviews of the evidence

Those activities established as initial implementation activities of the NZYSPS These include SPINZ, Kia Piki Community Development projects, and the Youth Development Fund projects.

English terms and acronyms (cont.)

The Waikato District Health Board (DHB) has established five key priorities, one of which focuses on decreasing the incidence of suicide and suicide attempts A significant initiative under this priority is the creation of a comprehensive suicide prevention action plan.

SPINZ Suicide Prevention Information New Zealand – an information service focused on youth suicide prevention (www.spinz.org.nz).

SPINZ was established as an initial implementation activity of the NZYSPS SPINZ is funded by the Ministry of Youth

A role developed by SPINZ in addition to their original core work The role is situated in Christchurch, and provides support and liaison with communities around the South Island.

A kit developed by SPINZ, in collaboration with local communities (including Māori communities), to assist communities to understand the NZYSPS and issues related to youth suicide prevention.

Supervision Formal professional supervision for people working in a counselling role Often provided externally to the counsellor’s organisation.

The Group Special Education teams within the Ministry of Education are dedicated to supporting schools in New Zealand in the aftermath of traumatic incidents, such as a death These teams not only respond to such crises but also play a crucial role in preventing youth suicide While their specific responsibilities may vary slightly across different regions, their overarching mission remains focused on providing essential support to schools and promoting the well-being of students.

Incident (as used by Trauma

A traumatic incident, as defined by Trauma Incident Teams, refers to events such as a death, fire, or near-death experience within a school that can lead to grief or loss, significantly affecting the mental wellbeing of the community This includes occurrences like suicide or attempted suicide, which can have profound emotional impacts on students and staff alike.

The Out There project aims to enhance youth wellbeing and resilience specifically for queer youth As one of six initiatives under the Youth Development Fund, it serves as a key component of the New Zealand Youth Strategy and Policy Statement (NZYSPS) This initiative receives funding from the Department of Internal Affairs, highlighting its commitment to supporting marginalized youth communities.

The PASE programme is co-ordinated by a kaupapa Māori organisation in Hamilton

PASE, initiated several years ago, received its first funding from the Waikato District Health Board in the 2003/2004 financial year The program focuses on postvention interventions aimed at supporting individuals affected by suicide and reducing the risk of contagion.

For the purposes of this evaluation, “youth” and “young people” includes all people in New Zealand aged 15–24 years.

Six Youth Development Fund community development projects were established as an initial implementation activity of the NZYSPS These projects are funded and managed by the Department of Internal Affairs.

Pacific term tapa/tapa cloth cloth, traditional to Pacific cultures

Māori culture is rich with unique terms that reflect its social structure and customs Key concepts include "hapū," which refers to sub-tribes, and "iwi," meaning tribe The "kaupapa" represents the theme or focus of gatherings, while "kaumātua" denotes respected Māori elders Central to Māori life is the "marae," a meeting house that often features an "atea," or plaza, in front of it The "powhiri" is a formal welcome ceremony, and "rangatahi" signifies the youth within the community Essential protocols and customs are encapsulated in "tikanga," and the extended family is referred to as "whānau," highlighting the importance of familial connections in Māori society.

Professor Chris Cunningham, Director of Te Pümanawa Hauora at Massey University, Wellington, provided the translations of specific terms The BRC Evaluation Team has collaborated with this group for several years The terms marked with asterisks are derived from The Reed Dictionary of Modern Māori (Ryan 1995).

From informants in the five selected sites 41 (and any related documentation gathered from these sites).

1 To provide bottom-up description of communications channels – find out the channels of communications that are in use (evaluation objectives a, c & d)

 How information from central bodies is disseminated in their sector, to their organisation, to their team, and to their direct reports.

– What modes are used? (eg profession-based / sector-based / organisation-based magazines or newsletters, formal training programmes or seminars, intranets, email networks, professional associations, (informal) professional groups, team meetings)

To determine the most effective mode of information delivery, it's essential to consider the audience's willingness and ability to engage with various formats Understanding when they prefer to consume content—whether during regular work hours, at designated times weekly or monthly, or outside of typical hours—can significantly enhance engagement and retention.

– Is there a key person / group from whom they find out most information?

Effective professional communication can significantly influence both individual and team dynamics Instances where clear, concise messaging was employed often lead to deeper engagement and thoughtful responses Factors such as authenticity, relevance, and emotional resonance played crucial roles in making these communications impactful When messages are tailored to the audience's needs and delivered with sincerity, they foster a culture of openness and collaboration, ultimately enhancing organizational performance.

2 Find out who knows about the NZYSPS (evaluation objectives a, c & d)

 Their understanding of the NZYSPS – self-report of its aims, objectives, the wider meaning / impact it has had or can have for their area of work.

 How they developed their knowledge (formal and informal methods).

The development of knowledge regarding the NZYSPS is influenced by various factors, including accessibility to information, user engagement, and educational resources For individuals familiar with the NZYSPS, ongoing training and community support can enhance understanding and utilization, while those with limited knowledge may face barriers such as lack of awareness and insufficient guidance Promoting effective communication and providing comprehensive resources are essential for fostering broader understanding and application of the NZYSPS among all users.

– Factors relating to “communications” about NZYSPS.

– “Individual” factors (eg personal awareness / perception of suicide as a relevant issue / high priority).

– Factors relating to their “role” (eg workload, job structure, job description, sector characteristics).

– Factors relating to their existing formal and informal “training / development” (they / their organisation has a commitment to training and development, there is capacity / enough flexibility / planning to include NZYSPS).

– Factors relating to their “organisation” (eg organisation culture, workloads, perception of youth suicide as a relevant issue / high priority issue).

– Factors relating to their “sector” (eg activity level and good fit of existing communications channels, perception of youth suicide as a relevant issue / high- priority issue).

– Ideally, what could be done to promote knowledge of the NZYSPS (for them personally and their team / organisation)?

– Confirm whether SPINZ had a role in the development of their knowledge Determine what they see as the role of SPINZ and what it (ideally) could be in the future.

The article highlights various resources and initiatives focused on mental health support, including suicide networks, the SPINZ team, Kia Piki projects, and the Youth Development Fund project by DIA, along with contributions from Waikato DHB and central government informants.

3 How have they used the NZYSPS in their work? (evaluation objectives b, c & d)

 For example, redirecting NZYSPS / programme planning, new / changed activities, planned activities.

 Who instigated this and why?

 Who else was involved in this?

 What benefits do they feel have come about / will come about through this?

 What factors promoted the use of the NZYSPS?

 What inhibited the use of the NZYSPS?

 Ideally, what could be done to make using the NZYSPS easier (for them personally and their team / organisation)?

 Confirm whether SPINZ had a role in supporting these activities.

From SPINZ, central government informants.

4 Clarify the role that SPINZ plays or could play in relation to the NZYSPS (evaluation objectives c & d)

 What is the SPINZ role in relation to the NZYSPS and communications about the NZYSPS.

 Ideally, in what ways could the role of SPINZ develop to further support the implementation of the NZYSPS and communications about the NZYSPS.

Examples of communication

Examples of communication that informants had experienced and particularly liked include the following:

 great presenters on relevant topics (several presenters identified by name)

 documents that have companion documents that are user-friendly summaries, and resources with youth-relevant facts:

"Choosing Effective Outcomes in Youth Justice" is an insightful book that provides a comprehensive overview of youth justice strategies Many staff members frequently seek guidance on this topic, and having a tangible resource allows for meaningful discussions despite time constraints This official document, backed by thorough research, offers valuable insights and practical solutions that can be shared and explored further.

ALAC released an excellent resource on safe drinking practices, which sparked a conversation with a client who mentioned a claim about alcohol potentially shrinking testicles This intriguing topic led to numerous inquiries from young men eager to learn more about the validity of this information.

 newsletters and documents from professional groups and associations:

NZAAHD is quite good because they will often put in links or if research has come out then they will be quite a good source of information (which includes summaries).

Social Services Waikato provides a comprehensive newsletter filled with relevant information that is beneficial for community groups Their insightful synopses help connect the content to local needs, making it an invaluable resource In my opinion, Social Services Waikato stands out as the best in delivering such essential information.

Appendix J: Examples of implementation of the NZYSPS Waikato’s Suicide Prevention Action Plan

The Waikato District Health Board (DHB) established five key priorities after consulting with the community, one of which focuses on "reducing the rate of suicide and suicide attempts" (Waikato District Health Board 2003:2) To address this priority, an action plan was created by a collaborative group comprising members from education, health, and social sectors, including representatives from the DHB, various ministries, government departments, hospitals, and community organizations.

Several of the informants for the evaluation were involved in developing the Waikato’s Suicide

The Prevention Action Plan 42 emphasizes the importance of utilizing the NZYSPS as a foundational framework for its development However, some contributors to the Action Plan expressed uncertainty regarding the actual use of the NZYSPS, leaving them unable to assess its value in the development process.

 The NZYSPS provided a guide to what activities and roles a plan covering suicide prevention should include.

The NZYSPS provided a solid evidence base and a clear set of goals; however, informants reported challenges in developing the Action Plan.

We struggled with the whole broadness of it, it crossed a whole lot of sectors, it crossed from prevention right to intervention right to post intervention … it was overwhelming

[The Strategy] was quite well used.

The group that developed the Action Plan also made significant use of the Ministry of Health’s

Suicide Prevention Toolkit (the Toolkit), available through the Ministry of Health’s website

They used the Toolkit to guide them through the process of developing the Action Plan.

The Waikato DHB initially led the development of the Action Plan but concluded that they were not the best agency to coordinate its implementation due to the involvement of multiple sectors Some stakeholders expressed that it would have been beneficial for the Waikato DHB and the original group to maintain a coordination role, given their deep understanding of the rationale behind the document.

Following the impetus of developing the Action Plan, several informants were disappointed that it had not been implemented.

 Most informants involved in developing the Action Plan felt that, since its publication, little had been implemented.

The DHB has struggled to obtain complete funding for the Action Plan; however, certain elements are being put into action through financial support for health programs and services provided by the Waikato DHB.

Informants involved in the development of the Action Plan noted that the inter-sectoral group has established stronger connections and a deeper understanding of suicide issues and the plan's objectives One informant highlighted that group members implemented numerous small changes aligned with the Action Plan and best practices, such as adjustments to referral protocols and systems.

Informants expressed concerns regarding the slow progress in the formal implementation of the Action Plan, attributing it to the absence of a decision on which organization would take charge of coordinating its execution.

42 Waikato’s Suicide Prevention Action Plan was neither youth specific nor specific to health sector activities.