研究の背景
Recently, the importance of Japanese language education has been emphasized across various educational institutions in Vietnam, from universities to primary schools The number of Japanese language centers is rapidly increasing, reflecting a growing interest in learning Japanese According to a 2015 survey by the Japan Foundation, the number of Japanese learners in Vietnam reached 64,863, ranking the country eighth in the world for Japanese language learners.
Japanese language education in Vietnam emphasizes all skills, including grammar Learners often admit to making mistakes with particles when studying Japanese Native Japanese speakers tend to use fewer particles in conversation, yet they face confusion regarding which particles to use in writing This complexity can make it even more challenging and difficult for non-native Japanese learners to understand.
From the perspective of teaching Japanese, many educators struggle with how to clearly explain the correct use of particles This challenge becomes even more complex for teachers who are not native Japanese speakers.
From the learner's perspective, it's essential to consider what kind of practice is necessary to overcome difficulties in understanding Japanese By grasping the meanings and usages of particles, and being able to apply this knowledge effectively, learners can significantly enhance their Japanese language skills.
Many beginner learners often make mistakes with particles, particularly case particles This paper explores the concept and usage of case particles, examines the errors made by learners, and proposes teaching methods for Japanese language education.
日本語の格助詞に関する各先行研究
日本語の助詞に関する研究は数多くある。以下はその一部である。
Keiichiro Okutsu and Yoshiko Numata (1997) critique the traditional classification of Japanese grammar, highlighting the error in categorizing linguistic units solely into independent and dependent words, as well as into words and phrases They argue against recognizing the category of "particles," which falls under dependent words.
The introduction discusses the disassembly and reorganization of particles, followed by an examination of formal adverbs, focus words, and the case particles "ga," "wo," and "ni."
The article discusses the classification of grammatical theories, specifically addressing the view that Hashimoto's grammatical category system is not systematic from the perspective of generative grammar, but rather a mere cross-classification It aims to properly position the theory of parts of speech within the broader context of syntax.
In his 2002 study, Ken Ito explores the concept of deep case and the role of case particles in meaning interpretation, synthesizing previous research and outlining future challenges He examines deep cases and discusses the significance of case particles in the interpretation of grammatical roles Additionally, Ito highlights key issues that need to be addressed in the study of Japanese case grammar.
In her 2007 study, Ai Ling examines the Japanese case particles "ni," "de," and "wo," focusing on their acquisition order and the accuracy of their usage based on different functions.
In the sixth installment of his comprehensive series on Japanese expression, Tatsuwo Miyajima (2009) addresses questions about Japanese grammar from a systematic perspective The seven-volume work, "Modern Japanese Grammar," offers an unprecedented wealth of grammatical facts about the Japanese language Volume two focuses on the core aspects of phrase structure, specifically examining the sentence patterns and constructions created by combinations of case markers It provides analysis and descriptions of semantic cases, making it an invaluable resource for anyone seeking to explore and understand Japanese grammatical phenomena.
研究の目的
This paper aims to explore the concept of case particles, focusing on their properties, fundamental usages, and various applications.
Japanese learners often encounter misunderstandings and mistakes when using case particles due to various reasons Therefore, effective instruction is essential in Japanese education to prevent common misconceptions.
This paper primarily aims to examine the common misunderstandings that arise when high school learners study Japanese particles, particularly the case particle "が." Additionally, it discusses appropriate teaching methods to address and mitigate these misunderstandings effectively.
研究の対象
This paper explores the concepts of particles and case particles in the Japanese language, focusing primarily on common misuses and educational guidance to avoid these errors While the study centers on case particles, it provides only a general overview rather than detailed descriptions The research specifically examines frequent misapplications encountered by Japanese language learners in practical usage Additionally, it proposes suitable instructional methods to enhance teaching effectiveness.
There has been an extensive amount of research on Japanese case particles, focusing on their correct usage and common errors This paper specifically examines the misuse of these particles among Vietnamese learners of Japanese.
This study focuses on students enrolled in the Japanese language course at Hanoi National University, the University of Foreign Languages, and the affiliated Foreign Language Gifted High School It aims to examine the misuse of Japanese case particles by Vietnamese learners Additionally, the research will discuss the necessary teaching methods to avoid such errors in the use of case particles in Japanese.
研究方法
This paper builds upon existing research and related studies, incorporating the author's perspective while systematically organizing, analyzing, and integrating the findings.
Chapter 1 summarizes various previous studies on Japanese case particles, discussing the concept and classification of particles in the Japanese language It outlines the definition and characteristics of case particles, while also briefly mentioning compound case particles without delving into specifics.
Chapter 2 discusses the usage of case particles and their relationship with predicates It provides a detailed analysis of various case particle usages based on their fundamental functions and the context of predicates.
Chapter 3 focuses on learners studying Japanese at Hanoi National University, the University of Foreign Languages, and the affiliated Foreign Language Gifted High School It conducts a test on case particles to investigate the differences among learners and analyzes the results.
Building on Chapters 1 and 2, this section explores effective teaching methods from the perspective of Japanese language educators Additionally, based on research findings, it presents solutions to avoid misunderstandings and offers suggestions to enhance learners' grammatical skills.
論文の構成
本研究は序論・本論・結論の 3 つの部分から構成されている。
The introduction outlines the background of the research, its objectives, the subjects of study, and the methodologies employed The main body is structured into three chapters, designated as Chapters 1, 2, and 3, which elaborate on the research findings and discussions.
第 1 章： 日本語における助詞
This chapter discusses the concept of particles in the Japanese language, categorizing them and comparing them to particles in other languages It also explores the concept of case particles, their characteristics, and the nature of compound case particles.
第 2 章：格助詞の用法・述語との関係
This chapter conducts a detailed analysis of the fundamental usage and the relationship between predicates and case particles, based on prior research Additionally, it discusses the characteristics of Japanese predicates.
Chapter 3 explores the usage of case particles by learners and provides insights into the instruction of case particles in Japanese language education This investigation highlights the significance of understanding case particle application for effective language teaching and learning strategies.
This chapter analyzes the findings of the research, focusing on the instruction of case particles and the current state of case particles in textbooks It discusses methods for teaching Japanese case particles and offers suggestions for improving instruction in Japanese language education.
結論は研究のまとめ、及び今後の問題について述べる。
最後に、考察文献、付録を記述する。
日本語における助詞・格助詞
日本語における助詞
1.1.1．助詞の概念
Particles are a unique part of speech in the Japanese language, functioning similarly to postpositions and conjunctions in other languages.
In the Japanese language, the term refers to a category of words that express relationships between independent words or denote subjects, known as "fuzokugo" or auxiliary words These words do not undergo conjugation and are commonly referred to as "teni wo ha" or "teni wa" in colloquial terms This nomenclature derives from the reading of the "okoto-ten," which are marks added to the corners of kanji characters to aid in the reading of classical Chinese texts.
日本語の助詞の使い分けには曖昧さがあり、例としては、「海に行く」と
「海へ行く」の「に」「へ」や「日本でただ一つの」と「日本にただ一つの」の
The article discusses the use of sentence-ending particles and conjunctions in the Japanese language, highlighting examples such as "で," "に," and the distinctions between phrases like "目の悪い人" and "目が悪い人." It notes that while there are many auxiliary particles, conjunctions and sentence-ending particles are easier to understand, and that if one can remember case particles, most particles can be categorized effectively This is because there are fewer case particles compared to the numerous auxiliary particles available.
以下には、様々な辞典に助詞の解説もある。
ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典の解説
Japanese particles are a type of grammatical element that generally refers to non-inflecting auxiliary words They are rarely spoken in isolation and typically follow preceding words, functioning similarly to postpositions The classification of particles varies among different grammatical theories According to Yamada's grammar, particles are categorized based on their functions within phrases into case particles, adverbial particles, linking particles, final particles, interjection particles, and conjunction particles Hashimoto's grammar further divides them into ten types based on continuity and connection, including adverbial particles, quasi-noun particles, conjunction particles, coordinate particles, quasi-adverbial particles, case particles, and interjection particles In contrast, Tokieda's grammar emphasizes the speaker's perspective, distinguishing particles that express case and limitation.
大辞林 第三版の解説
Particles are a type of grammatical category in the Japanese language, classified as auxiliary words without inflection They attach to independent words to indicate relationships with other words and to add specific meanings Generally, particles are categorized based on their functions in sentences, including case particles, conjunction particles, adverbial particles, binding particles, sentence-ending particles, and interjection particles Additionally, there are other categories such as coordinating particles and attributive particles that may also be included.
デジタル大辞泉の解説
Particles are a type of auxiliary word that do not undergo inflection They always attach to independent words or combinations of independent and auxiliary words, indicating relationships between phrases and adding specific meanings to statements Particles can be categorized into various types, including case particles, adverbial particles, conjunction particles, final particles, and interjection particles, as well as other forms such as preparatory and coordinating particles Historically, they have been referred to collectively as "teniwoha" along with auxiliary verbs and suffixes.
百科事典マイペディアの解説
Japanese particles, known as "teniwoha," are a type of part of speech that cannot form a sentence on their own and lack inflection Unlike nouns, verbs, and adjectives that express specific situations, particles serve to contextualize and clarify the meaning of these situations as well as the relationships between them.
One of the parts of speech in the Japanese language is known as "te-ni-o-ha," a term that has been used since ancient times.
In Japanese grammar, particles such as "が" and "から" serve as essential components that follow other words and never appear at the beginning of a phrase This distinguishes them from independent words like nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and conjunctions, which are known as free morphemes Furthermore, particles are categorized as bound morphemes because they do not possess a conjugation system like auxiliary verbs The primary function of particles is to relate to the speaker's interpretation of the situation represented by nouns, verbs, and adjectives, rather than the objective events themselves.
日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)の解説
Particles are a significant part of the Japanese language, characterized by their lack of inflection and inability to stand alone They do not possess substantive meaning on their own but indicate the speaker's relationship with the objective entities referred to by preceding phrases, as well as their interaction with the listener Alongside inflected auxiliary verbs, particles contribute to the unique agglutinative nature of Japanese Their functions include establishing relationships between elements, indicating evaluative limitations, determining the strength of statements, defining the nature of sentences, and connecting with the listener However, classification criteria vary among theories, leading to differences in terminology and categorization.
Fumihiko Otsuki categorizes Japanese particles into three types based on their usage, while Takao Yamada classifies them according to their functional relationships The first category is case particles, which attach to nouns or adverbs to indicate their grammatical role within a sentence, including examples like "が," "の," "を," "に," "へ," "と," "より," "から," and "で." The second category is auxiliary particles, which modify the meaning of verbs by providing additional context, with examples such as "ばかり," "まで," "など," "やら," "か," "だけ," and "ぐらい."
The particle "係助詞" (kaku joshi) is used in Japanese to connect words that relate to a statement, exerting influence over that statement Examples of these particles include "は" (wa), "も" (mo), "こそ" (koso), "さえ" (sae), "でも" (demo), "ほか" (hoka), and "しか" (shika).
(4)終助詞――述語に関するもので、つねに文の終止にだけ用いられるもの。
「か・え・な（禁制・命令）・よ・い・ろ・とも・ぜ・さ」など。
Interjection particles are used to enhance the tone and elevate emotions in sentences, offering a flexible positioning compared to other particles Examples include "yo," "ya," "zo," "ne," and "gana."
The connective particles in Japanese, such as "ba," "shi," "to," "ga," "tokoroga," "ni," "noni," "mono wo," "kara," "mo," "tomo," and "keredomo," serve to link a predicate to the following clause Additionally, the article discusses the rules governing the order of these particles when they overlap.
Shinkichi Hashimoto classifies words based on whether they are cut or continuous, as well as the types of words they attach to, according to Yamada's framework.
日本語における格助詞
1.2.1 格助詞の概念
Nouns play various grammatical roles in a sentence, connecting to predicates such as verbs and adjectives This grammatical role is referred to as "case." While different languages may express case through word order or noun inflection, Japanese typically indicates it through independent particles that follow nouns, such as "が," "を," "に," "へ," "で," and "から." These particles are known as "case particles."
In addition, while not directly related to the relationship between nouns and predicates, the particle "の," which connects nouns to one another, will also be categorized as part of the case particles in this context.
Compound case particles, such as "として" and "によって," have become fixed in their connection with verbs, acquiring functions similar to case particles These compound case particles clarify the semantic relationships with predicates and convey meanings that standard case particles cannot express This study does not specifically address compound case particles.
さらに、他の辞典に格助詞の説明もある。
デジタル大辞泉の解説
The case particle, a type of Japanese particle, attaches to nouns or noun-like elements to indicate their relationship with other words in a sentence In modern language, one common example of a case particle is "が."
「の」「を」「に」「へ」「と」「より」「から」「で」など。古語では、「が」
「の」「を」「に」「へ」「と」「より」「から」「にて」など。
大辞林 第三版の解説
The case particle is a type of particle in the Japanese language that attaches to nouns or similar words, indicating their relationship to other words in a sentence Examples include "が" in "花が咲く" (The flower blooms) and "へ" in "学校へ行く" (Going to school) In colloquial usage, common case particles include "が," "の," "を," "に," "へ," and "と."
In classical Japanese, various particles such as "yori," "kara," and "de" are commonly used, alongside others like "nite" and "shite." Historically, additional particles like "tsu," "yu," "yuri," and "yo" were also prevalent in the language.
1.2.2 格助詞の性質
1.2.2.1 格助詞と用法の対忚
In general, a noun typically takes only one case particle in Japanese The use of multiple case particles with a single noun is generally avoided, as it can create ambiguity regarding the semantic relationship between the noun and the predicate.
＊京都駅でから荷物を送った。
＊これから友達とに会う予定だ。
「京都で荷物を送る」と「京都から荷物を送る」はどちらも可能であるが、
In Kyoto, the noun "Kyoto" cannot be used with both "de" and "kara" simultaneously Similarly, both phrases "meeting with a friend" and "meeting a friend" are permissible.
In Japanese, a noun like "友達" (friend) cannot simultaneously take both the particle "と" (with) and "に" (to) in a phrase such as "友達とに" (with friend to).
ただし、形容詞述語をとる文では、「から」に「が」がつく例外が見られる。
その病院に行くには、駅の西口からが近い。
当ホテルのご予約はインターネットからがお得です。
「まで」にも、格助詞がつく例がある。
ここまでで全行程の約半分を歩いたことになる。
５時までに出かけなくてはいけない。
In Japanese, when expressing a range using the phrase "から〜まで," it is common to see the addition of case particles afterward.
この花は、８月中旬から９月下旬までが見頃だ。
東京から大阪までを鈍行で９時間かけて移動する。
1.2.2.2．文法格と意味格
*文法格と意味格の区別
In the Japanese language, case particles exhibit two distinct characteristics: grammatical and semantic Grammatical case particles primarily indicate relationships such as predicates and objects, while semantic case particles convey meanings related to origins and means Those with a stronger grammatical nature are referred to as grammatical cases, whereas those with a predominant semantic nature are known as semantic cases.
「が」「を」は文法格である。「に」の一部にも文法格的なものがある。
佐藤が弟をたたいた。
佐藤が鈴木を山本先生に紹介した。
一方、「で」「から」「まで」などは意味格である。
はさみで切る。
故郷からみかんを送ってきた。
歩いて家まで帰った。
In the context of grammar, there are differences between grammatical cases and semantic cases, particularly in phenomena such as the alteration of case particles in voice, the addition of particles like "wa" and "no," and the omission common in spoken language.
*ヴォイスにおける格助詞の変更の可能性
In the realm of Japanese grammar, certain case particles can change depending on the voice, such as passive or causative forms, while others remain unchanged.
Grammatical particles such as "が," "を," and certain uses of "に" play a crucial role in indicating grammatical relationships like the subject and object in a sentence Consequently, changes in voice can lead to alterations in these case particles.
佐藤が鈴木を山本先生に紹介した。 （１）
鈴木が佐藤から山本先生に紹介された。 （２）
山本先生が佐藤に鈴木を紹介された。 （３）
The passive sentences in (2) and (3) correspond to the active sentence in (1) In the active voice, the noun "Sato," indicated by the particle "が," transforms in (2) to "から" and in (3) to reflect its role in the passive construction.
「に」で表されている。能動文において「を」で表されている名詞「鈴木」は、
まとめ
In Japanese, particles are a unique part of speech that function similarly to postpositions and conjunctions in other languages There are various types of particles, including case particles, conjunctive particles, and final particles In Japanese, specific independent forms such as "が," "を," "に," "へ," "で," and "から" are attached to nouns, playing a crucial role in sentence structure and meaning.
Case particles, known as "格助詞," typically attach to a single noun, with multiple case particles rarely occurring together These particles exhibit two main characteristics: grammatical properties, which indicate relationships such as subjects and objects, and semantic properties, which convey meanings like starting points or means The former is referred to as grammatical case, while the latter is known as semantic case When nouns serve as subjects or modifiers, they may be accompanied by "は" or "の." Generally, grammatical cases cannot have "は" or "の" attached and must be omitted instead, whereas semantic cases can include these particles In spoken language, the omission of case particles is common, but not all case particles are omitted.
Compound case particles are fixed forms such as "case particle + noun + case particle" and "no + noun + case particle," which carry the function of case particles Examples of compound case particles include "によって" (by), "といっしょに" (together with), and "のために" (for the purpose of).
第２章 格助詞の用法及び述語との関係
This chapter provides a detailed analysis of the fundamental usages of predicates and their relationship with case particles based on prior research It also discusses the connections between Japanese predicates and case particles The choice of case particle varies depending on the predicate used in the sentence, including particles such as "が," "を," "に," "へ," "で," and "から."
「より」「まで」「と」である。
2.1．格助詞の基本的用法
名詞の格は、格助詞「が」「を」「に」「へ」「で」「から」「より」「ま で」「と」によって表される。
佐藤が田中を山本先生に紹介した。
鈴木は新幹線で大阪から東京へ出張した。
大学卒業まで弟と同じ部屋を使っていた。
父より伝言を言づかっております。
In "Modern Japanese Grammar II," Tatsuhiro Miyajima (2003) provides an overview of case particles and their structures, as well as their various usages He highlights the semantic relationships between nouns represented by case particles and predicates, which include roles such as subject, object, recipient, location, point of arrival, point of departure, area of transition, means, cause, basis, and time The correspondence between case particles and their semantic relationships is outlined in detail.
表 1 - 格助詞と用法の対忚 格
動きの主体
Children play in the park, showcasing their active engagement in outdoor activities Meanwhile, my younger brother received a bouquet from a girl, highlighting a moment of passive reception in social interactions.
雤が降る。（自然現象の主体）
洪水で橋が壊れる。（変化の主体）
田中が弟の成功を心から喜んだ。（心的活動の 主体）
状態の主体
このホテルには有名なレストランがある。（存 在の主体）
この子が専門書が読めるはずがない。（能力の
君が悲しい時は、私も悲しい。（心的状態の主 体）
This morning, the sky is exceptionally beautiful The symbol indicates that entry is prohibited The person wearing glasses is Mr Tanaka.
心的状態の対象 恩師の死が悲しい。
能力の対象 この子は逆上がりができる。
所有の対象 私には大きな夢がある。
変化の対象
Using a hammer, I broke the ice, demonstrating a transformation in shape I moved the flowers from the pot to the garden, illustrating a change in position Additionally, I surrounded the plants, showcasing a change in their situation.
小説を書いた。（産出の対象）
動作の対象
太鼓をたたく。（働きかけの対象）
市町村合併問題を議論する。（言語活動の対 象）
心的活動の対象 友人との約束をすっかり忘れていた。
起点 移動の起点 昨日は８時に家を出た。
空間的な経過域 川を泳いで渡った。
時間的な経過域 お正月を実家で過ごした。
着点 移動の着点 子どもが学校に行く。（到達点）
糸くずが服につく。（接触点）
変化の結果 信号が青に変わる。
動作の相手 隣の人に話しかける。
授与の相手 おばあさんが孫に絵本をやる。
受身的動作の相手 犯人が警察に捕まった。
基準としての相手 体格が大人にまさる。
場所 存在の場所 机の上に本がある。
出現の場所 あごに髭が生える。
感情・感覚の起因 職員の横柄な態度に腹を立てる。
継続的状態の起因 潮風に帄が揺れていた。
主体 状態の主体
私には大きな夢がある。（所有の主体）
この子に専門書が読めるはずがない。（能力の 主体）
私には弟の成功が心から嬉しい。（心的状態の 主体）
対象 動作の対象 親にさからう。
心的活動の対象 先輩にあこがれる。
手段 内容物 新入生の顔は希望にあふれている。
付着物 全身が泤にまみれる。
時 時点 １時に事務所に来てください。（時名詞）
午前中に用事を済ませた。（期間名詞）
領域 認識の成り立つ領
私には、山本さんの意見は刺激的だった。
目的 移動の目的 母が買い物に行く。
役割 名目 お礼に手紙を書く。
割合 １週間に２日は酒を飲んでいる。
へ 着点 移動の方向 船が港へ向かう。
場所 動きの場所 庭で犬が吠えている。
道具 はさみで紙を切る。
方法 遠近法で図を描く。
材料 千代紙で鶴を折る。
構成要素 委員会は５人のメンバーで構成される。
内容物 会場が人でいっぱいになる。
付着物 服がホコリで汚れる。
変化の原因 強い風で看板が倒れた。
行動の理由 急用で家へ帰った。
感情・感覚の起因 友人とのことで悩んでいる。
判断の根拠 隣の部屋の人物が誰なのか、甲高い声でわかっ
主体 動きの主体 私と佐藤でその問題に取り組んだ。
限界 範囲の上限 先着３０名で締め切る。
領域 評価の成り立つ領
富士山が日本で一番高い山だ。
目的 動作の目的 観光で京都を訪れた。
様態 動きの様態 裸足で歩く。
移動の起点 子どもたちが教室から出てきた。
方向の起点 ここから富士山がよく見える。
範囲の始点 本を 10 ページから読み始める。
変化前の状態 信号が青から黄に変わる。
主体 動きの主体 私から集合時間を連絡しておきます。
出来事の原因 たばこの火の不始末から火事になった。
判断の根拠 隣の部屋の人物が誰なのか、甲高い声からわか
域 空間的な経過域 虫は窓から出ていった。
手段 構成要素 国会は衆議院と参議院から成り立っている。
移動の起点 遠方より友来たる。
方向の起点 これは東京タワーより撮影した富士山の写真で
範囲の始点 本を 10 ページより読みはじめる。
変化前の状態 書類の提出期限が２月末より３月末に変更され
で 着点 範囲の終点 子どもが学校まで自転車で通う。
共同動作の相手 友達と喫茶店でコーヒーを飲んだ。
相互動作の相手 弟とけんかをする。
基準としての相手 弟と趣味が違う。
着点 変化の結果 氷が溶けて水となる。
内容 あの方は恩師と呼べる。
2.2．述語と格助詞の関係
In traditional grammar, the predicate refers to the part of a clause that is not the subject It encompasses all noun phrases that are not the subject, thereby defining the essential function of the predicate within a sentence structure.
In modern linguistics, the focus is on the central verb of a clause and its modifying elements It's important to note that noun phrases are not included in the predicate.
A simple sentence contains a single predicate, while a compound sentence features two or more predicates In a compound sentence, each predicate is organized around a clause, which serves as a cohesive unit.