INTRODUCTION TO NORTHWEST YUNNAN
LOCATION
The project area spans approximately 68,908 km² across 15 counties and cities within four prefectures in Northwest Yunnan This includes Deqin, Zhongdian, and Weixi counties in the Diqin Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture; Gongshan, Fugong, Lushui, and Lanping counties in the Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture; Dali, Bingchuan, Jianchuan, Heqing, Eryuan, and Yunlong counties in the Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture; and Ninglang and Lijiang counties in the Lijiang Prefecture The geographical coordinates of this region range from 98°05' to 101°15' east longitude and 25°30' to 29°15' north latitude.
’degrees of east longitude, accounting for 17.48% of Yunnan’s total area with a population of 3.094 million, or 7.47% of Yunnan’s total population.
TOPOGRAPHY
The project area is located in a unique transition zone between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, characterized by the dramatic Hengduan Mountain Range, which features towering mountains and deep gorges adjacent to the Eastern Himalayas This region is defined by four major north-south mountain ranges, each separated by parallel rivers: Dandanglika Mountain and the Dulong River, Gaoligong Mountain and the Nujiang River, Nushan Mountain and the Lancang River, and Yunling Mountain and the Jinsha River Remarkably, the Nujiang and Jinsha Rivers are only 60 km apart, while the elevation difference from Kawagebo Mountain (6,740 m) to the Nujiang River (about 700 m) exceeds 6,000 meters This rugged terrain facilitates the migration of flora and fauna from north to south, while it also acts as a barrier to east-west exchanges The region's diverse topography and climate contribute to its rich biological and cultural diversity, as well as its abundant landscapes, water, hydropower, and mineral resources.
ECOLOGICAL SERVICE FUNCTION
Northwest Yunnan serves as a vital ecological watershed for the upper reaches of Asia's four major rivers, significantly influencing water and soil preservation through its abundant alpine lakes and vegetation The ecological health of this region is crucial, as it impacts the ecological safety of the rivers downstream and sustains the livelihoods of approximately 500 million people across an area of 2,930,000 km.
BIODIVERSITY SIGNIFICANCE
Northwest Yunnan is renowned for its diverse terrain and climate, which contribute to its rich biodiversity and various eco-landscapes, making it one of the world's biodiversity hotspots and a center for endemic species in China This region is recognized as the origin of numerous species and plays a crucial role in their evolution Additionally, it houses the majority of China's endemic species and boasts some of the country's best-preserved pristine ecosystems, all characteristic of the temperate zone and significant on a global scale.
Northwest Yunnan boasts 98 distinct formations and ten unique vegetation types, many of which are exclusive to the area These vegetation types thrive in various climatic zones, including subtropical, temperate, cold temperate, cold alpine, as well as dry valleys, wetlands, and aquatic environments This remarkable diversity of vegetation highlights the region's biological richness and plays a crucial role in its complex ecological system.
The region is home to over 7,000 species of higher vascular plants, representing 43.8% of Yunnan’s total flora Notably, it includes 5,079 species endemic to China, with 2,988 species unique to the Hengduan Mountain Range and 910 endemic to northwest Yunnan Among these 910 endemic species, there are 12 genera exclusive to the region and 72 species found only in China, contributing to 28% of the nation's total endemic plant diversity.
Northwest Yunnan is a biodiversity hotspot, housing over 200 of China's 470 rhododendron species, which represents more than half of the world's total Additionally, this region is home to 100 of the 293 primula species found in China, contributing significantly to global floral diversity With more than 2,000 plant species, Northwest Yunnan serves as a vital reservoir of wild plant resources, including many highly valued medicinal herbs.
Northwest Yunnan is a biodiversity hotspot, home to 788 vertebrate species, including 173 mammals, 417 birds, 59 reptiles, and 36 amphibians, representing over half of Yunnan's total and a significant portion of China's biodiversity Remarkably, 200 of these species are endemic to the Himalaya-Hengduan Region, highlighting the area's unique ecological significance on a global scale.
Northwest Yunnan is situated at the intersection of three major bio-geographic realms: the damp-temperate, dry, and damp-warm realms, making it a unique ecological zone This region is recognized as one of the world's biodiversity hotspots, hosting some of the richest biological diversity on Earth Numerous international organizations, including the IUCN, World Nature Fund, Conservation International, International Ornithological and Biological Organization, and the University of Bonn, have conducted extensive investigations that highlight its ecological significance.
The ecosystems of NW Yunnan are highly vulnerable due to their rich biodiversity, with many species endangered or nearing extinction Over 60% of the region consists of alpine and sub-alpine areas characterized by steep cliffs, a cold climate, and thin, barren soil, hindering recovery from environmental damage Additionally, dry river valleys, which make up 15% of the landscape, face low vegetation coverage and harsh climatic conditions The valley and subalpine regions have a longer history of economic development and higher population density, leading to resource depletion and vegetation degradation from outdated exploitation practices Consequently, NW Yunnan's once-abundant biodiversity is rapidly declining, and the region's ecological functions as a watershed are increasingly compromised.
In summary, Northwest Yunnan plays a crucial role in global biodiversity conservation and the sustainable use of bio-resources It is essential to find a balance between conservation efforts and the utilization of natural resources.
Northwest Yunnan's cultural heritage is a rich tapestry woven from Tibetan influences in the north, South Asian and Southeast Asian cultures in the west and south, and mainstream Chinese culture in the southeast The region's four great rivers have historically served as conduits for these diverse cultures, leading to both cultural conflicts and assimilation This interaction has resulted in a vibrant multicultural landscape, characterized by a harmonious coexistence of various ethnic groups Recognized for its global significance, Northwest Yunnan has emerged as a hotspot for the conservation of its abundant cultural diversity and heritage.
Northwest Yunnan is home to a rich tapestry of diverse cultures, featuring major ethnic groups such as the Tibetan, Naxi, Bai, Yi, Lisu, Pumi, Nu, and Dulong Over millennia, these groups have adapted to the region's varied natural environments, each developing distinct cultures characterized by unique languages, religions, customs, and lifestyles This cultural diversity has endowed Northwest Yunnan with a remarkable heritage, evident in the numerous historical sites and relics throughout the area Notably, these ethnic groups coexist harmoniously, fostering unique ecosystem conservation practices that rely on and respect the natural environment for their survival.
The relationships among various ethnic groups in the region have evolved through a complex history marked by conflicts and assimilation Over time, these groups have established friendly, mutually beneficial ties through economic and cultural exchanges Today, this harmonious social environment contributes significantly to the region's sustainable economic development.
Northwest Yunnan has historically been marginalized within mainstream Chinese culture, with social systems such as slavery and serfdom prevalent among some ethnic groups before the 1950s This region's diverse historical backgrounds have contributed to its uneven social development, rendering it less advanced compared to other parts of China However, its remoteness has allowed unique traditional cultural heritage and ancient social structures to endure despite external cultural influences This rich heritage is a valuable asset for promoting sustainable development in the region.
To sum up, Northwest Yunnan is rich in cultural diversity and heritage and, together with its affluent biodiversity, make it one of the world’s crucial areas to be conserved.
Northwest Yunnan, one of China's most impoverished areas, faces significant challenges due to low economic development levels The region's outdated productivity and traditional development methods have severely restricted sustainable economic growth.
The region's unique geography and topography create an alpine environment that is largely isolated from the rest of China, making it susceptible to natural disasters such as mudslides and earthquakes The river valleys often face water shortages, while the area experiences harsh conditions like cold winds and snow throughout the year Additionally, outdated agricultural practices, insufficient infrastructure, and limited access to capital and modern technology have led to low yields in both agriculture and animal husbandry, which are the primary sources of economic development in this region.
Traditional lumbering has significantly depleted forest resources, leading to severe ecological degradation in the region As natural resources diminish and the environment deteriorates, local communities have not received any compensation for ecological services, resulting in their suffering rather than benefiting from development activities Additionally, the rapid population growth and increasing reliance on natural resources for survival have further jeopardized biodiversity conservation and ecological safety.
REGIONAL CHALLENGES
1.7.1 Conflict between Poverty and Conservation of Biological and Cultural Diversity
In Northwest Yunnan, 12 out of 15 counties are classified as impoverished, with 75 of 165 townships identified for poverty alleviation efforts The provincial government established poverty benchmarks in 1998, defining impoverishment as an annual net income per capita of RMB 580 and a cereal stock of 300 kilos per capita Despite these measures, approximately 495,000 individuals, or 16% of the region's population, remain below the poverty line While some local farmers have achieved economic success, their improved living standards are precarious, and any future adversity could risk reverting them to poverty.
Local communities are relying on outdated and inefficient farming practices to survive, leading to ecological decline and threatening regional biodiversity The growing population and increased natural resource exploitation are creating significant conflicts, exacerbating economic and social disparities across the area If local governments and residents succumb to these pressures, they risk pursuing economic development at the expense of natural resources, further jeopardizing local biodiversity Additionally, the rapid globalization of markets and the introduction of foreign cultures are significantly affecting the region's cultural diversity and heritage.
The recent ban on commercial logging in natural forests and the promotion of reforestation and alpine meadow restoration by the central government are vital for improving the eco-environment of Northwest Yunnan and ensuring the ecological safety of downstream areas However, these initiatives have significantly impacted local communities and governments by removing their primary sources of income.
To balance conservation and local economic development, it is essential to promote alternative industries while establishing an ecological service compensation mechanism This approach aims to alleviate the tension between poverty alleviation and the preservation of biological and cultural diversity.
1.7.2 Limitations of Existing Nature Reserve System
The establishment of nature reserves is vital for conserving biodiversity, particularly in the Northwest, where a network has begun to form since the early 1980s However, the network's total area is insufficient for effectively protecting the region's globally significant biodiversity A lack of coordinated management among various government agencies has led to overlapping jurisdictions and mismatched responsibilities, hindering effective planning, management, and monitoring Furthermore, existing policies and regulations for nature reserve conservation are inadequate, and reliance on limited government funding has exacerbated the situation Consequently, poor management practices and low public awareness of eco-conservation threaten the stability of the nature reserve network.
To ensure the sustainability of our nature reserves, it is crucial to enhance the management of the existing network before it is too late We recommend initiating a comprehensive capacity building project alongside a restructuring of the current management system, which should include a reclassification of protected areas This restructuring must incorporate a national park management system and adopt advanced planning and monitoring strategies, such as the "Conservation by Design" framework proposed by The Nature Conservancy.
1.7.3 Lack of Ecological Benefit Compensation Mechanism
Northwest Yunnan, a vital gene pool in China, plays a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity and providing essential ecological services to the lower reaches of Asia's four great rivers However, this region is highly susceptible to environmental degradation The ecological health of Northwest Yunnan significantly affects the livelihoods of approximately 500 million people living downstream Therefore, it is imperative that both individuals and governments in these areas prioritize the conservation of the region's biodiversity and ecosystems Unfortunately, there is currently no effective compensation mechanism in place for the ecological benefits provided by this critical area.
1.7.4 Loss of Traditional Heritage due to Introduction of Exotic Culture
As China's modernization accelerates, Northwest Yunnan is undergoing significant social changes that are profoundly affecting the traditional cultures of its diverse ethnic groups Essential elements of these cultures, including costumes, languages, architectural styles, dances, etiquettes, and eco-conservation practices, are rapidly at risk of being lost Without effective conservation measures, much of this invaluable cultural heritage could vanish within a short time frame.
For over two decades, the slow growth of the local economy and a persistent history of underdevelopment have diminished the self-confidence of various ethnic groups, especially those with smaller populations A notable consequence of this trend is that some individuals from these groups have begun to imitate the lifestyles of more developed regions in China, leading to a crisis of cultural nihilism within their communities.
1.7.5 Resource Needs of Increasing Population Levels
Population growth in NW Yunnan is projected to reach 3,351,000 by 2010, marking an increase of 257,000 since 1998 This rising population will exacerbate the existing challenges related to limited arable land, placing additional strain on natural resource utilization and environmental sustainability.
(2) Both the arable land management level and the output rate are low.
Rapid population growth and limited arable land in Northwest Yunnan have led to extensive logging and agricultural practices that threaten natural forests and alpine meadows These activities contribute to significant erosion and pollution, with an estimated 47,000 square kilometers affected along the Jinsha River, resulting in approximately 260 million tonnes of soil loss annually, which constitutes 42% of the river's total reaches Additionally, industrial discharge, urban sewage, and chemical use in rural areas exacerbate the pollution of local rivers, such as the Pijiang River and Xi’er River, which have become major pollution sources for the Mekong River.
(4) The issue of fuelwood consumption About 79% of the total population in the region use fuelwood as their sole energy source Each year about 1.292 million hectares of forest
REGIONAL STRENTHS AND OPPORTUNITIES
1.7.6 Lack of Comprehensive and Coordinated Tourism Planning and Management of Tourism Impacts
Tourism in NW Yunnan has seen rapid growth, with domestic visitors rising from 1.95 million in 1993 to 10.13 million in 1999, marking an annual increase of 36.5% This surge has generated significant economic benefits, including 3.96 billion RMB in tourism income and over 20,000 jobs in the sector However, this growth has also led to negative impacts on the region's cultural and natural resources, such as water pollution, habitat loss, wildlife killings, and soil erosion from infrastructure development A report by McKinsey & Co highlights that tourism planning in NW Yunnan lacks adequate consideration of strategic market positioning, financial returns, and the broader social and environmental implications Consequently, enhanced communication and collaboration among government agencies are essential for fostering integrated, sustainable tourism planning and management in the area.
Sustainable economic development is globally acknowledged as the key to advancing economies, and in China, the Central Government has established it as a fundamental policy and a core strategy for economic growth.
The Central Government has integrated environmental conservation into the Western China Development Initiative, which emphasizes the promotion of tourism, particularly ecotourism Northwest Yunnan, known for its rich biodiversity and cultural diversity, stands out as a prime region poised to lead in tourism development, leveraging the opportunities presented by this initiative.
China’s State Council is investing RMB 96.2 billion in its natural forests conservation initiative, with a focus on the crucial region of Northwest Yunnan for reafforestation of croplands and restoration of alpine meadows Over the past two years, pilot programs have shown promising results, highlighting the success of these conservation efforts Overall, this campaign presents an unprecedented opportunity for environmental preservation in Northwest Yunnan.
The Yunnan Provincial Government has set ambitious goals to transform the region into a "green province" with robust economic capabilities, an "influential province" rich in diverse cultural strengths, and an international gateway to Southeast Asia and South Asia To ensure sustainable economic development in Northwest Yunnan, recent conferences in Dali and Lijiang led to a strategic blueprint Key initiatives include elevating Lijiang Prefecture to a globally recognized holiday resort and a vital center for bio-resource development, while Dali City is being positioned as a commercial hub, an international transportation nexus, and a premier tourist destination in China.
(5) A working team has been organized for an application nominating “the Three
River Parallel,” one of the region’s most spectacular attractions, as a UNESCO world natural heritage site.
In recent years, the mission to conserve the region's biodiversity and cultural diversity has garnered increasing attention and support from various international organizations, including UNESCO, The Nature Conservancy (TNC), and the Global Environment Facility (GEF).
Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China, especially in the last twenty years of reform and opening up, Northwest Yunnan has developed significant technological and financial resources crucial for its conservation efforts and economic growth.
The region's exceptional biodiversity and cultural richness, coupled with its abundant water, hydropower, and mineral resources, present significant opportunities for economic growth By harnessing its diverse climates and landscapes, local communities and governments can enhance revenue generation, supporting their poverty alleviation efforts Sustainable development in Northwest Yunnan will not only provide economic benefits but also contribute to the conservation of its unique environment.
Our mission to conserve the biodiversity and cultural diversity of Northwest Yunnan, while promoting compatible economic development, is ambitious yet achievable By leveraging the region's strengths and actively seeking support both locally and internationally, we can turn our goals into reality This involves engaging the public, enhancing regulatory frameworks, and incorporating high-tech solutions to effectively utilize the abundant resources of Northwest Yunnan.
GUIDING PRINCIPLES AND GENERAL GOALS
GUIDING PRINCIPLES
In building Northwest Yunnan into a pilot region for demonstration in compatible economic development in China, the following principles should be upheld:
(1) Sustainable economic development with conservation as a prerequisite;
(2) Being innovative in conservation and development;
(3) Developing the region on a moderate basis;
(4) Utilization of natural resources on a reasonable basis;
(5) The collaborative planning of conservation and development by different agencies or organizations as well as the grassroots people of the region;
(6) Multi-lateral cooperative development with conservation of biodiversity and cultural diversity as the core of all endeavors;
Participating parties entitled to sharing the benefits;
Participating parties entitled to the use of resources;
Separation of management and operation;
GENERAL GOALS
(1) To conserve Northwest Yunnan’s biodiversity and cultural diversity, as well as its ecology;
(2) To speed up the region’s social and economic development and make use of the region’s natural resources on a discreet and scientific basis;
(3) To help alleviate poverty of the local residents;
The goal is to establish an ecological special zone in the region over the next two decades, positioning it as a key pilot area for demonstrating the implementation of China's Western China Development Initiative.
To reconcile the region’s compatible economic development with its conservation endeavors; and
To build the region into a showcase region for Yunnan, China and other Asian countries and regions in terms of compatible economic development.
The aim is to protect the unique ecosystems of Northwest Yunnan and their ecological services by creating a cohesive nature reserve management system This initiative will incorporate advanced conservation techniques to ensure the sustainable use of the region's natural resources.
To effectively prevent and control pollution, it is essential to implement efficient mechanisms that manage all forms of pollution, safeguard ecosystems from degradation, and enhance the overall environmental quality of the region.
As globalization accelerates, the cultural heritage of Northwest Yunnan faces significant challenges from modern lifestyles It is crucial to prioritize the preservation of this unique cultural heritage while promoting local customs that support biodiversity and cultural diversity By doing so, we can create a valuable model for cultural conservation that can inspire both China and the global community.
In Northwest Yunnan, achieving a harmonious balance between development and conservation is essential for sustainable progress It is crucial to prioritize the enhancement of the region's natural environment while fostering local economic growth By reconciling the tensions between these two aspects, we can create a sustainable funding source and technical support for ongoing conservation efforts, ultimately benefiting both the environment and the economy.
To facilitate the ongoing transformation of traditional industries, it is essential to promote sectors such as tourism, bio-resource-based industries, reusable and pollution-free energy, and high-tech nonferrous mining and metallurgy These emerging industries should be prioritized to replace conventional sectors like lumbering, wood processing, papermaking, hillside crop farming, small-scale mining, and traditional energy supply industries.
To optimize the industrial structure, it is essential to promote high-value farming for local produce while gradually reducing harmful economic activities that impact the environment Upgrading high-tech-based enterprises in the manufacturing sector will enhance the production of high-value products, while pollution-prone manufacturing must be controlled and phased out In the service sector, tourism should be prioritized as a key industry to boost employment and significantly increase its contribution to the local GDP, replacing traditional sectors.
STRATEGIES
BIODIVERSITY AND CULTURE HERITAGE CONSERVATION…
3.1.1 Creation of a Nature Reserve and National Park System
China is exploring new routes for future nature reserves and national parks while developing a trial system to address jurisdictional conflicts among government agencies regarding different land types.
During China's Tenth Five Year Plan Period, significant conservation efforts are anticipated in Northwest Yunnan, aiming to protect 80% of its endangered plant species and 50% of its endemic plants Additionally, over 80% of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey populations and their habitats will be included in protected areas The plan also involves selecting two sites for national park trials, highlighting a commitment to biodiversity preservation in the region.
By 2010, it was essential to ensure that all endangered plant species, over 70% of the region's endemic plant species, and the entire population of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys along with their habitats were included within designated protected areas Furthermore, by 2020, the goal was to increase forest coverage in the region from 52.74% to 63%, while expanding the total protected area to encompass 26.38% of Northwest Yunnan's land This initiative aimed to ensure effective protection and monitoring of most species in the region.
During the Tenth Five Year Plan Period, the addition of two national level nature reserves and six provincial level reserves will expand the total area of existing reserves to 874,295 hectares and 776,500 hectares, respectively By 2010, Northwest Yunnan is projected to have 29 nature reserves, including twelve national reserves covering 1,467,944 hectares, eleven provincial reserves at 239,964 hectares, and six prefectural reserves spanning 109,695 hectares This will result in a significant increase in protected land from 711,248 hectares to 1,817,603 hectares, representing a net gain of 1,106,355 hectares Collectively, these reserves will constitute 26.38% of Northwest Yunnan's total area, with approximately 74.13% of the region's natural forests included in protected areas, ensuring the safeguarding of critical biodiversity and endangered species.
(1) 11 More Nature Reserves: Biluoxueshan (including Meilixueshan), Daxueshan/Xiaoxueshan (Zhongdian) Yunling (Laojunshan), Qianhushan, Qinglonghai, Zhushanmuduiwo, Tarboren, Ma’anshan, Longhuashan, Jinhuashan and Xihu.
By 2005, it is essential to nominate Luguhu and Yulongxueshan for World Heritage status, while Biluoxueshan (including Meilixueshan), Yunling (Laojunshan), Qianhushan, Shibaoshan, Fuheshan, and Cibihu should be elevated to provincial level nature reserves Additionally, the areas of Zhushanmuduiwo and Qinglonghai require similar upgrades to enhance their conservation status.
Ma’anshan should be elevated to a prefectural level nature reserve, with plans for several other areas to receive upgrades by 2010 Biluoxueshan (including Meilixueshan), Yunling (Laojunshan), Qianhushan, Lashihai, Fuheshan, Bitahai, and Shibaoshan are proposed to become national level nature reserves Additionally, Luopingniaodiaoshan, Zhaoxia, Qinglonghai, Ma’anshan, and Longhuashan should be designated as provincial level nature reserves, while Tarboren and Jinhuashan are recommended for upgrade to prefecture level nature reserves.
(3) Expansion of 9 Nature Reserves: During the project period, nine nature reserves should be expanded They are: Gaoligongshan, Baimaxueshan, Cangshan- Erhai, Habaxueshan, Luguhu, Bitahai, Jizhushan, Cibihu and Fuheshan.
(4) Ex-situ Conservation: Botanical gardens and germplasm gene pools should be established in Northwest Yunnan for the artificial breeding and cultivating of endangered species.
The National Park Pilot Program aims to protect ecological systems while promoting tourism, scientific research, and education Key characteristics include balancing conservation with resource use, separating management from operations, employing scientifically-based planning, securing government funding, and encouraging public participation This model fosters a positive relationship between conservation and economic development, while also serving as a venue for environmental education In Northwest Yunnan, the Meilixueshan and Laojunshan areas are proposed as pilot sites, drawing on international management experiences Effective implementation requires tailored management models for natural and cultural resource sites, along with clearly defined park boundaries and a supervisory body to oversee operations, ensuring a separation of powers between management and operational responsibilities.
3.1.2 Restoration of Degraded Natural areas
By 2010, efforts to manage landslide disasters will focus on major roads and essential water conservancy infrastructure, aiming for effective control By 2020, the goal is to decrease financial losses from landslides by 80% in major cities and towns, while achieving a 50% reduction in losses for primary roads, key water conservancy structures, and rural towns where local governments operate.
(2) To reduce soil and water erosion, and improve the micro-climate, natural environment, and ecological and environmental quality through an increase in vegetation cover and rainfall storage
(3) To effectively conserve natural forests and wildlife through the Natural Forest Conservation Program, including its strategies of natural regeneration by mountain closure and reforestation
To enhance land productivity and promote sustainable practices, it is essential to convert croplands with slopes exceeding 25 degrees to tree and grass planting in Dali and Lijiang prefectures by 2010 In Diqing Prefecture, 90% of these sloped lands should be transformed, while Nujiang Prefecture aims for a 66% conversion rate Additionally, the development of productive cropland should target 0.07 hectares per person to ensure agricultural sustainability and environmental protection.
In conclusion, by 2020, forest cover in Northwest Yunnan should increase to 63%, and a monitoring system for key sites should be established and operated
To effectively prevent and control landslides, it is essential to implement a robust decision-making support system, enhance vegetation cover, upgrade existing croplands into more productive areas, and construct dams to mitigate soil and sand erosion.
To effectively manage soil and water erosion, three counties—Zhongdian, Gongshan, and Lijiang—along with eighteen designated nature reserves will be prioritized for erosion prevention efforts Resource exploitation in these regions will be limited to mitigate further erosion, excluding the three townships of Lijiang: Fengke, Baoshan, and Mingying Additionally, mining areas, major roads, and significant water conservancy infrastructure will be closely monitored, with stricter regulations and comprehensive evaluations to control existing erosion Furthermore, six counties in Dali Prefecture and six others, including Lushui, Fugong, Lanping, Deqin, Weixi, and Ninglang, as well as the aforementioned townships in Lijiang County, will be identified as critical zones for soil and water erosion management.
To promote sustainable land use, steep croplands should be converted to tree and grass planting, while improving other agricultural areas This initiative emphasizes forest conservation, natural regeneration through mountain closure, and the establishment of fuelwood forests to support a green industry Croplands with slopes exceeding 25 degrees should be transformed into tree and grass areas, while those with slopes under 25 degrees should be developed as terrace or contour plantings A total of 218,600 hectares of low-productivity croplands will undergo improvement, alongside enhancements to existing irrigation facilities Additionally, the development of cash tree crops and animal husbandry is essential, aiming to create an eco-agricultural system focused on controlling soil and water erosion.
3.1.3 Promotion of Alternative Energy Sources
(1) To improve the structure of rural energy consumption by developing alternative energy resources, including hydropower, solar energy, coal, biogas, and the planting of fuelwood forests;
(2) To retrofit energy-consuming facilities for rural households and their farming/productive activities;
(3) To accelerate the prospecting and developing process for local conventional alternative energy resources such as hydropower and coal;
To reduce fuelwood consumption and combat the degradation of natural forests, it is essential to develop new and renewable energy sources while promoting the use of high-quality commercial energy within local communities.
To ensure a sustainable balance between consumption and forest growth in severely degraded areas, the project aims to stabilize standing forest stock by 2010 and promote net growth of natural forests by 2020 This initiative seeks to enhance the regional ecological environment and biodiversity while simultaneously improving the living standards of local communities.
Promoting the use of fuelwood-saving stoves is essential for enhancing thermal efficiency and reducing pollution in rural communities Despite government improvements to cookstove designs, further advancements are needed to combat excessive logging and protect the region's ecology In remote alpine areas where banning fuelwood use is impractical, implementing energy-saving retrofits for facilities like fireplaces, heating systems, and industrial processes is crucial to significantly lower fuelwood consumption.
SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
3.2.1 Promotion of a Green Tourism Industry
(1) To promote the green tourism industry, including sustainable mass tourism and ecotourism;
(2) To encourage the local residents’ participation in green tourism development and make tourism one of the major income sources for the local communities;
(3) To develop the local handicrafts sector and other tourism-related sectors by taking advantage of the “ripple effect” of tourism development.
Northwest Yunnan's potential tourist areas should be classified into four distinct zones based on transportation conditions, ecological status, and tourist accommodation capacity: Sustainable Mass Tourism Zones, Scale-Controlled Tourism Zones, Ecotourism Zones, and Restricted Zones By implementing this classification and improvement strategy, we can transform Northwest Yunnan into a well-organized tourist destination that showcases its unique ethnic flavors.
Upgrading sustainable and cultural mass tourism zones in urban areas like Dali, Lijiang, and Zhongdian is essential, as these locations serve as commercial hubs and gateways to ecotourism in Northwest Yunnan To accommodate the growing number of tourists seeking enhanced hospitality and modern amenities, it is crucial to develop these areas while prioritizing sustainability as a core principle of economic growth Additionally, expanding hospitality facilities in surrounding towns can help alleviate the overcrowding in major urban centers, particularly Dali and Lijiang, ensuring a more balanced tourism distribution.
To enhance environmental protection and tourist entertainment in scale-controlled tourism zones like Yulongxueshan, Cangshan-Erhai, Bitahai, and Luguhu, it is crucial to prioritize sustainable development These regions are vital cultural destinations and rich in biodiversity Therefore, managing the number of tourists allowed in these areas is essential to preserve their natural and cultural significance.
The development of ecotourism in Meilixueshan, Laojunshan, Qianhushan, Dulongjiang, and Nujiang Canyon focuses on enhancing the region's ecologically-sensitive areas To ensure the safety of adventurous tourists, it is essential to upgrade existing roads and trails while prioritizing the construction of additional rest areas Furthermore, careful planning and development must incorporate ecological conservation measures to protect these vulnerable locations.
Future national parks and nature reserves should identify core areas as restricted zones Areas with potential for future development, but currently unsuitable for such activities, should be temporarily excluded from development packages to preserve their long-term development viability.
To enhance global awareness of Northwest Yunnan, it is essential to utilize effective marketing strategies that promote the region's ecotourism potential The United Nations' declaration of 2002 as "The Year of Ecotourism" serves as a strategic opportunity to position Northwest Yunnan as a premier ecotourism destination Establishing distinct rate levels will help differentiate ecotourism sites from traditional mass tourism locations, thereby attracting a more targeted audience and increasing the scale of sustainable tourism in the area.
Integrating green tourism with cultural tourism can enhance the variety of tourism activities available, such as organizing visits to cultural villages By improving these villages to attract more visitors, local ethnic communities can significantly benefit from tourism that showcases their cultural heritage.
Developing tourism commodities that reflect the cultural elements of local ethnic groups is essential for enhancing the economic benefits for local communities By focusing on ethnic-flavored tourism products, we can reduce reliance on external commercial goods, fostering a sustainable and culturally rich tourism experience that supports local livelihoods.
3.2.2 Development of an Innovatiove Bio-Resource Industry
To achieve effective protection of bio-resources in Northwest Yunnan, it is essential to focus on the sustainable use of existing resources, the implementation of advanced technologies for domestication and cultivation, active involvement of farmer households, and the establishment of production and marketing arrangements that include benefit-sharing systems Encouraging research in these areas will facilitate the development of a bio-resources-based industry, providing a fast-growing and advantageous alternative for the local population.
The establishment of three production bases in Northwest Yunnan will focus on organic food, quality Chinese medicine, and bulb flowers for export Additionally, the development of three industry chains—animal husbandry, cash tree crops, and forestry chemical products—aims to create a distinctive economic landscape in the region.
To enhance the cultivation of alpine flora, it is essential to establish botanical gardens and research bases in Diqing and Nujiang prefectures, focusing on alpine flowers at elevations above 3,000 meters Additionally, production of bulb flowers and seeds from temperate regions at altitudes between 2,000 and 3,000 meters should be prioritized Nurseries aimed at growing ornamental seedlings and plants in the sub-tropical areas at elevations of 1,100 to 2,000 meters must also be developed Furthermore, a dedicated facility for the study and breeding of rare flowers should be established in Dali and Eryuan counties.
The animal husbandry industry in Diqing, Nujiang, and Dali prefectures aims to implement an ecological grazing land management program during the Tenth Five Year Plan Period (2001-05), focusing on preventing degradation and desertification while enhancing productivity Additionally, the initiative seeks to develop a processing industry for local animal husbandry products in Zhongdian, Deqin, Dali, and Eryuan counties, aiming to improve product quality and market share for local milk products Establishing fixed wholesale market outlets for cattle, cows, goats, and sheep in Dali and Lijiang will provide essential market information and services, including processing and disease control Furthermore, the plan includes developing a breeding system for superior poultry and livestock varieties and implementing disease prevention measures in Zhongdian, Deqin, Ninglang, and Gongshan.
During the Tenth Five Year Plan Period, the green food industry aims to expand the cultivation of buckwheat, barley, oats, and beans in the high-altitude cold regions of Diqing and Lijiang prefectures Additionally, it seeks to promote large-scale farming and processing of wasabi and conjunku in Dali and Lijiang A demonstration base will be established for the research, conservation, processing, and industrialization of forest vegetables and edible mushrooms in Deqin, Zhongdian, Lijiang, and Jianchuan counties Furthermore, efforts will be made to protect the gene resources and habitats of matsutake and other wild edible fungi in the area Lastly, a fruit processing industry will be developed in Lijiang, Eryuan, Dali, and Weixi counties to create a diverse range of preserved fruit products.
Over the next decade, we will focus on identifying Chinese medicinal species with significant production potential, while also establishing cultivation bases for Taxus and other medicinal plants Additionally, we aim to develop processing enterprises in Dali and Lijiang to enhance the medicinal industry's growth.
During the Tenth Five Year Plan Period, the development of a forest chemical products industry is crucial, focusing on establishing pine resin harvesting bases in Lijiang, Diqin, Nujiang, and Dali Additionally, processing plants for resin will be set up in Lijiang, Fugong, Lushui, Dali, and Lanping counties to enhance product processing capabilities, while also boosting the tung oil processing capacity in Fugong County.
3.2.3 Modernization of the Region's Mining Industry
ACTIONS
CREATE AN INNOVATIVE MODEL FOR CONSERVATION AND
4.1.1 Establish a Special Conservation Zone(SCZ) in NW Yunnan
To effectively preserve the unique biological and cultural diversity of Northwest Yunnan and its vital watershed functions, the establishment of a Special Conservation Zone (SCZ) is proposed This SCZ would encompass 15 counties across four prefectures, aiming to resolve conflicts between conservation efforts and economic development under the current management system By implementing preferential policies and securing financial support from the Central Government, the SCZ would promote both conservation and sustainable economic growth in the region This initiative could serve as a model for sustainable development in Northwest Yunnan and as a demonstration site for other areas impacted by the Western China Development Initiative.
A Special Conservation Zone (SCZ) is designated specifically for ecological recovery and enhancement, prioritizing conservation above all other activities All actions that could potentially harm the region's ecology must be strictly prohibited, while initiatives that promote conservation should be actively supported and publicly acknowledged.
All economic activities within the Special Conservation Zone (SCZ) must adhere to established conservation criteria Development projects should undergo a thorough appraisal process guided by targeted systems and regulations Additionally, a robust enterprise liquidation system should be implemented to address businesses that violate conservation standards, ensuring that those engaged in harmful ecological practices are held accountable.
An SCZ is designated for promoting environmentally-friendly initiatives, including the nationwide "Eco-home Project." This project aims to be established with the support of both provincial and central governments, fostering sustainable development across the country.
4.1.2 Establish a NW Yunnan Conservation and
Establishment of the Northwest Yunnan Administrative and Reconciliatory Committee (NYARC)
The Northwest Yunnan Administrative and Reconciliatory Committee (NYARC) plays a crucial role in guiding economic development projects that align with conservation efforts and the geographical distribution of industrial growth It is responsible for resolving conflicts and issues that may arise between various stakeholders from different counties or prefectures during project implementation Additionally, NYARC supervises the construction and operation of key projects to ensure their successful execution.
Under the NYARC, three subcommittees charged with different responsibilities should be formed, including:
The ECC, comprised of interdisciplinary experts knowledgeable about Northwest Yunnan, will provide essential technical support and consultancy for key decision-making processes Their focus will be on conserving the region's biological and cultural diversity while promoting social and sustainable economic development, significantly influencing the livelihoods and well-being of local communities Furthermore, ECC specialists will monitor and analyze the causes of challenges that emerge during the execution of specific projects.
Culture Village(Reserve)Council (CVC)
The CVC should be responsible for overseeing and ensuring that the culture villages building process goes smoothly.
The Green Tourism Council (GTC) will be primarily composed of representatives from the Yunnan Provincial Tourism Bureau, alongside members from relevant provincial government agencies, prefecture and county governments, and the business community Additionally, the council will invite representatives from international organizations, such as the World Tourism Organization and The Nature Conservancy, to offer guidance on planning and initiating projects that promote green tourism practices, with the potential for implementation across Yunnan Province and beyond in the future.
4.1.3 Establish a Comprehensive Nature Reserve and National Park Management System
The classification and management of nature reserves in the region are guided by IUCN criteria, emphasizing internationally recognized site conservation planning (SCP) This approach incorporates community participatory management and aims to expand successful strategies to larger areas, ensuring effective conservation practices.
To establish an effective system of national parks and nature reserves, it is essential to implement specific laws for each reserve, ensure unified administrative rights and responsibilities, and involve all stakeholders in management This includes formulating tailored rules and regulations that define boundaries, management objectives, and governing institutions for each conservation unit A single authorized institute should oversee the administration of each nature reserve, promoting stakeholder participation from communities, landowners, NGOs, and government bodies to enhance biodiversity and cultural conservation efforts Additionally, it is crucial to separate administrative functions from business operations, allowing external enterprises to manage business activities while directing profits toward conservation efforts Management strategies should vary according to the unique resources and sensitivities of each reserve, classifying national parks and nature reserves in Northwest Yunnan into eight types based on IUCN criteria, including strictly protected nature reserves and wildland reserves.
Wildlife sanctuaries, national and provincial parks, protected natural landscapes, and cultural reserves play a crucial role in conservation Effective development coordination is essential to harmonize the interactions between nature reserve systems and urban areas, as well as between reserves and their surrounding communities Establishing a fair benefit-sharing mechanism is vital to ensure that both nature and local populations thrive together.
4.1.4 Establish a Community-Based Resource Co-Management Mechanism
The establishment of an equitable co-management mechanism is essential for the mutual benefit of nature reserves, national parks, and surrounding communities Active community involvement in planning and decision-making is crucial for effective resource protection, forest fire prevention, and nature reserve security By ensuring that communities reap the benefits of their participation, co-management organizations can leverage local indigenous knowledge and existing management structures Engaging village committees, household heads, senior associations, women's groups, religious leaders, and community NGOs will enhance conservation efforts and the sustainable management of natural and cultural resources.
To ensure the rights and benefits of communities in and around nature reserves, it is essential that owners of collective lands, forests, water bodies, and grazing lands share the benefits derived from these areas A system should be established to define land use rights, resource management rights, and shareholding among stakeholders Each party must participate in sharing the benefits generated from entrance fees and compensation for resource use Additionally, effective measures should be implemented to create alternative livelihood opportunities for local residents, promoting the protection and sustainable use of natural resources.
4.1.5 Consolidate Transfer of Land Use Rights and Forest Tenure Policies and
To promote the efficient transfer of agricultural and forest lands, it is essential to allow free transfer of land use rights with clearly defined boundaries This will facilitate the transfer of croplands to skilled farmers and forest lands to those adept in tree and plantation management Additionally, extending the term of land use rights to 100 years will safeguard the interests of land managers and help prevent the over-exploitation of natural resources.
Strict enforcement of forestland and tree title regulations is essential to protect the rights of farmer households holding forest certificates Timely issuance of ownership certificates for over 700,000 hectares of state-owned and collective forests is crucial Prefecture governments must promptly establish regulations for the transfer of tree and forestland use rights to ensure proper transactions Additionally, enhancing supervision over forestland conversion and tightening approval processes for cutting quotas will help prevent excessive deforestation and safeguard forest resources.
The consolidation of forest management policies emphasizes the importance of family plots (ziliushan) and responsibility hills (zerenshan) while promoting the development of shareholding systems in forest management By separating use rights from ownership, forestlands can be distributed to farmer households as shares instead of physical plots This approach encourages farmers and collective economic organizations to pool resources—such as forestland, trees, technology, capital investment, and labor—to establish shareholding forest farms and enhance management scale.
PROMOTE MULTIMODAL USES OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGEY SOURCES
4.2.1 Establish a Complementary System for Supply and Consumption of Alternative Energy Sources in Rural Areas
The implementation of alternative energy projects must adhere to the principles of rural energy development, which emphasize adapting measures to local conditions, integrating diverse energy sources, and balancing development with conservation This approach should leverage the established dissemination and service framework of rural energy sectors, ensuring collaboration with academic institutions and various government agencies focused on agriculture, forestry, poverty alleviation, rural electrification, and energy development.
“substitute fuelwood with electricity, coal, or gas” should be introduced to increase the use of conventional energy sources like electricity, coal and gas in rural areas.
This article explores the investigation of energy resources and consumption levels in rural areas to assess household demand for various energy sources and the potential for energy conservation It emphasizes the development of alternative energy projects, such as hydropower, coal, solar energy, and biogas, tailored to local energy resource availability and socio-economic needs while ensuring ecological protection The article advocates for energy substitution strategies to fulfill cooking, heating, lighting, and other essential activities It highlights the importance of evaluating the sustainability, techno-economic viability, and social impacts of these initiatives Furthermore, it suggests that successful pilot projects and technology dissemination can generate economic benefits, encouraging local governments and communities to actively participate in rural energy development.
To prioritize energy-saving retrofitting of major fuelwood-consuming facilities, it is essential to adopt the principles of "first focus, then generalize," "demonstration ahead of dissemination," and "fan out from points to area." This approach will reduce the strain on forest resources caused by fuelwood consumption, enhance the ecological environment, and contribute to the establishment of a sustainable energy supply system.
To advance the rural energy sector, it is essential to leverage the supportive policies and resources provided by government entities at all levels, focusing on the development of renewable energy and the enhancement of energy efficiency through retrofitting initiatives.
(5) To demonstrate and implement the alternative energy projects in established and planned nature reserves as well as future national parks These projects will then be disseminated to surrounding communities.
4.2.2 Establish an Effective Mechanism that benefits a Green Tourism Industry
The Green Tourism Certification program aims to award Green Tourism Certificates to tourism enterprises that actively support environmental and cultural protection while enhancing local livelihoods The program will be managed and authorized by the Green Tourism Council, ensuring that only certified enterprises can provide eco-tourist services This initiative will be gradually integrated into the tourism industry to promote sustainable practices.
The establishment of demonstration projects for green tourism, eco-tourism, and cultural tourism is essential It is important to incorporate internationally advanced planning, management, and operational models Initially, these demonstration projects will be launched at Meili Snow Mountain and Laojunshan, with a gradual expansion throughout the project area.
To enhance local capacity for green tourism, it is essential to implement a comprehensive training program focused on the principles and practices of eco-tourism This includes developing a green tourism manual and organizing specialized courses in eco-tourism planning and services Additionally, facilitating field trips for stakeholders to gather insights from both local and international destinations will be beneficial Furthermore, fostering collaboration between local and international tourism operators will help explore and develop new itinerary options in the region.
To enhance tourism policies and management regulations, it is essential to establish entrance fee standards, development and operational regulations, and a tourist code of conduct These measures should be tailored to align with the quality of tourism resources and the environmental carrying capacity, aiming to mitigate the negative environmental and socio-cultural impacts associated with tourism activities.
4.2.3 Formulate Industry Policies that Benefit Conservation
Northwest Yunnan should be categorized into three distinct zones: ecologically healthy areas, ecological function areas, and resource development zones In ecologically healthy areas, pollution-prone businesses must be closed or upgraded to minimize environmental impact The ecological function areas should prohibit large-scale development activities to preserve their integrity Meanwhile, resource development zones should attract external investment and technology for intensive development, ensuring that pollution is managed effectively These zones should also focus on fostering industries that significantly contribute to the local economy.
Industries that harm the environment, including the collection and processing of rare and endangered species, mining in sensitive geological areas, and paper mills lacking sustainable logging practices, should be prohibited to protect our ecosystems.
To promote sustainable development, it is essential to phase out industries characterized by high resource consumption, low value-added products, and significant environmental impacts, including iron and steel metallurgy, inorganic chemicals, pesticides, and inefficient small-scale chemical production, as well as mining and building materials.
To phase out forestry industries involved in logging, wood transportation, wood processing, and crop planting on steep slopes exceeding 25 degrees, a strategic withdrawal plan must be developed This plan should consider the local community's capacity to handle the economic impact of this transition It is essential to provide affected businesses and farmers with fair compensation, along with technical and financial support, to facilitate their shift to alternative industries.
To promote sustainable tourism and foster industrial development, it is essential to support innovative bio-resource exploitation, clean energy, and efficient water resource management Financial assistance, tax exemptions, and favorable loan policies should be implemented to bolster these key industries.
(5) To compile a catalog of banned, eliminated, and withdrawn industries and formulate strict administrative, legal, and economic disciplinary measures.
Provincial departments, along with prefecture and county governments within the project area, are required to develop comprehensive implementation plans, strategies, countermeasures, and programs aligned with this Action Plan, which must then be submitted to the provincial government for approval.
PROPOSED PROJECTS
Table 1 Study and Establishment on NW Yunnan Ecological Special Region related System, Laws and Regulations
Project title Components and Coverage Indicative budget
Fund source Implementing institutions Schedule
1 Establishment of the integrated decision- making mechanism for
To establish Northwest Yunnan Administrative and Reconciliatory Committee (NYARC)
500 Government allocation at different levels
YPC and related provincial government departments
2 Formulation of innovative industrial policies To formulate the policy for the enterprises that should be forbidden, winnowed, withdrawn or encouraged 500
3 Establishment of an ecological benefit compensation mechanism
To formulate the policies, regulations and rules for the ecological benefit compensation mechanism 1,000
4 Establishment of a resource consumption charging mechanism
To formulate the rules for levying resource consumption fees 1,000
5 Establishment of a preferential policy system To formulate the preferential policies and consolidate the policy for land right transferring and forest tenure 500
YEC, YLRD, YNTB, YLTB, YFD
6 Establishment of a concession mechanism for nature reserves and national parks
To formulate the rules for concession operation in nature reserves and national parks 500
7 Formulation of policy and regulations for culture conservation and development
To establish effective regulations for the construction and management of cultural reserves, it is essential to create a framework that supports the preservation of minority traditional knowledge Additionally, a strategic plan should be developed to optimize the utilization of minority cultural resources Finally, policies aimed at fostering the growth of minority cultural enterprises are crucial for sustainable development.
Project title Site Components and coverage Indicative budget
Project type Implementing agency Schedule
RMB 200 million (including US$ 5 million to be applied for from GEF and the rest should be appropriated by the Provincial Government as well as both domestic and overseas donations.)
RMB 400 million (including US$ 20 million to be applied for from GEF and the rest should be appropriated by the Provincial Government as well as both domestic and overseas donations.)
2 Natural and cultural resource conservation and sustainable utilization
Deqin, Zhongdian, Lijiang, Lanping, Jianchuan,G ongshan
Components: a) Identify main conservation targets; b) Understand their stresses and causes; c) Develop strategies and options to abate main threats; d) Measure success and readjust the strategies and options.
Kawagebo (within Deqin); a) Qianhushan; b) Laojunshan; c) Biluoxueshan; d) Gaoligongshan
YTB, TNC, relevant government agencies at different levels
Establish eco-tourism models that fit local situations:
Coverage: a) Kawagebo (Xidang and Sinon administration villages); b) Qianhushan(Jisha natural village); c) Laojunshan; d) Lashihai; e) Biluoxueshan (Dimaluo administration village); f) Binzhongluo
(carefully select the components that fit local needs, and each of the components will include site identification, energy auditing, demo and promotion)
Deqin, Zhongdian, Lijiang, Lanping, Jianchuan, Gongshan
Incorporating energy-efficient solutions is essential for sustainable living, including the use of energy-saving stoves and fireplaces, as well as an innovative eco-home system that utilizes multifunctional bio-gas Additionally, solar energy heaters and micro-hydropower stations contribute to renewable energy sources Promoting the planting of fuelwood forests and retrofitting rural facilities that consume fuelwood further enhances energy conservation efforts, creating a comprehensive approach to eco-friendly living.
YFD, YEPB, YPRO, YWCB, TNC
Project title Site Components and coverage Indicative budget
Project type Implementing agency Schedule g) Small biogas station systems; h) Small wind-powered generating units; i) Alpine passive solar energy heating units for primary and secondary schools.
Coverage: d) Kawagebo (Xidang and Sinon administration villages); e) Qianhushan (Jisha natural village); f) Bitahai; g) Yulongxueshan; h) Yunling (Laojunshan); i) Lashihai; j) Biluoxueshan
(Dimaluo administration village); k) Dulongjiang; l) Binzhongluo.
4) National park pilot program Deqin,
Components: a) Establish two national parks by introducing internationally recognized approaches of planning, construction and management according to local situation; b) Pilot program for concessionary mechanism establishment and favorite policy.
YCD, YTB, YFD, YEPB, TNC, relevant government agencies at different levels
5) Culture reserve (village) pilot program Deqin,
Gongshan Components: a) Demarcation; b) Infrastructure construction; c) Pilot program for various favorite policies.
Coverage: a) Kawagebo Tibetan Sacred Mountain Culture Reserve; b) Kongdang Dulong Culture Village.
TNC, the relevant government agencies at different levels
3 Bio-resource tapping innovative industry 86,000
Zhongdian 2,200 hectares (4 function zones: appreciation zone, rare and endangered plant zone, natural forest zone, and interpretation zone)
36,000 8.00/year Public and commercial benefit
2) Medicinal herb planting and processing NW Yunnan Planting of 20 species of medicinal herbs in about 1,333 hectares of land 50,000 Public and commercial benefit
4 Capacity building The training program will be consistent 13,000 2001-2003