One Language, Two Grammars? - part 6 ppt

... two, i.e. t he same form is increas- ingly used for both the preterite and the past participle. These are verbs with an -i- stem which used t o have -a- in the preterite and -u- in the past participle: ... 423 35 17 243 577 1295 Noun BrE 22 33 2 38 1 16 211 AmE 108 2 7 23 78 218 Adjective BrE 5 25 0 13 105 148 AmE 16 3 5 26 70 120 262 One Language, Two Grammars? distant in time,...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 03:20

... have existed between the two national varieties. 168 One Language, Two Grammars? (4) he told party members not to listen to national radio. (Guardian 92) More studies on word-order variation can ... 73.2% 125/271 = 46. 1% 43/423 = 10.2% 35/259 = 13.5% 32 /65 = 49.2% 366 /854 = 42.9% 0/ 56 0% 20% 40% 60 % 80% 100% % of the postpositional variants not includ...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 03:20

... n. 1954 hand-punch v. 1 967 hand-punch n. 1 962 hand-rear v. 1893 hand-reared adj. 1894 hand-rub v. 1859 hand-rubbing n. 18 46 hand-sew v. 1919 hand-sewn adj. 1887 hand-tuft v. 19 06 hand-tufted adj. ... 1887 hand-tuft v. 19 06 hand-tufted adj. 1922 hand-wave v. 164 1 hand-waving n. 1791 hand-weed v. 166 4 hand-weeding n. 166 4 56 One Language, Two Grammars? 2 Compound verbs PET...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 03:20

... comparatives 101 Table 3.7 Participial adjectives in NYT 1995, Ind 2000 and The Times 2000 NYT 1995 Ind 2000 Times 2000 -ed -t -ed -t -ed -t burn 147 (83%) 31 (17%) 40 (18%) 185 (82%) 16 (9%) 171 (91%) spill ... where the two least frequent verbs, dwell and kneel, were the most irregular. 76 One Language, Two Grammars? adjectives that are more closely associated with cognitively...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 03:20

... t90–01,g90–00,d91–00, m93–00 161 (97 /64 ) 1281 (2/1279) 1442 (99/1343) 11.2% (98.0%/4.8%) AmE L92–95,D92–95,W90–92 16 (8 /8) 66 3 (1 /66 2) 67 9 (9 /67 0) 2.4% (88.9%/1.2%) a The analysis excludes any examples in which the to-phrase ... reflexive II non-reflexive III total IV % reflexive BrE t00–01,d91–00, m93–00 133 (110/23) 18 96 (1712/184) 2029 (1822/207) 6. 6% (6. 0%/11.1%) AmE L92...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 03:20

... corresponding form in the affirmative main clause is phonolo- gically reduced.) 3 16 One Language, Two Grammars? subjunctives range closer to the non-finite end than indicatives. 30 Independent support ... and American news writing 272 One Language, Two Grammars? and Norheim 1988, Hundt 1998a: 95, 1998b: 167 , Peters 1998: 93, Moessner 2005a). 24 Two accounts have been addu...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 03:20

... 81% 283 1492 1 76 32% 374 550 Imperative 105 83% 21 1 26 33 18% 1 46 179 Present tense 340 47% 3 76 7 16 8 6% 127 135 Past tense 939% 14 23 32 32 Total 166 3 71% 69 4 2357 217 24% 67 9 8 96 Table 18.3 The ... words LSAC, 5 million words USbooks, 5 .6 million words N%N %N%N% try and 166 3 71% 217 24% 284 24% 44 5% try to 69 4 29% 67 9 76% 893 76% 773 95% Total 2357 100% 8 96 100%...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 03:20

... British–American contrasts), see Close ( 1987). 3 76 One Language, Two Grammars? 9 6 2 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 961 (LOB) 1991 (FLOB) 1 961 (Brown) 1992 (Frown) BrE AmE frequency ... Complexity Principle 20/28 = 71% 64 / 267 = 24% 16/ 29 = 55% 35/218 = 16% 7/312 = 2% 8/3 06 = 3% 6/ 112 = 5% 5/110 = 5% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 6...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 03:20

... 166 –81 accelerated establishment of the non- reflexive (or zero) variant in AmE 9, 166 –81 decrease of reflexive uses in modern English 166 early and long-term contrasts between BrE and AmE 167 –71 458 ... word order 1 26 de-establishment of pre-determiner use 122 6 emphasis expressed by pre-determiner use 121 lead of speech-related registers in introduction of pre-determiner use 122, 12...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 03:20

... people, comprising convicts, ticket-of-leave men, emancipists (a name he thought absurd for emancipated prisoners) including con- ditionally pardoned convicts, fully pardoned convicts and expirees (whose ... language (Baker 1 966 ) and special interests such as shearing (Gunn 1 965 , 1971) and Australian Rules football (Eagleson & McKie 1 96 8-9 ). In an odd way the democratic myth is...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20