INTRODUCTION
Rationale
In recent years, the fields of interpretation and translation have remained consistently relevant, yet the path to becoming a proficient translator is challenging As an English major, I understand that excelling in translation demands a variety of skills and extensive practice.
The world currently faces significant health challenges, including outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases like measles and diphtheria, alongside health issues stemming from environmental pollution, climate change, and humanitarian crises This has resulted in persistently high global mortality rates due to epidemics To delve deeper into this pressing issue, I have chosen to reference "The World Health Report 1998," published by the WTO to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the United Nations This report reflects on the lessons learned over the past five decades and forecasts the future of longevity and health conditions, as well as strategies for improvement, up to the year 2025.
This translation aims to enhance your understanding of the global epidemic landscape, explore various diseases, and examine how countries can effectively prevent outbreaks Additionally, it provides insights on personal protection and prevention strategies Furthermore, the translation demonstrates effective methods for handling phrases and structuring content in translation.
Aims and Objectives
-Showing my translating and analyzing abilities
-Conveying exactly what the author is talking about.
-Providing translation solutions and solutions in the process of learning English
-Analysis of difficult phrases and sentence structures
-Point out methods to help improve text translation
Scope of the study
This report provides insights into global diseases documented by the WTO over the past 50 years, highlighting their spread, lethality, and preventive measures Due to time limitations, this graduation report focuses solely on Chapter 3, "Health Across the Life Span," encompassing 4,000 words Additionally, it addresses the challenges and issues faced during the translation process.
The "World Health Report 1998," released to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the World Health Organization, evaluates the existing health landscape and forecasts developments in health and disease trends up to the year 2025.
“The World Health Report 1998” includes 8 chapters ,but the time is limited so I have translated only chapter 3 with 4000 words in length.
The 1998 World Health Report analyzes health trends from the past fifty years, highlighting key lessons learned and forecasting developments in life expectancy and health conditions, along with the tools necessary for improvement, up to the year 2025.
The 1998 World Health Report highlights the global threat of various diseases to human health and life, emphasizing the challenges and achievements in disease eradication over the past 50 years Utilizing the latest validated data from the World Health Organization (WHO), the report explores effective treatment options It poses a critical question about the future of global health: will advancements in medical technology lead to a continued improvement in health outcomes as more diseases are successfully treated?
The report consists of eight chapters, each addressing distinct topics I have selected Chapter 3, "Health Across the Life Span," for translation due to its comprehensive coverage of various diseases and essential preventive measures This chapter is particularly informative and beneficial for understanding health throughout different stages of life.
The report is divided into many different chapters and it is organized as follows:
- Chapter 3: Health across the life span
- Chapter 5: Achieving health for all
- Chapter 7: Global partnerships for health
- Chapter 8: Health agenda for the 21st century
This text comes from the report “TheWorld Health Report 1998” byWorld Health Organization and published in 1998
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF TRANSLATION
Translation Theory
Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text.
Translation can be defined in various ways, drawing from numerous sources and insights from renowned linguistic experts Here are some key definitions of translation to consider:
“Translation is the expression in another language (target language) of what has been expressed in one language (source language), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalencies.” [1]
“Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language)” [2]
“Translation is a process of rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.” [3]
Translation is an activity that translators will express content represented in texts or words from the source language to the target language, but must ensure syntactic and semantic similarity.
The distinction in translation pertains to the extent of the source language (SL) text involved in the translation process A text can refer to any segment of language, whether spoken or written, and may encompass a wide range, from an entire library to a single volume, chapter, paragraph, sentence, or even a clause Additionally, it can include fragments that do not align with formal literary or linguistic units.
In a full translation the entire text is submitted to the translation process: that is, every part of the SL text is replaced by TL text material [4]
There has beena dramatic rise in house pricethis year [4]
Đã có một sự tăng giá mạnh về nhà ở trong năm nay.
(Or: Năm nay giá nhà đã tăng mạnh)
Throughout my life, I've seen you struggle against divine forces, yet ultimately, you are embraced by love despite your losses I find myself torn between wanting you and seeking God My greatest mistake has been my inability to fully choose love, as my affection is divided—half for you and half for God—but in reality, it has all been driven by my ambition.
Cuộc đời anh chứng kiến cuộc chiến của em chống lại Chúa, nhưng em vẫn tìm thấy tình yêu Trong khi em mất nhiều thứ, tình yêu chưa bao giờ rời xa em Ngược lại, anh luôn phân vân giữa em và Chúa, và trong những sai lầm của mình, điều tồi tệ nhất là anh chưa bao giờ chọn tình yêu Tình yêu của anh chia sẻ giữa em và Chúa, nhưng thực chất, tất cả chỉ là để thỏa mãn tham vọng của anh.
The race ended and ended the hopes too What La Liga has is just the name of Real Madrid Barca has been left behind [8]
Chấm dứt những hy vọng, cuộc đua đã khép lại La Liga vẫn chỉ còn mỗi cái tên Real Madrid Barca đã bị bỏ lại phía sau lưng.
In a partial translation, some part or parts of the SL text are left untranslated: they are simply transferred to and incorporated in the TL text [4]
Chẳng còn nghi ngờ gì nữa [4]
Thế kỷ 21 sẽ chứng kiến một thực tế giảm đà sinh sản…[4]
Birth will decrease in the 21 st century…
“Ao dai” is one of the traditional costumes of Vietnamese women [8]
“Áo dài” là một trong những trang phục truyền thống của phụ nữ Việt Nam
*Total translation is defined that all levels of the SL text are replaced by
TL material However, actually, there is a misunderstanding here because of the term “total translation” We can’t replace all the levels of the SL to the
TL, though total replacement is involved [2]
Đói nghèo không phỉa là tội lỗi.
Have you ever been to Nha Trang? [4]
Anh đã bao giờ đến Nha Trang chưa?
Restricted translation involves substituting source language (SL) text with corresponding target language (TL) content, but it operates at just one level of linguistic structure This process may occur solely at the phonological or graphological level, or it may focus exclusively on one of the two levels of grammar and lexis.
In the translation process, the translators also meet up with many problems that make them difficult to solve, for example phonological translation.
Phonological translation belongs to restricted translation, but in the phonological translation, the SL phonology of text is replaced by equivalent
TL phonology involves translating a source language (SL) text while preserving its grammar and vocabulary in the target language (TL) text, with only a few specific grammatical or lexical adjustments made during the translation process.
In phonological translation, sometimes changes in the grammar or lexis may result accidentally For example, it’s difficult to determine that it means
“singular dog” or “plural dog” for the English plural word “dogs” when translating into the target language having no morpheme for plural meaning.
In transliteration, source language (SL) graphological units are substituted with their corresponding phonological units These SL phonological units are then translated into equivalent target language (TL) phonological units Ultimately, the TL phonological units are transformed into their respective graphological units in the target language.
London Lôn-đôn/Luân-đôn
Methods and Principles of Translation
In the transition from a source language to a target language, the adoption of translation methods and principles is very important to the translator.
Interlinear translation showcases the target language (TL) directly beneath the source language (SL) words, maintaining the original word order This method translates words individually, using their most common meanings without considering context, and often involves a literal translation of cultural terms Word-for-word translation primarily serves to grasp the structural elements of the source language or to aid in comprehending challenging texts as a preliminary step before translation.
You are tall, she is short.
Bạn thì cao, cô ấy thì thấp
The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context.
As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved [5]
Bao giờ cho đến tháng Mười? [4]
I used to be crazy about her [4]
Tôi đã từng điên khùng vì cô ấy.
… They were as much alike as two balls of cotton (Mitchell, ‘Gone with the wind’) [9]
… Hai anh em chúng giống nhau như hai bành bông vải (Cuốn theo chiều gió – Dương Tường dịch)
Nhanh như một con căng-gu-ru.
A faithful translation aims to accurately convey the original's contextual meaning while adhering to the grammatical structures of the target language It effectively transfers cultural terms and maintains the level of grammatical and lexical deviation from the source language norms The primary goal is to remain true to the intentions and textual expression of the original writer.
“Knowledge only progresses by making mistakes as fast as possible.”[10]
“Kiến thức chỉ tiến bộ bằng cách mắc lỗi càng nhanh càng tốt.”
Love me, love my dog [4]
Yêu tôi, yêu con chó của tôi
Semantic translation prioritizes the aesthetic qualities of the source language (SL) text, allowing for compromises on meaning to ensure a natural and beautiful sound This approach often involves using culturally neutral terms for less significant cultural references, rather than direct cultural equivalents For instance, "une nonne repassant un corporal" may be translated as "a nun ironing a corporal cloth." Unlike faithful translation, which is rigid and uncompromising, semantic translation embraces flexibility and creative interpretation, permitting the translator to connect intuitively with the original text.
She has a sunny smile on her face [11]
Cô bé có gương mặt với nụ cười tỏa nắng.
A serene feeling pervaded my soul [4]
Một cảm giác thanh tịnh lẻn vào tâm hồn tôi
This is the 'freest' form of translation It is used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the
The unfortunate trend of translating plays or poems literally before having them rewritten by established dramatists or poets often leads to subpar adaptations; however, some adaptations have successfully revitalized period plays.
Nét Chữ Ô Nhục (tên tiểu thuyết)
The film is beyond any words [12]
Bộ phim này không thể chê vào đâu được.
Free translation conveys the essence of the original text while disregarding its stylistic elements, resulting in a paraphrase that is often lengthier than the source material This type of translation, known as 'intralingual translation,' tends to be verbose and can come across as pretentious.
Chúc thượng lộ bình an!
Shall we go for a blow? [4]
Chúng ta đi dạo mát nhé?
Idiomatic translation reproduces the ‘message’ of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original [5]
->Mưu sự tại nhân, hành sự tại thiện.
Gìau như Thạch Sùng
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership [5]
He was denied the door [4]
Anh ấy đến nhưng không được tiếp
They laugh at me because I'm different I laugh at them because they're all the same [14]
Họ cười tao vì tao không giống họ, tao cười họ vì họ quá giống nhau.
Adhering to translation principles is crucial for translators to ensure accuracy and effectiveness in their work In the book "Translation" by Alan Duff and Alan Maley, six key principles are outlined that guide the translation process.
The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of the original text. Nothing should be arbitrarily added or removed, though occasionally part of the meaning can be transposed [7]
He was limp with fatigue.
Anh ấy mệt đến nỗi không đứng lên nổi.
Turn down the TV’s volume, please! [5]
Làm ơn vặn nhỏâm lượng tivi lại giúp mình!
In translation, it is essential to preserve the original meaning by closely aligning the order of words and ideas However, variations in language structure may necessitate adjustments in the arrangement and form of the words used.
It hadn’t been until the early century that geothermal enery was found [4]
Nó đã là không cho đến đầu thế kỷ này năng lượng địa nhiệt được phát hiện ra.
She is not only kind but also funny [5]
Cô ấy không chỉ tốt bụng mà còn rất vui tính
Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in given context To resolve these differences the translator must distinguish between formal or fixed expressions and personal expressions [6]
I would like to express my deep gratitude to [4]
Tôi muốn bày tỏ lòng biết ơn sâu sắc tớ.
According to A.Duff ,In the book of “Translation”[6], “Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable These include similes, metaphor, proverbs, sayings (as good as gold), jargons, slangs, colloquialisms and phrasal verbs.”
If translators cannot directly translate the expressions, they should consider some followings:
Preserve the original word, in inverted commas.
Keep the original expression, with a literal explanation in brackets.
Use a non-idiomatic or plain prose translation.
The grass are always green on the other side of the fence [15]
Đứng núi này trông núi nọ
Honesty is the best policy [15]
Thật thà là thượng sách
The translator should not change the style of the original [6]
He ate, and grank, and talked, and asked during the meal [4]
Ông ta ăn uống luôn miệng nói, hỏi suốt cả bữa ăn.
A common criticism of translation is that it often lacks a natural flow To minimize the influence of the source language (SL), one effective technique is to translate sentences aloud from memory, which can help reveal more natural patterns of thought in the target language (TL) This approach encourages a more intuitive understanding that may not emerge when focusing solely on the SL text.
Tôi bị cắn bởi một con chó (Tôi bị chó cắn)
SUGGESTED TRANSLATION
This chapter examines health trends and developments across the lifespan, focusing on four key age groups: infants and young children, older children and adolescents, adults up to 65 years, and older adults, with particular emphasis on women's health.
Over the past 50 years, there have been remarkable advancements in infant and child health worldwide, and these positive trends are expected to persist into the next century.
210 of every 1000 babies born in 1955 died before their fifth birthday – a total of 20.6 million deaths in that year.
By 1995 the death rate had fallen to 78 per 1000 (10.6
Chương này phân tích các xu hướng và phát triển trong lĩnh vực sức khỏe suốt cuộc đời, tập trung vào bốn nhóm tuổi cụ thể: trẻ em, trẻ nhỏ và thanh thiếu niên, người lớn đến 65 tuổi, và người lớn tuổi Đặc biệt, chương cũng chú trọng đến sức khỏe của phụ nữ.
Trẻ sơ sinh và trẻ em
Nhìn chung trên toàn cầu, những cải thiện về sức khỏe cuả trẻ sơ sinh và trẻ em trong
50 năm qua không kém phần ấn tượng và có vẻ sẽ tiếp tục trong thế kỷ tới Ví dụ, cứ
1000 trẻ sinh ra trong năm
Năm 1955, có tới 210 trẻ em tử vong trước sinh nhật lần thứ 5, dẫn đến tổng cộng 20,6 triệu trẻ tử vong trong năm đó Đến năm 1995, tỷ lệ tử vong đã giảm xuống còn 78 trên 1000 trẻ, tương đương với 10,6 triệu ca tử vong Dự kiến, tỷ lệ này sẽ tiếp tục giảm xuống còn 37 trên 1000 trẻ vào năm 2025, với tổng số ca tử vong ước tính là 5,1 triệu trẻ.
To foster further progress and address the significant disparities that exist both between and within countries, it is essential to analyze the successes and failures observed over the past 50 years Understanding these trends will provide valuable insights for future advancements.
Health development must consider three key dimensions: the epidemiological patterns of diseases and deficiencies, including their interactions and associated mortality rates; the social, economic, and health infrastructure; and the effectiveness of priority strategies and actions aimed at addressing preventable and treatable causes of death.
Trong 50 năm qua, để đạt được tiến bộ trong lĩnh vực y tế và giảm thiểu sự chênh lệch giữa các quốc gia, cần hiểu rõ nguyên nhân của thành công và thất bại Ba khía cạnh quan trọng cần xem xét bao gồm mô hình dịch tễ học của bệnh tật và tình trạng thiếu hụt, cùng với những tác động lẫn nhau của các bệnh, tình trạng thiếu hụt và tỷ lệ tử vong; cơ sở hạ tầng xã hội, kinh tế và y tế; và việc ưu tiên các chiến lược kết hợp với hành động cụ thể nhằm giải quyết nguyên nhân gây tử vong có thể phòng ngừa và điều trị ở trẻ sơ sinh và trẻ em.
While global and regional reductions in under-5 and infant mortality are accelerating, significant variations within and between countries remain crucial for shaping effective health policies A child's survival is influenced by a combination of biological factors, including gender, natural defenses, and nutrition, as well as the surrounding physical, microbial, social, and cultural environments.
Tỷ lệ tử vong của trẻ em dưới 5 tuổi và trẻ sơ sinh đang giảm nhanh chóng trên toàn cầu, tuy nhiên, dữ liệu toàn cầu và khu vực thường che giấu sự khác biệt giữa các quốc gia về tầm quan trọng của các chính sách và chương trình y tế Số phận của trẻ em phụ thuộc vào yếu tố di truyền và môi trường nuôi dưỡng, trong đó nguy cơ tử vong bị ảnh hưởng bởi gen sinh học, hệ thống miễn dịch, dinh dưỡng, cũng như các yếu tố vật lý, vi sinh vật, xã hội và văn hóa.
The living conditions of families, the prevalence and modes of transmission of infectious disease agents, and the nutritional status of children are critical factors influencing under-5 mortality rates globally To achieve a significant reduction in these rates, substantial improvements in at least one, if not all three, of these key determinants are essential.
Since the late 1940s, developed countries have seen a significant decline in under-5 mortality rates, primarily due to advancements in sanitation, water supply, housing, food distribution, and hygiene Childhood diseases such as diphtheria, scarlet fever, and rheumatic heart disease had already begun to decrease before the advent of vaccines and antibiotics Nutrition is a critical factor influencing the varying mortality rates of children under five worldwide To effectively reduce these rates, substantial improvements are necessary in at least one area, although ideally, enhancements in all three factors—nutrition, sanitation, and healthcare—are essential for a significant impact.
Từ cuối những năm 1940, tỷ lệ tử vong ở trẻ dưới 5 tuổi đã giảm đáng kể ở các nước phát triển nhờ vào những cải thiện về vệ sinh, nguồn nước, nhà ở, cũng như việc cung cấp và phân phối thực phẩm Sự suy giảm của các bệnh nhi khoa như bệnh bạch hầu, bệnh ban đỏ và bệnh thấp tim đã diễn ra trước khi vắc-xin và thuốc kháng sinh trở nên phổ biến.
4 A similar decline in specific diseases is occurring now in
Currently, developing countries are experiencing a decline in disease prevalence, primarily due to significant advancements in sanitation, water supply, education, and access to preventive and curative healthcare These improvements mirror the progress seen in developed economies in Europe and North America 50 to 80 years ago However, the pace of progress has accelerated, benefiting from historical lessons learned and the introduction of new knowledge and technologies that enhance prevention, treatment, nutrition, and fertility regulation.
While there has been notable progress in reducing child mortality rates globally, this improvement does not reflect the entire situation Many of the least developed countries continue to struggle, facing challenges that hinder their ability to achieve and maintain similar advancements In some regions, child mortality rates remain alarmingly high, highlighting the need for continued focus and support.
Mặc dù có sự tiến bộ trong việc giảm tỷ lệ tử vong trẻ em, nhưng bức tranh toàn cảnh vẫn còn nhiều vấn đề Nhiều quốc gia kém phát triển không thể đạt được hoặc duy trì những cải thiện tương tự trong những năm qua Tỷ lệ tử vong trẻ em ở một số nơi vẫn cao, với hơn 200 trên 1000 trẻ sơ sinh, trong khi ở những nơi khác, mức độ này chỉ giảm chậm, khoảng 1-2% mỗi năm Khoảng 10 triệu trẻ em sinh ra vào năm 1997 sẽ không sống đến sinh nhật thứ năm, mặc dù con số này đã giảm so với 21 triệu ca tử vong vào năm 1955, nhưng vẫn ở mức không thể chấp nhận.
In the developing world in