选题理由
Etiquette is a crucial aspect of communication across different cultures worldwide The ways in which etiquette is expressed can vary significantly from one country to another When meeting someone for the first time, it is essential to understand their cultural norms and practices related to greetings and interactions.
的 信息，都要 用 礼 貌 的 方式向 他 们 表 示 问候， 如 ：“请 问 您 的 尊 姓 大
名 ？”。 当 我 们 想 要 求 别 人 为 自 己 做 某件事情， 我 们 也 要 有 礼 貌地向 他
When you have a wish or need assistance, such as asking for directions while you're out and about, don't hesitate to approach someone, like a traffic police officer You can politely say, "Excuse me, officer, could you please tell me how to get to the Foreign Language University?" This approach often leads to a warm and helpful response.
Before you leave, it's important to express your gratitude by saying, "I understand now Please take care Thank you!" Those who understand the value of civility and politeness often receive support and assistance from others.
In Asian countries, particularly China and Vietnam, etiquette is a fundamental criterion for assessing a person's cultural refinement, and individuals with cultural sophistication must use respectful language in their interactions The appropriate use of honorifics significantly enhances communication effectiveness, making it a strategic aspect of language, especially in Chinese communication Public spaces in China prominently display civil reminders such as "No Smoking," "No Loud Noise," and "Please Flush After Use," all exemplifying polite expressions Among various honorifics, the term "please" is frequently used and serves as a hallmark of polite language This is largely due to the shared cultural space of Vietnam and China, both influenced by feudal teachings that shape societal hierarchies and interpersonal relationships.
In modern Chinese, the honorific term "请" (please) is frequently used to express a desire for someone to do something, as in "请坐" (please sit) or "请准时出席" (please attend on time) It can also convey polite commands, such as "请勿喧哗" (please do not make noise), and serve as a courteous way to ask questions, like "请问您的贵姓大名？" (may I ask your esteemed name?) Additionally, "请" is used to make polite requests, suggestions, or demands, highlighting its importance in maintaining etiquette in communication.
The phrase "please" can serve multiple purposes in communication It can be used to make polite requests, such as inviting someone to sit down with "Hello, please take a seat!" It can also express the speaker's desire, as in "If it's convenient, please help me buy a bottle of perfume." Additionally, it can convey courteous commands, like "Please speak louder; I can't hear you."
In the process of learning and using Chinese, Vietnamese students often struggle with the polite expression "请" due to the inherent difficulty of the language and negative transfer from their native language This results in frequent errors in its usage.
多人一般都按照越南语的“Em mời Thầy ạ!”类似的说法迁移到汉语的交际，
说成“我请老师！”、“我请您！”等。这样的用词组句习惯造成了偏误成因
The phenomenon known as "negative transfer" occurs when students, despite repeated reminders from teachers, continue to make the same mistakes This highlights that many Vietnamese students still struggle to grasp the nuances of respectful language, particularly the use of the term "please."
The correct meaning and usage of the polite term "请" in modern Chinese is essential for effective communication Understanding how to appropriately incorporate this respectful expression can enhance interactions and convey politeness in various social contexts.
Analyzing common errors in Vietnamese students' language learning, based on corresponding expressions in Vietnamese, can significantly enhance their language proficiency.
Based on the reasons mentioned above, I intend to focus on the errors in the modern Chinese honorifics used by Vietnamese students, specifically examining the frequent misuse of the term "请" (please).
The topic of this thesis focuses on the analysis of honorific language usage in Mandarin Chinese, specifically aimed at enhancing the understanding and application of respectful language by Vietnamese students This research aims to contribute valuable insights into the teaching methodologies of Chinese language, emphasizing the importance of politeness and cultural nuances in effective communication.
“请”时常犯上的误用、多用、遗漏、错序、其他等偏误进行分析，之后弄清
This article explores the causes of various types of bias phenomena and proposes relevant teaching strategies to address these issues The aim is to provide insights that can enhance educational practices and improve learning outcomes.
为越南学生汉语敬辞“请”教学提供一份参考资料。
研究目的
Bài viết này nhằm mục đích làm rõ kiến thức cơ bản về từ khiêm nhường "请" trong tiếng Trung hiện đại, đồng thời liên hệ đến các từ tương đương trong tiếng Việt như "xin", "hãy", "mời" Trên cơ sở đó, nghiên cứu sẽ khảo sát và phân tích những sai lầm thường gặp của sinh viên Việt Nam khi sử dụng từ "请", bao gồm việc sử dụng sai, lạm dụng, bỏ sót, sắp xếp sai, và các sai sót khác Bài viết cũng chỉ ra nguyên nhân của những sai lầm này và đề xuất các chiến lược giảng dạy nhằm giảm thiểu sai sót và nâng cao khả năng biểu đạt ngôn ngữ.
的效果。希望本论文可为越南汉语教学提供一份有益的参考资料。
研究任务
为了达到上述的研究目的，本论文要完成以下几项任务：
（1）对现代汉语敬辞尤其是“请”和偏误分析相关理论进行综述；
（2）对 越 南 学 生使用 现 代 汉 语 敬 辞“请”的 现状进 行考 察、分 析 ， 指
This article analyzes and categorizes common errors made by learners, identifying the underlying causes of these mistakes Additionally, it offers teaching recommendations to enhance the instruction of Chinese honorifics in Vietnam.
4 研研研研究方法究方法究方法究方法
To achieve the research objectives outlined, this paper employs comparative analysis and error analysis methods to investigate errors systematically.
（1）统计法：对越南学生使用汉语敬辞“请”的偏误频率进行统计；
（2）分析法、归纳法：对其偏误进行分析并归类；
This section analyzes the comparative expressions of the modern Chinese honorific term "please" and its corresponding forms in Vietnamese, serving as a basis for understanding the causes of errors in language use.
（4）问卷调 查法：对 越 南汉 语教 师和汉 语 学习 者有关现代 汉 语敬 辞
“请”的教与学现状进行调查。
此外，本论文还采取演绎法、例证法、推理法等研究方法。
5 研究对象及范围研究对象及范围研究对象及范围研究对象及范围
This study focuses on the errors made by students in the Chinese departments of Vietnam's Hong Bang International University, Second Hanoi University of Education, and Hai Phong University regarding the use of the modern Chinese honorific "请" (please) To obtain reliable data, we first summarize previous research on the modern Chinese honorific "请" before comparing it with the findings from Vietnamese students.
This article compares the expressions of two languages, highlighting their differences to clarify the nuances of the Yue dialect By examining these linguistic variations, readers can gain a deeper understanding of the unique characteristics that define the Yue language.
汉语学习者在使用敬辞“请”常见的偏误。
6 论文结构论文结构论文结构论文结构
本论文除了绪论、结语、目录及参考文献以外, 共分以下三章:
第一章 偏误分析与现代汉语敬辞“请”的相关理论
第二章 越南学生现代汉语敬辞“请”的偏误考察与分析
第三章 越南学生现代汉语敬辞“请”的偏误成因及教学建议
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the research on modern Chinese honorifics, focusing on the usage and significance of terms like "请" (please) It explores how these expressions reflect social hierarchies and cultural nuances within contemporary Chinese language The study highlights the evolution of honorifics and their role in facilitating respectful communication, emphasizing their importance in both spoken and written contexts Through analyzing various scholarly works, the article aims to shed light on the complexities and variations of honorific usage in modern Chinese society.
Research in China has been extensively conducted, highlighting significant advancements and developments across various fields The country's commitment to innovation and technology has positioned it as a global leader in research initiatives Furthermore, collaboration between universities and industries has fostered an environment conducive to groundbreaking discoveries Overall, China's research landscape continues to evolve, contributing to both national progress and international scientific communities.
The usage of the character "请" dates back to the Warring States period, as recorded in historical texts such as "Zuo Zhuan," which mentions, "Jiang loved Gongshu Duan and urgently requested Wu Gong to establish him, but the Duke did not agree." Additionally, "Mengzi" states, "The king favors war; let us use war as a metaphor." This indicates that the character "请" has been present alongside existing literature since ancient times.
对于中 文 礼 貌词“请”， 中国 著 名的 语 言 学家们从很早 便对 其 进 行 了
卓有 成 果 的 研 究 。 如吕 叔 湘的《中国文法要略 》(1956)和《现 代 汉 语800
The works of Wang Li, such as "Modern Chinese Grammar" (1985) and "Chinese Grammar" (1996), hold significant instructional value for contemporary Chinese language teaching to non-native speakers.
马乃田(2003)分析了由“请”字可以组成兼语结构但并非一定组兼语结
The analysis of the word "请" reveals three fundamental structures Firstly, "请" functions as a verb with a concrete lexical meaning, forming a complement phrase that serves various syntactic roles.
In the analysis of sentence components, it is important to note that the term "please" serves as a polite expression rather than conveying a concrete meaning, and it does not form a complex predicate structure Additionally, "please" can be positioned before the subject-verb structure or function solely as a respectful term without contributing to the grammatical structure.
李琳(2004)指出“请”有实义动词和敬辞两种用法。这两种用法的“请”
The article explores the distinct characteristics of the word "please" in both meaning and form, analyzing its various usages and features from semantic and grammatical perspectives.
According to Zhou Xiaojun (2004), the term "please" can be categorized into two distinct types based on its grammatical and semantic distribution: "please1," which encompasses requests, invitations, and banquets, and "please2," which serves as a polite expression.
丁松(2010)指出敬辞“请1”和“请2”均从西周晚期由行为动词“请”虚化
为修饰句子的语气副词，在《左传》时代正式确立。中古时期二者并行但
The term "请2" has gradually declined since the Yuan Dynasty, evolving into a bound morpheme In contrast, "请1" has persisted from ancient times to the present, transitioning from a meaning of "respect" to a broader sense of "politeness," thereby acquiring a discourse marking function.
Previous research on modern Chinese honorifics, particularly the term "please," has been multifaceted However, there has been a lack of studies focusing on the errors made by Vietnamese students in acquiring modern Chinese honorifics This paper aims to address this gap.
的研究空间还很宽阔。