Ebook Principles of communications

... a0 b L c a1 Signal-flow graph Exponent of D: Hamming weight of encoder output on that branch Exponent of L: number of nonzero message bits 29 Free distance of a conv code  State equations: b = ... Free distance of a conv code      Performance of a conv code depends on decoding algorithm and distance properties of the code Free distance, denoted by dfree, is a measure of...

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... p( x j ) p( x j ) units of information  The base of the logarithm     10 →the measure of information is hartley e →the measure of information is nat →the measure of information is bit Examples ... bits required = log 32 = bits! Therefore H(X) = number of bits required to represent a random event How many bits are needed for: Outcome of a coin toss “tomorrow is a Wednesday”...

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... stagnation and anarchy…place where a complex system can be spontaneous, adaptive, and alive” [4] The similarity of a fractal pattern and cancer growth can be seen in a comparison of Mandelbrot’s drawing ... various cycles of living entities as an interrelated and a multifunctional system It connects concepts of systems, complexity, and chaos with features of s...

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