慣用句についての概念
日本語における慣用句の概念
慣用句とは『大辞林』（1988：564）によれば、次のようなものである。
Idioms are expressions formed by the combination of two or more words that together convey a specific meaning, such as "to waste time" or "to be tired of hearing something." These fixed phrases, known as set expressions, play a significant role in language and communication.
Expressions consisting of two or more words that only form fixed combinations, such as "without hesitation" and "to take pleasure in," are known as idiomatic phrases or idioms.
According to the fifth edition of the Shinmeikai Kokugo Dictionary (1997: 303), idiomatic expressions are defined as phrases formed by the combination of two or more words, which convey a distinct meaning that cannot be understood by analyzing the individual words separately.
『日本語教育辞典』（1982：310）では、慣用句を次のように指定して いる。
Idiomatic expressions are phrases or sentences consistently used in a specific form to convey a particular meaning For instance, "泡を食う" (to be surprised and flustered) and "顔が広い" (to have a wide social circle) are examples of such expressions Idioms can be categorized into two types: (1) those that are not directly related to the original meaning of the words, such as "どじをふむ" (to make a blunder) and "ねこをかぶる" (to pretend to be harmless), and (2) those that use the original meanings metaphorically, like "骨が折れる" (to be difficult) and "鼻が高い" (to be proud).
Idiomatic expressions are cohesive units where the connection between the words is strong, making it generally impossible to insert other words between the components For instance, the phrase "全く骨が折れる" (completely exhausting) cannot be altered to "骨が全く折れる" (the bone is completely broken) Similarly, the expression "道草を食う" (to waste time) illustrates this characteristic of idioms.
Even when expressing "clothes stand" more politely, certain phrases like "eating roadside grass" or "stomach stands" cannot be substituted, highlighting the strong coherence of the original expression as a single unit.
『語彙教育－その内容と文法』（1964：185）では慣用句を次のように 説明している。
Some words are often tightly linked together to convey a specific meaning.
はながたかい（「とくいだ」「自慢だ」の意味）
きもをつぶす（「おどろく」の意味）
These phrases convey meanings that differ from their original definitions based on the combination of words Additionally, they illustrate the complexity of language and how context can alter interpretation.
どじをふむ（「失敗る」の意味）
らちがあかない（「はかどらない」の意味）
Certain words, like "doji," are typically used only within specific combinations, highlighting their contextual significance.
「らち」）を含むものもある。
In this way, combinations of words that are always tightly connected and convey a specific meaning are referred to as "idiomatic expressions."
Takashi Ieyama and Yukinori Takubo (1992: 178) define idiomatic expressions as phrases composed of several words, where the connections between the words are fixed and the overall meaning of the phrase becomes specialized They also note that in idiomatic expressions, the meanings of the individual words do not directly reflect the meaning of the entire phrase.
Akimoto Miharu (2002: 122) defines idioms as phrases composed of two or more fixed words that convey a specific meaning not derived from the sum of their individual meanings Idioms express a single meaning as a whole, and the primary distinction between idioms and collocations or compound words lies in their metaphorical nature.
Hiroshi Miyachi (1982: 238) defines idioms as "combinations of two or more words that are relatively tightly connected and carry a specific meaning as a whole." He categorizes idioms into two main types: "collocational idioms" and "metaphorical idioms." The latter is further divided into "simile-based idioms" and "metaphor-based idioms." Examples corresponding to each classification are provided below.
（1）連語成句的慣用句：手を染める、苦になる、電話をかける
（2）比喩的慣用句
In his 1982 study, Hiroshi Miyaji categorizes idiomatic expressions based on their degree of cohesion, distinguishing "collocational idiomatic phrases" from more general phrases He defines "simile-based idiomatic phrases" as those that include elements like "like" or "thought of," while "metaphorical idiomatic phrases" are characterized by their derived or symbolic meanings, conveying an overall figurative sense Examples of simile-based expressions include phrases like "twisting a child's hand" or "splashing water," whereas metaphorical expressions encompass ideas like "spreading wings," "removing a helmet," and "branding."
Yosuke Momiyama (1997:30) points out that the fixed usage of multiple connected words results in a meaning that cannot be derived from the sum of the individual meanings of the constituent words when they are not part of the connection.
ベトナム語における慣用句の概念
Vietnamese, like Japanese, is rich in idiomatic expressions that are deeply woven into the fabric of daily life These idioms are commonly used in everyday conversations and writings among Vietnamese people, reflecting their cultural nuances and shared experiences.
The concept of idiomatic expressions can be referenced through specialized dictionaries and linguistic studies.
慣用句とはNguyễn Lân (2014)の “Từ điển thành ngữ và tục ngữ Việt Nam”
In the context of Vietnamese language, idiomatic expressions and proverbs are defined as fixed phrases used to convey a single meaning.
Hoàng Văn Hành (2008) は『ベトナム語の慣用句論』（“Thành ngữ học
Việt Nam” ）で、「慣用句は比喩的意味を表す特別な総和語である。」と述べて
Theo Hoàng Văn Hành, đặc điểm của các thành ngữ được chỉ ra như sau.
①慣用句の構築と構成要素における安定性と固定性をもっている。
②全体的・比喩的意味を表す。
Trong tác phẩm "Nhập môn ngôn ngữ học" của Mai Ngọc Chừ (2013), tác giả đã đưa ra những giải thích chi tiết về khái niệm và đặc điểm của các thành ngữ.
Idiomatic expressions are linguistic units characterized by their structural stability and symbolic value They possess four distinct features: 1) idiomaticity, 2) symbolism, 3) cultural significance, and 4) expressiveness.
Theo Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (2008) trong tác phẩm "Giáo trình ngôn ngữ học", các cụm từ cố định hay còn gọi là thành ngữ có những thuộc tính đặc biệt chỉ tồn tại trong cấu trúc cú pháp và ngữ nghĩa của chúng Điều này có nghĩa là ý nghĩa của chúng không được tạo thành từ ý nghĩa của các từ cấu thành, mà là những cụm từ cố định.
There are various definitions of idioms, but all researchers agree on the term "idiom." The concept of idioms can be summarized into three main points.
① 二つ以上の語で構成される。
② 固定的な形態・構造を持つ。
③ 全体的・語彙的意味は、要素の意味の合体ではない。
日本語における慣用句と同様形容との分別
慣用句と諺
Idioms are similar to proverbs, as both are frequently used in various forms of literature, including newspapers, magazines, and everyday conversations.
Proverbs are formed over time through observation, experience, and the sharing of knowledge They are often concise and memorable, capturing a specific truth with sharpness As a result, proverbs frequently serve as effective substitutes for detailed explanations or as means to enhance the persuasiveness of arguments and assertions.
Idiomatic expressions overlap with general phrases used within sentences, commonly referred to as idioms Proverbs, on the other hand, typically take the form of a complete sentence or convey significant meaning in a concise manner.
Many researchers have noted that the fundamental structure of proverbs is characterized by even-numbered patterns such as "A is B," "A's B," and "B than A." Proverbs with this even structure share two common features: first, they function as a rhetorical device by contrasting two elements, thereby highlighting their differences and encouraging a dialectical view of situations Second, these proverbs are marked by their concise expression, often omitting even the underlying logic that supports their meaning.
諺が諺として機能するには尐なくとも 1 つの主題と 1 つの变述を備えてい なければならないと述べた。たとえば「紺屋の白袴」の場合、紺屋が主題で白袴 が变述である。1 組の主題と变述で命題を構成する必要があるため、1 語文のこと わざは論理的に成立しえない。
Idioms, known linguistically as "idiomatic expressions," consist of two or more words that are closely linked yet convey a completely different meaning These expressions are commonly used as fixed phrases in both conversation and writing.
Idioms and proverbs are often confused and challenging to categorize, leading many dictionaries to include both Strictly speaking, a proverb stands alone as a complete sentence, conveying maxims, teachings, irony, or general truths, and is classified as a noun.
Idiomatic expressions are fixed phrases formed by the combination of independent words that acquire a distinct meaning, and they are typically not treated as standalone nouns For instance, the idiom "舌の根の乾かぬうちに" consists of "舌 (tongue)" + "の (particle)" + "根 (root)" + "の (particle)" + "乾か (the verb stem of 'to dry')" + "ぬ (negative suffix)," illustrating how the individual words contribute to a collective meaning beyond their literal definitions.
Japanese expressions often consist of a verb followed by a noun and a particle, each carrying distinct meanings For example, the idiomatic phrase "舌の根の乾かぬうちに" translates to "immediately after speaking" and is typically followed by a statement that contradicts the previous context Expressions like "足が出る" may use verbs, adjectives, or adjectival nouns, adapting to the situation in conversation or writing Some phrases, such as "足下から鳥が発つ," are classified as proverbs even if they end with a verb Unlike proverbs, idiomatic expressions do not serve as moral lessons or maxims; rather, they humorously depict everyday actions and states of being.
Idioms are a form of metaphorical expression with fixed meanings Therefore, without a proper understanding of their meanings, one may use them incorrectly or respond inappropriately to others who use them.
慣用句と連語
Saito Jun'ō (2010: 124) distinguishes between collocations and idiomatic expressions Collocations, such as "make a plan" or "set up clothes," consist of fixed combinations of two or more words While the meaning of the former can be understood through the individual meanings of its components, the latter cannot be easily deciphered in the same way Idiomatic expressions, having a stronger bond between words than collocations, do not allow for the insertion of additional words; for instance, one can say "made a plan yesterday," but not "set up clothes yesterday."
In the realm of Japanese language, there are two types of verb combinations: "loose collocations" and "fixed collocations." Loose collocations, such as "電話をかける" (to make a phone call) and "うそをつく" (to tell a lie), allow for interchangeable verbs In contrast, fixed collocations, like "風邪をひく" (to catch a cold) and "かさをさす" (to open an umbrella), exhibit a more rigid pairing of words Understanding these distinctions is essential for mastering Japanese verb usage.
連語と慣用句を品詞により分類すると、次の4種類に大別される。
①名詞＋動詞：「汗をかく」「経験をつむ」「実行に移す」
②名詞＋形容詞：「責任が重い」「お酒に強い」「地理に明るい」
③形容詞・形容動詞＋名詞：「重い病気」「はかない夢」
④副詞＋動詞・形容詞・形容動詞：「ぐっすり寝る」
(秋元美晴（2002）『よくわかる語彙』p.123)
慣用句と熟語
In the Japanese language, terms formed by the strong connection of two or more kanji are referred to as "netsugo," which include single words or similar expressions such as mixed Sino-Japanese terms Among these, four-character compounds known as "yojijukugo" are often regarded as particularly significant In contrast, idiomatic expressions are not necessarily composed of kanji However, both "idioms" and "compounds" share a common meaning, representing a cohesive phrase that conveys a specific idea.
Idioms are expressions formed by combining two or more words to function as a single unit They can sometimes be classified as compound words or composite terms Additionally, certain phrases acquire specific meanings through common usage Therefore, idioms can often be considered equivalent to set phrases.
日本語における慣用句の分類
品詞別の特徴に基づいての分類
Idiomatic expressions can be categorized into three types based on their parts of speech: verb idioms, adjective idioms, and noun idioms.
動詞慣用句
A verb phrase is an idiomatic expression composed of a noun and a verb, where multiple words are connected in form but cannot be broken down into their individual meanings This characteristic allows the entire phrase to function as a single component, similar to a one-word verb For instance, the expression "to have connections" illustrates this concept.
「お茶を濁す」「頭に来る」「鼻であしらう」など。
形容詞慣用句
Adjective phrases consist of nouns and adjectives, including combinations of nouns and adjectival verbs, with the adjective serving as the focal point of the phrase Examples of such phrases include "light-hearted," "lack of interest," and "quick to act."
名詞慣用句
Idiomatic expressions consisting of two nouns play a significant role in various languages Nouns serve important functions, contributing to the richness of language Examples of such expressions include "a cat's forehead," "water in a sleeping ear," and "two peas in a pod."
In addition to welfare idioms like "cry or laugh," the most commonly used idioms are verb phrases composed of nouns and verbs Among these, certain expressions stand out for their frequent usage.
「水をあける」「たかをくくる」のような〈名詞＋を＋動詞〉型がもっとも多い。
形式上に基づいての分類
慣用句は形式上の特徴に基づいて、次のように分類される。
比喩形式の慣用句
Metaphorical idioms can primarily be categorized into similes and metaphors Metaphors can be further classified into idioms that utilize animal imagery, natural phenomena, and body parts In similes, metaphorical indicators such as "like" or "as if" are explicitly stated, while in metaphoric idioms, these indicators are not made clear, and the meaning is conveyed through the overall expression.
が比喩的な意味を表す。例としては、「羽が生えたよう（に）」、「馬が合う」、
「火中のくりを拾う」、「手も足も出ない」など。
否定形式の慣用句
否定の形をとる慣用句は日本語では多く見られる。例えば、「露知らず」、
「そりが合わない」、「腹が減ってはいくさができぬ」など。
かさね形式の慣用句
Japanese idiomatic expressions that emphasize meaning through the use of synonyms, related words, or antonyms are known as "kasane" phrases Examples include expressions like "moto mo ko mo nai," "ano te kono te," "iwazu katarazu," and "fundari ketari." These layered idioms are prevalent in the Japanese language, highlighting their unique linguistic characteristics.
意味に基づいての分類
In Japanese, the meanings of idiomatic expressions can be unclear even if one understands the individual words used The significance of these idioms often differs from the literal meanings of their components Based on the relationship between the meanings of idiomatic phrases and the original meanings of the words that compose them, idioms can be categorized into three distinct types.
Idiomatic expressions can often contain two or more words whose meanings may be unclear, or certain components of these phrases may not be used outside of their idiomatic context Examples include phrases like "kuda o maku" and "udatsu ga agaranai."
In some cases, the meanings of idiomatic expressions can be predicted based on the meanings of their constituent words For example, understanding the individual components of a phrase can provide insights into its overall significance.
Expressions like "to reach out," "to hold one's head," and "to paint one's head" illustrate varying degrees of metaphorical meaning within phrases.
Certain expressions in Japanese have both literal and idiomatic meanings coexisting Examples include phrases like "to wash one's hands" (足を洗う) and "to cut ties" (手を切る), which illustrate this duality in language.
日本語における慣用句の特徴的意味
From the perspective of the meaning of Japanese idioms, most Japanese researchers emphasize their metaphorical nature Furthermore, the primary factor that distinguishes Japanese idioms from other linguistic units is believed to be their metaphorical meaning Consequently, metaphoricality is considered a distinctive characteristic of idioms in the Japanese language.
A metaphor is a figure of speech that expresses one thing by likening it to another For instance, when someone consistently opposes plans in a club setting, they may be referred to as "the habit of this club." In this context, "habit" serves as a metaphor; originally meaning "malignant tumor," it is used here to signify something that poses a significant obstacle within an organization or system.
The original meaning of a term has been broadened in its usage, which is referred to as its metaphorical meaning This expanded meaning arises from associations and analogies derived from the original definition.
Metaphors play a crucial role in enhancing the understanding of discourse and facilitating effective communication, particularly in advanced written language The Japanese language is rich in metaphorical expressions, which are frequently utilized across various mediums, including newspapers, magazines, and broadcast programs, both in spoken and written forms One specific type of metaphor closely related to the characteristics of the Japanese language is idiomatic expressions.
比喩表現は、日本語研究者によると次のように分類されている。
Metaphorical phenomena can be categorized into three types based on the similarities between two objects or occurrences.
Simile is a literary technique that directly compares two different things using words like "like," "as," or "such as." This method clearly illustrates the relationship between the object being compared and the one it is compared to, making the comparison explicit and understandable.
He is like a slave to love.
Metaphor is a literary technique that conveys meaning through comparison without using explicit comparative phrases such as "like" or "as." In this approach, the subject being compared and the subject of comparison are unified based on their shared internal and external attributes.
例）彼は恋の奴隷だ。（例えられるもの：彼、比較表現：なし）
Metaphor is a technique that deliberately conceals the literal meaning, presenting only the analogy to encourage the audience to infer the underlying message through the comparison.
例）恋の奴隷（愛情に心を奪われ、恋のため我を見失ってしまう人）
Metaphor forms can be classified based on similarities, including similes, metaphors, and allegories In contrast, metonymy and synecdoche are classifications based on proximity relationships.
Metonymy is a figure of speech that represents a part by the whole or the whole by a part An example of this is found in the term "hanami," where "hana" signifies "sakura," or cherry blossoms.
Metonymy is a figure of speech that represents one thing by using a related concept or object as a substitute.
The term "Komachi" refers to a legendary figure from the Heian period, inspired by the renowned poet Ono no Komachi, who is celebrated for her beauty and artistry.
「美人」の意を示すという例があげられる。
Metaphors are a universally used form of expression that transcends time and cultural boundaries, regardless of differences between poetry and prose or various literary genres.
Using this approach allows you to vividly depict the ideas you want to express, accompanied by concrete imagery that brings them to life.
本章のまとめ
以上に、日本語における慣用句の概要について述べた。
The concept of idiomatic expressions reveals similarities between Japanese and Vietnamese languages This can be summarized as follows.
二つ以上の語から成るが、文節以上の構成である
基本的に、定型的な形式構成を持つ
The overall meaning is represented by a single word, yet it consists of several components from a syntactic perspective.
The overall expression conveys a unified meaning that is not easily inferred from the individual meanings of its constituent vocabulary.
語彙・統語的に分析不可能な点、比喩的な意味が多い
In Japanese, distinguishing between idioms and adjectives involves analyzing the characteristics of idioms in relation to proverbs, collocations, and fixed phrases The similarities and differences among these categories can be outlined as follows.
Proverbs are age-old expressions that reveal truths about life and offer wisdom and lessons for navigating the world When used and understood correctly, proverbs enrich communication, fostering a deeper connection between the speaker and listener, as well as the writer and reader.
Idiomatic expressions consist of two or more words that are fixed in their combination, conveying a meaning that cannot be understood by merely combining the individual meanings of the words Many idioms skillfully utilize the imagery associated with each word, making them more impactful than expressing the same idea with different language.
Unlike proverbs, idiomatic expressions are often considered syntactically unanalysisable due to their fixed nature However, the role of each element that contributes to this fixation is frequently overlooked, and analyzing these components is essential for a deeper understanding.
The distinction between idioms and proverbs seems to be confused in both Japanese and Vietnamese languages When examining their forms and meanings, the characteristics of idioms and proverbs can be described as follows.
表1.慣用句と諺の分別
順 慣用句 諺
長い間習慣として使われてきた言い
回しや、ひとまとまりの言葉や文句
Proverbs and lessons passed down through generations encompass a wealth of irony, wisdom, and satire These expressions reflect cultural insights and offer timeless guidance, highlighting the importance of understanding their deeper meanings in everyday life.
2 単語相当のものである。 一つの文相当のものである。
独立した単語の複合によって、文字
通りの意味とは異なる意味を持つよ
うになり定着した句である。
独立語として成立するものである。
4 会話や文章の中で、定型句の表現と
して用いられる。
教訓や格言として用いられる。
Idioms and phrases are both forms of language, but they lack a clear definition due to their strong conceptual elements Generally, idioms are understood as expressions commonly used in everyday conversation, while phrases are seen as more refined or sophisticated forms of language Consequently, the meanings of these two terms differ significantly.
Idiomatic expressions possess a broader range of meanings than simple phrases, encompassing not only well-established words but also combinations of kanji This includes various forms such as four-character idioms and two-character compounds.
In terms of grammatical classification, both collocations and idiomatic expressions share similarities; however, idioms exhibit a higher degree of fixedness compared to collocations While idiomatic expressions convey a unique meaning that cannot be derived from the sum of their individual components, collocations allow for the overall meaning to be understood through the meanings of their constituent parts.
Japanese idioms are predominantly characterized by their metaphorical nature, as emphasized by many researchers in the field The key distinguishing feature that sets Japanese idioms apart from other linguistic units is their metaphorical meaning Consequently, metaphorical expression is recognized as a fundamental characteristic of idioms in the Japanese language Both idioms and metaphors share the limitation of not conveying the entirety of meaning on their own, which establishes a connection between the two Many idioms utilize figurative language to create vivid imagery, which serves to explain concepts and principles effectively.
In essence, idiomatic expressions convey a unique meaning that cannot be derived from the individual components of the phrase, often reflecting a metaphorical significance as a whole This perspective suggests a close relationship between idioms and metaphors.
日本語における数字を表す言葉を使った慣用句の考察
数字についての概要
2.1.1.数字の概念
Numbers have long been an integral part of human life, deeply intertwined with our existence Beyond their fundamental role in calculations, numbers carry significant cultural meanings, allowing humans to imbue simple figures with rich symbolism and depth.
From the era before written language to the current age of electronic computing, numbers have evolved alongside their inherent attributes As they developed, additional characteristics such as philosophy, religion, history, and customs emerged, continuously transforming with the advancement of science and societal progress, reflecting the dynamic cultural elements within.
Numbers, as linguistic symbols, carry different meanings across various cultural regions and societies Behind seemingly identical numerical forms lie distinct ethnic sentiments and cultural influences, reflecting a rich tapestry of cultural elements.
数字についての定義は『大辞林』（1988：1268）によれば、次のようなも のである。
①数を表す文字。漢数字（一・二・三…）・アラビア数字（1・2・3…）・ ローマ数字（I・II・III…）など。
②（金銭・予算・統計など）数字で表される事柄。数量的な事柄。
日本の数字は漢字やアラビア数字やローマ数字も使っている。
Chinese numerals are characters used to represent numbers, employing a decimal system and positional notation They include digits from 0 to 9, positional characters representing powers of ten, and composite characters formed by combining these elements However, composite characters are now generally not in common use.
アラビア数字は、インド数字に起源を持つ十進記数法の数字である。 0,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 の10種類がある。
The article discusses a type of symbol used to represent numbers, which incorporates elements of Latin characters, such as those found in Arabic numerals.
数 字 に お け る 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 を そ れ ぞ れ
Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ,Ⅵ,Ⅶ,Ⅷ,Ⅸ,Ⅹのように並べて表現する。
The numbers defined above are known as real numbers, representing both the order of numbers and their actual quantities or values Real numbers can be categorized into odd numbers, such as "1, 3, 5, 7, 9," and even numbers, such as "2, 4, 6, 8, 10," each with specific meanings outlined below.
The number one (1) serves as the initial count when enumerating objects, representing both a specific value and rank For instance, it is the starting point in the sequence from one to ten.
The number "two" represents the quantity that comes after one, achieved by adding one to one It signifies both an equal number and a rank For example, it is often used in expressions like "jumping in without hesitation."
The number "three (3)" is the value that comes after two, representing the sum of two plus one, and is used to count quantities.
The number "four" (4) is the integer that follows three, obtained by adding one to three It holds significance in various contexts, such as in phrases like "the Four Books and Five Classics," "in all directions," "repeatedly," and "accessible in all ways."
The number "five" (5) is the value that follows four, obtained by adding one to four It is commonly used in counting objects and is exemplified in games such as Gomoku (five in a row).
The number "six (6)" is the quantity that follows five, which is obtained by adding one to five.
The number seven (7) follows six (6) in the sequence of counting and is obtained by adding one to six.
The number "eight (8)" is the value that comes after seven, which is obtained by adding one to seven (7).
The number nine (9) represents the quantity that follows eight, obtained by adding one to eight It is considered the highest of the positive integers, exemplified by the phrase "a tiny part of something vast," as in "九牛の一毛."
日本語における数字を表す言葉を使った慣用句の考察
2.2.1.考察の目的
This article examines Japanese idiomatic expressions that incorporate numerical terms, analyzing their syntactic components It explores the cultural backgrounds reflected in these idioms and compares them with Vietnamese equivalents, highlighting the symbolic and cultural meanings of each number Through this comparative study, it aims to elucidate the similarities and differences between Japanese and Vietnamese cultures The chapter will focus on the specific real numbers mentioned earlier for a thorough investigation.
This article explores the usage and frequency of certain numerical expressions in Japanese and Vietnamese idioms, examining how prevalent these expressions are in each language.
②構成要素と意味に関する特徴をどのように持っているか。
③日本語とベトナム語の慣用句を比較し、どんな同異点があるか。
2.2.2.考察対象及び範囲
上述の目的を果たすために、2冊の日本語辞典と2冊のベトナム語辞典、
This article examines a total of four dictionaries, focusing on idiomatic expressions that incorporate numerical terms The selected dictionaries serve as the foundation for this analysis.
①井上宗雄（1992）『例解慣用句辞典』創拓社出版
②三省堂編集所（2010）『故事ことわざ・慣用句辞典第二版』三省堂
③Nguyễn Lân (2014),Từ điển thành ngữ vàtục ngữ Việt Nam, NXB Văn học
④Hoàng Văn Hành (2008), Thành ngữ học Tiếng Việt, NXB Khoa học xã hội
考察結果
2.3.1.日本語とベトナム語の慣用句で使われた数字
Based on the referenced literature, a statistical analysis was conducted on idiomatic expressions involving numerical terms in both Japanese and Vietnamese The study found a total of 199 idiomatic expressions in Japanese and 111 in Vietnamese The specific numbers used in these expressions are detailed in the following table.
表2.1.日本語とベトナム語の慣用句で使われた数字
日本語 ベトナム語
順 数字 例 順 数字 例
1 一 一枚噛む 1 một/nhất
Một sớm một chiều/Nhất thành bất biến
2 二 天は二物を与えず 2 hai Hai tay buông xuôi
3 三 三拍子そろう 3 ba/tam Ba bè bảy mảng/ Tam khoanh tứ đốm
4 四 四海波静か 4 bốn/tứ Một vốn bốn lời/Tam khoanh tứ đốm
5 五 五指に余る 5 năm Năm lần bảy lượt
6 六 総量の甚六 6 sáu Ba đầu sáu tay
7 七 七つ道具 7 bảy Ba cơm bảy nắm
8 八 岡目八目 8 tám Bốn phương tám hướng
9 九 九仞の功を一箕に虧く 9 chín Chín đụn mười trâu
10 十 十字架を負う 10 mười Mười voi không được bát nước sáo
11 百 百年目 11 trăm/ bách
Trăm dâu đổ đầu tằm/Nhất hô bách ứng
12 千 悪事千里を行く 12 nghìn/ thiên
Trăm hồng nghìn tía/Thiên sơn vạn thủy
13 万 万策を尽きる 13 vạn Vạn tử nhất sinh
14 十八 鬼も十八番茶も出花 14 hai mốt Ba bảy hai mốt ngày
15 三十六 三十六計逃げるに如かず 15 ba mươi Tối như đêm ba mươi
16 四十八 なくて七癖あって四十
八癖 16 ba mươi sáu Ba mươi sáu chước
17 六十 六十の手習い ― ― ―
18 七十五 人の噂も七十五日 ― ― ―
19 八百 嘘八百を並べる ― ― ―
表 2.1.から見れば、日本語の慣用句で使われた数字は「一、二、三、四、
The natural numbers identified in the statistical analysis are 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 18, 36, 48, 60, 75, 100, 800, 1000, and 10,000, totaling 19 distinct figures Similar to Japanese, Vietnamese idiomatic expressions also feature numbers from "one" to "ten," as well as 36, 100, and 1000.
The number 14 is significant, resembling the concept of "ten thousand." Additionally, there are two other numbers in Japanese that do not exist in English: twenty-one and thirty.
2.3.2.日本語とベトナム語の慣用句における数字の出現頻度
2.3.2.1.日本語の一つの慣用句で使われた数字の数
In the analysis of 199 idiomatic expressions, the use of two numbers within a single idiom was examined.
The article discusses the presence of 29 phrases, categorized into two distinct cases: ① instances where the same number appears twice, and ② cases involving different numbers A summary of each case is provided in the following table.
表2.2.a.日本語の一つの慣用句における二つ使った数字
場合 数字 例
① 同 じ 数 字 で 、2
回出現した場合
一 一基一会
八 口も八丁手も八丁
十 十人十色
千 海千山千
②別の数字を使っ
②別の数字を使っ
順 番 に 連 続 した数字
一忚も二忚も 一も二もない 一石二鳥
二 三 二進も三進も行かない
二度あることは三度ある
四 五 四の五の言う
七重の膝を八重に折る 七転び八起き
う ペ ア に し た数字
一 八 一か八か
三 九 三拝九拝
一から十まで 一を聞いて十を知る
六 十 六日の菖蒲十日の菊
七 四十八 なくて七癖あって四十八癖
う ペ ア に し た数字
三 百 三つ子の魂百まで
一 千 一日千秋の思い
一 万 一事が万事
う ペ ア に し た数字
二 一 二兎を追う者は一兎をも得ず
九死に一生を得る 九仞の功を一箕に虧く
十 一 十把一絡げ
百 一 百聞は一見に如かず
千載一遇 千慮の一失
Theo bảng 2.2.a, số lượng các con số được sử dụng hai lần trong các thành ngữ tiếng Nhật là rất ít.
The numbers "one," "eight," "ten," and "thousand" exist in this context Additionally, when using different numerical systems, they can be categorized into three distinct types.
Sequential numbers can be represented in patterns such as "one-two," "two-three," "four-five," and "seven-eight."
The pairing of small and large numbers presents eight distinct patterns, exemplified by phrases such as "one or eight," "three bows and nine bows," "hears one and knows ten," and "the soul of a triplet lasts a hundred years."
The pairs of numbers that represent the concept of "large-small" include five patterns: "two-one," "nine-one," "ten-one," "hundred-one," and "thousand-one." In these pairs, the "small" number is always the first digit, which is "one." Examples of this usage can be seen in phrases like "ten bundles tied together" and "a once-in-a-thousand-years encounter."
In Vietnamese, a single idiom often incorporates two numbers, with a study of 111 idioms revealing that 83 of them feature this characteristic Similar to Japanese, Vietnamese idioms can also be categorized into two distinct cases, each exhibiting unique patterns based on these classifications.
①同じ数字で、2回出現した場合：
日本語と比べると、ベトナム語のほうが多く、「một/nhất（一）」「ba
Bài viết này đề cập đến năm mẫu số trong tiếng Nhật, bao gồm "mười (十)", "trăm (百)", "thiên (千)" và các ví dụ cụ thể về số lượng được trình bày trong bảng 2.2.b.
②別の数字を使った場合：
順番に連続した数字についてはベトナム語において、「một－hai（一・
Có nhiều mẫu số trong tiếng Việt như "ba-bốn" (三・四) và "chín-mười" (九・十), bên cạnh đó còn có các cặp số lẻ liên tiếp như "một-ba" (一・三) và "năm-bảy" (五・七).
In addition to pairs of numbers such as small-large and large-small, there is a notable prevalence of odd numbers in usage, surpassing their frequency in Japanese Furthermore, there exists another idiomatic expression pattern that incorporates three or more numbers, as illustrated in Table 2.2.b.
表2.2.b.ベトナム語の一つの慣用句における二つ以上使った数字
場合 数字 数 例
Một mái nhà sống có ba cọc ba đồng, với nghệ thuật tinh tế nhất, đem lại vinh quang cho cuộc sống Mười phân vẹn mười, trăm phát trăm trúng, thể hiện sự hoàn hảo và thành công Thiên binh thiên tướng là biểu tượng cho sức mạnh và quyền lực, tạo nên một cuộc sống thịnh vượng.
②別の数字を
使った場合
日本語における数字を表す言葉を使った慣用句の分類
In the classification of idiomatic expressions in Japanese, as discussed in Chapter 1, three categories are established based on part-of-speech characteristics, semantic features, and formal attributes The concept of idiomatic expressions, as summarized in the previous chapter, is defined formally as combinations of at least two words that create a syntactically and semantically unified entity, functioning similarly to single words Consequently, the classification of idiomatic expressions involving numerical terms in Japanese is analyzed and statistically examined in accordance with these features, alongside a contrastive analysis of Vietnamese idiomatic expressions The specifics of this analysis are detailed below.
2.4.1.日本語における数字を含む慣用句の品詞別
According to parts of speech, idiomatic expressions can be categorized into three types: verb idioms, adjective idioms, and noun idioms A study examining 199 idiomatic expressions in Japanese that include numbers reveals the basic structural composition of these expressions, which follows a specific order and total count.
2.4.1.1.数字を含む名詞慣用句
There are a significant number of idiomatic expressions that include numbers, totaling 99 phrases This article analyzes these expressions and discusses various types of structures related to them.
Examples of idiomatic expressions with a two-word structure include "ichigo ichie" (一期一会), which consists of "ichi" (一期) meaning "one" and "go" (会) meaning "meeting"; "issho ni tori" (一石二鳥), where "issho" (一石) means "one stone" and "ni tori" (二鳥) means "two birds"; and "kiki ippatsu" (危機一髪), which combines "kiki" (危機) meaning "crisis" and "ippatsu" (一髪) meaning "one hair."
Japanese idiomatic expressions, known as four-character idioms, include a total of 25 phrases that incorporate numbers Additionally, there are nine idiomatic expressions structured as combinations of nouns, such as "ittebari," "hadakakankan," and "happō yabure."
②〔名詞〕（格助詞）＋〔名詞〕/〔名詞〕（格助詞）
There are numerous noun idiomatic phrases with a structure of ②, totaling 56 examples The primary grammatical cases utilized in this structure include genitive, dative, case particles, ablative, and comitative cases Specific usages can be illustrated through various examples.
〔名詞〕（主格）＋〔名詞〕：「一事が万事」「役者が一枚上」
〔名詞〕（属格）＋〔名詞〕：「一日の長」「三顧の礼」「六十の手習い」
〔名詞〕（与格）＋〔名詞〕：「胸に一物」
〔名詞〕（係助詞）＋〔名詞〕：「一寸先は闇」「百も承知」
〔名詞〕（奪格）＋〔名詞〕：「二階から目薬」
〔名詞〕（共同格）＋〔名詞〕：「欲と二人連れ」
The most common usages in Japanese involve the structure of noun phrases, specifically the forms (の) and "noun," with a total of 34 phrases analyzed Additionally, Japanese idiomatic expressions often feature a composition of attributive modifiers and nouns, as seen in examples like "the places pointed by ten fingers" and "the places seen by ten eyes."
Trong bài viết này, chúng tôi đã xem xét 111 thành ngữ trong tiếng Việt, hầu hết trong số đó là các thành ngữ danh từ Các thành ngữ này thường được cấu thành từ bốn từ trở lên, ví dụ như "Năm cha ba mẹ", "Chín người mười ý", "Nhất cử lưỡng tiện" và "Thiên binh vạn mã".
2.4.1.2.数字を含む動詞慣用句
There are a total of 94 verb idioms that include numbers, comprising 75 verbs in affirmative form and 19 verbs in negative form.
The structure of verb idiomatic expressions primarily follows the format of "noun + case particle + verb." This article examines 94 specific examples, focusing on verb idiomatic expressions where "numbers" serve as the subject A syntactic analysis of their structure is presented in a table format The findings regarding the composition of verb idiomatic expressions can be summarized as follows.
表2.4.日本語の動詞慣用句
順 構成 数 例
〔名詞〕＋〔動詞〕 22 一枚噛む、一目置く、一服盛る
〔名詞〕＋〔動詞（～ず）〕 1 一再ならず
〔名詞〕＋〔動詞（～せる）〕 2 一泡吹かせる、一花咲かせる
〔名詞〕（を）＋〔動詞〕 30 一笑を買う、二枚舌を使う、十
字架を負う
〔名詞〕（を）＋〔動詞（～て）〕
＋〔名詞〕（を）＋〔動詞〕 1 一を聞いて十を知る
〔名詞〕（に）＋〔動詞〕 9 四つに組む、五指に余る
〔名詞 /（動詞）〕（に）＋〔動詞
（～ず）〕 3 一義に及ばず、三日にあげず、
三十六計逃げるに如かず
4 〔名詞〕（が）＋〔名詞〕（に）＋
〔動詞〕 1 胸が一杯になる
5 〔名詞〕（を）＋〔名詞〕（に）＋
〔動詞〕 5 目を三角にする、七重の膝を八
重におる、軌を一にする
6 〔名詞〕（に）＋〔名詞〕（を）＋
〔動詞〕 2 額に八の字を寄せる、九死に一
7 〔名詞〕（は）〔名詞〕＋〔動詞〕 1 二度あることは三度ある
8 〔名詞〕（の）＋〔動詞〕 1 四つの五の言う
〔 動 詞 （ ～ て ） 〕 〔 名 詞 〕 （ と ）
〔動詞〕 1 打って一丸となる
〔名詞〕（と）〔動詞（～ない）〕 1 二目と見られない
10 〔名詞〕（は）〔名詞〕（を/をも）
＋〔動詞（～ず）〕 2 天は二物を与えず、二兎を追う
者は一兎をも得ず
11 〔 名 詞 〕 （ は ） 〔 名 詞 〕 （ に ） ＋
〔動詞（～ず）〕 1 百聞は一見に如かず
12 〔 名 詞 〕 （ ま で ） ＋ 〔 動 詞 （ ～
ず）〕 1 雀百まで踊り忘れず
〔 名 詞 〕 （ も ） ＋ 〔 動 詞 （ ～ な
い）〕 2 一糸も纏わない
〔 名 詞 〕 〔 名 詞 〕 （ も ） ＋ 〔 動 詞
（～せない）〕 1 指一本も差させない
14 〔名詞〕（も）＋〔名詞〕（も）＋
〔動詞（～ない）〕 2 一も二もない、二進も三進も行
15 〔 名 詞 〕 （ に も ） ＋ 〔 動 詞 （ ～ な
い）〕 1 一文にもならない
16 〔 名 詞 〕 （ で は ） ＋ 〔 動 詞 （ ～ な
い）〕 1 一筋縄では行かない
17 〔 名 詞 〕 （ が ） ＋ 〔 動 詞 （ ～ な
い）〕 2 二の句が継げない、二の矢が継
The analysis of the table reveals that the basic structure of verb idioms, specifically the pattern of [noun (o) verb], is the most prevalent Additionally, these structures typically appear at the end of verbs and can be utilized within sentences, although they are originally expressed in fixed conjugated forms.
In Japanese, certain expressions have fixed forms, such as the negative forms "～ない" and "～ず," as well as the causative forms "～せる," "～させる," and "～させない."
In addition, verbs can be transformed into adverbial forms through their conjugation or by following them with adverbs This transformation typically indicates the degree of action, often relating to time or space.
Vietnamese verb idioms are fewer in number compared to Japanese, and they can be categorized into two distinct types based on their structure.
Trong tiếng Việt, cấu trúc câu với động từ và danh từ thường được sử dụng để diễn đạt ý nghĩa rõ ràng và súc tích Ví dụ, "Chỉ tay năm ngón" thể hiện hành động chỉ định cụ thể, trong khi "Chẻ sợi tóc làm tư" mô tả việc chia nhỏ một vật thể thành nhiều phần Hơn nữa, cụm từ "Bắt cá hai tay" diễn tả khả năng làm nhiều việc cùng một lúc, thể hiện sự khéo léo và linh hoạt trong hành động Những cấu trúc này không chỉ phong phú về ngữ nghĩa mà còn giúp người nghe dễ dàng hình dung và hiểu rõ hơn về nội dung được truyền đạt.
〔名詞〕＋〔動詞〕：「Hai tay buông xuôi（両手を下ろす）」「Ngàn cân treo sợi tóc（一髪千鈞を引く）」
2.4.1.3.数字を含む形容詞慣用句及びその他の慣用句
本章のまとめ
This chapter analyzes and contrasts Japanese idiomatic expressions that utilize numerical terms with their Vietnamese counterparts The findings of this research can be summarized as follows.
The article discusses the use of numbers in idiomatic expressions, highlighting that the Japanese language features 19 specific numbers, including "one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eighteen, thirty-six, forty-eight, sixty, seventy-five, hundred, eight hundred, thousand, and ten thousand," while the Vietnamese language includes 111 idiomatic expressions with numbers.
Similar to Japanese, Vietnamese idioms feature a total of 16 significant numbers, including the digits from one to ten, as well as thirty-six, one hundred, one thousand, and ten thousand Additionally, Vietnamese incorporates two unique numbers not found in Japanese.
In both Japanese and Vietnamese, idiomatic expressions utilize numbers, with a notable difference in their frequency Japanese has a higher prevalence of idioms containing a single number, totaling 170 expressions Conversely, Vietnamese features a greater variety of idioms that incorporate two or more numbers, including those that utilize three and four numbers.
二つの数字を含む慣用句は以下の場合に分かれる。
①同じ数字で、2回出現した場合
When using a different set of numbers, it is essential to create pairs of consecutive digits that follow a specific order, either from small to large or from large to small.
In both Japanese and Vietnamese, the number "one" appears with high frequency, highlighting its significance in the numerical systems of these languages This prevalence underscores the importance of understanding how foundational numbers are used in communication and cultural contexts.
The numbers "two" and "three" are among the most frequently used, with "one" being the highest in both languages, appearing 122 times in Japanese and 48 times in Vietnamese Additionally, the numbers "four" and "five" also contribute to the overall frequency of numerical terms in these languages.
In a comparative analysis of numerical usage, the Vietnamese language employs the numbers "seven" and "nine" more frequently than Japanese, while the number "six" appears in similar, albeit limited, instances in both languages Notably, the Japanese term for "eight" is used nine times, contrasting with only three occurrences in Vietnamese Additionally, the numbers "ten," "hundred," "thousand," and "ten thousand" are commonly used in Vietnamese, with "thousand" being particularly prominent at 17 occurrences.
In addition to the aforementioned numbers, there are unique instances in Japanese, such as "eighteen," "thirty-six," "forty-eight," "sixty," "seventy-five," and "eight hundred," which also have their counterparts in Vietnamese.
「hai mốt（二十一）」「ba mươi（三十）」「ba mươi sáu（三十六）」と言う数字も 存在している。
In both Japanese and Vietnamese, idiomatic expressions are classified based on parts of speech into three categories: verb idioms, adjective idioms, and noun idioms However, the structure of these idioms can vary between the two languages.
In Japanese, the number of verb idioms and noun idioms is nearly equal, while adjectival idioms are relatively rare Conversely, in Vietnamese, the majority of idioms are noun-based, with only a small number of verb and adjectival idioms present.
In an integrated structure, both languages typically utilize a fundamental composition of [noun + noun/verb/adjective] However, it has been found that Japanese more frequently employs the structure of [noun + case particle + noun/verb/adjective].
In both Japanese and Vietnamese, idiomatic expressions can be classified into three categories based on their form: metaphorical, negative, and repetitive structures Metaphorical idioms are primarily divided into similes and metaphors, with similes often incorporating terms like "like" or "thought" to create vivid comparisons.
In metaphorical idioms, while indicators are explicitly stated, the metaphorical indicators remain implicit, with the entire phrase conveying a figurative meaning.
Both languages contain idiomatic expressions in the negative form, but Japanese has a greater variety, totaling 19 expressions Most of these idioms utilize the structures "～ない" and "～ず."
