THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

Rationable

As a student at the Faculty of English at Duy Tan University, I have gained in-depth knowledge of various types of translation, with a particular passion for translating documents on educational psychology Education is a crucial sector that impacts everyone from birth and is continually evolving Unfortunately, there is a shortage of well-trained professionals in this field As English majors, we not only excel in translation but also possess a strong understanding of education and educational policy Translating this essay is beneficial for my comprehension of the evolution of education and for informing the audience about its recommendations Upon completing this translation, I hope to convey how educational changes benefit society, provide valuable insights to readers, and effectively tackle challenging phrases and structures in translation.

- Advancing the understanding of readers about education

- Removing the language barrier for Vietnamese readers who are interested in this subject

- Mastering how to translate and analyze difficult words and structures

- Applying theory of translation to the study

3 The scope of the study:

This graduation paper belongs to chapter 4 “The Psychology of

Elementary Education” of the book “The School and Society” 1899 (John

This chapter, translated into Vietnamese, highlights key points that will be analyzed in detail It also addresses the challenges encountered during the translation process that caused some embarrassment Finally, the paper proposes important solutions to these difficulties.

“The School and Society” was written by John Dewey, 1899 - a psychologist and educational reformer The book explains the inextricable link between building a successful school for a prosperous society.

Dewey emphasizes that education should extend beyond vocational training, advocating for its role in fostering personal development and advancing human progress He highlights that the democratization of learning arose from the proliferation of print and written communication, while innovations like the locomotive and telegraph enabled rapid and affordable exchanges of ideas Additionally, increased travel and freedom of movement have transformed knowledge into a dynamic entity, actively circulating within society rather than being a static resource.

So this is a very good book to help us learn more about foreign education.

The chapter I chose to translate is chapter 4 “The Psychology of

The article discusses the challenges faced by elementary education, highlighting the school's struggles with educational performance and administration It emphasizes the need for an investigation-based approach, where teachers begin with questions rather than adhering to rigid rules, fostering a more dynamic learning environment.

This book includes 21 chapters with 142 pages, but due to time limitation, this paper sets boundary in studying some first parts of the chapter

4 of the book with 3600 words The name of chapter 4 is “The Psychology of Elementary Education”.

“The School and Society” has 26 chapters, and I choose chapter 4 to translate Its name: “The Psychology of Elementary Education”.

The text “The Psychology of Elementary Education” of the book “The

School and Society” The author is John Dewey This book was published in

Method of the study

The writer conducts the paper in following steps:

Building up the theoretical background for the paper

Learning English and Vietnamese information related to education

Collecting difficult English phrases for description, analysis, and comparison

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Definition of Translation

Translation is the process clearly presenting the relation between at least two languages: source language (SL) and target language (TL).

There are many different definitionsof translation given by some well- known linguistic experts as follows:

“Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).”

“Translation is a process of rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.”

“Translation is the process of conveying messages across linguistic and cultural barriers.”

Types of Categories

There are some types of categories of translation defined in terms of extent, levels, and ranks of translation.

The distinction relates to the extents of translation.

According to J.C Carford (1965), in a full translation the entire text is submitted to the translation process: that is, every part of the SL text is replaced by TL text materials ().

In a partial translation, some part or parts of the SL text are left untranslated: they are simply transferred to and incorporated in the TL text (). Examples:

Full translation: There has been a dramatic rise in house prices this year.

Đã có một sự tăng giá về nhà trong năm nay.

The controversial remark garnered significant media attention, particularly after it was condemned by numerous Democratic politicians and some Republicans, including presidential candidate Mitt Romney, who urged Akin to exit the race.

Phát ngôn gây tranh cãi này đã thu hút sự chú ý lớn từ báo chí, đặc biệt khi nhiều chính trị gia thuộc Đảng Dân Chủ và một số thành viên Đảng Cộng Hòa, bao gồm cả ứng viên tổng thống Mitt Romney, đã chỉ trích và kêu gọi Akin rút lui khỏi cuộc đua.

In terms of levels, translation is divided into two types by J.C Catford: total translation and restricted translation.

Total translation involves substituting the grammar and vocabulary of the source language (SL) with corresponding grammar and vocabulary of the target language (TL) This process also leads to a change in the phonological and graphical aspects of the SL, which are replaced by the distinct phonology and graphology of the TL.

Example: A friend in need is a friend indeed

Hoạn nạn mới biết bạn hiền.

Restricted translation is replacement of SL textual by equivalent TL textual material, at only one level.

According to Nguyen Manh Quang, M.A., in this translation, the main thing is SL phonology is replaced with equivalent TL one, but there are hardly other important replacements.

In phonological translation, sometimes grammatical or lexical changes may result accidentally.

In graphological translation, SL graphology is replaced with equivalent target one without other considerable replacements, also noted by Nguyen Manh Quang, M.A

Example: number one => năm- bờ- quanh

In transliteration, SL graphological units are replaced with corresponding

SL phonological units Then these SL phonological units are translated into equivalent TL phonological units Finally, the TL phonological units are replaced with corresponding TL graphological units.

Example: Singapore => Xin- ga-po

2.2.1.4 Free, Literal, and Word-for-word Translation:

A "free" translation offers flexibility, while "word-for-word" translation is precise and direct "Literal" translation strikes a balance between these two approaches, beginning with a "word-for-word" method but adapting to the target language's grammar by modifying structures and adding words as necessary This can result in translations that are group-group or clause-clause in nature.

 Free translation: Give him an inch and he will take a yard.

 Được đằng chân lên đằng đầu.

 Word-for-word translation: She plays piano very well.

 Cô ấy chơi pi a nô rất tốt.

 Literal translation: A bad beginning makes a bad ending.

2.2.2 Methods and Principles of Translation:

All methods of translation below are defined by Nguyen Manh Quang M.A

Interlinear translation displays the target language (TL) directly beneath the source language (SL) words, maintaining the original word order Each word is translated individually using its most common meaning, often without considering context For instance, in the sentence "There is a box on the table," the structure and word choices reflect this method.

Có một chiếc hộp ở trên bàn.

The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly out of context.

As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problem to be solved.

Example: This program is sponsored by Walls.

 Chương trình này được tài trợ bởi Walls.

A faithful translation aims to accurately convey the contextual meaning of the original text while adhering to the grammatical structures of the target language It carefully transfers cultural terms and maintains the level of grammatical and lexical uniqueness found in the source language The goal is to remain true to the intentions and expression of the original writer For instance, the shore is typically not crowded, with mainly locals visiting to enjoy the fresh air and swimming.

Bờ biển thường vắng vẻ, chủ yếu chỉ có người dân địa phương đến để tận hưởng không khí trong lành và tắm biển.

This approach prioritizes the aesthetic quality of the source language text, emphasizing the beauty and natural sound of the translation while being willing to compromise on meaning It avoids jarring elements such as assonance, wordplay, or repetition in the final version Additionally, it translates less significant cultural terms using neutral or functional language instead of cultural equivalents, making minor adjustments to cater to the target readership.

Example: English for future leaders.

 Tiếng Anh giành cho thế hệ dẫn dắt tương lai.

This translation method is the most flexible, primarily applied to plays and poetry It retains the original themes, characters, and plots while adapting the source language culture to the target language context, resulting in a rewritten text.

Example: When Heaven and Earth changed places.

 Khi trời đất đổi thay

This produces the “message” of the original again but tends to distort the nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original.

Example: Empty barrels make the most noise.

This translation method aims to convey the original context clearly, ensuring that both the content and language are easily understood by the audience It is commonly used in news broadcasts and newspapers, where communicative and semantic translations may align.

Example: PLEASE HAND IN YOUR KEY AT THE DESK !

 Xin gửi chìa khóa ở quầy tiếp tân !

There are some basic principles of translation listed by M.A Nguyen Manh Quang.

The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of the original text. Nothing should be arbitrarily added or moved, though occasionally part of the meaning can be “transpose”.

Example: He was limp with fatigue.

 Anh ta mệt đến độ không đứng lên nổi.

Example: Try to act naturally, even if you are feeling tense.

 Cố gắng hành động một cách tự nhiên, ngay cả khi bạn đang cảm thấy căng thẳng.

The translation should maintain a similar order of words and phrases as the original text It is essential to preserve the form and sequence of words If uncertain, underline the key words in the original text that carry the main stress In English, emphasis can be achieved by inverting word order and utilizing various sentence structures.

Example: Only by practicing English every day can you speak it fluently.

 Chỉ bằng cách luyện tập tiếng Anh hàng ngày bạn mới có thể nói trôi chảy được.

Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in a given context To resolve these differences, the translator must distinguish between formal and fixed expression.

Example: Please do not litter.

 Xin vui lòng không xả rác.

One of the most frequent issues in translation is the lack of natural flow, often stemming from the translator's rigid adherence to the original text To achieve a more natural translation, it is advisable for the translator to momentarily set the text aside and verbally translate a few sentences from memory, allowing for the emergence of more natural language patterns.

Example: He have had my television fixed.

 Anh ta đã nhờ sửa cái tivi của ấy.

Idiomatic expressions, including similes, metaphors, proverbs, and sayings, cannot be translated directly Instead, translators should aim to preserve the original phrase in inverted commas, provide a literal explanation in brackets, utilize close equivalents, or opt for a non-idiomatic, plain prose translation to convey the intended meaning effectively.

Example: Bad news has wings.

The original style should be preserved, but any sloppy writing or unnecessary repetition can be refined For example, instead of saying, "He ate, and drank, and talked, and asked during the meal," it can be streamlined for clarity.

 Ông ta vừa ăn uống luôn miệng nói, hỏi suốt bữa ăn.

Situational context encompasses the various factors and circumstances that shape the meaning of a text, which can be more challenging to identify than linguistic elements These situational factors include micro-level aspects such as facial expressions, gestures, and body language, as well as broader influences like social, political, and economic environments, and overarching cultural contexts Additionally, conventions and value systems can vary significantly across different cultures and societies.

SUGGESTED TRANSLATION

SUGGESTED VERSION Chương 4: Tâm lý học của Giáo dục Tiểu học.

Parents are primarily interested in the daily happenings at their children's school, focusing on the personal outcomes for their kids rather than contributing to broader educational theories.

Hầu hết công chúng, đặc biệt là các bậc phụ huynh, đều quan tâm đến những sự kiện hàng ngày tại trường học nơi con em họ theo học Điều này không chỉ xuất phát từ mong muốn cá nhân mà còn phản ánh sự quan tâm đến môi trường giáo dục mà trẻ em đang trải nghiệm.

Visitors to a school often observe the activities involving children but seldom take the time to reflect on the deeper issues at play It is essential for a school to acknowledge this perspective, as addressing these underlying problems is crucial for maintaining the trust of parents and ensuring student enrollment.

Các phụ huynh thường nhận thức được những gì đang diễn ra với con em mình khi đến thăm trường, nhưng họ ít khi có thời gian hoặc động lực để tìm hiểu về các vấn đề tiềm ẩn Để duy trì niềm tin từ phụ huynh và sự hiện diện của học sinh, trường học cần chú trọng đến khía cạnh này trong công tác của mình.

A university-affiliated school plays a crucial role in advancing educational thought, with its primary focus being on scientific contributions that enhance the progress of education.

Trường học do một bộ phận của trường đại học quản lý mang một ý nghĩa đặc biệt, trong đó tính khoa học được xem là yếu tố quan trọng nhất Theo quan điểm của trường đại học, sự đóng góp này không chỉ nâng cao chất lượng giáo dục mà còn thúc đẩy sự tiến bộ trong tư duy giáo dục.

A university should not compromise its tradition of admitting only those who have completed secondary education simply to educate a larger number of children The primary justification for a university to maintain an elementary school is its commitment to scientific objectives and the operation of a laboratory that aligns with other scientific institutions.

Mục đích giáo dục cho một số trẻ em nhất định khó có thể biện minh cho việc một trường đại học tách rời khỏi truyền thống, vốn chỉ giới hạn với những học sinh hoàn thành chương trình trung học Chỉ khi có mục đích khoa học rõ ràng và các hoạt động phòng thí nghiệm có thể so sánh với các phòng thí nghiệm khoa học khác, trường đại học mới có lý do chính đáng để duy trì hoạt động của một trường tiểu học.

A school serves as a practical laboratory for applied psychology, focusing on the study of the child's mind and its development It seeks to identify materials and methods that effectively promote and support healthy growth in children.

Mô hình trường học này hoạt động như một phòng thí nghiệm tâm lý học, nơi nghiên cứu tâm trí và sự phát triển của trẻ em Trường học không chỉ là nơi học tập mà còn là không gian để tìm kiếm tài liệu học tập và cơ chế hỗ trợ, nhằm thúc đẩy sự phát triển vượt trội so với các điều kiện bình thường.

[6] It is not a normal school or a department for the training of teachers It is not a model school.

[6] Đây không phải là trường học hay một khoa đào tạo giáo viên thông thường Đây không phải là trường học kiểu mẫu.

The article aims to explore child education through the lens of contemporary psychology, focusing on the principles of mental activity and growth processes, rather than promoting a specific idea or doctrine.

Bài viết không nhằm mục đích chứng minh một ý tưởng hay học thuyết cụ thể nào Thay vào đó, nó tập trung vào việc khám phá giáo dục trẻ em dựa trên nguyên tắc hoạt động tinh thần và các quá trình phát triển đã được tâm lý học hiện đại công nhận.

The challenge of education is inherently infinite, and while schools can only make incremental contributions, it is essential to advocate for a comprehensive approach that considers both theoretical and practical aspects of learning.

To effectively study child development, it is essential that school conditions align with natural growth processes Attempting to examine growth under artificial circumstances that obscure key aspects of a child's life is fundamentally misguided.

Vấn đề của nhiệm vụ giáo dục là vô hạn, với mỗi trường học có thể đóng góp một phần nhỏ vào nhiều khía cạnh khác nhau Điều này hỗ trợ cho việc xem xét tính cần thiết của giáo dục từ cả lý thuyết lẫn thực tiễn.

ANALYSIS

Vocabulary

English vocabulary can have multiple meanings, making translation challenging To translate effectively, it's essential to grasp the author's intended message This often requires analyzing the context of entire sentences or paragraphs to select the most appropriate word meanings Consequently, vocabulary poses a significant challenge for translators.

The English language is rich with words that possess multiple meanings, making it challenging to select the most appropriate definition When consulting a dictionary, various meanings are often presented, but determining the best fit typically requires revisiting the original context This careful consideration ensures that the chosen meaning aligns with the intended message.

Parents often prioritize personal outcomes over educational contributions when enrolling their children, highlighting the significance of the term "sake" in this context.

According to the Oxford Dictionary, the noun “sake” is defined as the following:

 For the purpose of; in the interest of; in order to achieve or preserve

 Out of consideration for or in order to help or please someone

The term "sake" conveys feelings of impatience, annoyance, urgency, or desperation, and while it has various meanings, its context-specific interpretation aligns best with the Vietnamese word "lợi ích," which translates to "benefit." This equivalence effectively captures the intended significance in the given context.

Nhiều bậc cha mẹ cho con đi học không chỉ để phát triển kiến thức mà còn để đạt được những lợi ích cá nhân, thay vì chỉ đơn thuần là đóng góp vào lý thuyết giáo dục.

Example 2: In the sentence “Nevertheless a school conducted by a department of a university must have another aspect.” we should pay much attention to the word “aspect” [P3]

According to the Oxford Dictionary, the noun “aspect” is defined as the following:

 A particular part or feature of something

 A particular way in which something may be considered

 The positioning of a building or other structure in a particular direction

The term "aspect" encompasses various meanings, yet only one is relevant in this context In Vietnamese, it translates to "khía cạnh." I selected "khía cạnh" as the appropriate equivalent for this translation.

Suggested version: “Tuy nhiên, trường học được điều hành bởi một bộ phận của trường đại học phải có một khía cạnh khác.”

The sentence emphasizes the importance of understanding the mind's development in children and highlights the need to identify materials and methods that effectively support and enhance their normal growth, particularly focusing on the term "fulfil."

According to the Oxford Dictionary, the noun “fulfil” is defined as the following:

 Achieve or realize (something desired, promised, or predicted)

 Complete (a period of time or piece of work)

 Carry out (a duty or role) as required, promised, or expected

The term "fulfil" encompasses various meanings in the dictionary, but in this context, it specifically translates to "đáp ứng" in Vietnamese Therefore, I have selected "đáp ứng" as the appropriate equivalent for this translation.

Trường học là môi trường nghiên cứu tâm lý trẻ em, tập trung vào các biểu hiện và sự phát triển của chúng Nơi đây, chúng ta tìm kiếm tài liệu học tập và cơ chế phù hợp nhằm thúc đẩy sự phát triển vượt bậc so với các điều kiện bình thường.

In practical terms, the laboratory problem involves creating a curriculum that aligns with the natural development and experiences of the child, emphasizing the significance of "construction" in this process.

According to the Cambridge Dictionary, the noun “construction” is defined as the following:

 The work of building or making something, especially buildings, bridges, etc…

 The act or result of putting different things together

 The process or business of building large objects such as buildings, roads, bridges, etc…

The word “construction” has a lot of meanings in the dictionary, but only one meaning suitable to the context In Vietnamese, it means “xây dựng”.

I chose the equivalence “xây dựng” to transfer this was.

Về mặt thực tiễn, vấn đề phòng thí nghiệm này được xây dựng hài hòa với lịch sử tự nhiên trong quá trình nghiên cứu sự phát triển năng lực và trải nghiệm của trẻ.

The key demand is to establish conditions that foster and protect the freedom of investigation, ensuring that significant facts remain visible and are not obscured It emphasizes the necessity for educational practices derived from inquiry to be implemented sincerely, free from distortions and suppressions caused by an overreliance on tradition and preconceived ideas.

According to the Cambridge Dictionary, the noun “demand” is defined as the following:

 To need something such as time, effort, or a particular quality

 A need for something to be sold or supplied

The term "demand" encompasses various definitions, but in this context, it specifically translates to "xây dựng" in Vietnamese I have opted for the equivalent term "yêu cầu" to convey this meaning effectively.

Để đảm bảo tự do điều tra, các thỏa thuận cần khuyến khích việc này mà không gây sức ép lên các dữ liệu quan trọng Những điều kiện này chỉ ra rằng các thực hành giáo dục trong cuộc điều tra phải được thực hiện một cách chân thành, không bị bóp méo hay áp chế bởi những truyền thống và quan niệm định kiến.

Example 6: In the sentence “Much was said about sensations -next to nothing about movements.” we should pay much attention to the word

According to the Oxford Dictionary, the noun “movements” is defined as the following:

 A group of people working together to advance their shared political, social, or artistic ideas

 A principal division of a longer musical work, self-sufficient in terms of key, tempo, and structure

The term "movements" encompasses various definitions, yet in this context, it specifically refers to "chuyển động" in Vietnamese I selected the equivalent "chuyển động" to accurately convey this concept.

Suggested version: “Người ta đã nói nhiều về cảm giác - không liên quan gì đến chuyển động.”

Challenging sentences

Translating passive sentences from English to Vietnamese can be challenging, as the passive voice emphasizes the person or object experiencing the action rather than the one performing it This structure shifts the focus to the most important element in the sentence, making it the subject Each tense has a corresponding passive voice, formed by combining a form of the auxiliary verb "to be" with the past participle (V3).

Example 13: “What educational counterparts have been hit upon as in

In this sentence, I decided to translate into: “ bị ảnh hưởng ”.

Suggested Version: “Những đối chiếu giáo dục nào bị ảnh hưởng ở một mức độ nhất định phù hợp với tâm lý được chấp nhận?”

Example 14: “The discussion of these questions may be approached by pointing out a contrast between contemporary psychology and the psychology of former days.” [P15]

Tense: Modal verb in the passive.

In this sentence, I decided to translate into: “ được tiếp cận ”.

Việc thảo luận về những câu hỏi này có thể được thực hiện bằng cách chỉ ra sự khác biệt giữa tâm lý học hiện đại và tâm lý học truyền thống.

Example 15: “No social element was found in the subject-matter nor in the intrinsic appeal which it made to the child.” [P23]

In this sentence, I decided to translate into: “được tìm thấy”.

Suggested Version: “Không có yếu tố xã hội nào được tìm thấy trong vấn đề môn học chính cũng như ở sự hấp dẫn nội tại cho đứa trẻ.”

The true significance and maximum engagement in a child's education can only be achieved when studies are presented in relation to their societal context, rather than as isolated subjects.

Tense: Modal verb in the passive.

In this sentence, I decided to translate into: “được bảo đảm”.

Sức hấp dẫn tối đa và ý nghĩa trọn vẹn trong cuộc sống của trẻ em chỉ có thể được đảm bảo khi các nghiên cứu được thực hiện từ góc nhìn mối quan hệ của chúng với đời sống xã hội, thay vì chỉ dựa vào những nghiên cứu lý thuyết bên ngoài.

Example 17: “Their influence upon conduct, upon behavior, was regarded as an external attachment.”[P27]

In this sentence, I decided to translate into: “được coi”

Suggest Version: “Ảnh hưởng của chúng đối với cử chỉ, hành vi, được coi là ràng buộc bên ngoài.”

Example 18: “Knowledge in the schools was isolated and made an end in itself.” [P28]

In this sentence, I decided to translate into: “bị cô lập”

Suggest Version: “Kiến thức trong các trường học bị cô lập và tự nó kết thúc.”

4.2.1.1 Complex sentences with Noun Clause:

A noun clause functions as a noun in a sentence It follows a linking or copular verb to describe or modify the subject of the sentence

Example 19: “It is in this sense that the school would be an experimental station in education.”[P14]

In this sentence, “in this sense” acts as a noun phrase and noun clause

“that the school would be an experimental station in education” modify the noun phrase “in this sense”.

Suggested version: “Theo nghĩa này, trường học sẽ là một trạm thực nghiệm trong giáo dục.”

Example 20: “If once more we are in earnest with the idea of mind as stages, it is clear that an educational transformation is again indicated.” [P38]

In this sentence, “clear” acts as a verb and noun clause “that an educational transformation” modify the noun phrase “clear”.

Nếu chúng ta một lần nữa khẳng định rằng tâm trí là biểu tượng của sự trưởng thành, thì sự phát triển này sẽ phản ánh những đặc điểm riêng biệt của từng giai đoạn khác nhau, từ đó làm nổi bật sự chuyển đổi trong giáo dục.

The selection and grading of study materials should prioritize the essential nutritional needs of the dominant activities during a specific period, rather than relying on fragmented sections of pre-existing knowledge.

In this sentence, “is” acts as a verb and noun clause “that the selection and grading of material in the course of study” modify the word “clear”.

Việc lựa chọn và phân loại tài liệu trong nghiên cứu cần dựa trên dinh dưỡng hợp lý của các hoạt động chủ đạo trong từng giai đoạn, thay vì chỉ tham khảo các phần nhỏ của chương trình kiến thức có sẵn.

4.2.1.2 Complex sentences with Adjective Clause:

Mastering relative clauses is a challenging yet essential aspect of English grammar A relative clause is a subordinate clause that begins with a relative pronoun, adjective, or adverb, which may be expressed or omitted, and it typically modifies an antecedent Consequently, I have taken great care in translating and analyzing sentences that contain relative clauses to ensure accurate meaning.

The debate in educational theory centers on two opposing approaches: one that prioritizes experiential learning through direct interaction with objects and practical lessons, and another that focuses on abstract reasoning and generalizations derived from existing literature.

In this sentence, “those” is a noun phrase act as a object The pronoun

“who” is replaced for object “those” and adjtive clause “who relied” modify object “those”

Các tranh cãi trong giáo dục thường xoay quanh việc ai nên ưu tiên yếu tố ý thức trong tri thức khi tiếp xúc với sự vật và bài học cụ thể, so với những người nhấn mạnh vào các ý tưởng trừu tượng và khái quát Thực tế, những ý tưởng này thường được hình thành và truyền đạt qua sách vở.

This laboratory problem emphasizes the development of a curriculum that aligns with the natural growth and experiences of children, focusing on their evolving capacities.

The noun phrase "a course of study" serves as the object in the sentence The pronoun "which" refers to the object "a course of study," while the adjective clause "which harmonizes with the natural history of the growth of the child in capacity and experience" provides further modification to this object.

Vấn đề phòng thí nghiệm này được xây dựng trong quá trình nghiên cứu, hài hòa với lịch sử tự nhiên và sự phát triển của trẻ trong năng lực và trải nghiệm.

Relative clauses are non-essential components of a sentence, typically beginning with relative pronouns such as who, that, and which, or relative adverbs like whose, where, and when They serve to define or identify the preceding noun and provide additional information without requiring a new sentence In Vietnamese, the use of relative clauses is less common, posing challenges for translators To address this issue, I often overlook the relative pronoun or rephrase it to enhance the readability of the translation for the audience.

Parents often prioritize personal outcomes over educational principles when enrolling their children in school, focusing more on individual gains than on contributing to broader educational theories.

Relative clause: who send their boys and girls for the sake of the personal results they wish to secure, not for the sake of contributing to educational theory.

DIFFCULTIES AND SOLUTIONS