Executive Summary
Many households have leftover paint stored in basements, garages, and sheds, leading to a common dilemma: what to do with it Local governments face increasing costs for managing this waste, especially as trash haulers often refuse to accept it With state revenues declining, finding cost-effective solutions for leftover paint disposal has become a pressing issue Consequently, stakeholders in paint management are eager to collaborate on effective strategies to address this growing problem.
The PSI report offers a comprehensive overview of the architectural coatings industry, emphasizing product stewardship and end-of-life management for leftover paint It aims to establish a technical foundation for a national dialogue initiated by the Product Stewardship Institute in December 2003 This technical report equips government representatives, the painting industry, and other stakeholders with essential information to enhance their participation in the ongoing discussion.
This report is accompanied by a separate document by the Product
Stewardship Institute entitled, Product Stewardship Action Plan for Leftover
The Action Plan addresses critical issues and potential solutions for managing leftover paint, derived from nearly 40 interviews with stakeholders such as government officials, paint manufacturers, retailers, painting contractors, recyclers, and others These discussions revealed a diverse range of perspectives on effective leftover paint management strategies.
Leftover paint is a valuable resource that can be utilized by both private and public sectors to create markets, generate jobs, and minimize the environmental impact of paint disposal By repurposing leftover paint, manufacturers can access an affordable source of raw materials, promoting sustainability in the paint industry.
Improper disposal of leftover paint, including both latex and oil-based varieties, poses significant environmental risks and costs state and local governments millions of dollars each year Effective collection and management of these paints are crucial for safeguarding the environment.
Latex paint poses minimal environmental risks and is generally considered safe Consumers are responsible for properly disposing of leftover latex paint, either by using it up or drying it out In contrast, oil-based paint is hazardous, and it is crucial for both consumers and government agencies to ensure its safe disposal.
Managing leftover paint presents a complex challenge, but it also offers opportunities for creative solutions that can mitigate environmental impacts and reduce costs for government budgets.
Over the past 30 years, the paint industry has made significant strides in minimizing environmental impacts by eliminating mercury and reducing lead and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in paints The enhanced performance of latex paints has led to a rise in their market share compared to oil-based alternatives To further reduce paint waste, many retailers and manufacturers now offer consumers guidance on purchasing the appropriate amount of product for their projects.
Significant amounts of leftover paint from households and contractors pose environmental risks when disposed of improperly Oil-based paints are hazardous due to their combustible nature and organic solvents, while some latex paints may also contain harmful substances Liquid paints are often prohibited in landfills as they can lead to groundwater contamination and negatively impact aquatic ecosystems Utilizing leftover paint as a substitute for raw materials in production can greatly reduce the environmental impacts associated with material extraction and waste management.
Increasing the recycling rates of steel and plastic paint containers represents another opportunity to reduce the life-cycle impacts of paint.
Product stewardship is a principle that directs all participants involved in the life cycle of a product to take responsibility for the impacts to human health and the natural environment that
Paint is a top concern based on its high volume in the waste stream, subsequent costs to manage, and high potential for increased recovery, reuse, and recycling
In 2000 about 637 million gallons of paint were sold in the United States, equal to approximately 2.3 gallons per person Of that amount, 34 million gallons are estimated to become leftover, or
“surplus,” paint annually (see page 21).
Paint is the most costly hazardous household product for local governments to manage, potentially costing up to $275 million annually in disposal efforts The life cycle of paint involves manufacturers, retailers, consumers, and government, with many already participating in product stewardship initiatives Some manufacturers repurpose leftover materials to create recycled paint, while retailers in certain states have developed programs encouraging consumers to return unused paint for recycling or safe disposal Despite these efforts, significant challenges persist in achieving widespread paint recovery and minimizing environmental impact PSI acknowledges that product stewardship in the paint industry encompasses more than just leftover paint management, including child-proof containers, worker safety in manufacturing, and 24-hour emergency hotlines staffed by experts This report specifically addresses the issue of leftover paint within the broader context of paint product stewardship.
BARRIERS TO RECYCLING LEFTOVER PAINT
State and local governments invest millions to handle leftover paint, yet the market for recycled paint remains underdeveloped Many manufacturers of recycled-content paint struggle to sell non-white varieties, resulting in unsold inventory This low demand has prompted those managing leftover paint to explore alternative uses, such as incorporating it as a cement additive to extract value.
In addition, many municipalities, faced with limited budgets, have started to encourage consumers to dry out and dispose of latex paint in favor of higher priority products.
Market barriers to recycled paint include a perception among some homeowners and painting contractors that recycled paint is of poor quality
The limited color options and challenges in color matching can hinder the sales of recycled paint Additionally, some manufacturers worry about the potential contamination of recycled paint due to heavy metals and bacteria Nevertheless, data from recycled paint producers indicate that these issues can be effectively mitigated through proper sorting of paint after collection.
Concerns among paint manufacturers regarding recycled paint stem from fears of losing market share to more profitable virgin products The industry is grappling with profit and growth pressures, exacerbated by a global economic slowdown and a rising trend in the use of vinyl and other exterior surfaces that eliminate the need for paint.
Laws surrounding volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the management of waste paint present significant challenges to recycling efforts While federal regulations typically do not classify household waste as hazardous, states like Massachusetts and California impose stricter rules that categorize leftover paint as hazardous once collected This creates complications for retailers and other entities looking to participate in waste paint collection and recycling, as they risk being labeled as "hazardous waste generators" and facing potential liability for the waste.
OPPORTUNITIES TO INCREASE PAINT STEWARDSHIP
Manufacturers, retailers, and government entities have made significant strides in enhancing paint stewardship initiatives Many manufacturers are now repurposing leftover paint as an economical raw material for mid-grade products, while others effectively market reblended and recycled paint to various sectors, including contractors, consumers, non-profits, and government agencies Additionally, leftover paint is utilized in other applications, such as a cement additive, and most oil-based paint is processed for its energy recovery through fuel blending.
Introduction
This report provides essential background information for a national stakeholder dialogue on the management of architectural coatings, specifically paint Organized by the Product Stewardship Institute (PSI), the dialogue seeks to unite representatives from the paint industry, associations, retailers, government entities, environmental and consumer advocates, and paint recyclers The goal is to collaboratively create a strategy to address issues surrounding leftover paint management.
PSI collaborates with 26 state and 23 local government members to mitigate health and environmental impacts from consumer products By partnering with manufacturers, retailers, environmental organizations, and other stakeholders, PSI develops agreements aimed at achieving shared objectives Current initiatives focus on product stewardship for various items, including electronics, paint, pressurized gas cylinders, tires, beverage containers, industrial radioactive devices, and mercury thermostats.
State and local government officials have requested PSI to tackle the significant issue of paint waste, which is a major contributor to the waste stream The management costs associated with paint disposal are substantial, and there is a considerable opportunity for enhanced recovery, reuse, and recycling Additionally, paint may contain harmful substances such as volatile organic compounds, fungicides, and heavy metals, making its proper handling essential for environmental safety.
This report focuses on latex and oil-based architectural coatings, commonly referred to as water-based and solvent-based paints These two categories constitute the majority of paint products collected by state and local government programs For the purposes of this report, the term "paint" encompasses both types of architectural coatings.
Latex paint, commonly known as water-based paint, no longer contains latex from rubber trees, as manufacturers transitioned to using plastic resins like vinyl and acrylic starting in the 1950s.
Water-base and Waterborne These are equivalent terms, describing paints formulated with water, thinned with water, and cleaned up with water See Latex Paint.
Oil-based paint, also known as solvent-based paint, gets its name from the natural oils that were initially used as binders Over time, these oils have been replaced by plant-derived and synthetic alkyds This type of paint is soluble in hydrocarbon and oxygenated solvents, but it is not water-soluble.
Leftover paint primarily refers to unused post-consumer paint, and in some municipalities, it also includes waste from painting contractors Related terms such as waste paint suggest minimal value, while surplus paint refers to retailer miss-tints or discontinued products This category encompasses exterior solvent and water-based stains, which share a similar composition with exterior paint and can generally be managed like these products Additionally, while not covered in this report, household hazardous waste collection sites often gather specialty paint products, including marine, automotive, and artist waste paint, along with other items like wood furniture stains, thinners, and strippers.
This report does not address paint reformulation aimed at minimizing life cycle impacts Over the past few decades, the industry has successfully reduced volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metals, and overall paint hazards in response to regulations, cost factors, and customer preferences.
The Environmental and Human Health Hazards of Leftover Paint
Since the 1970s, government regulations and industry efforts have significantly minimized the environmental impact of paint Today’s architectural coatings contain fewer volatile organic compounds (VOCs), reduced lead levels, and no mercury, marking a stark contrast to those from two decades ago Environmentally friendly latex paint has gained substantial market share, increasing from 30-35% of architectural coating sales in the 1970s to over 80% today.
Despite these successes, paint still poses an environmental concern
Leftover paints are considered liquid waste, posing challenges for proper disposal Oil-based paints contain combustible solvents and may release hazardous air pollutants, while latex paints often fail fish bioassay tests and can contain trace amounts of formaldehyde Additionally, older paint products collected may still contain harmful heavy metals such as lead and mercury.
The paint industry, along with governmental and non-governmental organizations, is increasingly focused on sustainability goals aimed at minimizing the environmental impacts throughout the product life cycle Notably, the extraction and production of virgin raw materials for paint significantly contribute to environmental degradation, overshadowing the impacts of manufacturing and transportation.
If leftover paint were used as a substitute for virgin raw materials in the production of new product, it would greatly reduce the environmental impacts associated with paint manufacture
Oil-based paints contain hydrocarbon and oxygenated solvents like toluene and glycol ethers, making them combustible and posing risks to both environmental and human health When used in poorly ventilated spaces, the solvents can irritate the eyes, skin, and lungs, leading to respiratory issues, muscle weakness, and potential damage to the liver and kidneys Although leftover oil-based paint from households is not classified as hazardous waste, it still demonstrates hazardous characteristics.
This life-cycle study evaluates three recent paint life cycle inventory (LCI) studies to analyze the environmental impact of coated exterior wooden cladding Due to the hazardous characteristics of leftover liquid oil-based paint, states and municipalities are advising households against disposing of it in regular trash The National Paint and Coatings Association (NPCA) emphasizes that liquid solvent-based paint should not be discarded with normal waste, as drying it can pose fire risks and contribute to indoor air pollution Additionally, pouring oil-based paint down drains or into sewers can lead to significant environmental issues, including groundwater contamination Instead, the NPCA recommends participating in local paint collection or hazardous household waste programs for safe disposal.
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) studies indicate that titanium dioxide (TiO2) and specific binders are the primary contributors to the environmental burden of paints, surpassing hydrocarbon and oxygenated solvents (Họkkinen et al.) For instance, in alkyd semi-gloss paint, the alkyd resin and TiO2 significantly impact energy consumption and emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx), as well as chemical oxygen demand (COD) When titanium dioxide or zinc oxide pigments comprise 10-30% of the paint, their environmental impacts are considerable, with TiO2 presenting a notably higher burden than zinc oxide Additionally, the chloride process for manufacturing titanium dioxide generates substantial dioxin-contaminated waste In contrast, the environmental impacts of other paint ingredients, such as calcium carbonate, talc fillers, iron oxides, and ferric sulfate additives, are relatively minor compared to those of alkyd resins and TiO2.
Latex paints present significantly lower health and environmental risks compared to solvent-based paints, primarily because they consist of 50% to 90% water However, improper disposal of latex paint into water bodies poses an environmental concern Additionally, water-based paints may contain solvents like ethylene glycol and glycol ethers, as well as trace amounts of formaldehyde-containing bactericides, which can be hazardous to human health when used in poorly ventilated areas.
Latex paint poses significant environmental risks, particularly to fish and aquatic ecosystems, primarily through spills or the improper disposal of waste paint into storm drains Research conducted by the California Department of Fish and Game has demonstrated substantial evidence of this toxicity, highlighting the urgent need for responsible paint disposal practices to protect marine life.
1990) According to DFG, “ latex paints, having both toxic constituents as well as high concentrations of pigments with increased turbidity can be
The Final Paint Technical Report indicates that certain substances are highly harmful to fish and aquatic life, emphasizing that they should not be allowed to enter state waters or be located where they could contaminate these waters Additionally, tests conducted on wash water from latex rollers and brushes yielded similar harmful results, reinforcing the concerns raised by DFG in its analysis.
Many individuals, including painters, are aware that oil-based paints and thinners are harmful to aquatic life and should not be disposed of in streams or the environment However, due to the water-based nature of latex paints, which are not typically toxic, they mistakenly believe that disposing of these paints in storm drains or streams is permissible.
Disposing of dried latex solids in a sanitary landfill is environmentally safe; however, the drying and solidifying process can deter consumers, as noted by solid waste officials To properly dry excess latex paint, it must be protected from rain and kept away from children, pets, and wildlife For larger amounts of leftover paint, it's necessary to spread it in a thin layer on cardboard or mix it with absorbent materials like cat litter.
Consumers frequently struggle to differentiate between leftover latex and oil-based paints It is important to note that oil-based paints should not be solidified through evaporation, even though dried oil paint is not classified as hazardous.
From a life-cycle perspective, oil-based paints, particularly their polymer systems like styrene acrylate and titanium dioxide (TiO2), have the most significant environmental impacts While higher-quality paints, whether latex or oil-based, typically contain more TiO2 for better coverage, they do not necessarily have a greater environmental burden due to their longer lifespan and fewer application issues, which reduce the need for repainting Conversely, lower-quality paints may require multiple coats, leading to increased paint waste and higher emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during application and cleanup, as well as more waste from related materials like brushes and drop cloths.
Approximately 90% of architectural paint is packaged in steel cans, which typically contain at least 25% recycled steel, with a maximum recycled content of 30-35% due to manufacturing constraints Despite the Steel Recycling Institute's advocacy for paint can recycling, our research reveals that the practice is inconsistent nationwide, with only about half of the surveyed communities offering steel paint can recycling options.
In recent years, plastic cans have gained market share due to their competitive pricing and advantages over traditional steel cans, as they are lighter, more resistant to rust and dents, and often made from polypropylene with a steel rim Major suppliers like Behr utilize plastic/steel hybrid cans for their substantial paint sales, and leading manufacturers such as KW Plastics and U.S Can Corporation produce these hybrid containers using 100% post-consumer materials However, despite claims of easy recyclability, many communities lack the necessary systems to recycle these hybrid cans collected at paint events and facilities.
Paint Product Stewardship
Product stewardship emphasizes the shared responsibility of all stakeholders in a product's life cycle to mitigate its effects on human health and the environment Key participants in this cycle include resource extractors, manufacturers of primary ingredients, paint formulators, retailers, government agencies, and consumers, all of whom play a crucial role in the production, use, and disposal of products.
In the late 1990s, product stewardship emerged as a significant concern in the United States due to a substantial rise in waste directed to landfills, incinerators, and wastewater treatment facilities over the previous two decades This surge in waste generation highlights the critical need for enhanced recycling and disposal strategies.
2 Keoleian, Gregory A., Spitzley, David V., Guidance for Improving Life Cycle Design and
Management of Milk Packaging, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 1999 Volume 3, Number 1.
Local communities are facing escalating costs associated with managing toxic products and preventing them from entering solid waste disposal facilities As these financial burdens become overwhelming, local agencies seek assistance from state governments In response, state and local agencies are now collaborating with product manufacturers, retailers, and other stakeholders to address this issue, which some local governments have labeled an "unfunded industry mandate."
In recent years, various levels of government have launched product stewardship initiatives targeting items such as electronics, carpets, pressurized gas cylinders, beverage containers, mercury-containing products, radioactive materials, and paint These efforts aim to minimize the life-cycle impacts of these products while discovering cost-effective methods to reclaim their residual value at the end of their useful life and reintegrate the materials into new products.
In the United States, various paint-related product stewardship initiatives engage retailers, manufacturers, and local and state governments, primarily targeting latex paint due to the hazardous nature of oil-based alternatives These programs encompass product reformulation, paint collections, and the reblending of leftover paint for resale domestically or internationally A comprehensive overview of these stewardship methods can be found in Figure 1, while Section 8 of the report provides detailed descriptions of the current product stewardship programs.
Figure 1: Paint Product Stewardship Efforts
1 Product reformulation to reduce toxicity and other life-cycle impacts
2 Consumer education to prevent over purchase, promote proper paint storage, and encourage the public to use up paint rather than disposing of it
3 Giving or swapping paint with neighbors or others to use up
4.1 On-site mixing to sell or give to charity
4.2 Original manufacturer take back and mix into product
4.3 Reblended off-site by recycler (not original manufacturer) and resold
5 Collection site/event reuse/recycling
5.1 Organized “Swap” programs for residents or charity
5.2 On-site blending of paint for sale or charity
5.3 Manufacturer pick up for reblending into product
6.1 Paint sent for offsite recycling and returned to municipality for sale or charity
6.2 Paint sent offsite to processor (public or private) for recycling
6.2.1 Paint recycled into new paint products
6.2.2 Paint recycled into other products such as cement
6.3 Paint sent off site for disposal
6.3.1 Paint is used as alternative daily cover for landfill
7.1 Dry and dispose of in municipal trash
This article outlines various paint product stewardship activities tailored for retailers, consumers, contractors, government officials, and manufacturers, aiming to foster stakeholder dialogue It emphasizes that these suggestions are meant to inspire discussion rather than serve as definitive guidelines, as there is no one-size-fits-all approach to product stewardship The effectiveness of these methods can vary significantly based on local factors, including the availability of recyclers, engaged retailers, and nearby manufacturing facilities.
What Can Retailers Do? • Educate consumers on how to purchase the right amount for the job, proper storage techniques,
12 and local collection opportunities for leftover paint.
• Provide homeowners and contractors with convenient leftover paint collection locations.
• Sell paint with reduced toxicity including zero and low VOC paint.
What Can Homeowners and Contractors Do?
• Purchase only the amount required for the job and use it up.
• Participate in paint swap programs.
• Purchase paint that has reduced toxicity including zero VOC paint.
• Properly dispose of latex paint at the end of its useful life, but only as a last resort if no available recycling opportunities exist.
• Sponsor the development of national standards for recycled paint.
• Reduce paint toxicity and other life-cycle impacts.
• Promote standard criteria for use of recycled paint for design professionals and contractors.
• Take back own brand of paint and incorporate it into existing products.
• Package paint in containers designed to reduce the lifecycle environmental burdens (e.g., containers produced using recycled materials, and that are easily recyclable).
• Produce paint that contains recycled content and market it to consumers for appropriate applications.
• Sponsor and participate in collection programs to recover leftover paint.
Do? • Purchase recycled content paint for agency uses.
• Develop procurement contracts designed to encourage the purchase and use of paint with recycled content and/or reduced toxicity.
• Set standards for what constitutes recycled or re-blended paint
• Assist manufacturers of recycled-content paint in market studies and obtaining capital or low interest loans for facility construction or improvements.
• Reduce regulatory barriers to leftover oil-based paint collection and transportation.
• Educate consumers and contractors on purchase and disposal.
Paint Production
This section examines the production of paint in the United States, emphasizing architectural coatings, particularly latex and oil-based paints It also briefly discusses specialty paints and other related products that are relevant in national conversations Key materials utilized in paint, their functions, and the application and market share of each paint type are highlighted.
In 2000, the global production of paints and coatings reached approximately 25.6 million metric tons, valued at around $60 billion, with U.S manufacturers contributing 5.82 million metric tons, or about one-quarter of the total The paint industry is considered mature, with its growth closely tied to the economic health, particularly in the housing, construction, and transportation sectors Additionally, North America and Europe have seen a significant trend towards consolidation, with the ten largest producers accounting for roughly 45% of the global market share.
Over the past two decades, the paint industry has undergone significant changes with the widespread adoption of low-VOC and waterborne (latex) paints This shift has been driven by environmental regulations, economic factors, and increasing consumer demand for safer products As a result, many manufacturers have transitioned from traditional solvent-based formulations to waterborne options For instance, the use of latex paints in architectural applications rose dramatically from 30-35% in 1970 to 70-80% by 1990.
Additional factors for the shift included rising energy and solvent costs and manufacturing safety and environmental considerations
Paints and coatings serve two essential functions: decoration and protection They can be categorized into three main types: Architectural coatings, which account for 45% of global coatings, are used for both interior and exterior applications to enhance and safeguard new and existing structures, including homes, public buildings, and factories Industrial and Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) finishes make up 40% of the market and are applied during the manufacturing process to protect and beautify goods Lastly, special purpose coatings, representing 15% of global coatings, are utilized for various applications, including traffic paints, automotive refinishing, high-performance industrial coatings, and the protection of marine structures and vessels.
U.S paint exports exceeded imports by a factor of three in the year 2000 (see Table 1) However, exports were only about 6% of U.S production by volume, and imports less than 2% by volume.
Table 1: U.S 2000 Imports and Exports of Paints and Coatings (million of gallons),
Solvent- based Water-based Total
Source: SRI International, Chemical Economics Handbook 2002, Surface
The essential components of paint consist of binders, solvents, pigments, extenders, additives, and antimicrobials A typical formulation is illustrated in Figure 2, showcasing both an opaque latex acrylic topcoat and an opaque oil-based alkyd topcoat.
Binders, also known as resins, are essential nonvolatile film formers that effectively bond pigment particles together The majority, approximately 95%, of these film formers are synthetic resins, with acrylics being the most common, followed by alkyds and vinyls Other widely used coating resins include urethanes, polyesters, epoxies, amines, and cellulosics In contrast, resins derived from 100% natural ingredients make up only 0.2% of the total film formers used today.
By the year 2000, the use of alkyds, which are composed of natural renewable oils like linseed, soya, and castor, increased significantly, rising to about 50% compared to pre-World War II levels Notably, these oils contribute up to 75% of the solid content in alkyd formulations.
Pigments are finely ground, insoluble particles that enhance coating formulations by adding color and opacity In addition to their primary role, they serve as fillers, reinforcements, and modifiers of various properties These pigments can be classified as either natural or synthetic, as well as inorganic or organic.
Solvents are volatile liquids essential for dissolving or dispersing film-forming constituents in paints, with two main types: organic solvents and water The use of organic solvents, primarily hydrocarbons and oxygenated solvents, has decreased by over 25% since 1973 due to stricter environmental regulations and changing consumer preferences Hydrocarbons, the most prevalent paint solvents, are categorized into aliphatic and aromatic types, with mineral spirits being the most common aliphatic solvent Aromatic solvents, such as toluene, xylene, and naphthas, offer stronger solvency but have a more intense odor Oxygenated solvents, including ketones, esters, glycol esters, and alcohols, are frequently used with synthetic binders Ketones are noted for their strong odor and varying water solubility, while esters provide similar solvency with more pleasant scents Glycol ethers, commonly found in low concentrations in water-borne paints, are characterized by their mild odor, excellent water miscibility, strong solvency, and slow evaporation rate.
Extenders and additives play a crucial role in enhancing the production, application, and performance of paint Among these, plasticizers, which improve flexibility, represent nearly 25% of all additives Surface-active agents serve essential functions as emulsifiers, pigment suspension aids, and wetting agents Additionally, the category of additives encompasses thickeners like cellulose ethers, dryers, anti-skinning agents, anti-flooding agents, marproofing aids, sanding aids, UV absorbers, and corrosion inhibitors, all contributing to the overall quality and durability of paint products.
Antimicrobials, including bactericides, fungicides, and algaecides, are essential in both oil-based and latex-based paints, particularly in humid regions Following the EPA's 1990 ban on mercurial compounds in paint, which still exists in some older formulations, two primary types of paint antimicrobials are now utilized: in-can preservatives and dry-film preservatives In-can preservatives, such as isothiazolinone and amine adduct, prevent paint spoilage, while dry-film preservatives like chlorothalonil, n-octyl isothiazolin, iodoproynylbutyl carbamate (IPBC), and zinc pyrithione combat fungi and algae after application.
Figure 2: Typical Paint Formulation (percent by volume)
5.3 Latex and Oil-based Paints
In 2001, U.S paint manufacturers shipped 617 million gallons of architectural coatings, with nearly two-thirds (386 million gallons) designated for interior use and just over one-third (224 million gallons) for exterior applications Latex paints dominated the market, accounting for 81.2% of shipments, up from 79.9% in 2000, and representing 89% of interior and 71% of exterior coatings The total value of these shipments reached $6.73 billion, averaging $10.91 per gallon, while oil-based paints were notably more expensive than their latex counterparts.
In the U.S., the average price of interior latex paint is $10.36 per gallon, while the cost for other paint types averages $12.64 per gallon For detailed data on the quantity and value of paint shipments, refer to Appendix A of the U.S Census Bureau's 2002 report on Paint and Allied Products.
Table 2: U.S 2000 Consumption of Paint (million gals)
In the low-gloss or flat coatings market, which holds a major share of architectural coatings (about
Waterborne formulations dominate the architectural coatings market, comprising over 95% of interior flat paints and more than 85% of exterior flat house paints High-gloss paints, including semi-gloss and gloss enamels, represent approximately 30-35% of sales, although their consumption has declined as consumers increasingly prefer semi-gloss options Solvent-borne alkyd enamels still hold a significant share in the high-gloss segment, with around 75% of the interior market and nearly 100% of the exterior market Nevertheless, the latex paint share is anticipated to rise due to stricter environmental regulations and advancements in paint performance.
Figure 3: U.S Shipments of Paints and Allied Products in 2001
Specialty paints are designed for unique applications and conditions, including extreme temperatures and marine environments While solvent-based formulations remain the most common, there is a noticeable trend towards the adoption of waterborne formulations, driven by stricter VOC regulations.
Leftover Paint Volume and Cost
Leftover paint is produced by DIY consumers, contractors who leave paint with clients, and retailers due to returns, miss-tints, and shrinkage While the purchasing habits of contractors and DIY enthusiasts are well documented, the annual volume of unwanted paint generated by households remains largely unclear.
Municipal and state agencies consistently reported to PSI that leftover paint represents between 40% and 60% (by weight) of all material collected at
HHW collection facilities or events Using data from California and
PSI has estimated the annual generation rate of leftover DIY consumer paint in Washington, focusing on states with extensive collection data for leftover paint These selected states collectively represent a significant portion of the overall paint waste generated.
Approximately 13 percent of U.S households face challenges in properly disposing of leftover paint due to limited access to drop-off centers or collection events The PSI utilized data from various municipal collection programs across states, including those beyond California and Washington, to estimate the average cost associated with managing a gallon of leftover paint However, there remains a lack of definitive data regarding the extent of this issue.
6.1 Quantity Of Leftover Consumer Paint
Estimating the volume of leftover paint for the entire U.S is difficult, but using data from the two states with the most comprehensive programs
(California and Washington), PSI estimates the annual national generation of leftover consumer paint to be from 16 to 35 million gallons (See Table 4), or
Sales estimates range from 2.5% to 5%, excluding volumes generated by contractors (unless leftover paint is provided to consumers), dealer miss-tints, paint manufacturers, private businesses, and public agencies such as schools and public works departments For a more detailed analysis, please refer to sections 6.1.1 and 6.1.2.
Table 4: Estimate of Leftover Consumer Paint in U.S.
(C) Percent of Households with Local HHW Program
(E) Estimate of Potential Leftover Paint (gal.) [3]
(F) Estimate Leftover Paint in U.S based on Actual Collection (gal./year) [4]
(G) Estimate Leftover Paint in U.S based on Estimated Collection (gal./year) [5]
3 Retailers also generate paint waste due to from customer returns, mistints, spills, and other shrinkage.
1 Based on 105 million households in U.S according to U.S 2000 Census
2 Assumes the average weight of a gallon of paint is 10 pounds
3 Assumes estimates represent half of the leftover paint generated by the served households
4 National estimate based on actual state data assuming 100% of households are covered: [ (D) / (C) ] * 105,000,000 / (A)
5 National estimate based on estimated state data assuming 100% of households are covered: (E) / (A) * 105,000,000
In addition to the estimate based on California and Washington collection data, PSI also reviewed data from three additional sources:
• The National Paint and Coatings Association (NPCA) survey of 1,000 households;
• Paint collection data from Metro Regional Government in Oregon, which operates a successful paint recycling project; and
• An estimate based on HHW collection data across the country
• An estimate based on data collected by Product Care in Canada
PSI estimates the volume of waste to be between 16 to 35 million gallons, which aligns closely with the 28 million gallon estimate from Product Care This range is also positioned between the NPCA's estimate of 9 million gallons and Metro's higher estimates of 40 to 47 million gallons based on collection data The methodology for these PSI estimates is detailed in the following sections.
California's government operates an extensive household hazardous waste (HHW) collection program, featuring 85 permanent facilities, 245 temporary collection events, and 107 recycle-only sites as of fiscal year 1998 Approximately half of the state's population benefits from access to these permanent facilities, where paint and other hazardous materials are safely collected.
Temporary events and facilities for hazardous household waste (HHW) accommodate approximately 40% of the population, accepting a range of materials including paint, motor oil, latex paint, and batteries Meanwhile, around 10% of the population, primarily in rural areas, lacks access to these collection services Additionally, a few local governments in California offer collection options for small businesses and private contractors, though this service typically incurs a fee.
Around 90% of the public can access household hazardous waste (HHW) collection options; however, many facilities and events are often inconveniently located Additionally, budget constraints lead local governments to restrict their advertising and outreach initiatives, as well as the operating hours of collection facilities.
Despite the existence of paint collection programs, challenges remain due to inconvenient locations, limited operating hours, and a general lack of awareness about collection facilities and events Many of California's permanent collection sites are relatively new, being less than five years old, and it is anticipated that the amount of collected paint will continue to rise A recent study highlighted a 20% increase in paint collection efforts in California, indicating a growing trend in paint management.
1998 to 1999 (CIWMBa 2001) Household participation rates averaged less than 10% per year, with only 5% participating in 1998/1999.
In 2000, California collected 17.2 million pounds of leftover paint, split evenly between latex and oil-based types This amount likely represents about 50% of the leftover paint generated, with the remainder either stored, dried up, or disposed of improperly Assuming the program reaches 90% of California's 11.5 million households, we can estimate a national total of 17 to 35 million gallons of leftover paint, based on an average density of 10 pounds per gallon Interestingly, the ratio of collected latex to oil paint (1:1) contrasts with the sales ratio of approximately 4:1, suggesting that consumers may be more efficient in using or disposing of water-based paints, or that their stored inventory reflects older purchasing patterns when both types were sold equally.
The State of Washington has a comprehensive paint collection program that serves nearly all residents, except for a few rural areas Various municipal entities manage these programs, which feature both permanent collection sites and one-day events for hazardous household waste (HHW) like paint and used oil Unlike California, some local programs in Washington accept waste from small businesses, known as Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generators (CESQGs), who pay a fee for disposal services Notably, the volume of waste collected from CESQGs accounted for one-seventh of the total collected from the general public.
Washington's paint collection programs encounter challenges akin to those in California, such as limited service availability due to inconvenient collection locations and hours, alongside a widespread lack of public awareness about collection facilities and events Additionally, the volume of leftover paint returns is expected to rise significantly in the future, as a national study indicates that paint disposal at permanent sites in the state is on the increase.
4 ((17.2 million lbs collected) / 10 (lbs/gal) * (105 million US households/10.35 million participating
California households generate approximately 17.4 million gallons of leftover paint, a figure that could double to around 35 million gallons if it's assumed that the state collects half of this waste Additionally, studies indicate that the amount of collected paint can increase by more than 600% during the first five years of a program's operation, eventually stabilizing after about eight years.
In 2000, Washington collected 3.3 million pounds of leftover paint, consisting of approximately 46% latex and 54% oil-based varieties This collection ratio does not align with the current sales ratio of these paint types, similar to findings in California Potential reasons for this discrepancy include consumers drying up latex paint in larger quantities and using it more efficiently than oil-based paint Additionally, the stored paint may reflect ratios from over a decade ago Despite these observations, PSI is unaware of any detailed studies addressing this issue.
Officials in Washington estimate that the amount of collected household hazardous waste (HHW) will double and stabilize over the decade from 2000 to 2010 Assuming that 95% of the state's 2.3 million households have access to local HHW programs, and with an average paint density of 10 pounds per gallon, the projected national estimate for leftover paint ranges between 16 to 32 million gallons.
6.1.3 NATIONAL PAINT AND COATINGS ASSOCIATION ESTIMATE
Management of Leftover Paint
7.1 Managing Left-Over Latex Paint
This section explores several effective management strategies for latex paint, including options such as paint swaps, consolidation, reprocessing, and reblending Additionally, it discusses the potential for using latex paint in other products and applications, as well as disposal methods like solidification and landfilling.
Many communities promote the donation of surplus paint to neighbors, friends, or local projects, fostering a spirit of sharing Additionally, some areas offer paint exchanges and organized swap events For instance, Massachusetts has established paint sheds in various cities and towns, equipped with shelving to store usable paint and facilitate easy swaps.
Implementing paint exchange and reuse programs significantly minimizes the disposal of leftover paint However, reliable data on the prevalence of such initiatives in the U.S is scarce Fixed-site paint swaps necessitate a dedicated manager to oversee the storage, quality assessment, and proper temperature conditions for paint, especially in colder regions Conversely, event-based swaps require sorting paint by quality and type, organizing it for public viewing, and facilitating an accessible exchange process.
Local government officials report that most paint exchanged in swap programs is either unopened or in good condition, making these initiatives a cost-effective solution for managing leftover paint However, our research reveals mixed feedback on these programs, with some citing the labor-intensive nature and associated costs of managing inventory and providing customer service Additionally, many municipalities noted that the volume of paint dropped off often exceeds that of paint swapped, suggesting that the success of these programs may depend on factors such as population density, effective program design, targeted marketing, and adequate staff training.
A 2002 report by PSI for the Massachusetts DEP examined paint programs in 15 communities, revealing that 11 of them actively promoted paint swapping, with varying levels of engagement The study highlighted that nine communities effectively quantified their paint collection and management strategies Notably, the findings indicated that 20% of the collected paint was exchanged through swaps, 48% was recycled, 23% was disposed of or used for fuel blending, while 9% of the paint's fate remained unknown.
Habitat for Humanity operates a swap program through its 50 ReStores, which are retail recycling facilities that sell donated quality building materials at discounted prices to the public These ReStores provide low-income homeowners with affordable options to enhance their homes while also diverting materials from landfills The funds raised and materials collected significantly boost Habitat's capacity for home-building projects.
The Sacramento, CA ReStore accepts and sells latex paint and related materials for Habitat home construction, adhering to specific guidelines They only accept latex paint that is no more than five years old, ensuring it has either never been opened or was only opened to check the color without being used All sheens and both interior and exterior grades of latex paint are welcome The store does not reblend paint and sources it from residents, businesses, and retailers, making it available for any shopper Staff report that paint sells quickly, highlighting its demand.
For the past nine years, the SouthEastern Ohio Joint Solid Waste Management District has meticulously documented its paint swap program in Washington County, Ohio, which is collaboratively operated with Solvay.
Advanced Polymers, Chevron-Phillips Chemical Co., Nova Chemical, and Kraton Polymers collaborate to organize a paint swap event on the Saturday before hazardous household waste (HHW) collection in various counties Volunteers from these companies, local agencies, and civic organizations assist in unloading vehicles and sorting paint by type, such as oil, latex, and spray Participants receive survey forms upon dropping off or taking paint, and the event runs for about seven hours, excluding setup and cleanup The paint is offered to the public at no cost, while unswapped paint is packed into DOT-approved containers for proper disposal by a hazardous waste contractor Over nine years, the program has successfully collected 10,303 gallons of paint, with 32% swapped and 6,691 gallons disposed of responsibly.
A recent survey by PSI of various state and local government programs revealed a lack of accessible data regarding the economics and efficiencies of paint swap programs This indicates that many communities do not monitor paint swaps, highlighting a potential area for further research.
Paint consolidation is the process of combining leftover paints that have similar characteristics into batches Consolidation is done at municipal
Final Paint Technical Report 32 facilities following collection eventsand at a small number of retailers The consolidation process typically involves the following steps:
1) Screening out of unusable paint
2) Sorting paint based on whether it is oil or latex paint
3) Sorting by characteristics such as color, finish, and type (e.g., interior vs exterior);
4) Pouring the latex leftover paint from the original containers into collection drums; and
Consolidation operations effectively filter paint to eliminate large particles and solids, while also conducting regular tests for contaminants The processed paint is typically packaged in 5-gallon containers for reuse, with local programs managing batch sizes that range from 30 to 200 gallons.
Consolidation offers a medium-grade paint made from 100% recycled materials, available in a limited selection of colors and sheens This eco-friendly paint is often sold at a low cost or donated to local government agencies, charities, homeowners, and contractors It is important to note that this paint is sold without warranties and is generally not found in retail stores.
Paint consolidation offers several advantages, including the elimination of the need for expensive equipment and specialized staff, allowing for convenient on-site processing This method significantly reduces storage and transportation costs, as the consolidated paint occupies less space than loose cans However, a notable drawback is the inconsistency in color, sheen, and performance, making it less ideal for projects where precise color matching is essential Despite this, paint consolidation can serve as a cost-effective alternative to virgin paint in certain applications.
Snohomish County, WA, offers a free latex paint consolidation program at its Moderate Risk Waste (MRW) facility, where a dedicated paint processor oversees the efforts of work release volunteers These volunteers are responsible for bulk processing collected paint into 55-gallon drums, blending it, and transferring it into four-gallon plastic buckets Any unusable paint is sent to a treatment, storage, and disposal facility for solidification and landfill disposal The consolidated paint is available for community members at an unstaffed, self-service store on-site, where customers can freely take what they need Although paint distribution slows during winter, the inventory is usually depleted by the end of summer, with the paint processor and MRW staff available to assist customers and answer questions.
In the first three quarters of 2003, Snohomish County effectively managed 41,407 gallons of latex paint, successfully consolidating and distributing 29,472 gallons while stabilizing and disposing of 11,935 gallons The program incurred costs of $48,000 for a full-time paint processor's salary and $19,500 for the disposal of non-salvageable paint, resulting in an approximate cost of $1.34 per gallon It's important to note that these figures do not account for the overhead expenses associated with operating the collection center.
Paint Product Stewardship Examples
This section showcases exemplary product stewardship practices in the paint industry, featuring initiatives from manufacturers, consumer education efforts, and collaborative projects among retailers, government entities, and manufacturers.
8.1 Manufacturer Initiatives to Reduce the VOC Content of Paint Products
In 1990, when the Clean Air Act was implemented, VOC emissions from architectural paints and industrial coatings reached 561,000 tons, accounting for 9% of total VOC emissions from consumer and commercial products The EPA subsequently established VOC limits for various paints, with the current federal standards set at 250 grams/liter for interior flat paint and 380 grams/liter for interior non-flat paint Many manufacturers now produce paints with VOC levels significantly below these federal thresholds However, there is no official standard defining "low VOC" or "zero VOC" paints, leading to ambiguity in these terms, which typically refer to paints containing less than a certain amount of VOCs.
Flat paints contain 100 grams of VOCs per liter, while non-flat paints have 150 grams per liter Zero-VOC paints are designed to have less than 5 grams of VOCs per liter Table 7 showcases a selection of zero-VOC paint products currently available on the market.
Table 7: Manufacturers of Zero VOC Paint
Paint Manufacturer Zero VOC Paint Product
BioShield Solvent Free Wall Paint
Duron Paints Genesis Odor-Free
Benjamin Moore Pristine Eco-Spec
Consumer purchasing choices significantly impact manufacturers' efforts to minimize the health and environmental effects of paint products Educating consumers about selecting low-VOC or non-toxic paints, choosing recycled-content options, determining the right quantity for their projects, employing effective painting techniques, and managing leftover paint properly is essential for promoting sustainable practices in the paint industry.
8.2.1 NATIONAL PAINT AND COATINGS ASSOCIATION
The NPCA has created a range of consumer education brochures focusing on health and safety concerns, painting techniques, and paint selection Additionally, they offer a guide for consumers called "The Six-Point Program for Leftover."
This guide provides essential information on purchasing the right amount of paint, proper storage techniques, and effective management of leftover paint, including recycling paint cans The National Paint and Coatings Association (NPCA) has also introduced the Post Consumer Paint Protocol and regularly publishes a newsletter featuring interviews with industry experts on leftover paint management Additionally, resources to assist municipalities with paint management are available on the NPCA website at www.paintinfo.org.
Paint manufacturers provide coverage information on labels to help consumers understand how much area a can of paint can cover However, many find it difficult to convert this coverage, usually given in square feet per gallon, into the actual amount of paint needed for their specific project To address this issue, several companies, such as Benjamin Moore, now offer interactive online calculators that assist consumers in estimating their paint requirements, with tools like the Benjamin Moore Paint Calculator available directly on their website.
Most paint manufacturers offer websites featuring essential resources such as product information, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), technical data sheets, selection guides, and application tips They often encourage retailers to advise consumers to buy only the necessary amount of paint, promoting responsible purchasing practices.
Manufacturers also provide information on proper storage and disposal For
11 Some manufacturers believe that the selection of recycled-content paint for consumers cannot be supported unless more comprehensive, regular testing on the paint ingredients is undertaken.
The Sherwin-Williams website offers essential guidelines for consumers on managing leftover paint It recommends saving small amounts for future touch-ups and ensuring freshness by placing plastic wrap over the can's mouth before securely replacing the lid Additionally, it advises storing the paint safely until the community organizes a collection day for proper disposal of leftover paint and stains.
State and local government agencies offer educational resources to help consumers calculate the right amount of paint to buy and manage leftover paint effectively For instance, the King County, WA Hazardous Waste Management Program provides a comprehensive online calculator that assists users in determining the appropriate paint quantity, selecting the right type of paint, and accessing painting safety tips Additionally, it guides consumers on how to utilize leftover paint, recycle it, and dispose of it properly.
In 2000, the City of Eugene, OR launched a public education campaign focused on paint disposal to protect stormwater Collaborating with local paint retailers, the city provided stores with paint stir sticks featuring the message, "Keep Stormwater Clean — Manage Paint Waste Wisely," along with informative posters and brochures on reusing, recycling, or disposing of leftover paint Participating retailers include Miller Paint, Tommy's Paint Pot, Forrest Paint Company, Sherwin-Williams, Fred Meyer, Home Depot, and True Value Hardware For more details on paint disposal and a list of participating stores, residents can visit the Eugene Public Works website at www.ci.eugene.or.us/pw The campaign is also promoted through local publications such as The Register Guard and Eugene Weekly, as well as on local radio stations.
8.3 Manufacturers of Recycled Content Paint
Recycled content paint manufacturers, or reprocessors, are crucial in producing products that utilize leftover paint, aiming to create market demand for these materials as part of product stewardship Their marketing initiatives focus on educating consumers about the environmental benefits and cost-effectiveness of recycled paint, highlighting its positive impact on sustainability.
Some paint manufacturers express concerns about the product liabilities linked to recycled content paint, particularly regarding hazard assessments and ingredient disclosures mandated by law They argue that the lack of assurance regarding the recycled content prevents them from accurately identifying chemical identities, which is essential for providing consumers and employees with reliable information on material safety data sheets and product labels Consequently, these manufacturers believe that effective hazard communication is unattainable, potentially leading to improper use of recycled paint, inadequate protection against exposure, and challenges in managing the product at the end of its life cycle.
A virgin paint manufacturer expressed concerns about a potential situation where a consumer, worried about their child's exposure to recycled paint, might contact the company's emergency response team The manufacturer highlighted the risk that the company could be unable to clearly identify the contents of the paint can and the associated hazards, raising significant safety concerns for families considering recycled paint options.
In civil suits, manufacturers often struggle to confirm the safety of their paint, which poses a risk of financial liability regardless of actual safety This uncertainty has led some virgin paint manufacturers to oppose paint recycling initiatives, fearing that a single high-profile incident could jeopardize the entire industry, including the emerging paint recycling sectors in the U.S and Canada.
The Market for Recycled Content Paint
This section reviews the market for recycled content paint, focusing on consolidated, reprocessed, and reblended paints PSI estimates the total supply of recyclable latex and oil-based paints while providing an overview of the markets for recycled paint, including contractors, consumers, and government buyers It discusses barriers to selling recycled paint and concludes with a review of government initiatives aimed at promoting the procurement of recycled content and low VOC paints.
Not all collected paint is suitable for recycling, as some may be hardened, contaminated, or rendered unusable due to freezing or bacterial growth Table 12 provides an estimate of the potential supply of leftover paint that can be recycled into both paint and non-paint products, based on specific assumptions made for this analysis.
• The total annual supply of leftover consumer paint is estimated to be 34 million gallons based on figures developed in Section 6.1 on page 21.
• The ratio of leftover latex paint to leftover oil-based paint parallels paint sales, which are 80% latex paint and 20% oil-based paint.
• Roughly 65% of leftover latex can be recycled back into paint; the rest must be disposed or recycled into other products (e.g., cement) 12
Limited information exists on the reprocessing rates of oil-based products; therefore, we will apply assumptions akin to those used for latex paints, estimating that 65% of leftover oil-based paint is recyclable into new paint products.
Table 12: Potential Supply of Leftover Paint
The overall reprocessing rates stand at 65%, derived from a 45% rate reported by Amazon Environmental in Minnesota from January to November 2001, and an 80% rate from the Metro, Oregon latex recycling plant during 2000-2001.
Total Leftover Paint Available for Collection (mil gal) 35.0
Amount Latex Available for Collection (mil gal) 28.0
Total Recyclable to Paint (mil gal) 18.2 Total Recyclable to non-paint products (mil gal) 9.8 Oil-Based Paint
Amount Oil-based Available for Collection (mil gal) 7.0
Total Recyclable to Paint (mil gal) 4.5 Total Recyclable to non-paint products (mil gal) 2.5
Note that the estimates above do not include volumes generated by contractors, dealer miss-tints, paint manufacturers, private business
(corporations), and public agencies (e.g., schools or public works departments) There are numerous factors that could impact the overall supply of leftover paint
• The quantity of supply is impacted by volumes collected by non-municipal entities, including those generators listed above.
• The quality of latex paint collected by municipal government is impacted by both consumer and collection facility paint management practices such as proper paint storage and sorting.
The amount of latex paint collected by municipal governments is influenced by the funding available for collection programs As a result, many local authorities discourage or even prohibit the public from dropping off latex paint at collection sites and events.
Recycled paint manufacturers face significant challenges in finding buyers for reprocessed paint, especially for non-white varieties For instance, Amazon Environmental collected 700,000 pounds of leftover latex paint from municipal programs in California within a year, but due to low demand, only 100,000 pounds were processed into paint, while the remaining 600,000 pounds were converted into a cement additive Similarly, Kelly-Moore, a California-based manufacturer of both virgin and reprocessed paint, shares a comparable experience regarding the difficulties in selling their reprocessed products.
Officials report that the recycled paint market in the 10 western states is underperforming, primarily serving government agencies and farms for low-end uses like fence painting Hirshfield’s Paint faced similar challenges with its recycled content paint, struggling to find buyers and resulting in warehouses filled with unsold recycled paint.
The Metro, OR latex paint program has successfully catered to a diverse clientele, including the general public, commercial entities, and non-profits While there is a high demand for white and off-white paints, many non-white colors, particularly pinks, still face supply challenges Despite distributing 39,700 gallons of paint from August 1999 to June 2002, the program ended the fiscal year with an inventory of 64,000 gallons of unsold paint.
2002 However, by the end of the 2002 calendar year, they had sold 110% of production, including much of the stockpiled paint.
Table 13: Metro Sales by Customer
Sold Transactions % of Total Sold General Public 49,023 3,994 38%
Recycled content paint can be utilized for a wide range of architectural applications, including wallboard, ceilings, trim, gutter boards, and various surfaces like concrete, stucco, masonry, wood, and metal, according to the EPA CPG In contrast, consolidated paint has more limited uses due to its failure to meet certain performance standards, such as durability and hiding power Reprocessors typically provide 8-10 color options along with various finishes, including flat, semi-gloss, and gloss The primary market segments for recycled paint include contractors, homeowners (often referred to as Do It Yourselfers or DIYs), and government agencies.
In 2000, painting contractors applied approximately 63% of architectural coatings, while DIYers accounted for 37% Contractors primarily purchase paint from retail outlets, which offer advantages such as competitive pricing, product availability, credit options, job-site delivery, and various container sizes By buying in bulk, contractors can benefit from substantial discounts of 25-40%, making prices lower than those at home centers and discount stores Retail outlets provide "professional grade" paints, specifically formulated for mid-range performance and excellent application properties at a lower cost This setup allows manufacturers to sell large quantities without sharing profit margins with other retailers Additionally, brand name paints are crucial for contractors, as clients often specify the paint type used.
Table 14: Architectural Coatings Market Share by Channels of
Source: Credit Suisse First Boston, 2001.
9.2.2 DO IT YOURSELFERS MARKET (DIY)
DIYers utilize multiple retail channels for their purchases, including retail outlets, home centers, discount stores, and independent hardware stores Notably, home centers account for nearly double the purchases compared to other sources, despite slightly higher prices.
Distribution Channel DIY Contractor Total
The DIY segment of the market, which includes 59 independent hardware stores, represents a significant portion of overall market value A key driver of this growth is the increasing popularity of water-based latex paints, known for their user-friendliness This ease of use has led to a decline in the demand for professional painters for various projects.
The public sector building market, including federal, state and local government, comprises roughly 3% of architectural coating demand (see Figure 6) Most government buildings are painted by contractors
The government has made efforts to boost the market for recycled paint by establishing content standards and urging procurement officers to purchase recycled products However, these initiatives have seen limited success, as many recycled paint manufacturers reported that, despite winning state and local government contracts, very little or no paint was actually purchased This lack of follow-through has led some companies to feel discouraged and reluctant to invest time in future bidding processes to become qualified suppliers.
Figure 6: Public Building Architectural Demand
Some state and local governments are advancing recycled paint procurement programs despite challenges The California Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB) runs the "State Agency Buy Recycled Campaign" (SABRC), which mandates state agencies to purchase recycled-content products across eleven categories, including paint.
2002 Predicted Demand (Mil Gal.) Residential Demand 622 Government Demand 17 Commercial 41
Each year, California state agencies are required to report the total gallons of paint purchased and the expenditures on recycled-content paint compared to overall paint purchases In the fiscal year 2000-2001, SABRC reports indicated that the state invested $428,394 in 75,161 gallons of recycled-content paint, while the total expenditure for both recycled-content and virgin paint reached $2,830,998 for 297,395 gallons This reflects a ratio of nearly one gallon of recycled-content paint for every four gallons purchased.
9.2.4 INCORPORATING LEFTOVER LATEX PAINT INTO OTHER PRODUCTS
Post-consumer latex paint can also be incorporated into lower grade products For example, Amazon Environmental also manufactures Processed Latex Pigment (PLP), a patented additive for Portland Cements Hernando
Regulatory Barriers to Paint Reuse and Recycling
This article examines three key regulatory issues related to leftover paint: the limitations on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in paint (section 10.1), the identification of banned and hazardous substances in paint products (section 10.2), and the protocols for the collection, management, and transportation of leftover paint (section 10.3).
New VOC standards for latex paint may hinder the use of recycled paint, as these recycled products might not comply with the stricter regulations set by California and proposed by some Northeastern states Since 1970, the Clean Air Act has imposed progressively tougher VOC requirements, prompting a transition from solvent-based to waterborne paint formulations Following the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, more stringent VOC limits were established for paints sold across the U.S by 2000, leading the paint industry to invest significantly in research and development to create compliant products, measured in pounds of VOCs per gallon or grams per liter, excluding water content.
California and Delaware, authorized by the Clean Air Act, have implemented stricter Architectural Coating Rules for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) under the Ozone Transport Commission (OTC) These regulations are significantly more stringent than federal standards, as outlined in CARB 2002 A comparison of these state-specific standards with federal regulations highlights the commitment of California and Delaware to improving air quality through enhanced coating requirements.
California is implementing some of the strictest VOC standards in the U.S., posing significant challenges for the architectural coatings industry This has sparked ongoing research and development efforts as the industry resists the adoption of the California Air Resources Board (CARB) standards, arguing that low VOC paints require multiple coats for adequate coverage, ultimately increasing overall VOC emissions Additionally, other OTC states are contemplating the adoption of similar stringent VOC regulations as those established in California and Delaware.
Table 19: Federal and California Architectural Coating VOC Rules
13 The OTC is comprised of Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Maine, Maryland,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont and Virginia.
Product Stewardship Institute 73 and Exterior) 1/1/2003] 7/1/2001] [50:
According to the EPA rule, any coating not specified in the provided table is categorized based on its gloss level, falling under either the flat category with a limit of 250 g/l or the nonflat category with a limit of 380 g/l.
2 Under the CARB 2000 Suggested Control Measure for Architectural Coatings, a coating not defined in the table above, falls into the flat (100 g/l 1/1/2003) or nonflat (150 g/l 1/1/2003) category based on the gloss level.
3 Antelope and South Coast are air districts located in the State of California; see www.arb.ca.gov/coatings/arch/rules/ruleinfo.htm
Manufacturers of reprocessed paint assert that their products meet current national VOC standards, with Metro Paint testing showing VOC levels between 30 to 100 grams per liter, significantly lower than the 150 grams/liter limit for interior paints and 200 grams/liter for exterior non-flat coatings set by various environmental guidelines Although Metro's paints do not comply with California's stricter 50 g/l standards, which take effect in 2008, there are concerns about whether paints containing a high percentage of leftover consumer paint will meet these new regulations, as they may include paint produced before the standards were established The time lag between manufacturing and reprocessing could lead to elevated VOC levels in recycled paints.
Paint manufacturers have voiced concerns to PSI regarding the potential contamination of their products due to paint collected from municipal programs, which may contain banned or restricted materials.
In 1978, the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) prohibited the manufacture of consumer-grade lead-containing paint, defined as paint with lead or lead compounds exceeding 0.06 percent of the total nonvolatile weight or the dried paint film weight This ban is detailed in sections 8 and 9 of the Consumer Product Safety Act (CPSA), specifically in 15 U.S.C 2057, 2058 and 16 CFR.
1303 Although most manufacturers have long since removed lead from their products, 2% of the 565 architectural and anti-corrosive latex paints tested in the
2000 Aberdeen Proving Ground study listed lead or lead compounds (lead chromate, and lead napththelate) on their MSDSs (see section 9.4.3 on page 70 for more detail on this study)
In 1990, EPA banned mercury in interior latex paint manufactured after August
On February 20, 1990, a ban was implemented on the use of mercury in interior latex paint, which previously contained this hazardous substance as an anti-mildew agent, antibacterial agent, and fungicide in about one-third of products In contrast, oil-based paints did not commonly utilize mercury The presence and quantity of dangerous materials in leftover paint are generally linked to the paint's age.
Table 20: Mercury and Lead in Paint Products Date Hazardous Materials Used in Paint
1953 Paint industry standards reduced lead levels in paint to 1.0% (or 10,000 parts per million)
1962 Lead reduced to 0.5% (or 1,000 parts per million)
1972 The Lead Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act established the level of 0.5% in house paints.
1972 Mercury compounds were banned by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency from use in marine paint.
The 1977 Lead Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act established a maximum allowable lead level of 0.06% (600 parts per million) in consumer paints, effectively banning lead at this concentration or higher However, this regulation excludes certain art supplies and industrial paints from the ban.
Until the early 1990s, paint manufacturing utilized EPA-approved mercurial biocides, including phenylmercuric acetate, to prevent mildew in latex paints However, the EPA prohibited the use of mercury in interior latex paints in 1990 and in exterior paints in 1991 Consequently, any paint produced prior to 1991 may still contain mercury.
1993 A Consumer Product Safety Commission study of consumer paint samples found that lead levels in paints on the market meet the standard and are actually below the 0.06 percent level.
Source: Washington State Department of Ecology, Hazardous Waste & Toxics Reduction Program
(www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/hwtr/demodebris/pages2/demopaint.htm) and
Background Information on Mercury Sources and Regulations, USEPA Great Lakes National Program Office, September 1994 www.epa.gov/grtlakes/bnsdocs/mercsrce/merc_srce.html
The levels of lead and mercury in recycled paint are influenced by the age of the leftover paint used as feedstock, and contamination can occur if non-architectural coatings containing these metals are mixed in during collection However, tests conducted by the Metro OR recycling facility have shown that the lead and mercury concentrations in their recycled paint are significantly below the limits set by the EPA and the Consumer Product Safety Commission.
• Lead – Metro Paint has been tested for lead 26 times between 1993 and
2000, and every test has shown 25 ppm or less.
• Mercury –Metro Paint has been tested 26 times between 1993 and 2000
The average mercury level is 23 ppm; the highest level recorded was 81
76 ppm, all well below the EPA limit for interior paint of 200 ppm (there is no EPA limit for exterior paint).
One virgin paint manufacturer believes that the current testing frequency for recycled paint is inadequate to ensure safety regarding lead and mercury levels, as well as other hazardous ingredients Critical components such as ethylene glycol, mineral spirits, crystalline silica, asbestos from talc, trace formaldehyde, and additional materials must be considered to provide consumers and workers with accurate hazard information This information is essential for creating Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) and properly labeling paint containers.
PSI could not determine the specific testing procedures employed by recyclers regarding the frequency and constituents tested However, Metro, Oregon, has conducted a profiling of its recycled paint, utilizing this data to create Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), product labels, and relevant information for consumers and workers.
Manufacturers selling products in California must comply with Proposition 65, which mandates the Governor to annually update a list of chemicals known to cause cancer, birth defects, or reproductive harm Businesses are required to provide clear and reasonable warnings before knowingly exposing individuals to these listed chemicals.
Overview of major industry players
This section presents information on parts of the paint industry, including manufacturers, retailers, and trade associations.
Since 1963, the number of paint manufacturers and production facilities has steadily declined, dropping from approximately 1,580 firms operating around 1,800 plants to about 500 companies and 700 plants by 2000 The most significant reduction occurred during the 1970s, and by 1990, only 750 companies remained The industry has become highly concentrated due to numerous mergers and acquisitions, with the top ten firms accounting for roughly 65% of total sales and the top fifty controlling about 85%.
Table 21: North American Coatings Market
16 Andrea Adams, Planner/Hazardous Waste Specialist, Cape Cod Commission, MA Personal
Source: Chemical Market Reporter, October 16, 2000.
The leading suppliers of architectural coatings include major paint and coatings producers such as Sherwin-Williams, holding a market share of 25-30%, followed by ICI-Glidden at 15%, PPG and Valspar each at 8%, and Benjamin Moore at 7% While these key players expanded their market shares during the mid-1990s, significant merger and acquisition activities have been rare since 1997, with the notable exception of Benjamin Moore's acquisition by Berkshire Hathaway in December 2000.
Table 22: North American Architectural Coatings Market
Company Market share Sherwin-Williams 25-30%
The National Paint and Coatings Association (NPCA) serves as the leading organization for paint manufacturers, representing approximately 400 companies, including manufacturers, raw materials suppliers, and distributors NPCA's main objective is to act as a strong ally and advocate on legislative, regulatory, and judicial matters across federal, state, and local levels.
The Painting and Decorating Contractors of America (PDCA) advocates for the paint contracting industry by promoting the benefits of hiring professional painting and decorating contractors PDCA is dedicated to establishing industry standards, creating training programs, and providing essential tools to enhance the business practices of painting contractors.
The Paint and Decorating Retailers Association (PDRA) serves as a key advocate for retailers in the paint products industry, focusing on paint, wallpaper, and window treatments The association hosts an annual trade show, produces two industry magazines, and offers educational resources and business development support to its members.
The architectural paint distribution landscape comprises three primary channels: Retail Outlets, Mass Merchants, and Independent Dealers Retail Outlets, like Sherwin Williams, lead in sales, followed by Independent Dealers, which include contractor-oriented specialty paint dealers, hardware stores, and decorator centers Mass Merchants, such as Home Depot and Walmart, rank third in sales volume Overall, the sector has experienced notable growth.
84 been greatest in the Mass Merchant category while Dealer stores sales have shrunken 17
The profit margins for paint manufacturers vary significantly across distribution channels, with Mass Merchants paying an average of $8.45 per gallon, Independent Dealers offering $12 or more, and Retail Outlets, which primarily serve contractors, paying nearly $10 per gallon.
This section primarily draws from an article published in Paint and Coatings Magazine by Dr Charles S Rooney and Charles E Bangert from Orr & Boss, Plymouth, MI (Bangert et al., 2000).
Average Price (paid by channel to manufacturer)
Table 24 presents the data on company-owned stores Valspar and Behr, which do not own stores, sell through Mass
In recent years, merchants have experienced substantial growth; however, this growth rate is now declining due to market saturation in various geographic areas For manufacturers, selling to mass merchants poses a business risk, as a significant portion of their products may be reliant on a single customer.
Independent dealers have lost market share in recent years – primarily to the Mass Merchants.
However some firms, such as Benjamin Moore, which sells almost solely through Independent Dealers, have seen strong growth
Manufacturers of Recycled Content Paint
There are a host of mostly small firms that recycle leftover consumer paint:
Amazon Environmental Services, Inc., Minnesota and
Kelly Moore, E-Coat paint Division, California
Nu-Blend Paints, Cincinnati, OH
Paint Recycling Company, Nova Scotia, CA
Rasmussen Paint Company, Portland, OR
Scott Paint Company, Gainesville, FL
Visions Recycling Inc., Sacramento, CA
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January 23-24, 2001 Agenda Item 23 http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/Agendas
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Cresset, National Volatile Organic Compound Emission Standards for
Architectural Coatings, 1998 http://www.cresset.com/EPA/VOCreg/reg2.htm
Desaritz, J “Biocide round-up: a market snapshot”, Modern Plastics and
Detiveaux et al 2001 “Regional Variation in the Architectural Coatings Market –
It Is Not One Market!” Paint and Coatings Industry Magazine September 2001 www.pcimag.com
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “Household Hazardous Waste
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “EPP [Environmentally Preferable
EPA CPG Final CPG [Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines] II/RMAN
[Recovered Materials Advisory Notice] II Background Document EPA530-R-97-
EPA 1997 HHW Management – A Manual for One-Day Community Collection Programs EPA 530A-R92-026
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 9, Household Hazardous Waste, http://www.epa.gov/region09/waste/solid/house.htm, 1993b.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Unified Air Toxics Website (UATW), http://www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/hapindex.html, 2001a.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Toxic Substances, http://es.epa.gov/oeca/ag/ttox.html, 2001b.
Họkkinen et al Environmental Impact of Coated Exterior Wooden Cladding, VTT Building Technology, Finland, 1999.
Hotz Environmental Services Home Page, http://www.hotzenvironmental.com/index.html, 2002.
MN Solid Waste Management Coordinating Board, Memo, March 15, 2000, website: http://www.swmcb.org/studies/PaintReport9.htm
National Paint and Coatings Association (NPCA), Post-Consumer Paint
National Paint and Coatings Association (NPCA), Leftover paint: An Overview,
1995, website: http://www.paintinfo.org/leftover/overview.htm
NPCA 1999 Protocol for Management of Post Consumer Paint www.paint.org/protocol/index.htm
Nightingale and McLain 1997 Lessons from Collections Facilities Operating At Least Six Years 1997 SWANA/NAHMMA Hazardous Material Management
Conference Proceedings, 18 November LaJolla, California, Solid Waste
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), Proposition 65, http://www.oehha.org/prop65.html, 1999.
Product Care Association, website: http://www.productcare.org/index.html, April
Quinn, J., ‘Metro Recycled Latex Paint: Background Information’, January 2002, Metro, Oregon.
Rooney et al 2000 “Channel Strategy for Architectural Paint in the New
Century.” Paint and Coatings Industry Magazine June 2000 www.pcimag.com
Solyan, R., ‘Environmentally Preferable Paints: Minimize Harm, Maximize
Savings’, An Aberdeen Proving Ground Study, April 1999
WA DOE 2000 Nightingale and Ellis Moderate Risk Waste Collection System Report Washington State Department of Ecology 2000 Publication No 00-07- 041
WA DOE 2001 Solid Waste in Washington State: Tenth Annual Status Report Washington State Department of Ecology 2001 Publication No 01-07-047
13 APPENDIX A: SHIPMENTS OF PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (2001)
Flat Wall Paint and Tinting Bases 3 $ 66
Gloss and Quick Drying Enamels 3 $ 49
Semi-Gloss, Eggshell, Satin Paints and Tinting Bases 10 $ 149
Flat Wall Paint and Tinting Bases 141 $ 1,249 Semi-Gloss, Eggshell, Satin Paints and Tinting Bases 132 $ 1,593
Other Coatings, Stains and Sealers 34 $ 401
Heavy Duty Truck, Bus and RV Finishes 12 $ 272
Appliance, Heating Equipment, AC Finishes 8 $ 117
Wood and Composition Board Flat Stock Finishes 11 $ 121
Paper, Paper Board, Film, and Foil Finishes 14 $ 108
Industrial New Construction and Maintenance Paints 43 754
Automotive, Other Transportation, and Machinery Refinish Paints 42 $ 1,672
Thinners for Laquers and Other Solvent Based Paint Products 33 $ 167
14 APPENDIX B: ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH, AND SAFETY IMPACTS OF CHEMICALS IN PAINTS
Antimony is a naturally occurring element that the general population encounters daily through food, drinking water, and air While low levels are typically harmless, prolonged exposure to high concentrations can lead to irritation of the eyes and lungs, as well as potential issues with the lungs, heart, and stomach Notably, major health organizations, including the Department of Health and Human Services, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, and the Environmental Protection Agency, have not classified antimony as a human carcinogen Although some studies have indicated a link between high levels of antimony exposure and lung cancer in rats, there is currently no conclusive evidence from human studies to determine its carcinogenic potential in humans.
Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that poses serious health risks, including lung damage and potential death from high-level exposure Consumption of food or water contaminated with high cadmium levels can lead to severe stomach irritation, vomiting, and diarrhea Long-term exposure to lower cadmium levels can result in kidney damage, fragile bones, and lung issues, while animal studies have shown links to high blood pressure, liver disease, and nerve damage The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has classified cadmium and its compounds as potential carcinogens Additionally, cadmium contamination has been identified at 388 of the 1,300 National Priorities List sites by the Environmental Protection Agency.
Hexavalent chromium exposure can occur through contaminated food, drinking water, or inhalation of polluted workplace air High levels of chromium (VI) exposure may lead to nasal irritation, including symptoms like a runny nose, nosebleeds, and damage to the nasal septum Ingesting significant amounts can result in severe health issues such as stomach ulcers, convulsions, and organ damage, potentially leading to death Skin contact with certain chromium (VI) compounds can cause ulcers and allergic reactions characterized by intense redness and swelling Research indicates that chromium (VI) compounds are linked to an increased risk of lung cancer, and both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) classify chromium (VI) as a human carcinogen The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) also recognizes the carcinogenic risks of chromium (VI) in the air.
92 carcinogen Chromium has been found at 1,036 of the 1,591 National Priority List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Lead is a well-known toxic metal with widely publicized harmful effects on human health This persistent and bioaccumulative chemical can adversely impact nearly every organ and system in the body High concentrations of lead may lead to severe brain and kidney damage, as well as gastrointestinal issues Prolonged exposure is linked to anemia, central nervous system disorders, elevated blood pressure, kidney dysfunction, and impaired vitamin D metabolism Additionally, lead exposure poses risks to male reproductive health.
Children are particularly susceptible to lead poisoning, with thousands of cases linked to the use of lead paint prior to its ban by environmental authorities Ingesting large amounts of lead can lead to severe health issues, including blood anemia, intense stomach pain, muscle weakness, and brain damage Even small pieces of old lead-based paint can pose significant risks if swallowed While smaller amounts of lead may result in less severe effects, they can still adversely impact a child's mental and physical development, highlighting the critical need for awareness and prevention of lead exposure.
Exposure to lead is even more dangerous for young and unborn children
Unborn children can be harmed by lead exposure from their mothers, leading to serious consequences such as premature births, smaller birth weights, and diminished cognitive abilities in infants Additionally, children may face learning difficulties and stunted growth, particularly when exposed to elevated lead levels during pregnancy.
The Department of Health and Human Services has identified lead acetate and lead phosphate as potential carcinogens based on animal studies, although there is insufficient evidence to conclusively establish lead's carcinogenicity in humans (ATSDR 2001).
Mercury exposure can happen through inhaling contaminated air, consuming tainted food and water, and undergoing certain dental and medical procedures High levels of mercury can lead to severe damage to the brain and kidneys.
Children and developing fetuses are particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of mercury, which can be transmitted from mother to fetus, leading to serious health issues such as brain damage, mental retardation, and seizures Mercury exposure in children can result in nervous and digestive system problems, as well as kidney damage Although there is limited human cancer data regarding mercury, studies have shown that mercuric chloride and methylmercury may increase tumor risks in animals, with the EPA classifying both as possible human carcinogens.
Methylene chloride exposure primarily occurs through inhalation of contaminated air, but can also result from skin contact or ingestion of contaminated water High levels of exposure may lead to central nervous system damage, while contact with the eyes or skin can cause burns The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified methylene chloride as a potential human carcinogen, and the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) considers it likely to be cancer-causing Additionally, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) categorizes it as a probable carcinogen for humans (ATSDR 2001).
Benzene exposure can lead to severe health consequences, including death from very high levels and symptoms such as dizziness, rapid heart rate, and confusion at high levels Ingesting benzene can cause vomiting and irritation, while long-term exposure primarily affects the blood, leading to anemia and increased infection risk due to bone marrow damage Women exposed to high benzene levels may experience irregular menstrual cycles and reduced ovarian size Although the impact on fetal development and male fertility remains unclear, animal studies indicate potential risks such as low birth weights and bone damage The Department of Health and Human Services has classified benzene as a known human carcinogen, linking long-term exposure to an increased risk of leukemia and other cancers related to blood-forming organs.
Toluene, also known as methylbenzene, can impact the nervous system, with low to moderate exposure leading to symptoms such as tiredness, confusion, weakness, memory loss, nausea, and impaired hearing and color vision These effects typically resolve once exposure ceases However, inhaling high levels of toluene in a short period can result in dizziness, light-headedness, sleepiness, and potentially severe outcomes like unconsciousness or death Additionally, elevated toluene levels may harm the kidneys Research indicates that toluene is not linked to cancer, and the EPA has stated that its carcinogenic potential cannot be classified.
Ethylbenzene is a colorless liquid commonly present in various products such as gasoline and paints While research on its health effects is limited, exposure to high concentrations of ethylbenzene can lead to dizziness.
Ethylbenzene exposure can lead to symptoms such as throat and eye irritation, chest tightness, and a burning sensation in the eyes Animal studies indicate potential effects on the nervous system, liver, kidneys, and eyes from inhaling ethylbenzene The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified ethylbenzene as not classifiable regarding human carcinogenicity, as there are no human studies linking it to cancer However, two animal studies suggest a possible association between ethylbenzene and tumor development.
Vinyl chloride exposure can lead to severe health effects, including dizziness, sleepiness, and unconsciousness, with extremely high levels potentially resulting in death Prolonged inhalation may cause permanent liver damage, immune reactions, nerve damage, and increase the risk of liver cancer The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) classifies vinyl chloride as a known human carcinogen (ATSDR 2001).
Appendix B: Environmental, Health, and Safety Impacts of Chemicals in Paints
Antimony is naturally present in the environment, leading to daily exposure for the general population through food, drinking water, and air Prolonged inhalation of high levels of antimony can irritate the eyes and lungs, potentially causing respiratory, cardiac, and gastrointestinal issues Although organizations like the Department of Health and Human Services, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have not classified antimony as a human carcinogen, some studies have shown lung cancer in rats exposed to high levels of the substance However, there are no human studies available, leaving the potential cancer risk of antimony in humans uncertain.
Cadmium is a highly toxic heavy metal that poses serious health risks, including lung damage and potential death from high-level exposure Ingesting food or water contaminated with elevated cadmium levels can cause severe stomach irritation, vomiting, and diarrhea Prolonged exposure to lower cadmium levels can lead to kidney accumulation, resulting in kidney disease, along with other long-term effects such as lung damage and weakened bones Animal studies have shown that cadmium exposure can lead to high blood pressure, anemia, liver disease, and neurological damage, though similar effects in humans remain undocumented The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has classified cadmium and its compounds as potential carcinogens Additionally, cadmium contamination has been identified at 388 of the 1,300 National Priorities List sites by the Environmental Protection Agency.
Hexavalent chromium exposure can occur through contaminated food, drinking water, or inhalation of polluted air, particularly in occupational settings Inhalation of high levels of chromium(VI) may lead to nasal irritation, including symptoms like a runny nose, nosebleeds, and potential damage to the nasal septum Ingesting significant quantities can result in severe health issues such as stomach ulcers, convulsions, and damage to the kidneys and liver, potentially leading to fatal outcomes Skin contact with certain chromium(VI) compounds can also cause ulcers, and some individuals may experience allergic reactions characterized by intense redness and swelling Research indicates that chromium(VI) compounds elevate the risk of lung cancer, with both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) recognizing chromium(VI) as a human carcinogen Additionally, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified chromium(VI) in air as a human health risk.
92 carcinogen Chromium has been found at 1,036 of the 1,591 National Priority List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Lead is a well-known toxic metal due to its widely recognized harmful effects on human health This persistent and bioaccumulative chemical can adversely impact nearly every organ and system in the body High levels of lead exposure can lead to severe consequences, including brain and kidney damage, as well as gastrointestinal issues Prolonged exposure is linked to anemia, central nervous system disorders, elevated blood pressure, kidney dysfunction, and disrupted vitamin D metabolism Additionally, lead exposure poses risks to male reproductive health.
Children are particularly susceptible to lead poisoning, with numerous cases linked to the use of lead-based paint prior to its ban by environmental authorities Ingesting large quantities of lead can lead to serious health issues in children, including blood anemia, severe stomach pain, muscle weakness, and brain damage Even small amounts of lead, often ingested from old paint, can adversely affect a child's blood and brain function, hindering their mental and physical development.
Exposure to lead is even more dangerous for young and unborn children
Unborn children are at risk of lead exposure through their mothers, leading to serious health issues such as premature births, lower birth weights, and diminished cognitive abilities in infants Additionally, children exposed to high levels of lead may face learning difficulties and stunted growth, highlighting the importance of reducing lead exposure during pregnancy.
The Department of Health and Human Services has identified lead acetate and lead phosphate as potential carcinogens based on animal studies, although there is insufficient evidence to conclusively establish lead's carcinogenic effects in humans (ATSDR 2001).
Mercury exposure can happen through inhaling contaminated air, consuming tainted water and food, and undergoing certain dental and medical procedures High levels of mercury can lead to significant damage to the brain and kidneys.
Children and developing fetuses are particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of mercury, which can be transmitted from mother to fetus, leading to severe consequences such as brain damage, mental retardation, incoordination, blindness, seizures, and speech impairments Mercury poisoning in children can result in significant issues with their nervous and digestive systems, as well as kidney damage While there is limited human cancer data regarding various forms of mercury, studies have shown that mercuric chloride can increase tumor rates in rats and mice, and methylmercury has been linked to kidney tumors in male mice The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified both mercuric chloride and methylmercury as potential human carcinogens.
Methylene chloride exposure primarily occurs through inhalation of contaminated air, but can also happen via skin contact or ingestion of contaminated water High levels of exposure can harm the central nervous system, while contact with eyes or skin may lead to burns The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified methylene chloride as a potential human carcinogen, and the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) considers it reasonably anticipated to cause cancer Additionally, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classifies methylene chloride as a probable cancer-causing agent in humans (ATSDR 2001).
Benzene exposure poses serious health risks, including death from very high levels and symptoms such as drowsiness, dizziness, and rapid heart rate from high levels Ingesting benzene can lead to severe gastrointestinal issues and neurological symptoms Long-term exposure primarily affects the blood, damaging bone marrow and reducing red blood cell counts, which can result in anemia and increased infection risk Additionally, prolonged exposure may disrupt menstrual cycles in women and potentially impact fertility in men, although effects on fetal development remain uncertain Animal studies indicate risks such as low birth weights and bone marrow damage in offspring The Department of Health and Human Services recognizes benzene as a known human carcinogen, linking long-term exposure to an elevated risk of leukemia and other blood-related cancers.
Toluene, also known as methylbenzene, can impact the nervous system, leading to symptoms such as tiredness, confusion, weakness, memory loss, nausea, and loss of appetite, which typically resolve after exposure ceases Inhalation of high levels in a short period may result in dizziness, light-headedness, or sleepiness, and can potentially lead to unconsciousness or death Additionally, prolonged exposure to elevated toluene levels may harm the kidneys However, research indicates that toluene is not considered a carcinogen, as the EPA has stated its carcinogenicity cannot be classified.
Ethylbenzene is a colorless liquid commonly present in various products such as gasoline and paints While there is limited information regarding its health effects, exposure to high levels of ethylbenzene can lead to symptoms like dizziness.
Exposure to ethylbenzene can lead to throat and eye irritation, chest tightness, and a burning sensation in the eyes Animal studies indicate potential negative effects on the nervous system, liver, kidneys, and eyes due to inhalation of ethylbenzene The EPA has classified ethylbenzene as not classifiable regarding human carcinogenicity, as there are no human studies linking ethylbenzene exposure to cancer However, two animal studies suggest a possible association between ethylbenzene and tumor development.
Vinyl chloride exposure can lead to severe health risks, including dizziness, sleepiness, and even unconsciousness at high levels, with the potential for death in extreme cases Prolonged inhalation can cause permanent liver damage, immune system reactions, nerve damage, and increase the risk of liver cancer The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has classified vinyl chloride as a known human carcinogen (ATSDR 2001).
Appendix C: Paint Application Guidelines
Minnesota’s Solid Waste Management Coordinating Board
Recycled Latex Paint – Application Guidelines
Recycled latex paint is an architectural coating product made with a minimum of 20% and a maximum of 100% post-consumer recycled material
Recycled latex paint is manufactured using conventional paint processing equipment and adheres to ASTM standards, ensuring optimal viscosity, fineness, density, pH, hiding power, and low volatile organic compound (VOC) levels.
Purchasing recycled latex paint can result in savings of 10-50% versus conventional latex paint Be sure to purchase direct from the manufacturer.
Two Minnesota companies produce recycled latex paint:
Amazon Environmental of Roseville produces a Latex Primer and an Interior/Exterior Latex Flat; Eggshell and Semi-Gloss are available by special order Contact: 651-636-5486 or amazonpaint.com.
Hirshfield’s Paint Manufacturing of Minneapolis produces a Latex Block Filler and a Latex Primer
Recycled latex paint products are also available from many out-of-state manufacturers (e.g ecoatonline.com).
Recycled latex paint is suitable for both interior and exterior surfaces, including gypsum wallboard, plaster, concrete, primed wood, and primed metal panels To ensure consistent color and sheen, it is advisable to source all paint from the same production batch when using it as a finish coat.
Office interiors - renovation or new construction
Warehouse, manufacturing, and garage interiors & exteriors
Institutional residential interiors - renovation or new construction
Graffiti abatement, traffic sound barriers and other frequently painted surfaces
Recycled latex paint has VOC levels comparable to those of conventional latex paint, making low-VOC latex paint a better choice for use in poorly ventilated indoor spaces.
Any surface previously coated with a high gloss paint