Modern Developments in X-Ray and Neutron Optics Episode 10 doc

... cooled down invacuumandmeasuredatRT.TheXRRandGIXDSsimulationparameters are also shown in Table 24.2. An increase of the σ and σ eff −σ values indicates an advanced interface roughening and interdiffusion, ... using a pair of materials in thermodynamic equilib- rium or using compound layers instead of elemental ones [5–8]. Incorporation 23 Stress Reduction in Multilayers Used for X-Ra...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... similarity between neutron and X-ray optics. Focusing systems for neutrons also have much in common with their X-ray equivalents; in particular, focusing tests using capillary optics and Fresnel zone plates ... brief introduction is to give a flavour of the state-of-the-art in X-ray and neutron optics as well as an indication of future trends. 1.1 X-Ray Optics Th...

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... determinant relating source coordinates and image angles. 5 The expression 1/  |D| accounting for the surface integration. products of the coordinates and angles is linear and can be described in ... field and also allows for its propagation across “thin” optics. This code is described in Sect. 5.2. Beamlines at UV and shorter wavelengths require highly grazing incidence optic...

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... according to (8.9) with the theory of thin gratings only 11.6% diffraction efficiency is obtained at 256 nm height for L:S = 10 nm:30 nm and L:S = 30 nm :10 nm. Note that the theory of thin gratings ... scanning pentaprism. The main advantages of such a configuration were the introduction of an angle-maintaining pentaprism (less sensitive to vibra- tions and to the tilting errors of the sc...

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... by Tatchyn in 1990 [105 ], and the first zone plate with a blazed zone profile was manufactured at Wisconsin and tested at the APS using 8 keV X-rays showing 45% efficiency for linear and 39% efficiency ... ≈ Δn(λ) 2sin 2 ϑ i . (16.1) Owing to the very small deviation of the real part of n from unity in X- rays (δ =10 −4 10 −5 , depending on the photon energy and the composition of t...

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... is possible [106 ]. Since the (1 − δ) in the index of refraction is smaller than 1, lenses must have a concave shape [106 108 ]. To obtain a focal length F in the range of 1 m, many single lenses ... are included, and several applications of capillary optics in X-ray diffractometry, micro -X-ray fluorescence analysis and absorption spectroscopy are presented. 18.1 Introduction Tr...

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... the power of inverse of the complex refractive index of the next (outer) layer, including an inclination term. Thus inreflectance is not defined for the outermost layer. Maximizing the inreflectance ... index varies con- tinuously in depth. In this case, an inhomogeneous coating with a refractive index profile can be optimized, in principle, at every thickness element to obtain the largest...

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... space and in energy, and progress has also been made in improving resolution in real space. In this chapter a short introduction to the dynamical theory behind crystal diffractors and their coupling ... diffraction in a grazing incidence setting. This setting is also known as a one-dimensional (1D) beam expander in real space. Combining two asymmetric diffractors with mutually...

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... initial analytical estimation of the sampling intervals. The phase- space coordinates and other random quantities (e.g., scattering angles or penetration depth in a crystal) determining the neutron ... (2.24) 2.5.7 Intersection Point The intersection point (x M ,y M ,z M ) of the ray with the optical element is determined by solving the quadratic equation in t generated by inserting (...

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... is proposed. 8.1 Introduction All modern high-resolution X-ray microscopes (TXMs) and scanning trans- mission X-ray microscopes (STXMs) use zone plates as imaging or focusing X-ray optical elements ... employing only smaller grating periods or in the case of zone plates by smaller zones. According to the Rayleigh criterion the point-to-point 106 S. Lagomarsino et al. 6.4.2 Diffrac...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22